Lee Harvey Oswald

Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the assassination of President of the United States John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, according to the conclusions of two government investigations into the assassination. Critics of the official accounts have claimed that Oswald did not act alone or was not involved at all and was framed, but no single compelling alternative suspect has emerged. [[Image:Lho-133A.jpg|frame|right|This photo, showing Oswald wielding a rifle, a handgun, and the Belgrade daily newspaper ''Politika'', was taken on March 31, 1963 by his wife Marina. The Warren Commission labeled the photo as exhibit 133-A. Since Oswald's death, questions have risen about the photo's authenticity, although the House Select Committee on Assassinations in the 1970s concluded that it is genuine.]] ==Early life and Marine Corps service== Lee Harvey Oswald was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father, Robert Edward Lee Oswald, died before he was born, and his mother Marguerite Claverie raised him and his two older siblings, his brother Robert and his half-brother John Pic (Marguerite’s child by her first marriage). His mother doted on him to excess, but despite this she was a domineering and quarrelsome woman and all three of her children entered the US armed forces. They lived an itinerant lifestyle; before the age of 18, Oswald had lived in 22 different residences and attended 12 different schools, mostly around New Orleans and Dallas, Texas. Oswald was a withdrawn and temperamental child. After they moved in with John Pic, who had joined the United States Coast Guard and was stationed in New York City, Oswald struck and pulled a knife on his mother. His truancy caused him to be evaluated by a psychiatrist, who diagnosed the 14 year old Oswald as having a "personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies." Marguerite fled back south with her son before he could be institutionalized. When he was enrolled in school, Oswald attended infrequently. He never received a high school diploma and was for his entire life quite a terrible speller; in fact, his letters and diary have led some to speculate that he was dyslexia. Despite this, he read voraciously and as a result thought he was better educated than those around him. Starting at around age 15, he became an ardent communist, solely from his reading on the topic. Lee writes in his diary: ''"I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered socialist literature. I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries."'' Despite his communism, Oswald was eager to become a USMC. He idolized his older brother Robert and wore Robert’s Marine ring constantly. This relationship overrode the obvious ideological conflict for Oswald, and he also may have wanted to escape from his mother. He enlisted in 1956, a week after his seventeenth birthday. Oswald was trained as a radar operator and assigned to Atsugi, Japan. Though Atsugi was the base for the Lockheed U-2 spy planes which flew over the USSR, Oswald was not involved in that operation. Oswald’s experience in the Marine Corps was unpleasant. Small and frail compared to the other Marines, he was nicknamed "Ozzie Rabbit". His meekness and his communism did not endear him to his compatriots, and the more ostracized he was, the more ardent and outspoken a communist he became, to the point where his nickname became "Oswaldskovich". He subscribed to ''The Worker'' and taught himself rudimentary Russian language. Oswald was court martialed twice, first for unauthorized possession of a private weapon, and later for starting a fight with a sergeant. As a result, he lost his promotion to corporal and served time in the brig. He was not punished for another incident in which he broke down and started firing his rifle into the woods. By the end of his Marine career, he was doing menial labor. ==The Soviet Union== Oswald's 1959 trip to the Soviet Union was well planned. In addition to his studies of Russian, he saved his Marine Corps salary, he got an early discharge by claiming he needed to care for his mother (a lie), and submitted several falsified applications to universities to aid in his quest to get a student visa. After entering the Soviet Union as part of a package tour, he declared that he wished to defect. Initially, his effort was encouraged, though as he was of little value to the Soviet Union, his application was rejected. A despondent Oswald attempted suicide by slashing his left wrist in his hotel bathtub. With authorities fearing an international incident should Oswald attempt suicide again, Oswald was eventually allowed to stay and shipped off to Minsk, where he was kept under nearly constant surveillance during his stay in the country. The Minsk KGB had never had their own American case and they threw themselves into the task with gusto, the result being the lengthy KGB file no. 31451, a day by day account of Oswald's life. Initially, Oswald seemed to thrive. He had a job as a metalworker at the Belarus Radio and Television Factory and his own rent-free apartment and monetary subsidies above his factory pay, an idyllic existence by Soviet-era working-class standards. He was called "Alek" by his friends, who thought "Lee" was too Chinese. He bought a shotgun and went hunting with friends and dated women he met at labor union dances. However, Oswald was tired of his life. The bureaucracy of the Soviet Union eventually caused Oswald to believe the country was a poorly implemented perversion of Marxism goals; he believed himself to be a pure Marxist. He grew bored with the limited recreation that Minsk offered and was stunned when a co-worker he proposed to, Ella Germann, rejected him. At a dance, Oswald met Marina Alexandrovna Medvedeva Nikolayevna Prusakova, a 19 year old pharmacology student. They were married less than a month and a half later. It was not the ideal basis for such a union, as Oswald was on the rebound from Ella. Marina, some believe, married Oswald for his standard of living (his own apartment, etc.) or in order to immigrate to the U.S. "Maybe I was not in love with Alik as I ought to have been," she admits. This seems possible, as she later wrote love letters to two of her ex-boyfriends while in