
''You may also want:'' :''Lorraine, Quebec'' :''Lorraine, Ontario'' Lorraine (German language: ''Lothringen'') is a historical area in present-day northeast France. It is currently a List of regions in France of France. The area is famous as the birthplace of Joan of Arc, and the place where Quiche originated. Some of the main cities are Metz, France, Nancy and Verdun, Meuse, France. ==History== Lorraine was originally an independent kingdom. It was created in 843, when the Carolingians empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious. Named after the new ruler, Holy Roman Emperor Lothar, the area and other territories controlled by Lothar became known as Lotharingia. In France, this became known as ''Lorraine'', while in Germany, it was eventually known as ''Lothringen''. Lorraine is a frenchized version of the German title Lotharingen. In the old Alamanni language that was once spoken in Lorraine the end syllable -ingen signified a property. So in a figurative sense Lotharingen can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothar". See Duchy of Lorraine for dynastic details. With the loss of the imperial title and the waning of Carolingian influence, the kingdom lost territories and came under the rule of a duke, thereby reducing the former kingdom to a duchy. Between 1733 and 1766 it was ruled (generally seen as wisely ruled) by Stanislaus I of Poland. In 1766 Lorraine became part of France, and it was reorganized by the French government. Lorraine, along with Alsace, has long been contested territory between France and Germany. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the area was predominantly populated by Germans, who opposed efforts to have the French language and customs imposed upon them, a process which Stanislaus I effectively ended during his reign but which continued afterwards. A part of Lorraine, along with Alsace, was reunited with Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 causing a number of French people to emigrate into France, and a part of Lorraine remained a part of Germany until the end of World War I, when Germany had to cede it to France. Under Bismarck's German Empire Alsace-Lorraine had (unlike other German territories) virtually no autonomy and was ruled by a governor appointed by the Imperial Chancellor and use of the French language was discouraged. The re-establishment of German rule was reversed following the German surrender in 1918. Policies of forbidding the use of German language and requiring that of French were then begun. The region was annexed by Germany in 1940 during World War II. Lorraine was combined with the Saarland, and Alsace with Baden. The occupation, while putting a halt to the perceived anti-Germanic oppression, subjected the region to the Nazi dictatorship, which was loathed by the majority of the people, including the ethnic Germans. The war-torn area was given again to France in November 1944 after a victorious campaign by General Patton and his army. Because of all the fighting in the area, Lorraine is home to the largest American cemetery in France. == Culture == Most of Lorraine is widely considered 'French', hence Bismarck only annexed about a third of today's Lorraine to the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian War. The disputed third, known as Moselle, had a culture not easily classifiable as either French or German possessing both French and German dialects. Like much of the Balkans and Eastern Europe much of Lorraine was a patchwork of ethnicities and dialects, sometimes not even mutually comprehensible with either French or German. Despite the French government 'single language' policy, the local German dialect still survives, called Frankish language. This is a different German dialect from the neighbouring Alsatian language, with which it is often confused. Both dialects are called ''Alsacien'' in French language, and neither have any form of official recognition. Like most of Languages of France (such as Breton language, Provençal and Alsatian language) Frankish was largely replaced by French with the advent of mandatory public schooling in the 19th and 20th centuries. ==See also== * Alsace-Lorraine * Cross of Lorraine ==External link== *[http://www.lotharingia.de/ Lotharingia] Lorraine ka:ლორენი ms:Lorraine
The history section in the article is totally biased (with anti-French/German nationalist approach), and needs to be seriously rewritten. User:Hardouin 03:07, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC) Care to elaborate on how it is biased? 1:09, 13 Nov 2004 (EST) :It discusses forced imposition of French customs and language on "German" population in the early modern period (it is questionable whether this occurred at all prior to the French Revolution), and it refers to the region being "reunited" with Germany (implying irredentist claims). This can be a ''very'' delicate subject (similar to the ugly German-Polish disputes which erupt here), and care ought to be taken. From an historian's (rather than a nationalist's) perspective, there is no point in describing the population as "French" or "German" before the invention of the modern concept of the nation (circa 1800 or so). (Almost nobody in France spoke "true" French until fairly recently; all regions had their own languages or dialects, and while Alsace-Lorraine had Germanic local speech and Bretagne had Celtic, it is not clear that anyone really considered this important.) The article should not make claims about things like national identity, but should instead discuss the importance both French and German nationalists have placed on "proving" that the region is "French" or "German". :It is probably worth having an article on the Alsace-Lorraine issue, because the two regions are normally linked in this context, and rather than duplicating the discussion, both regional articles could link to it. --User:Tkinias 04:10, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC) ::I've redone some of