
[[Image:Arpadfeszty.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Árpád Feszty and assistants' vast (over 8000 m2) canvas, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site in Hungary]] Magyars are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. In English they are usually called Demographics of Hungary, except in some historical texts. The word ''Hungarian'' has a wider meaning, because - especially in the past - it referred to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity (i.e. not only Magyars). Specifically, the Latin term ''natio hungarica'' referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity. There are around 10 million Magyars in Hungary (2001). Magyars have been the main inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary that existed through most of the second millennium. Following its disappearance with the Treaty of Trianon, Magyars have become minority inhabitants of Romania (official: 1,440,000 ); see: Hungarian minority in Romania), Slovakia (official: 520,500, estd: 580,000), Serbia and Montenegro (293,000), Ukraine (170,000), Austria (70,000), Croatia (16,500), the Czech Republic (14,600) and Slovenia (10,000). There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to automatically grant Hungarian citizenship to all Magyars living outside Hungary's borders. The referendum failed, because of lack of interest on the part of the population. == History after 896== The Magyar leader Árpád is believed to have led the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin (and the Pannonian plain) in 896. Magyar expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld. Hungarian settlement in the area became blessed by the Pope by the crowning of Stephen I of Hungary (''Szent István'') in 1001 when the leaders accepted Christianity. The centuries between the Magyars arriving from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Hungarian Kingdom in 1001 were dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian peninsula (Spain). Since the end of the 13th century (except for the period 1538/1541 - early 18th century) the multiethnic Kingdom of Hungary, founded by the Magyars in the 10th century, occupied the whole Carpathian Basin. Despite its name, in sum the state was inhabited by far more other nationalities than Magyars (e.g. in 1780 by 71.1% other nationalities). After WWI the ancient Kingdom was divided through the Treaty of Trianon in many regions based on ethnicities that were incorporated or formed national states of the same ethnicity. == Origin of the word "Hungarian" == The word derives from the old Slavic word ''og(ъ)r-'' for the proto-Magyars. Through Germanic languages, the word got into other European languages (''(H)ungarus, (H)ungarn, Vengry'' etc.). The Slavic word is thought to be derived from the bulgaro-turkic ''Onogur'', which could have arisen because the proto-Magyars were neighbours of the Empire of the Onogurs in the 6th century, whose leading tribal union was called the "Onogurs" (meaning "ten tribes"). The H- in many languages (''Hungarians, Hongrois, Hungarus'' etc.) is a later error. It was taken over from the word "Huns", which was a similar semi-nomadic tribe living some 400 years earlier in present-day Hungary and having a similar way of life. In ancient times and in the middle ages such false identifications (Huns=Hungarians) often occurred in history and literature. Still, Hun names like Attila and Réka are popular among Hungarians, and forms derived from Latin ''Hungaria'' are used like in the racetrack Hungaroring (mostly due to the strong English language pressure in tourism and international matters). An equivalent use in English would be using Britannia, Hibernia and Erin besides the Anglo-Saxon words. Magyar is today simply the Hungarian word for Hungarian. In English and many other languages, however, Magyar is used instead of Hungarian in certain (mainly historical) contexts, usually to distinguish ethnic Hungarians (i.e. the Magyars) from the other nationalities living in the Hungarian kingdom. == Ethnic affiliations and origins of the Hungarian people == The origin of the Hungarians (more correctly Magyars) is partly disputed. Despite many popular theories, however, most serious scholars both in Hungary and abroad tend to dismiss theories about the Magyars being descendants of the Sumerians or the Huns. A combination of linguistics, archaeology and anthropology data gives the following general picture, which is usually accepted by scholars: === East of the Ural mountains (before the 4th century AD) === In the 4th millennium BC, the oldest known settlements of Uralic peoples (Finno-Ugrians and Samoyeds) were situated east of the Ural Mountains, where they hunting and fishing. From there, some of the Finno-Ugrians, probably the ancestors of today's Finns, moved to and settled in the valley of the Kama river (on the other side of the Ural Mountains) around 3000 BC. The Ugrians, in turn, i.e. the ancestors of the Magyars, were settled in the wood-steppe parts of western Siberia (i.e. to the east of the Ural) – from c. 2000 BC. onwards at least. Their settlements were identical with the north-western part of the Andronovo Culture. Some more advanced tribes coming from the southern steppes taught them how to do agriculture, breed cattle and produce bronze objects. Around 1500, they started to breed horses and horse riding became one of their typical activities. Due to climatic changes in the early 1st millennium BC, the Ugrian subgroup known as the Ob-Ugrians – until then living more in the north - moved to the lower Ob river, while the Ugrian subgroup being the ancestor of the proto-Magyars remained in the south and became nomadic herdsmen. From the definitive departure of the Ob-Ugrians (around 500 BC), the ancestors of present-day Magyars can be considered a separate ethnic group – the proto-Magyars. During the following centuries, the proto-Magyars still lived in the wood-steppes and steppes southeast of the Ural Mountains, and they were immediate neighbours of and were strongly influenced by the ancient Sarmatians. === Bashkiria and the Khazar kaghanate (4th century – c. 830 AD) === In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Proto-Magyars moved to the west of the Ural Mountains to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga river (Bashkiria). In the early 8th century, a part of the proto-Magyars moved to the Don river (to a territory between the Volga, the Don and the Donets), a territory later called Levedia. The descendants of those proto-Magyars who stayed in Bashkiria were seen in Bashkiria as late as in 1241. Indeed, many historical references related both the Magyars (Hungarians) and the Bashkirs as two branches of the same nation. However, modern Bashkirs are quite different from their original stock, largely decimated during the Mongol invasion (13th century), and assimilated into Turkic peoples. The proto-Magyars around the Don river were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate. Their neighbours was the archaeological Saltov Culture, i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, descendants of the Onogurs) and the Alans, from which they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. The Bulgars and Magyars shared a long-lasting relationship in Khazaria, either by alliance or rivalry. The system of 2 rulers (later known as kende and gyula) is also thought to be a major inheritance from the Khazars. The Magyars were probably organized in a confederacy of seven tribes called ''Jenö'', ''Kér'', ''Keszi'', ''Kürt-Gyarmat'', ''Megyer'' (Magyar), ''Nyék'', and ''Tarján''. === Etelköz (c.830 – c. 895)=== Around 830, a civil war broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes out of the Khazars joined the Proto-Magyars and they moved to what the Magyars call the Etelköz, i.e. the territory between the Carpathian Mountains and the Dnjepr river (today's Ukraine). Around 854, the Proto-Magyars had to face a first attack by the Pechenegs. (According to other sources, the reason for the departure of the Proto-Magyars to Etelköz was the attack of the Pechenegs.) Both the Kabars and earlier the Bulgars taught the Magyars their Turkic languages, from which there are still at least 300 words and names in modern Hungarian. The new neighbour of the Proto-Magyars were the Vikings and eastern Slavs. Archaelogical finding suggest that the Proto-Magyars entered into intense interaction with both groups. From 862 onwards, the proto-Magyars (in 862 referred to as the ''Ungri'') along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of constant temporary looting raids from the Etelköz to the Carpathian Basin mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria. === Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895) === In 895/896, probably under the leadership of Árpád, a part of them crossed the Carpathian Mountains to enter the Carpathian basin. The tribe called Magyars (''Megyer'') was the leading tribe of the Magyar alliance that conquered the center of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), the proto-Magyar Etelköz was attacked by Bulgaria (because the Proto-Magyars were involved in the Bulgaro-Byzantine Empire war of 894-896) and then by their old enemies, the Pechenegs. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts were the cause of the Magyar departure from Etelköz. In the Carpathian Basin, the Magyars initially occupied the Great Moravian territory at the upper/middle Tisza river – a scarcely populated territory, to which, according to Arabian sources, Great Moravia used to send its criminals, and where the Roman Empire settled the Iazyges centuries ago. From there they intensified their looting raids all over continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia (Pannonia), which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. Magyar allies - the Kabars –, probably led by Kursan, probably settled in the region around Bihar. When entering the Carpathian basin, the Magyars found a largely Slavic population there, such as the Bulgarians, Slovaks, Slovenians, Croats etc. and minor remnants of the Avars (in the southwest). Influenced by the Slavic population of this territory, the Magyars were gradually changing their pastoral way of life to an agricultural one and took over hundreds of Slavic words. See History of Hungary for a continuation and Hungary: Pre-History and Early History for the background. Many of the (proto-)Magyars, however, remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896, as archaelogical findings e.g. in Polish Przemysl suggest. They seem to have joined the other Magyars in 900. According to other opinions, all the remaining Magyars defeated by the Bulgarians and Pechenegs from the Etelköz fled to Transylvania. Anyway, it is commonly accepted that in Transylvania (Erdély, Ardeal), there is a consistent Hungarian population that is historically not related to the Magyars led by Arpád: they are the ''Székely'', the main ethnic component of the Hungarian minority in Romania. They are fully