the US, before Oswald was accused. Marina also soon became pregnant, and gave birth to a daughter, June. Oswald renounced his renunciation of American citizenship, and after nearly a year of paperwork and waiting, the family left the Soviet Union on June 1, 1962. ==Dallas== Back in the United States, the Oswald family settled in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. Oswald attempted to write a memoir and commentary on Soviet life, a small manuscript called ''The Collective''. Oswald soon abandoned the idea, but searching for feedback did put him in touch with the area's close-knit community of Russian �migr�s. They merely tolerated Oswald, but they took to Marina, feeling sorry for her because she was in a foreign country with no knowledge of English language, which Oswald refused to teach her, and because Oswald had begun to beat her. They eventually abandoned Marina, however, because she would not leave Oswald. From this group, Oswald found an unlikely best friend, the outrageous oil geologist Baron George de Mohrenschildt. Perhaps they took to each other because they were polar opposites, or perhaps de Mohrenschildt, who liked playing the provocateur, enjoyed putting people off with the disagreeable and sullen Marxist Oswald. Marina also befriended a married couple, Ruth Paine and Michael Paine. In Dallas, Oswald worked for the Leslie Welding Company, but abandoned the job, which he hated, after three months. Then he obtained a position at the graphic arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee. The company is often cited as doing classified work for the US government, but that work was limited to typesetting for maps and was conducted in a section which Oswald had no access to. Oswald used the equipment he did have access to to create [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0153b.htm fake identifications] and other documents in the name of an alias he created, "Alek James Hidell". After six months, Oswald was fired. His co-workers and supervisors grew frustrated with his inefficency and he was inconsiderate of the other workers, to the point where fistfights threatened to break out. His supervisor terminated him after seeing him reading a Russian satire magazine, ''Krokodil'', in the cafeteria. ==The attempted assassination of General Walker== General Edwin Walker was an anti-communism, Racial segregationist, and member of the John Birch Society. Walker was commanding officer of the 24th Army Division under NATO, but was relieved of this post by JFK in 1961 for distributing right-wing literature to his troops. Walker resigned from the Army and returned to his native Texas. He ran in the six-man United States Democratic Party gubernatorial primary in 1962 but lost to John Connally, who went on to win the race. When Walker came to Oswald's attention in February 1963, the general was making front page news by joining forces with an evangelist in an anti-communist tour called "Operation Midnight Ride". Oswald began to put Walker under surveillance, taking pictures of Walker's home and nearby railroad tracks, perhaps his planned escape route, using the same camera used by Marina to take the famous backyard poses (see below). Oswald mail-ordered a rifle (see below) using his alias Hidell (he had already ordered a pistol in January). He planned the assassination on April 10, ten days after he was fired from Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall. He chose a Wednesday evening because the neighborhood would be relatively crowded because of services in a church adjacent to Walker's home; he would not stand out and could mingle with the crowds if necessary to make his escape. He left a [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/walkernote1.jpg note] in Russian for Marina with instructions should he be caught. Walker was sitting at a desk in his dining room when Oswald fired at him from less than a hundred feet (30 m) away. Walker survived only because the bullet struck the wooden frame of the window, deflecting its path, though he was injured in the forearm by fragments. At the time, authorities had no idea who attempted to kill Walker. Marina saw Oswald burn most of his plans in the bathtub, though she hid the note he left her in a cookbook, intending to bring it to the police should Oswald again attempt to kill Walker or anyone else. Oswald's involvement was unknown until the note and some of the photos were found by the authorities following the assassination of JFK. The bullet was too badly damaged to run conclusive ballistics tests, though neutron activation tests later proved that the bullet was from the same manufacturer as the one that killed Kennedy. ==New Orleans== Oswald was unemployed, he had failed to kill General Walker, and his best friend, de Mohrenschildt, had moved away from Dallas. Leaving Marina (who was pregnant for the second time) with the Paines, he returned to the city of his birth to look for work, arriving on the morning of April 25. In May, Oswald got a job with the Reily Coffee Company (from which he was fired in July) and Marina joined him in New Orleans, driven there by Ruth Paine. Though Oswald got a new passport and had Marina write to the Soviet embassy about returning to the Soviet Union, he was still disillusioned with that country. His Marxist hopes were pinned on Fidel Castro and Cuba; he became a vocal pro-Castro advocate. The Fair Play for Cuba Committee was a national organization and Oswald, unsolicited, set out to become a one-man New Orleans chapter. Oswald spent $22.73 on 1000 flyers, 500 membership applications, and 300 membership cards and had Marina sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on one of the cards. Most of Oswald's work consisted of passing out flyers. He made a clumsy attempt to infiltrate anti-Castro exile groups and briefly met with the skeptical Carlos Bringuier, the New Orleans delegate for the Cuban Student Directorate. Several days later Bringuier and two friends confronted a man passing out pro-Castro handbills and discovered it was Oswald. In the ensuing scuffle, all were arrested and Oswald spent the night in jail. The trial got press attention and Oswald was interviewed afterwards. He was also filmed passing out fliers in front of the International Trade Mart