Magnesium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element and constitutes about 2% of the Earth's crust by weight (Gardner,2005), and it is the third most plentiful element dissolved in seawater. This alkaline earth metal is primarily used as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys. == Notable characteristics == Magnesium is a fairly strong, silvery-white, light-weight metal (one third lighter than aluminium) that slightly tarnishes when exposed to air. In a powder, this metal heats and ignites when exposed to moisture and burns with a white flame. It is difficult to ignite in bulk, though it is easy to light if it is shaved into thin strips. Once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in both nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), and carbon dioxide. == Uses == Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide, are used mainly as refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron and steel, nonferrous metals, glass, and cement. Magnesium oxide and other compounds also are used in agricultural, chemical, and construction industries. This element's principal use is as an alloying additive to aluminium with these aluminium-magnesium alloys being used mainly for beverage cans. Magnesium alloys also are used as structural components of automobiles and machinery. Another use of this metal is to aid the removal of sulfur from iron and steel. Other uses include: * Magnesium, like aluminium, is strong and light, so it is used in several high volume automotive and truck components. Specialty, high grade car wheels of magnesium alloy are called "mag wheels." * photoengraving plates in the printing industry. * Combined in alloys, this metal is essential for airplane and missile construction. * When used as an alloying agent, this metal improves the mechanical, fabrication and welding characteristics of aluminium. * Additive agent for conventional propellants and used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron. * Reducing agent for the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. * Its magnesium hydroxide is used in milk of magnesia, its magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate in Epsom salts and its citrates in medicine. * Dead-burned magnesite is used for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters. * Magnesium is also flammable, burning at a temperature of approximately 4000°F. * The extremely high temperature at which magnesium burns makes it a handy tool for starting emergency fires during outdoor recreation. * Magnesium carbonate (Mgcarbonate) powder is also used by athletes, such as gymnastics and weightlifting, to improve the grip on objects – the apparatus or lifting bar. * Magnesium stearate is a slightly fire white powder with lubricant properties. In pharmacology technology it's used in the manufacturing of tablet, to prevent the tablets from sticking to the equipment during the tablet compression process (i.e., when the tablet's substance is pressed into a tablet form). * Other uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. == History == The name originates from the Greek language word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. Joseph Black in England recognized magnesium as being an element in 1755, Sir Humphry Davy electrolytically isolated pure magnesium metal in 1808 from a mix of magnesia and mercury (element)oxygen and A. A. B. Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is an alkaline earth metal and therefore does not occur uncombined with other elements. It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. == Sources == In the United States this metal is principally obtained by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brines, wells, and sea water. Although magnesium is found in over 60 minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, talc, and olivine are of commercial importance.
''Isolation'' (* follow):
cathode: Mg2+* + 2electron- → Mg
anode: 2chlorine-* → Cl2 (gas) + 2e- == Compounds in living organisms== Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors including gender, weight and size, is 300-400 milligram/day. Many enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, especially enzymes utilizing ATP. Inadequate magnesium intake frequently causes muscle spasms, and has been associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and osteoporosis. Acute deficiency is rare. It is never due to an insufficiency of food contribution. It is the fact of various specific diseases whose majority are rare. == Food sources == Green vegetables such as spinach provide magnesium because the center of the chlorophyll molecule contains magnesium. nut (fruit)s, seeds, and some whole grains are also good sources of magnesium. Although magnesium is present in many foods, it usually occurs in small amounts. As with most nutrients, daily needs for magnesium cannot be met from a single food. Eating a wide variety of foods, including five servings of fruits and vegetables daily and plenty of whole grains, helps to ensure an adequate intake of magnesium. The magnesium content of refined foods is usually low. Whole-wheat bread, for example, has twice as much magnesium as white bread because the magnesium-rich germ and bran are removed when white flour is processed. The table of food sources of magnesium suggests many dietary sources of magnesium. Water can provide magnesium, but the amount varies according to the water supply. "Hard" water contains more magnesium than "soft" water. Dietary surveys do not estimate magnesium intake from water, which may lead to underestimating total magnesium intake and its variability. Following are some foods and the amount of magnesium in them: * spinach (1/2 cup) = 80 milligrams (mg) * peanut butter (2 tablespoons) = 50 mg * black-eyed peas (1/2 cup) = 45 mg * milk, low fat (1 cup) = 40 mg == Isotopes == Magnesium-26 is a stable isotope that has found application in isotope geology, similar to that of aluminium. Mg-26 is a radiogenic daughter product of Al-26, which has a half-life of 717000 years. Large enrichments of stable Mg-26 have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The anomalous abundance of Mg-26 is attributed to the decay of its parent Al-26 