acknowledged as Magyars. The Székely people's origin is a matter of historical controversy. Some people think that the Székelys were settled in Transylvania in early times, long before the Magyar tribes left Khazaria. See Székely for details. == Later genetic influences == Besides the various nations mentioned above, which mixed with the Magyars during their long way to and at their arrival in present-day Hungary, the Magyars also include "genes" from other people that (were) settled in this territory after the arrival of the Magyars, for example the Cumanians, the Pechenegs and German people in the Middle Ages, the Turks – which occupied present-day Hungary from c. 1541 to c. 1700 -, and especially the various nations (Austrians, Slovaks, Serbs and others) invited to resettle the depopulated territories after the departure of the Turks after 1700. All of them added their contribution in composing the modern Hungarian nation. == Legends == ''The following text is an example of how people relating the Magyars to the Huns or the Sumerians argue, although most scholars are claiming the opposite. The text, all errors and the lingustic quasi-analysis (which tries to directly relate two languages over a period of 5000 years) are shown followed by brief comments:'' The Hungarian Chronicles say very little about the early history of the Magyars. The main references to that period are found in two accounts, one of which is the Legend of the White Stag that suggests the unification of three nations: Magyars, Huns and Alans. Of course, the integration of Alans with the Hun/Magyar tribes refers not to the whole people of the Alans, but only to some of their tribes. A valuable document about the story of the magical hunt in early versions was taken from the Hungarian Royal Library captured by the Turks and re-published under the title ''"Tarihi Üngürüs"'' (History of the Hungarians), now in the Topkapi Museum of Istanbul. The other reference to that period is very interesting since it mentions ancient rulers and Biblical patriarchs. That document starts with Tana, who is identified with Kush, the father of ''Nimrod'' - undoubtedly, the same as the Sumerian Etana of the city of Kish (Kush). The Kushan Scythians also had an ancestor called Kush-Tana. The Sumerian Etana was the first mighty one on earth who wanted to visit heaven, and did - this coincides with the Biblical account concerning Nimrod, and his role in the construction of the Tower of Babel. In the Hungarian account, is son is called Menrot (''Nimrud''), whose sons were ''Magor'', ''Hunor'', and the ancestors of the Iranians. This resembles the myths recorded by Berosus, the outstanding historian of Babylon. Even the wife of Nimrud (Anuta/Bau) has similar names in the Hungarian version, Eneth/Boldog-asszony. Assyrian accounts mention that Nimrud had twin sons, one of whom is named Magor. Following this mythical ancestor there is a short list of patriarchs who can be associated with early Scythian ones as recorded by Herodotus. This period then is followed by the better documented historic Avar-Hun rulers, concluding with the early Hungarian leaders before and after the settlement in the Danubian basin. They emphasize the strong dynastic bonds with the Huns. The Hun tribes were the heirs of the Scythians by culture and consanguinity. An interesting reference is the burial rites of Scythians and Huns, which were quite similar: the same barrows, burial frames of logs and thick timbers, burial blocks, sacrificial horses etc. The name of Árpád, the founder of the modern Hungary, can be found in ancient records, from Egypt to Northern Mesopotamia. According to the Hungarian legend of the ''Turúl'' Hawk (a mythical bird which corresponds to the Sumerian "Dugud"), Ügyek, the descendant of king Magog (the Scythian king Magog lived in Northern Mesopotamia, according to Assyrian records) and a royal leader of the land of Scythia, married the daughter of Ened-Belia, whose name was Emeshe (a word that means "priestess" in Sumerian language). From her was born their first son Álmos. Álmos, who was Árpád's father, is said to be a descendant of Attila the Hun. :''[Notes: the Sumerian king list does include an Etana of Kish, who is succeeded by Balih of Kish. These kings may have existed, but the kings of Kish are not attested until Enmebaragesi. Nimrod the hunter, founder of Erech, is more plausibly identified by David Rohl with Enmerkar; founder of Uruk (Sum. ''kar''=hunter). No known Assyrian accounts mention the names Nimrod or Magog at all; Nimrod's 'twin sons' are found from Hungarian mythology.]'' == See also == * List of Hungarians * List of people of Hungarian origin - People with significant Magyar origin, but neither Hungarian citizens nor Hungarian-born * Csango * Hungarian Prehistory * Székely * Kabar * Turul == External links == * [http://arpad.org/pages.php?menuid=6&pageid=3 On the origins of the Hungarians] by Marcell Jankovics * [http://hungarianhistory.freeservers.com/Magyars.html On the origins of the Magyars] Ethnic groups of Europe Eurasian nomads History of Hungary Hungarian people