with two "volunteers" he had hired for $2 at the unemployment office. Oswald's work came to an end with a WDSU radio debate between Bringuier and Oswald arranged by journalist Bill Stuckey. Instead of discussing issues concerning Cuba, Oswald was confronted with lies and omissions he had made concerning his background. Oswald was devastated and humiliated, and a month later he left New Orleans. Oswald's four months in the city are the subject of much attention, most notably New Orleans DA Jim Garrison's attempt to link Oswald to local businessman Clay Shaw, former president of the International Trade Mart. The links between Oswald and Shaw were supposedly W. Guy Banister, a former FBI agent turned detective, and David Ferrie, a pilot and amateur cancer researcher who wore an ill-fitting red wig because a rare disease made him hairless. Ferrie and Oswald were both in the Civil Air Patrol in New Orleans in the 1950s and a [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html CAP group photo] shows them together, though there is no credible evidence that they knew each other then or in 1963. Banister had an office in the building at 544 Camp Street and Oswald stamped some (but not all) of his flyers with that address. There is also no credible evidence that Oswald knew Banister or rented an office at Banister's building, and in any case Oswald's letters, applications, etc. were constantly filled with lies. But Oswald must have known the building since the Reily Coffee Company is only a block away. It was also home to the anti-Castro Cuban Revolutionary Council, and using their address may have been Oswald's way of attempting to embarrass them. ==Mexico== Ruth Paine drove to New Orleans to bring Marina back to Dallas, while Oswald lingered in the city for two more days in order to collect a $33 unemployment check. He boarded a bus to Houston, but instead of heading north to Dallas he boarded a bus southwest towards Laredo and the Mexican border. In Mexico, he planned to continue on to Cuba, a plan which he openly shared with other passengers on the bus. Once in Mexico City, he filled out a [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/infojfk/jfk3/3p137f407.jpg visa application] at the Cuban consulate claiming he wanted to stop there on his way back to the Soviet Union. The Cubans insisted the Soviet Union needed to approve his journey to that country first before he could get a Cuban visa, and he was rejected by the Soviet Embassy once they checked up on him with Moscow. After shuttling back and forth between consulates for five days, Oswald returned to Dallas. Disappointed and surprised that he was not quickly allowed into Cuba despite his work on behalf of the Cuban revolution, he never spoke in glowing terms about Cuba or Castro again. ==The rifle and Oswald’s marksmanship== In March 1963, Oswald (using the name of his ex-boss in the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, Alek J. Hidell) allegedly purchased a rifle and handgun that were later linked by investigators to the events of November 22, 1963. ''Rifle'' :6.5x52mm Mannlicher-Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle :Serial number C2766 :Western Cartridge 160 grain (10.37 g) ammunition :Side-mounted Ordnance Optics 4 x 18 scope ''Handgun'' :0.38 Special Smith & Wesson Victory revolver 2.25 in (57 mm) barrel :Serial number V510210 :Converted from 0.38 S&W, shortened from 5 in (127 mm) barrel The rifle was kept in the garage of family friends, Michael and Ruth Paine, at whose home Marina Oswald was living at the time. See Warren Commission report describing testimony of Michael R. Paine and his wife, Ruth Paine. [http://www.jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/paine_m1.htm] During his military career Oswald scored as a "sharpshooter" in December 1956, on two occasions achieving 48 and 49 out of 50 during rapid fire at a 200 yard (183 m) distant target, but failed to attain a marksmanship badge. Skeptics doubt the likelihood of Oswald being able to fire shots so accurately and rapidly with the weapon and from the position he was theorized to use to kill Kennedy moving at 9 to 12 mph (14 to 19 km/h). They argue that expert marksmen could not accomplish Oswald's alleged feat in their first try during the re-enactments by the Warren Commission (1964) and CBS (1967). In those tests, the marksmen were attempting to hit the target three times within 4.5 seconds, which was the FBI's technical estimate of the minimum time in which three shots could be aimed and fired with that specific model of rifle. The use of this number has been heavily disputed, with modern analysis of a digitally enhanced Zapruder film suggesting that the first and final shots may have come as much as 8.4 seconds apart. Even so, many of CBS's 11 volunteer marksmen, who (unlike Oswald) had had no prior experience with a Mannlicher-Carcano, were able to hit the target three times in well under the time allotted. ==The assassination of JFK== According to the Warren Commission report on the John F. Kennedy assassination, Oswald shot Kennedy from a window on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, where he was employed during the Christmas rush, as the President's motorcade passed through Dallas's Dealey Plaza at 12:30 pm on November 22. Texas Governor John Connally was wounded at the same time, along with an assassination witness, James Tague, who was standing some 270 feet (82 m) in front of the presidential limousine. However, critics of this account assert that photographic and filmed evidence indicate that there were at least one or two shooters in an area known as the Dealey Plaza grassy knoll behind a picket fence atop a small sloping hill in Dealey Plaza, to President Kennedy's right-front. This is because from the 8mm films, it appears that the direction of President Kennedy's body was in a decidedly back and left direction after the shot. However, if the films are viewed frame by frame, it can be seen that there is a sudden, violent forward-motion of the president, inconsistent with anything but a sudden stop of the limo, (which didn't happen) or a rear-ward shot, as from the book depository. Several frames of video after the violent forward motion there is a second, backward motion, consistent (and indeed