in the inclusions. Therefore, the meteorite must have formed in the solar nebula before the Al-26 had decayed. Hence, these fragments are among the oldest objects in the solar system and have preserved information about its earliest history. It is conventional to plot Mg-26/Mg-24 against an Al/Mg ratio. In an isochrone plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is Al-27/Mg-24. The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial Al-26/Al-27 ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from a common reservoir. == Precautions == *Magnesium metal and alloys are highly flammable in their pure form and melts when it is a powder. Magnesium metal quickly reacts exothermic reactionally upon contact with air or water and should be handled with care. One should wear safety glasses while working with magnesium. The bright white light (including ultraviolet) produced by burning magnesium can damage the eyes. Water should not be used to extinguish magnesium fires, because it can actually feed the fire, according to the reaction: :Mg(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) :Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should not be used either, because magnesium can burn in carbon dioxide. A fire extinguisher#Specialised materials for Class D dry chemical fire extinguisher should be used if available, or else the fire should be covered with sand. *The Dietary Reference Intake upper tolerated limit for Dietary supplement magnesium is 350 mg/day. The most common symptom of excess magnesium is diarrhea. Infants should not be given magnesium supplements. ==External links== *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Mg/index.html WebElements.com – Magnesium] *[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Mg.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Magnesium] *[http://www.ctds.info/5_13_magnesium.html – Magnesium Deficiency] *[http://www.mgwater.com/index.shtml – The Magnesium Website] *[http://www.talkwellness.org/magnesium.html Magnesium] *[http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/294/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intake] Chemical elements Alkaline earth metals mi:Konupora lv:Magnijs th:แมกนีเซียม
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by user:maveric149. Elementbox converted 10:08, 23 Jun 2005 by User:Femto (previous revision was that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium&oldid=15680088 08:01, 11 Jun 2005]). === Information Sources === Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/12.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Magnesium]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/magnesium/ USGS Magnesium Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/mg_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Magnesium], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table were obtained from the sources listed on the subject page and WikiProject Elements but were reformatted and converted into SI units. ------ === Talk === ----- The powder used in athletics is not the metal User:JCWF Althetic chalk is made of magnesium carbonate. Please fix the article is it states that the metal form of magnesium is used. --User:Maveric149 The article says that "Once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in both nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), and carbon dioxide." The titanium article on this website says that only titanium can burn in nitrogen. Can magnesium not burn in a pure nitrogen atmosphere, but can still burn nitrogen when its in the air? If so, then this should be made more clear. : Google found a number of "elements" pages that repeat the claim that only titanium burns in nitrogen. But there is a US Dept of Energy handbook on spontaneous heating and pyrophoricity that claims "Magnesium may also burn in an atmosphere of nitrogen to form magnesium nitride." [http://www.eh.doe.gov/techstds/standard/hdbk1081/hbk1081c.html] The same page mentions titanium as also having this property. Both metals burn in a CO2 atmosphere as well. Anyway, I tend to believe this reference. It looks like the titanium article needs updating if the DoE handbook is correct. If people have lingering doubts, maybe someone with access to CRC or some other source could find a corroborating authoritative reference. The autoignition temperature for magnesium is nowhere close to 4000 F. It is a mere 1205 F, which corresponds to 652 C or 925 K. Also, magnesium is the 6th most abundant metal according to Dr. Doron Aurbach of the Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Dr. Doron Aurbach is currently working on rechargeable magnesium batteries and has previously discovered several improvements to the Lithium-Ion battery used in most cell phones and other mobile devices this very moment. I have also done my research on magnesium since I wrote an entire essay (4000 words), and its ability to combust in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, or even within solid carbon dioxide, more commonly known as dry ice. This essay was checked for accuracy by two experts at the University of Helsinki. To the point, my sources also indicate that magnesium can burn in an atmosphere of nitrogen, as can titanium. ==Insufficient magnesium== I totally disagree with the statments about insufficient magnesium intake, an healty person will very rarly be affected by severe symptoms, see source: [http://www.centre-evian.com/dossier_presse/index.html?contenu-medias.html?http://www.centre-evian.com/dossier_presse/dos-media/11132.html?http://www.centre-evian.com/dossier_presse/dos-media/11132.html Centre Evian pour l'eau (in French)] I'm looking for an English source, but what they say is: "Acute deficiency is rare. It is never due to an insufficiency of food contribution. It is the fact of various specific diseases whose majority are rare." --User:Astrowob 00:22, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) : Your quote refers to "acute deficiency". But there is ample evidence that hypomagnesemia is common. See for example this [http://www.jfponline.com/content/2005/02/jfp_0205_00174.asp Feb 2005 article] in the Journal of Family Practice, including the footnotes referring to several relevant studies/papers.