==Sumerian== ''Many scholars believe modern Magyars are ethnic descendants of the ancient Sumerians, based primarily on linguistic studies'' More discussion on this contentious point can be found on the Talk:Sumer talk page... Hungarian, but lots of information of unspecified validity: http://www.turulmadar.hu/ See also (in hungarian): as the source of many origin legends, with similar questionnable validity. ---- Please some moderators remove the above text mentioning the sumerian origin and the turulmadar.hu site. This belief is highly associated with extreme hungarian nazionalism and racism :-( :Dear anon, removing the information does not make it cease to exist. Closing your eyes are even simpler. Hard is to explain ''why'' do you associate it with that, and keep the reader informed about that. (And sign your comments.) --User:Grin user_talk:grin 19:22, 2005 Jan 25 (UTC) ==Iberia== The Huns reached Iberia? Are you sure? == Magyar history - different theories == I've added a link to the Magyar page that points to a page that summarizes the different theories regarding the history of the Magyar people. Hopefully it is helpful. (My first Wikipedia edit!) -Lane Wimberley == Names == Why refer to Denmark as Dania and Spain as the Hispanic penninsula? User:Lee S. Svoboda 22:21, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Arpad and Attila == 24.69.255.205 wrote: ''Arpad the Hungarian's leader was known to have been the descendant of Attila.'' : Is this Magyar oral tradition? --User:Joy 10:40, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: Above all, this is non-sense...User:Juro 23:28, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: She says "was known to have been...". That theory is not taught in schools today. Historians in Hungary do not accept it. However there is a theory (among the many others) that states there is a weak cultural link between Hungarians and Huns through the Avars still being here in the 9th century. == Bulgaro-Turks == I don't know where this term came from (I guess it's a kalk of the Hungarian word) but it does not exist in English and is basically wrong. Pls, use Bulgars, thank you. User:VMORO 16:20, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC) You are quite mistaken. The term is well-established in scholarly circles and is used to distinguish the Turkic, Proto-Bulgar culture from its later Slavified incarnation. Nor is it a new term. I read it in the work of Kenneth Setton as early as 1950 (e.g., [http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/bulgar/setton.html The Bulgars in the Balkans and the Occupation of Corinth in the Seventh Century]. Dimiter Markovsky has also referred extensively to Asparukh's horde as Bulgaro-Turks. The terms "Bulgaro-Turkic" and "Bulgaro-Turk" have numerous google hits.--User:Dzimmer6 13:06, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC) : You two just differ in terminology - Dzimmer6 says "proto-Bulgar" for something VMORO would say "proto-Bulgarian". VMORO says "Bulgars" for the ancient people, Dzimmer6 says "Bulgaro-Turks". It would be reasonable to assume that Dzimmer says "Bulgars" for the modern nation, but VMORO (and everyone else) says "Bulgarians". --User:Joy 10:55, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC) :: No, I use "Bulgarians" to refer to the modern, Slavic-speaking, Danube-based nation. I use proto-Bulgars and Bulgars to refer to earlier, largely Turkic incarnations, and other branches of the nation such as the Volga Bulgars. But that's largely beside the point- my dispute with VMORO had to do specifically with whether the term "Bulgaro-Turk" is a valid term. VMORO claims that it is a made-up word that should not be used. I argue, and have demonstrated, that "Bulgaro-Turk" does appear in scholarly works. It is used to refer largely to those nations I personally would call "proto-Bulgars" and "Bulgars". I personally haven't used "Bulgaro-Turk", but to claim that it "does not exist in English and is basically wrong" is not correct. --User:Dzimmer6 22:17, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC) == cool! == Sorry about my computer.... sheesh! Anyways I LOVE HUNGARY (maybe because I am of Hungarian descent! and that has absolutely nothing to do with this topic... I do believe I have read some of the facts on this page somewhere else, so whoever wrote this (who did write this?) might have gotten it off the same page or is right. But we don't really know what is right. I mean, that was a really long time ago... Keep writing about Hungary! Yay! The first part was written by various wikipedians, the second part (History) exclusively by me based on scientific texts, and the last part (the legends) was copied by someone from a chat page, I left it here so that people can see what "theories" can arise in human heads. In sum, the only part you coud have read elsewhere is the legends. User:Juro 22:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC) == "Norman" neighbours = Varangians? == When you say there wee "Norman" neighbours I presume you mean Varangians - that might be a better link, since they are not referred to as Normans - although true, both are basically the same people, but the Varangians imposed caste over Russia and Ukraine; whereas "Normans" refers to those Vikings or Norsemen who imposed cast over Normandy France, and from there England and Sicily. User:Codex Sinaiticus 11:41, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) Normans is just the name for (any) Vikings used in Frankish chronicles. And Variags are not all eastern Vikings (as far as I know). In addition, the text I have used clearly distinguishes (on other places) between Normans, Vikings and Variags, so I do not think they have made an error. But to prevent any confusion, I can replace the Normans with "Vikings". User:Juro 23:34, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
#redirect Magyars
#redirect Talk:Magyars
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Magyars:
Magyars
Magyars
Magyárs
Magyárs
Magyars
[[Image:Arpadfeszty.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Árpád Feszty and assistants' vast (over 8000 m2) canvas, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site in Hungary]] Magyars are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. In English they are usually called Demographics of Hungary, except in some historical texts. The word ''Hungarian'' has a wider meaning, because - especially in the past - it referred to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity (i.e. not only Magyars). Specifically, the Latin term ''natio hungarica'' referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity. There are around 10 million Magyars in Hungary (2001). Magyars have been the main inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary that existed through most of the second millennium. Following its disappearance with the Treaty of Trianon, Magyars have become minority inhabitants of Romania (official: 1,440,000 ); see: Hungarian minority in Romania), Slovakia (official: 520,500, estd: 580,000), Serbia and Montenegro (293,000), Ukraine (170,000), Austria (70,000), Croatia (16,500), the Czech Republic (14,600) and Slovenia (10,000). There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to automatically grant Hungarian citizenship to all Magyars living outside Hungary's borders. The referendum failed, because of lack of interest on the part of the population. == History after 896== The Magyar leader Árpád is believed to have led the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin (and the Pannonian plain) in 896. Magyar expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld. Hungarian settlement in the area became blessed by the Pope by the crowning of Stephen I of Hungary (''Szent István'') in 1001 when the leaders accepted Christianity. The centuries between the Magyars arriving from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Hungarian Kingdom in 1001 were dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian peninsula (Spain). Since the end of the 13th century (except for the period 1538/1541 - early 18th century) the multiethnic Kingdom of Hungary, founded by the Magyars in the 10th century, occupied the whole Carpathian Basin. Despite its name, in sum the state was inhabited by far more other nationalities than Magyars (e.g. in 1780 by 71.1% other nationalities). After WWI the ancient Kingdom was divided through the Treaty of Trianon in many regions based on ethnicities that were incorporated or formed national states of the same ethnicity. == Origin of the word "Hungarian" == The word derives from the old Slavic word ''og(ъ)r-'' for the proto-Magyars. Through Germanic languages, the word got into other European languages (''(H)ungarus, (H)ungarn, Vengry'' etc.). The Slavic word is thought to be derived from the bulgaro-turkic ''Onogur'', which could have arisen because the proto-Magyars were neighbours of the Empire of the Onogurs in the 6th century, whose leading tribal union was called the "Onogurs" (meaning "ten tribes"). The H- in many languages (''Hungarians, Hongrois, Hungarus'' etc.) is a later error. It was taken over from the word "Huns", which was a similar semi-nomadic tribe living some 400 years earlier in present-day Hungary and having a similar way of life. In ancient times and in the middle ages such false identifications (Huns=Hungarians) often occurred in history and literature. Still, Hun names like Attila and Réka are popular among Hungarians, and forms derived from Latin ''Hungaria'' are used like in the racetrack Hungaroring (mostly due to the strong English language pressure in tourism and international matters). An equivalent use in English would be using Britannia, Hibernia and Erin besides the Anglo-Saxon words. Magyar is today simply the Hungarian word for Hungarian. In English and many other languages, however, Magyar is used instead of Hungarian in certain (mainly historical) contexts, usually to distinguish ethnic Hungarians (i.e. the Magyars) from the other nationalities living in the Hungarian kingdom. == Ethnic affiliations and origins of the Hungarian people == The origin of the Hungarians (more correctly Magyars) is partly disputed. Despite many popular theories, however, most serious scholars both in Hungary and abroad tend to dismiss theories about the Magyars being descendants of the Sumerians or the Huns. A combination of linguistics, archaeology and anthropology data gives the following general picture, which is usually accepted by scholars: === East of the Ural mountains (before the 4th century AD) === In the 4th millennium BC, the oldest known settlements of Uralic peoples (Finno-Ugrians and Samoyeds) were situated east of the Ural Mountains, where they hunting and fishing. From there, some of the Finno-Ugrians, probably the ancestors of today's Finns, moved to and settled in the valley of the Kama river (on the other side of the Ural Mountains) around 3000 BC. The Ugrians, in turn, i.e. the ancestors of the Magyars, were settled in the wood-steppe parts of western Siberia (i.e. to the east of the Ural) – from c. 2000 BC. onwards at least. Their settlements were identical with the north-western part of the Andronovo Culture. Some more advanced tribes coming from the southern steppes taught them how to do agriculture, breed cattle and produce bronze objects. Around 1500, they started to breed horses and horse riding became one of their typical activities. Due to climatic changes in the early 1st millennium BC, the Ugrian