the article stressing german oppression while keeping french examples as well. I think its pretty indisputable that most of Lorraine is 'french' (Bismarck didnt contest it), I left the question of Moselle's nationality open, but its pretty meaningless at this point (at the same level of whether transylvania is romanian or if croatia is yugoslav). --User:CJWilly 11:30, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Lorraine: neither French or German... == Being from Lorraine, I just would like to point out that when we are talking about Alsace-Lorraine, although the term encompass the totality of Alsace, it only refers to a fourth of Lorraine, now called Moselle. The other 3 "departements" of Lorraine (Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle and Vosges) always remained French from 1766 til today. Also worth noting, Lorraine is one of the last big "regions" to become French in 1766 (followed by Savoie in 1860). Before 1766, It was relatively independant, and both the kingdom of France and the German Empire were considered foreign neighbours as Mexico and Canada would be for the US. Also interesting to see that our cousins from DOM-TOM (such as caribeean islands Martinique and Guadeloupe) became French before the inhabitants of Lorraine!! Lastly, Lorraine never had a common language but a lot of different patois (French replaced them only during the 20th century through school education). That said, we can recognised that the northern half of today's Meurthe-et-Moselle AND Moselle (called Moselle before 1870) had mainly German-related dialects, while the southern half (previously called Meurthe) AND Vosges AND Meuse had mainly old French-related dialects. As for the controversy about Alsace-Lorraine being French or German, let's not forget that nationality should not always be based on language but also on traditions/customs and willingness to be part of a country/nation. Alsace and Lorraine experienced the French revolution, took part in Napoleon's campaigns (and supported him and his nephew with higher percentage than the French average), and although the population wasn't necessarily French-speakers, it is generally admitted that on the whole, the population was leaning towards France rather than Germany...
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Lorraine
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Lorraine,_Ontario
Lorraine,_Quebec
Lorrainer
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Lorraine_Braco
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Lorraine_Hansberry
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Lorraine_Kelly
Lorraine_Kelly
Lorraine_McFly
Lorraine_Motel
Lorraine_Pilkington
Lorraine_q
Lorraine_Rodgers
Lorraine_Segato
Lorraine_Toussaint
Lorraine_Vivian_Hansberry
Lorraine
''You may also want:'' :''Lorraine, Quebec'' :''Lorraine, Ontario'' Lorraine (German language: ''Lothringen'') is a historical area in present-day northeast France. It is currently a List of regions in France of France. The area is famous as the birthplace of Joan of Arc, and the place where Quiche originated. Some of the main cities are Metz, France, Nancy and Verdun, Meuse, France. ==History== Lorraine was originally an independent kingdom. It was created in 843, when the Carolingians empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious. Named after the new ruler, Holy Roman Emperor Lothar, the area and other territories controlled by Lothar became known as Lotharingia. In France, this became known as ''Lorraine'', while in Germany, it was eventually known as ''Lothringen''. Lorraine is a frenchized version of the German title Lotharingen. In the old Alamanni language that was once spoken in Lorraine the end syllable -ingen signified a property. So in a figurative sense Lotharingen can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothar". See Duchy of Lorraine for dynastic details. With the loss of the imperial title and the waning of Carolingian influence, the kingdom lost territories and came under the rule of a duke, thereby reducing the former kingdom to a duchy. Between 1733 and 1766 it was ruled (generally seen as wisely ruled) by Stanislaus I of Poland. In 1766 Lorraine became part of France, and it was reorganized by the French government. Lorraine, along with Alsace, has long been contested territory between France and Germany. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the area was predominantly populated by Germans, who opposed efforts to have the French language and customs imposed upon them, a process which Stanislaus I effectively ended during his reign but which continued afterwards. A part of Lorraine, along with Alsace, was reunited with Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 causing a number of French people to emigrate into France, and a part of Lorraine remained a part of Germany until the end of World War I, when Germany had to cede it to France. Under Bismarck's German Empire Alsace-Lorraine had (unlike other German territories) virtually no autonomy and was ruled by a governor appointed by the Imperial Chancellor and use of the French language was discouraged. The re-establishment of German rule was reversed following the German surrender in 1918. Policies of forbidding the use of German language and requiring that of French were then begun. The region was annexed by Germany in 1940 during World War II. Lorraine was combined with the Saarland, and Alsace with Baden. The occupation, while putting a halt to the perceived anti-Germanic oppression, subjected the region to the Nazi dictatorship, which was loathed by the majority of the people, including the ethnic Germans. The war-torn area was given again to France in November 1944 after a victorious campaign by General Patton and his army. Because of all the fighting in the area, Lorraine is home to the largest American cemetery in France. == Culture == Most of Lorraine is widely considered 'French', hence Bismarck only annexed about a third