could only occur from) a rear shot. This oddity is attributed to the spin's characteristics during such an event. A large portion of brain matter was also projected forward, but some protest that this is not evidence of a rear shot by Oswald. ==Oswald's flight and the murder of J. D. Tippit== Oswald immediately headed for the back staircase, disposing of the rifle behind some boxes. On the second floor, he encountered Marrion Baker, a policeman who had driven his motorcycle to the door of the Depository and sprinted up the stairs to search for the shooter. With him was Oswald's boss, Roy Truly, who identified Oswald as an employee, so Baker let Oswald pass. Oswald bought a Coca-Cola from a vending machine in the second floor lunchroom, crossed the floor to the front staircase, then descended and left the building through the front entrance on Elm Street. At about 12:40 PM (CST), Oswald boarded a bus by pounding on the door in the middle of the block, but when traffic slowed the bus to a halt, he requested a [http://www.jfkassassination.net/transfer.gif bus transfer] from the driver. He took a cab to a point a few blocks away from his rooming house, then walked there to retrieve his pistol and beige jacket. He lingered at a bus stop across the street then began walking. His ultimate destination is unknown, but before he was stopped, he had walked almost a mile, and was only four blocks away from a 1:40 pm bus which could have connected him with a Greyhound Lines headed south for Mexico. Patrolman J. D. Tippit had undoubtedly heard the general description of the shooter, based on the statement Howard Brennan, who had seen Oswald in the window of the Depository from across the street, gave to police and was broadcast at 12:45. Tippit spotted Oswald about 1:15 PM (CST) near the corner of Patton Avenue and Tenth Street and pulled up next to him to talk to him through his car window. Tippit then got out of his car and Oswald pulled his .38 and shot him, killing him instantly. Thirteen people either witnessed the shooting or identified Oswald fleeing the scene. Oswald allegedly emptied his revolver and reloaded, leaving the shells behind. He also left his jacket in the parking lot of a nearby gas station. He ducked into the entrance way of a shoe store on Jefferson Street to avoid some passing police cars, then dashed into the nearby Texas Theater without paying. The shoe store’s manager followed him and alerted the ticket clerk, who phoned police. The police quickly arrived and poured into the theater, which was playing ''War Is Hell'' starring Audie Murphy. Officer M.N. McDonald saw Oswald sitting near the back and ordered him to stand. Oswald punched McDonald and drew his gun, but McDonald tackled Oswald before he could fire. Police arrested him and took him away, past a crowd who had gathered outside the theater and shouted for Oswald’s death. Oswald was arrested at the Texas Theater in the Dallas neighborhood of Oak Cliff at about 1:50 pm, first as a suspect in the shooting of Tippit and was then charged with assassinating Kennedy, even though the arraignment hearing on the Kennedy charge was abruptly interrupted and never did get finished, so he was never really officially charged with the assassination of President Kennedy. While in custody, Oswald denied the shooting, telling reporters "I didn't shoot anyone" and "I'm just a patsy". ==Oswald's death== On November 24, at 11:21 am CST, after 15 hours of undocumented interrogations, while he was being transferred via car to a nearby jail, Oswald was shot and killed in the basement of the Dallas police jail, in front of live TV cameras, by Jack Ruby a Dallas nightclub owner with friends and acquaintances in the U.S. mafia. Millions watched the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald on television. It was the first time in TV history that a murder was captured and shown publicly live, but it was shown live on only one network, NBC. The route that Ruby took to get down into the basement of the Dallas jail has been disputed, although Ruby was very specific about using the entrance ramp (and his access to the jail on other days). This was recorded during the polygraph test Ruby insisted on taking and documented in a Warren report appendix. One witness, a former policeman named Napoleon Daniels, stated that he had seen Ruby use the ramp. The use of a route through the jail building suggests to some that Ruby had received help from authorities inside the building, however, many journalists entered the building without having their credentials checked, and Ruby can be seen on film also inside the building on the previous Friday night, apparently posing as a reporter. One of the several questions Ruby showed signs of lying about (despite the polygraph operator having turned-down the sensitivity mechanism of the polygraph machine) was when Ruby answered "no" to if he ever knew Oswald. In the preparations to his trial Ruby later stated that he killed Oswald on the spur of the moment to spare Jacqueline Kennedy the stress and embarrassment a trial would cause her, and during the trial his defense team suggested that Ruby’s actions were related to an epileptic event brought on by the photographers camera flashbulbs and movie camera lights. Immediately after his arrest however, Ruby expressed to Dallas policemen that the American people would see him "as a hero" and/or that the murder was proof that "Jews have guts." [http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/grave.htm Oswald’s grave] is in Rose Hill Memorial Burial Park in Fort Worth. The November 25th burial and funeral were paid for by Oswald’s brother Robert. There was no religious service and reporters acted as pallbearers. When his mother died in 1981, she was buried next to Oswald with no headstone. Originally, his headstone read "Lee Harvey Oswald", but this was stolen and replaced with a marker which simply reads "Oswald". Immediately adjacent is a marker which reads "Nick Beef", the stage name of a local comedian who purchased the site and used that fact in his act. Oswald's wife, Marina, married Kenneth Porter in 1965 and her daughters took Porter's last name. ==Investigations== The Warren Commission created by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination, concluded