subgroup known as the Ob-Ugrians – until then living more in the north - moved to the lower Ob river, while the Ugrian subgroup being the ancestor of the proto-Magyars remained in the south and became nomadic herdsmen. From the definitive departure of the Ob-Ugrians (around 500 BC), the ancestors of present-day Magyars can be considered a separate ethnic group – the proto-Magyars. During the following centuries, the proto-Magyars still lived in the wood-steppes and steppes southeast of the Ural Mountains, and they were immediate neighbours of and were strongly influenced by the ancient Sarmatians. === Bashkiria and the Khazar kaghanate (4th century – c. 830 AD) === In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Proto-Magyars moved to the west of the Ural Mountains to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga river (Bashkiria). In the early 8th century, a part of the proto-Magyars moved to the Don river (to a territory between the Volga, the Don and the Donets), a territory later called Levedia. The descendants of those proto-Magyars who stayed in Bashkiria were seen in Bashkiria as late as in 1241. Indeed, many historical references related both the Magyars (Hungarians) and the Bashkirs as two branches of the same nation. However, modern Bashkirs are quite different from their original stock, largely decimated during the Mongol invasion (13th century), and assimilated into Turkic peoples. The proto-Magyars around the Don river were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate. Their neighbours was the archaeological Saltov Culture, i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, descendants of the Onogurs) and the Alans, from which they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. The Bulgars and Magyars shared a long-lasting relationship in Khazaria, either by alliance or rivalry. The system of 2 rulers (later known as kende and gyula) is also thought to be a major inheritance from the Khazars. The Magyars were probably organized in a confederacy of seven tribes called ''Jenö'', ''Kér'', ''Keszi'', ''Kürt-Gyarmat'', ''Megyer'' (Magyar), ''Nyék'', and ''Tarján''. === Etelköz (c.830 – c. 895)=== Around 830, a civil war broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes out of the Khazars joined the Proto-Magyars and they moved to what the Magyars call the Etelköz, i.e. the territory between the Carpathian Mountains and the Dnjepr river (today's Ukraine). Around 854, the Proto-Magyars had to face a first attack by the Pechenegs. (According to other sources, the reason for the departure of the Proto-Magyars to Etelköz was the attack of the Pechenegs.) Both the Kabars and earlier the Bulgars taught the Magyars their Turkic languages, from which there are still at least 300 words and names in modern Hungarian. The new neighbour of the Proto-Magyars were the Vikings and eastern Slavs. Archaelogical finding suggest that the Proto-Magyars entered into intense interaction with both groups. From 862 onwards, the proto-Magyars (in 862 referred to as the ''Ungri'') along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of constant temporary looting raids from the Etelköz to the Carpathian Basin mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria. === Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895) === In 895/896, probably under the leadership of Árpád, a part of them crossed the Carpathian Mountains to enter the Carpathian basin. The tribe called Magyars (''Megyer'') was the leading tribe of the Magyar alliance that conquered the center of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), the proto-Magyar Etelköz was attacked by Bulgaria (because the Proto-Magyars were involved in the Bulgaro-Byzantine Empire war of 894-896) and then by their old enemies, the Pechenegs. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts were the cause of the Magyar departure from Etelköz. In the Carpathian Basin, the Magyars initially occupied the Great Moravian territory at the upper/middle Tisza river – a scarcely populated territory, to which, according to Arabian sources, Great Moravia used to send its criminals, and where the Roman Empire settled the Iazyges centuries ago. From there they intensified their looting raids all over continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia (Pannonia), which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. Magyar allies - the Kabars –, probably led by Kursan, probably settled in the region around Bihar. When entering the Carpathian basin, the Magyars found a largely Slavic population there, such as the Bulgarians, Slovaks, Slovenians, Croats etc. and minor remnants of the Avars (in the southwest). Influenced by the Slavic population of this territory, the Magyars were gradually changing their pastoral way of life to an agricultural one and took over hundreds of Slavic words. See History of Hungary for a continuation and Hungary: Pre-History and Early History for the background. Many of the (proto-)Magyars, however, remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896, as archaelogical findings e.g. in Polish Przemysl suggest. They seem to have joined the other Magyars in 900. According to other opinions, all the remaining Magyars defeated by the Bulgarians and Pechenegs from the Etelköz fled to Transylvania. Anyway, it is commonly accepted that in Transylvania (Erdély, Ardeal), there is a consistent Hungarian population that is historically not related to the Magyars led by Arpád: they are the ''Székely'', the main ethnic component of the Hungarian