Magnesium
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Magnesium:
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium_aluminate
Magnesium_Aluminum_Silicate
Magnesium_carbonate
Magnesium_carbonate
Magnesium_chloride
Magnesium_compounds
Magnesium_deficiency
Magnesium_diboride
Magnesium_Fluoride
Magnesium_fluoride
Magnesium_fluoride
Magnesium_hydroxide
Magnesium_in_biology
Magnesium_mica
Magnesium_nitrate
Magnesium_oxide
Magnesium_oxide
Magnesium_oxide_crystals_(1350x).jpeg
Magnesium_perchlorate
Magnesium_peroxide
Magnesium_silicide
Magnesium_sulfate
Magnesium_sulfate
Magnesium_Sulphate
Magnesium_sulphate
Magnesium
Magnesium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element and constitutes about 2% of the Earth's crust by weight (Gardner,2005), and it is the third most plentiful element dissolved in seawater. This alkaline earth metal is primarily used as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys. == Notable characteristics == Magnesium is a fairly strong, silvery-white, light-weight metal (one third lighter than aluminium) that slightly tarnishes when exposed to air. In a powder, this metal heats and ignites when exposed to moisture and burns with a white flame. It is difficult to ignite in bulk, though it is easy to light if it is shaved into thin strips. Once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in both nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), and carbon dioxide. == Uses == Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide, are used mainly as refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron and steel, nonferrous metals, glass, and cement. Magnesium oxide and other compounds also are used in agricultural, chemical, and construction industries. This element's principal use is as an alloying additive to aluminium with these aluminium-magnesium alloys being used mainly for beverage cans. Magnesium alloys also are used as structural components of automobiles and machinery. Another use of this metal is to aid the removal of sulfur from iron and steel. Other uses include: * Magnesium, like aluminium, is strong and light, so it is used in several high volume automotive and truck components. Specialty, high grade car wheels of magnesium alloy are called "mag wheels." * photoengraving plates in the printing industry. * Combined in alloys, this metal is essential for airplane and missile construction. * When used as an alloying agent, this metal improves the mechanical, fabrication and welding characteristics of aluminium. * Additive agent for conventional propellants and used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron. * Reducing agent for the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. * Its magnesium hydroxide is used in milk of magnesia, its magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate in Epsom salts and its citrates in medicine. * Dead-burned magnesite is used for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters. * Magnesium is also flammable, burning at a temperature of approximately 4000°F. * The extremely high temperature at which magnesium burns makes it a handy tool for starting emergency fires during outdoor recreation. * Magnesium carbonate (Mgcarbonate) powder is also used by athletes, such as gymnastics and weightlifting, to improve the grip on objects – the apparatus or lifting bar. * Magnesium stearate is a slightly fire white powder with lubricant properties. In pharmacology technology it's used in the manufacturing of tablet, to prevent the tablets from sticking to the equipment during the tablet compression process (i.e., when the tablet's substance is pressed into a tablet form). * Other uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. == History == The name originates from the Greek language word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. Joseph Black in England recognized magnesium as being an element in 1755, Sir Humphry Davy electrolytically isolated pure magnesium metal in 1808 from a mix of magnesia and mercury (element)oxygen and A. A. B. Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is an alkaline earth metal and therefore does not occur uncombined with other elements. It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. == Sources == In the United States this metal is principally obtained by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brines, wells, and sea water. Although magnesium is found in over 60 minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, talc, and olivine are of commercial importance.