that Oswald did assassinate Kennedy and that he acted alone (also known as the Lone gunman theory). The proceedings of the commission were secret, and 3+% of its files have yet to be released to the public, further fuelling speculation about the assassination. A later investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, during the late 1970s, concluded that President Kennedy "most-likely was assassinated as the result of a conspiracy." ====The 1981 exhumation==== In October 1981, Oswald was subject to an exhumation undertaken by United Kingdom writer Michael Eddowes (with Marina Oswald Porter's support). They sought to prove or disprove a thesis developed in a 1975 book, ''Khrushchev Killed Kennedy'' (The book was republished in 1976 in Britain as ''November 22: How They Killed Kennedy'' and in America a year later as ''The Oswald File''.) The thesis of the trio of books was that when Oswald went to the Soviet Union, he was swapped with a Soviet clone. Eddowes's support for his thesis was a claim that the corpse buried in 1963 in the Shannon Rose Hill Memorial Park cemetery in Fort Worth, Texas did not have a scar that resulted from surgery conducted on Oswald years before. The final results of the exhumation found that the corpse they studied was Oswald's. The finding was based on dental records. ==Oswald in fiction== Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman present another interpretation of the events in their musical ''Assassins (musical)''. In the play Oswald goes to work on November 22 with the intention of killing himself, but John Wilkes Booth (Abraham Lincoln's assassin) appears out of the bookcases. The other assassins follow and convince Oswald that the way to gain his fame and appreciation is to shoot Kennedy instead of himself. He has also been portrayed in various novels, such as ''Libra'' by Don DeLillo and ''The Two Faces of Lee Harvey Oswald'' by Glenn B. Fleming. Another novel featuring Oswald and speculation on the Dealey Plaza grassy knoll theory is The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson. ==Further reading== * Norman Mailer, ''Oswald's Tale'', Random House (1996), hardcover, ISBN 0517169428 * Michael Eddowes, ''Khrushchev Killed Kennedy'', self-published, (1975), paperback (republished as ''Nov. 22, How They Killed Kennedy'', Neville Spearman (1976), hardback, ISBN 0859780198 and as ''The Oswald File'', Potter (1977), hardcover, ISBN 0517530554) *Gerald Posner, ''Case Closed : Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK'', Random House (1993), hardcover, ISBN 0679418253 ==External links== * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/ ''Frontline'': Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?] * [http://www.jfkassassination.net/oswald.htm Lee Harvey Oswald: Lone Assassin or Patsy] * [http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/chrono.htm Lee Harvey Oswald Chronology] * [http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/xindex.htm Articles and links critical of the 1981 exhumation] * [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/jfk/7.html?sect=24 Crime Library: Lee Harvey Oswald] * http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk * [http://www.jfklancerforum.com JFK Lancer Forum] * [http://www.thepresidenthasbeenshot.4t.com The President has been shot] 1939 births 1963 deaths Assassins JFK assassination People from Louisiana New Orleanians Murderers Murder victims Causes c�l�bres

Lee Harvey Oswald

: rm Rant - Wikipedia is not a soapbox. == Rifle == What is the source for ''"the rate of fire and accuracy he is purported to have attained has never been matched in latter day testing by known marksmen"'' ? Might this need to be made more specific; meaning for the particular type of rifle Oswald possessed? What type of rife was that? -- User:Infrogmation ::The source for that is any number of conspiracy books that endlessly quote each other's misinformation. It is quite false - as in deliberate dishonesty, that is. For example there is one famous author who, in describing the FBI tests, simply omitted all the succesful tests - and many since have quoted him. The truth is that the assassin's performance has been not merely matched but greatly exceeded, many times (because it just isn't all that remarkable), but conspiracy theorists always find some excuse for not counting these results. -- Roger 11:30 29 Oct 2003 (UTC) :As I recall, A Mannlicher-Carcano bolt-action, poorly maintained, with misaligned scope. The make is considered significant in that it was the cheap (both inexpensive and not very good) weapon Castro was giving out. :: The Mannlicher-Carcano was cheap at the time simply because the Italian Army (who used it) were on the losing side in WW2. Tests actually showed that it was in fact as inherently accurate as the best other standard infantry rifles of WW2. See for example: http://www.jmasland.com/testimony/ballistics/simmons.htm While this one in particular is often described as poorly maintained, it is not at all clear that it was so at the time of the assassination; it just seems to have been a matter of it not being cleaned properly for months afterwards - not surprising seeing as it was evidence! --Roger 11:30 29 Oct 2003 (UTC) :Dissenting analyses of the present LHO photo (the gravity-defying backyard snap with newspaper and rifle) claim the rifle is not tha MC, pointing to certain modifications that don't match the official weapon. Furthermore estimates of the figure's height from the known length of the pictured rifle don't match Oswald. (I've also wondered how it's known to be a "leftist" paper in the photo -- I've never seen a print in which the print was legible.) :If it's vital, i'll hunt up sources. -- User:Kwantus 06:06, 17 Sep 2003 (UTC) ::These claims (that the "backyard photo" was a fake) were examined extensively by the HSCA, and completely debunked. --Roger 11:30 29 Oct 2003 (UTC) :On the quality of the rifle: ‘Was it possible that Oswald, a mediocre to downright-poor marksman, according to various sources, could fire that rifle with such speed and precision at a moving target, partly obscured by trees, creating such havoc and mayhem with a weapon the Italian army called the “humanitarian rifle” because it never killed anybody when ::That was US