minority in Romania. They are fully acknowledged as Magyars. The Székely people's origin is a matter of historical controversy. Some people think that the Székelys were settled in Transylvania in early times, long before the Magyar tribes left Khazaria. See Székely for details. == Later genetic influences == Besides the various nations mentioned above, which mixed with the Magyars during their long way to and at their arrival in present-day Hungary, the Magyars also include "genes" from other people that (were) settled in this territory after the arrival of the Magyars, for example the Cumanians, the Pechenegs and German people in the Middle Ages, the Turks – which occupied present-day Hungary from c. 1541 to c. 1700 -, and especially the various nations (Austrians, Slovaks, Serbs and others) invited to resettle the depopulated territories after the departure of the Turks after 1700. All of them added their contribution in composing the modern Hungarian nation. == Legends == ''The following text is an example of how people relating the Magyars to the Huns or the Sumerians argue, although most scholars are claiming the opposite. The text, all errors and the lingustic quasi-analysis (which tries to directly relate two languages over a period of 5000 years) are shown followed by brief comments:'' The Hungarian Chronicles say very little about the early history of the Magyars. The main references to that period are found in two accounts, one of which is the Legend of the White Stag that suggests the unification of three nations: Magyars, Huns and Alans. Of course, the integration of Alans with the Hun/Magyar tribes refers not to the whole people of the Alans, but only to some of their tribes. A valuable document about the story of the magical hunt in early versions was taken from the Hungarian Royal Library captured by the Turks and re-published under the title ''"Tarihi Üngürüs"'' (History of the Hungarians), now in the Topkapi Museum of Istanbul. The other reference to that period is very interesting since it mentions ancient rulers and Biblical patriarchs. That document starts with Tana, who is identified with Kush, the father of ''Nimrod'' - undoubtedly, the same as the Sumerian Etana of the city of Kish (Kush). The Kushan Scythians also had an ancestor called Kush-Tana. The Sumerian Etana was the first mighty one on earth who wanted to visit heaven, and did - this coincides with the Biblical account concerning Nimrod, and his role in the construction of the Tower of Babel. In the Hungarian account, is son is called Menrot (''Nimrud''), whose sons were ''Magor'', ''Hunor'', and the ancestors of the Iranians. This resembles the myths recorded by Berosus, the outstanding historian of Babylon. Even the wife of Nimrud (Anuta/Bau) has similar names in the Hungarian version, Eneth/Boldog-asszony. Assyrian accounts mention that Nimrud had twin sons, one of whom is named Magor. Following this mythical ancestor there is a short list of patriarchs who can be associated with early Scythian ones as recorded by Herodotus. This period then is followed by the better documented historic Avar-Hun rulers, concluding with the early Hungarian leaders before and after the settlement in the Danubian basin. They emphasize the strong dynastic bonds with the Huns. The Hun tribes were the heirs of the Scythians by culture and consanguinity. An interesting reference is the burial rites of Scythians and Huns, which were quite similar: the same barrows, burial frames of logs and thick timbers, burial blocks, sacrificial horses etc. The name of Árpád, the founder of the modern Hungary, can be found in ancient records, from Egypt to Northern Mesopotamia. According to the Hungarian legend of the ''Turúl'' Hawk (a mythical bird which corresponds to the Sumerian "Dugud"), Ügyek, the descendant of king Magog (the Scythian king Magog lived in Northern Mesopotamia, according to Assyrian records) and a royal leader of the land of Scythia, married the daughter of Ened-Belia, whose name was Emeshe (a word that means "priestess" in Sumerian language). From her was born their first son Álmos. Álmos, who was Árpád's father, is said to be a descendant of Attila the Hun. :''[Notes: the Sumerian king list does include an Etana of Kish, who is succeeded by Balih of Kish. These kings may have existed, but the kings of Kish are not attested until Enmebaragesi. Nimrod the hunter, founder of Erech, is more plausibly identified by David Rohl with Enmerkar; founder of Uruk (Sum. ''kar''=hunter). No known Assyrian accounts mention the names Nimrod or Magog at all; Nimrod's 'twin sons' are found from Hungarian mythology.]'' == See also == * List of Hungarians * List of people of Hungarian origin - People with significant Magyar origin, but neither Hungarian citizens nor Hungarian-born * Csango * Hungarian Prehistory * Székely * Kabar * Turul == External links == * [http://arpad.org/pages.php?menuid=6&pageid=3 On the origins of the Hungarians] by Marcell Jankovics * [http://hungarianhistory.freeservers.com/Magyars.html On the origins of the Magyars] Ethnic groups of Europe Eurasian nomads History of Hungary Hungarian people
Magyars