of today's Lorraine to the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian War. The disputed third, known as Moselle, had a culture not easily classifiable as either French or German possessing both French and German dialects. Like much of the Balkans and Eastern Europe much of Lorraine was a patchwork of ethnicities and dialects, sometimes not even mutually comprehensible with either French or German. Despite the French government 'single language' policy, the local German dialect still survives, called Frankish language. This is a different German dialect from the neighbouring Alsatian language, with which it is often confused. Both dialects are called ''Alsacien'' in French language, and neither have any form of official recognition. Like most of Languages of France (such as Breton language, Provençal and Alsatian language) Frankish was largely replaced by French with the advent of mandatory public schooling in the 19th and 20th centuries. ==See also== * Alsace-Lorraine * Cross of Lorraine ==External link== *[http://www.lotharingia.de/ Lotharingia] Lorraine ka:ლორენი ms:Lorraine
Lorraine
The history section in the article is totally biased (with anti-French/German nationalist approach), and needs to be seriously rewritten. User:Hardouin 03:07, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC) Care to elaborate on how it is biased? 1:09, 13 Nov 2004 (EST) :It discusses forced imposition of French customs and language on "German" population in the early modern period (it is questionable whether this occurred at all prior to the French Revolution), and it refers to the region being "reunited" with Germany (implying irredentist claims). This can be a ''very'' delicate subject (similar to the ugly German-Polish disputes which erupt here), and care ought to be taken. From an historian's (rather than a nationalist's) perspective, there is no point in describing the population as "French" or "German" before the invention of the modern concept of the nation (circa 1800 or so). (Almost nobody in France spoke "true" French until fairly recently; all regions had their own languages or dialects, and while Alsace-Lorraine had Germanic local speech and Bretagne had Celtic, it is not clear that anyone really considered this important.) The article should not make claims about things like national identity, but should instead discuss the importance both French and German nationalists have placed on "proving" that the region is "French" or "German". :It is probably worth having an article on the Alsace-Lorraine issue, because the two regions are normally linked in this context, and rather than duplicating the discussion, both regional articles could link to it. --User:Tkinias 04:10, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC) ::I've redone some of the article stressing german oppression while keeping french examples as well. I think its pretty indisputable that most of Lorraine is 'french' (Bismarck didnt contest it), I left the question of Moselle's nationality open, but its pretty meaningless at this point (at the same level of whether transylvania is romanian or if croatia is yugoslav). --User:CJWilly 11:30, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Lorraine: neither French or German... == Being from Lorraine, I just would like to point out that when we are talking about Alsace-Lorraine, although the term encompass the totality of Alsace, it only refers to a fourth of Lorraine, now called Moselle. The other 3 "departements" of Lorraine (Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle and Vosges) always remained French from 1766 til today. Also worth noting, Lorraine is one of the last big "regions" to become French in 1766 (followed by Savoie in 1860). Before 1766, It was relatively independant, and both the kingdom of France and the German Empire were considered foreign neighbours as Mexico and Canada would be for the US. Also interesting to see that our cousins from DOM-TOM (such as caribeean islands Martinique and Guadeloupe) became French before the inhabitants of Lorraine!! Lastly, Lorraine never had a common language but a lot of different patois (French replaced them only during the 20th century through school education). That said, we can recognised that the northern half of today's Meurthe-et-Moselle AND Moselle (called Moselle before 1870) had mainly German-related dialects, while the southern half (previously called Meurthe) AND Vosges AND Meuse had mainly old French-related dialects. As for the controversy about Alsace-Lorraine being French or German, let's not forget that nationality should not always be based on language but also on traditions/customs and willingness to be part of a country/nation. Alsace and Lorraine experienced the French revolution, took part in Napoleon's campaigns (and supported him and his nephew with higher percentage than the French average), and although the population wasn't necessarily French-speakers, it is generally admitted that on the whole, the population was leaning towards France rather than Germany...
Lorraine
Regions of France
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LA | LB | LC | LD | LE | LF | LG | LH | LI | LJ | LK | LM | LN | LO | LP | LR | LS | LT | LU | LW | LX | LY | LZ |Words begining with Lorraine:
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Lorraine
Lorraine
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Lorraine,_Ontario
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Lorrainer
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Lorraine_Bracco
Lorraine_Braco
Lorraine_Campaign
Lorraine_De_Blanche
Lorraine_De_Blanche
Lorraine_Garland
Lorraine_Hansberry
Lorraine_Hansberry
Lorraine_Heggessey
Lorraine_Hunt_Lieberson
Lorraine_Kelly
Lorraine_Kelly
Lorraine_McFly
Lorraine_Motel
Lorraine_Pilkington
Lorraine_q
Lorraine_Rodgers
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Lorraine_Toussaint
Lorraine_Vivian_Hansberry
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