propaganda, not the Italians. Tests have clearly shown that in the hands of a good shot it is capable of shooting to better than 1 MOA of accuracy, which is not sniper rifle standards but is a heck of a lot better than the standard of shooting displayed in Dealey Plaza. --Roger 11:30 29 Oct 2003 (UTC) deliberately aimed? A twenty-five dollar, WWI-vintage rifle [the MC was designed in 1891] with a single-bolt action ::Although the design dated back to before WWI, so do the designs of a lot of other excellent rifles, some of which (e.g. Springfield .30-06) are still winning competitions. And what does "single-bolt action" mean? The action on the Carcano was the Mannlicher action, which is still today the world's most popular rifle action for both sporting rifles and target shooting. --Roger 11:30 23 Oct 2003 (UTC) and a misaligned telescopic sight? [not merely out of alignment, but impossible to align w/o shims, which weren't found; ::More lies and exaggerations from the conspiracy authors; see http://www.jmasland.com/testimony/ballistics/simmons.htm for the facts. It was not impossible to align without shims, they just found it to be the most convenient method to do so because of the damage to the scope. And there is absolutely no evidence at all to suggest that this damage occurred before the assassin dropped the rifle. --Roger 11:30 29 Oct 2003 (UTC) ::Just to clarify that for those not familiar with rifle scopes. Modern ones are fairly robust, and can take quite a few knocks - so much so that increasing numbers of armies are equipping ordinairy infantrymen with optical sights of various kinds. But in the early sixties, scopes could be knocked out of alignment but quite a modest knock, or even permanently wrecked by being dropped on a hard surface. Given that the assassin had apparently tossed it behind a crate, you would expect the scope to be in much worse condition when found, than when it had been used -- User:Securiger 23:34, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC) plus its chirality was wrong] Could he have hit a moving target in the given time frame, 270' away, a feat expert FBI and Army marksmen were unable to emulate on stationary targets?... ::Wrong, they equalled or exceeded it repeatedly. Authors of certain books just don't like to tell it that way. See below for more --Roger 11:30 23 Oct 2003 (UTC) Why use a bolt-action rifle, when he could have used an automatic weapon such as a BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle) or even an M1 carbine that would have allowed a lot more shots and a lot faster?’[http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/jfk/1.html] However, others have said this model is actually quite good, in the top five of Tim Mullin's trials[http://attila.stevens-tech.edu/~glibera1/carcano/general.html] Take yer pick =) :As to matching Oswald's feat: ‘The US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory conducted further tests using three Army sharpshooters, who all held Master Rifle ratings from the National Rifle Association...These guys did not mess around. They set three targets at three different distances -- 175, 240 and 365 feet and shooting from a tower 30 feet high with the same rifle, that funny Italian job...a stationary target...The first two marksmen not only missed the time frame, they missed the target. The third guy, a man called Miller, was the only one ever to match Oswald's shooting speed, but his shots were so wild, his third shot not only missed the target, it missed the board it was mounted on... ::A complete distortion which has been endlessly repeated by conspiracy authors quoting each other. See http://www.jmasland.com/testimony/ballistics/simmons.htm for the facts. The first two (actually civilian) shooters did fall (slightly) outside the time limit, but shot far more accurately than Kennedy's assassin. The third (military) shooter shot just slightly more accurately than the assassin (two hits out of three shots on each of three test sequences, but with the hits much more closely grouped than the assassins'), but this tester shot considerably faster; even his slowest test was slightly faster, and his best test was 1.2 seconds faster. --Roger 11:30 29 Oct 2003 (UTC) [they] had also corrected the inaccurate telescopic sight...’[http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/jfk/11.html] bibliography at the very end - doesn't give specific sources for these paragraphs :: :Another quirk: early reports named a different kind of rifle. Charles Mentesana filmed "the rifle" being taken from the TSBD, and apparently it's not the MC ::Deputy Seymour Weitzman initially described the rifle as a Mauser; this was a simple error. Mausers and Carcanos are very similar in appearance, and Mausers are much more common. And Mentesana's film shows quite clearly - if you rub the scales from your mind - not a rifle at all, but one of the police officers' issue Remington 870 shotguns. --Roger 11:30 29 Oct 2003 (UTC) == The Bob Jackson photograph == Can we get a photo credit? User:Vicki Rosenzweig * I know this famous 1963 image by photographer Bob Jackson has appeared elsewhere with a copyright notice. Is it now public domain, or has the right for Wikipedia to use it been secured? Wondering simply, -- User:Infrogmation 20:19 Dec 4, 2002 (UTC) ::Since I've still gotten no responce about this, I suggest this photo be deleted unless we're presented with evidence that we have permission to use it or it has been placed into the public domain. -- User:Infrogmation 02:21 Jan 26, 2003 (UTC) ::: Deleted. ---- Again, a version of Bob Jackson's famous photograph, said in various souces to still be under copyright, was added to the article. Hfastedge, please clarify if you have gotten permission or if the copyright issue has been similarly resolved, or this will again need to be deleted. -- User:Infrogmation 15:24 22 May 2003 (UTC) I believe the "innocent until proven guilty" practice should be applied here. So why dont you provide solid proof that it is not for public domain. (User:Hfastedge) : Um, you could try google. [http://www.doctorcosmo.com/oswald/oswaldoriginal.html this here] or [http://www.arts.rpi.edu/~ruiz/Lessons/Photojournalism/B.