==Sumerian== ''Many scholars believe modern Magyars are ethnic descendants of the ancient Sumerians, based primarily on linguistic studies'' More discussion on this contentious point can be found on the Talk:Sumer talk page... Hungarian, but lots of information of unspecified validity: http://www.turulmadar.hu/ See also (in hungarian): as the source of many origin legends, with similar questionnable validity. ---- Please some moderators remove the above text mentioning the sumerian origin and the turulmadar.hu site. This belief is highly associated with extreme hungarian nazionalism and racism :-( :Dear anon, removing the information does not make it cease to exist. Closing your eyes are even simpler. Hard is to explain ''why'' do you associate it with that, and keep the reader informed about that. (And sign your comments.) --User:Grin user_talk:grin 19:22, 2005 Jan 25 (UTC) ==Iberia== The Huns reached Iberia? Are you sure? == Magyar history - different theories == I've added a link to the Magyar page that points to a page that summarizes the different theories regarding the history of the Magyar people. Hopefully it is helpful. (My first Wikipedia edit!) -Lane Wimberley == Names == Why refer to Denmark as Dania and Spain as the Hispanic penninsula? User:Lee S. Svoboda 22:21, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Arpad and Attila == 24.69.255.205 wrote: ''Arpad the Hungarian's leader was known to have been the descendant of Attila.'' : Is this Magyar oral tradition? --User:Joy 10:40, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: Above all, this is non-sense...User:Juro 23:28, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: She says "was known to have been...". That theory is not taught in schools today. Historians in Hungary do not accept it. However there is a theory (among the many others) that states there is a weak cultural link between Hungarians and Huns through the Avars still being here in the 9th century. == Bulgaro-Turks == I don't know where this term came from (I guess it's a kalk of the Hungarian word) but it does not exist in English and is basically wrong. Pls, use Bulgars, thank you. User:VMORO 16:20, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC) You are quite mistaken. The term is well-established in scholarly circles and is used to distinguish the Turkic, Proto-Bulgar culture from its later Slavified incarnation. Nor is it a new term. I read it in the work of Kenneth Setton as early as 1950 (e.g., [http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/bulgar/setton.html The Bulgars in the Balkans and the Occupation of Corinth in the Seventh Century]. Dimiter Markovsky has also referred extensively to Asparukh's horde as Bulgaro-Turks. The terms "Bulgaro-Turkic" and "Bulgaro-Turk" have numerous google hits.--User:Dzimmer6 13:06, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC) : You two just differ in terminology - Dzimmer6 says "proto-Bulgar" for something VMORO would say "proto-Bulgarian". VMORO says "Bulgars" for the ancient people, Dzimmer6 says "Bulgaro-Turks". It would be reasonable to assume that Dzimmer says "Bulgars" for the modern nation, but VMORO (and everyone else) says "Bulgarians". --User:Joy 10:55, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC) :: No, I use "Bulgarians" to refer to the modern, Slavic-speaking, Danube-based nation. I use proto-Bulgars and Bulgars to refer to earlier, largely Turkic incarnations, and other branches of the nation such as the Volga Bulgars. But that's largely beside the point- my dispute with VMORO had to do specifically with whether the term "Bulgaro-Turk" is a valid term. VMORO claims that it is a made-up word that should not be used. I argue, and have demonstrated, that "Bulgaro-Turk" does appear in scholarly works. It is used to refer largely to those nations I personally would call "proto-Bulgars" and "Bulgars". I personally haven't used "Bulgaro-Turk", but to claim that it "does not exist in English and is basically wrong" is not correct. --User:Dzimmer6 22:17, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC) == cool! == Sorry about my computer.... sheesh! Anyways I LOVE HUNGARY (maybe because I am of Hungarian descent! and that has absolutely nothing to do with this topic... I do believe I have read some of the facts on this page somewhere else, so whoever wrote this (who did write this?) might have gotten it off the same page or is right. But we don't really know what is right. I mean, that was a really long time ago... Keep writing about Hungary! Yay! The first part was written by various wikipedians, the second part (History) exclusively by me based on scientific texts, and the last part (the legends) was copied by someone from a chat page, I left it here so that people can see what "theories" can arise in human heads. In sum, the only part you coud have read elsewhere is the legends. User:Juro 22:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC) == "Norman" neighbours = Varangians? == When you say there wee "Norman" neighbours I presume you mean Varangians - that might be a better link, since they are not referred to as Normans - although true, both are basically the same people, but the Varangians imposed caste over Russia and Ukraine; whereas "Normans" refers to those Vikings or Norsemen who imposed cast over Normandy France, and from there England and Sicily. User:Codex Sinaiticus 11:41, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) Normans is just the name for (any) Vikings used in Frankish chronicles. And Variags are not all eastern Vikings (as far as I know). In addition, the text I have used clearly distinguishes (on other places) between Normans, Vikings and Variags, so I do not think they have made an error. But to prevent any confusion, I can replace the Normans with "Vikings". User:Juro 23:34, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Magyárs
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