''Isolation'' (* follow):
cathode: Mg2+* + 2electron- → Mg
anode: 2chlorine-* → Cl2 (gas) + 2e- == Compounds in living organisms== Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors including gender, weight and size, is 300-400 milligram/day. Many enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, especially enzymes utilizing ATP. Inadequate magnesium intake frequently causes muscle spasms, and has been associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and osteoporosis. Acute deficiency is rare. It is never due to an insufficiency of food contribution. It is the fact of various specific diseases whose majority are rare. == Food sources == Green vegetables such as spinach provide magnesium because the center of the chlorophyll molecule contains magnesium. nut (fruit)s, seeds, and some whole grains are also good sources of magnesium. Although magnesium is present in many foods, it usually occurs in small amounts. As with most nutrients, daily needs for magnesium cannot be met from a single food. Eating a wide variety of foods, including five servings of fruits and vegetables daily and plenty of whole grains, helps to ensure an adequate intake of magnesium. The magnesium content of refined foods is usually low. Whole-wheat bread, for example, has twice as much magnesium as white bread because the magnesium-rich germ and bran are removed when white flour is processed. The table of food sources of magnesium suggests many dietary sources of magnesium. Water can provide magnesium, but the amount varies according to the water supply. "Hard" water contains more magnesium than "soft" water. Dietary surveys do not estimate magnesium intake from water, which may lead to underestimating total magnesium intake and its variability. Following are some foods and the amount of magnesium in them: * spinach (1/2 cup) = 80 milligrams (mg) * peanut butter (2 tablespoons) = 50 mg * black-eyed peas (1/2 cup) = 45 mg * milk, low fat (1 cup) = 40 mg == Isotopes == Magnesium-26 is a stable isotope that has found application in isotope geology, similar to that of aluminium. Mg-26 is a radiogenic daughter product of Al-26, which has a half-life of 717000 years. Large enrichments of stable Mg-26 have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The anomalous abundance of Mg-26 is attributed to the decay of its parent Al-26 in the inclusions. Therefore, the meteorite must have formed in the solar nebula before the Al-26 had decayed. Hence, these fragments are among the oldest objects in the solar system and have preserved information about its earliest history. It is conventional to plot Mg-26/Mg-24 against an Al/Mg ratio. In an isochrone plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is Al-27/Mg-24. The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial Al-26/Al-27 ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from a common reservoir. == Precautions == *Magnesium metal and alloys are highly flammable in their pure form and melts when it is a powder. Magnesium metal quickly reacts exothermic reactionally upon contact with air or water and should be handled with care. One should wear safety glasses while working with magnesium. The bright white light (including ultraviolet) produced by burning magnesium can damage the eyes. Water should not be used to extinguish magnesium fires, because it can actually feed the fire, according to the reaction: :Mg(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) :Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should not be used either, because magnesium can burn in carbon dioxide. A fire extinguisher#Specialised materials for Class D dry chemical fire extinguisher should be used if available, or else the fire should be covered with sand. *The Dietary Reference Intake upper tolerated limit for Dietary supplement magnesium is 350 mg/day. The most common symptom of excess magnesium is diarrhea. Infants should not be given magnesium supplements. ==External links== *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Mg/index.html WebElements.com – Magnesium] *[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Mg.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Magnesium] *[http://www.ctds.info/5_13_magnesium.html – Magnesium Deficiency] *[http://www.mgwater.com/index.shtml – The Magnesium Website] *[http://www.talkwellness.org/magnesium.html Magnesium] *[http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/294/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intake] Chemical elements Alkaline earth metals mi:Konupora lv:Magnijs th:แมกนีเซียม
Magnesium