%20Jackson,%20Jack%20Ruby.jpg here] : By and large works copyrighted so recently as 1963 should not be assumed to be public domain; perhaps you're thinking of 1923. : Here's a nice article about Jackson & the photo: http://alt.tnt.tv/specials/moi/photo_oswald.html (Note it credits "photo: Robert H. Jackson; courtesy of Robert H. Jackson".) You could try writing to him asking permission to use it. It might be nice to give him credit for it if so. -- User:Infrogmation 18:54 22 May 2003 (UTC) Wikipedia's license works perfectly well with copyrighted works: namely, Fair_use. You have not provided solid evidence that this picture is not for public domain. user_talk:hfastedge :Once upon a time (it was 1976, for anyone who cares), I was told by a journalism professor that copyright on newspaper articles required that the original newspaper be acknowledged if copied or reprinted. That was before Congress rewrote copyright law in 1978, but I think that minimum standard needs to be met -- & I'm sorry to see that this wasn't done when it was re-incorporated back on 22 May. After all, this was probably the high-point in Robert Jackson's career, & using it without crediting him is wrong ethically, IMNSHO. :Why can't someone who wants this picture in the article take the time to ask Jackson if it can be included under the usual Wikipedia terms? -- User:Llywrch 19:08 1 Jun 2003 (UTC) ---- Try contacting Gary Mack, the curator of The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza. Mack could give more details on Jackson or on the copyright of the photo. Contact info can be found at http://www.jfk.org/Media/Zapruder_Press_Conference.htm. -- User:Hoshie Copies of the copyrighted image have sat here over a year. (Has anyone who wanted it included yet cared about it enough to write to Mr.Jackson?) Let's resolve this. I've listed the images on Wikipedia:Copyright problems. -- User:Infrogmation 17:24, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Alias == Lee Harvey Oswald used the ailas "Alek J. Hidell" during his lifetime. I am torn on creating a new article, a redirect from the Hidell ailas to the Oswald article, or talking about it in the Oswald article. Which is best? - --User:Hoshie :Write about it in the article. To also create the redirect is not a bad idea, but I don't think it is in any way necessary either - it's not like someone is likely to ever create the Alek J. Hidell link (except for my creation here and now). User:Andre Engels 23:46 Mar 4, 2003 (UTC) ---- If this is accurate, it certainly should be included: ''[sharpshooter] sounds somewhat impressive, however, this was the lowest rating of the three available to service personnel (sharpshooter, marksman, expert) and Lee Harvey Oswald even had difficulty in qualifying for that.''[http://members.rogers.com/amatniek/jfk.html] any Marines out there? -- User:Kwantus 06:24, 17 Sep 2003 (UTC) :It seems to be wrong. My Googling comes up with sharp as the middle grade, with [http://www.westol.com/~johnsog/mcl/postal.html this page] perhaps the best evidence. (On the other hand, there, the grades are Marksman, Sharpshooter, Expert, Master, and High Master - SS is still pretty low. I doubt they'd reorder the grade in past 40 years) -- User:Kwantus 18:15, 17 Sep 2003 (UTC) :: This link [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/jfkinfo3/exhibits/anderson1.htm], which is included on the main page, makes it much clearer. Sharpshooter is not low, it 'indicates a fairly good "shot"'. Not brilliant, but definitely above average. (Forget about Master and High Master; less than 5% of shooters qualify for those. To get High Master, at 600 yards you have to be mainly hitting bullseyes). ::On the other hand, his score two and a half years later was a bare pass. What's to be made of that? I was at one time a recruit small arms coach, and there are a lot of reasons why a good shot can get an occasional bad score, but only one way to get a good one. On the basis of the admittedly scanty evidence, the most reasonable conclusion is that Oswald was an above average but not brilliant shooter, who had at least one bad day - maybe caused by the slack attitude he was displaying by 1959. Attempts to paint him as a lousy shot seem to be agenda driven and just do not fit with the available evidence. -- Roger 14:16 17 Oct 2003 (UTC) ---- A total irrelevancy: LHO's father was Robert Edward Lee Oswald[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/orphan.htm] ... he planted his President in his father's namesake's onetime front yard! == irrelevant Ruth Forbes Paine Young info == I removed the following paragraph because 1) there is no direct relevance to Oswald and 2) The reasons given for why Ruth Young started the IPA are misleading. User:Bkonrad≠User talk:Bkonrad 21:08, 16 May 2004 (UTC) :Because of her son's involvement in the assassination, her Forbes family's involvement with drug dealing in China during the Opium War, and her husband's involvement with the military and defense industry, Mrs. Ruth Forbes Paine Young started the International Peace Academy, which have fed rumors about her family's politics. == The Kerry info == Obviously, the info on the Paines being related to presidential candidate John Kerry is not relevant to this encyclopedia entry. Therefore, I ask that it be removed. I will not do it myself, as I have worked too hard to have to stoop to it. ==New Evidence== Can we have a citation for this new evidence, the letter and the "Al Hidell"? User:Gamaliel 20:13, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC) I've deleted the section on "new evidence". The Judyth A. Vary Baker stuff is true in that she does claim to have been Oswald's lover and confidant, but this is hardly "new" in that it is at least 3 years old. She also claims that Bertrand Russell was involved and that Oswald was involved in CIA bioweapons research. A good run-down is [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/judyth.htm here]. We can restore mention of her if others disagree with my definition of "new" or believe she deserves inclusion, but I don't see what makes her claims particularly encyclopedic above any number of other people who claim to have been involved with Oswald or some conspiracy. I can't find any information about a new Oswald letter or a photo of "Al Hidell" despite a couple of whacks at it with google. Frankly, it all sounds entirely made up to me. Let's see that letter and photo, please. User:Gamaliel 09:18, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) ==Famous!