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by user:maveric149. Elementbox converted 10:08, 23 Jun 2005 by User:Femto (previous revision was that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium&oldid=15680088 08:01, 11 Jun 2005]). === Information Sources === Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/12.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Magnesium]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/magnesium/ USGS Magnesium Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/mg_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Magnesium], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table were obtained from the sources listed on the subject page and WikiProject Elements but were reformatted and converted into SI units. ------ === Talk === ----- The powder used in athletics is not the metal User:JCWF Althetic chalk is made of magnesium carbonate. Please fix the article is it states that the metal form of magnesium is used. --User:Maveric149 The article says that "Once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in both nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), and carbon dioxide." The titanium article on this website says that only titanium can burn in nitrogen. Can magnesium not burn in a pure nitrogen atmosphere, but can still burn nitrogen when its in the air? If so, then this should be made more clear. : Google found a number of "elements" pages that repeat the claim that only titanium burns in nitrogen. But there is a US Dept of Energy handbook on spontaneous heating and pyrophoricity that claims "Magnesium may also burn in an atmosphere of nitrogen to form magnesium nitride." [http://www.eh.doe.gov/techstds/standard/hdbk1081/hbk1081c.html] The same page mentions titanium as also having this property. Both metals burn in a CO2 atmosphere as well. Anyway, I tend to believe this reference. It looks like the titanium article needs updating if the DoE handbook is correct. If people have lingering doubts, maybe someone with access to CRC or some other source could find a corroborating authoritative reference. The autoignition temperature for magnesium is nowhere close to 4000 F. It is a mere 1205 F, which corresponds to 652 C or 925 K. Also, magnesium is the 6th most abundant metal according to Dr. Doron Aurbach of the Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Dr. Doron Aurbach is currently working on rechargeable magnesium batteries and has previously discovered several improvements to the Lithium-Ion battery used in most cell phones and other mobile devices this very moment. I have also done my research on magnesium since I wrote an entire essay (4000 words), and its ability to combust in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, or even within solid carbon dioxide, more commonly known as dry ice. This essay was checked for accuracy by two experts at the University of Helsinki. To the point, my sources also indicate that magnesium can burn in an atmosphere of nitrogen, as can titanium. ==Insufficient magnesium== I totally disagree with the statments about insufficient magnesium intake, an healty person will very rarly be affected by severe symptoms, see source: [http://www.centre-evian.com/dossier_presse/index.html?contenu-medias.html?http://www.centre-evian.com/dossier_presse/dos-media/11132.html?http://www.centre-evian.com/dossier_presse/dos-media/11132.html Centre Evian pour l'eau (in French)] I'm looking for an English source, but what they say is: "Acute deficiency is rare. It is never due to an insufficiency of food contribution. It is the fact of various specific diseases whose majority are rare." --User:Astrowob 00:22, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) : Your quote refers to "acute deficiency". But there is ample evidence that hypomagnesemia is common. See for example this [http://www.jfponline.com/content/2005/02/jfp_0205_00174.asp Feb 2005 article] in the Journal of Family Practice, including the footnotes referring to several relevant studies/papers.
Magnesium
Magnesium
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
M
MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MN | MO | MP | MR | MS | MT | MU | MW | MX | MY | MZ |Words begining with Magnesium:
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium_aluminate
Magnesium_Aluminum_Silicate
Magnesium_carbonate
Magnesium_carbonate
Magnesium_chloride
Magnesium_compounds
Magnesium_deficiency
Magnesium_diboride
Magnesium_Fluoride
Magnesium_fluoride
Magnesium_fluoride
Magnesium_hydroxide
Magnesium_in_biology
Magnesium_mica
Magnesium_nitrate
Magnesium_oxide
Magnesium_oxide
Magnesium_oxide_crystals_(1350x).jpeg
.jpeg){kind=link}
Magnesium_perchlorate
Magnesium_peroxide
Magnesium_silicide
Magnesium_sulfate
Magnesium_sulfate
Magnesium_Sulphate
Magnesium_sulphate
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