== This article was featured in a ''Chicago Sun-Times'' article about Wikipedia - see http://www.suntimes.com/output/worktech/cst-fin-andy20.html for more. User:Pcb21 User_talk:Pcb21 13:44, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) :Sweet. I've never been so happy about being called "rational and orderly" before. User:Gamaliel 20:02, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) ==NAA source?== What is your specific source(s) for your following Walker bullet claim? '"...though neutron activation tests later proved that the bullet was from the same manufacturer as the one that killed Kennedy."' User:64.12.116.130 17:21, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC) :I got it from one of the half dozen or so books I was reading at the time, but here's a quick web link to the same info: [http://edwardjayepstein.com/archived/state_print.htm] User:Gamaliel 17:54, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC) ::*("tag" 6412116130) If the following claim by Warren Commission apologist Edward Epstein from your reference is what you based your claim upon, then there is a wide disconnect between an Oswald-supposedly-purchased bullet (for which there is no record of his purchase, no actual cartridges box that when sold contained 100 bullets, and not one of the supposedly 95 other empty bullet cartridges were ever found that matched the rifle found balanced on its bottom edge in the depository despite post-assassination retrieving every single empty bullet cartridge at ever single rifle ranges in the Dallas and Ft. Worth areas), and linking the Walker bullet to Oswald is extremely problematical from much more recent, and documented, research. (see below) ::*Here's Epstein's claim you referenced, "Third, the previously-discussed Neutron Activation Analysis done in 1977 exactly matched the metallic elements found in the bullet that was recovered in Walker's home to the batch of Mannlicher-Carcano ammunition used in Oswald's rifle in the assassination of Kennedy." ::*The 1977 test that apologist Epstein refers to is from the Dr. Lattimer tests that Lattimer did for the HSCA official investigaton that concluded a second assassin did fire at the President. Dr. Lattimer used ammunition from "Western Case Cartridge Company" ammunition (supposedly the same used in Dealey Plaza) from "WCC" manufactured lot #'s 6000, 6001, 6002, 6003. Lattimer claimed that these rounds were of the same manufacture lots as the ammunition supposedly used by Oswald, and that they were manufactured in the year 1954. The "Western Case Cartridge Company" ammunition lot #'s 6000, 6001, 6002, 6003 are now documented to have been manufactured thusly: :::Lot 6000 - Completed - 03/29/54, Shipped 04/01/54, Amount - 1,000,000 :::Lot 6001 - Completed - 04/15/54, Shipped 04/21/54, Amount - 1,000,000 :::Lot 6002 - Completed - 05/06/54, Shipped 05/11/54, Amount - 1,000,000 :::Lot 6003 - Completed - 05/27/54, Shipped 05/28/54, Amount - 998,000 :::Lot 6003 - Completed - N/A, Shipped 09/02/54, Amount - 2,000 ::*In other words, there were exactly 3,999,999 other rounds of the very same bullets that were, all, chemically identical to each other AND the Walker bullet (and the Parkland-Hospital-found nearly-pristine bullet, and fragments found in Kennedy, Connally, and the limousine) ::*Further, if this ammunition was manufactured in the year 1954, it could not possibly be part of the 1952-53 HSCA traced ammunition shipment to Greece "alleged to" be connected to the actual source of the ammunition used in the Walker attempt and the killing of President Kennedy. ::*(the rustiest of nails) It is also documented now that lot #'s 6000, 6001, 6002, 6003 were ordered by the United States Marine Corps, as a front for the actual, final receivership of these ammunition lots bullets, which was the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). ::*Epstein, and other Warren Commission apologists, with regard to the Walker bullet (its rifling grooves have never been linked to the rifle found balanced upright in the depository) and the Dealey Plaza found (and not found) bullets and bullet fragments have not researched far enough back, and/or, have not followed the most recent documented findings since Lattimer's study in 1977, some 27 years ago. ::*(another extremely rusty nail) Finally, with regard to even the using of NAA as a forensic tool, you may or may not be aware of it, but since November 2003 the entire validity of NAA being utilized with specific regards to bullets compositional comparison has been called into highly critical question scientifically by the FBI, itself, and other professional forensic groups and professional forensics experts. Final conclusions are forthcoming. User:205.188.116.130 08:54, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC) Nothing I personally added to the article comes from the writings of Mr. Epstein, whomever he is. I simply provided a link to the first page google gave me about the when/where/who/etc of the tests in question. User:Gamaliel 09:50, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC) A couple of points- Oswald received a small, routine "hardship" loan from the US Embassy in Moscow to finance his return to the States with Marina. He made payments, and had paid it off by the time he shot Kennedy. He did offer the Russians "everything he knew" about US radar operations in Japan. Unfortunately for Lee, this wasn't anything the Russians didn't already know. In effect, he even botched being a traitor, and resorted to slitting his wrists to avoid being repatriated to the States. He requested a "hardship" discharge from the Marines, left before it was approved (it would have been), but this was definitely changed to "dishonorable" when it became apparent that he made the application as a pretext to defect to the USSR. When he got back to the States with Marina, he was appalled to learn about his discharge status and (ironically) wrote a letter to Gov John Conally about it. He also witheld the information from most of his employers. Wyss User:83.115.144.128 05:21, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Editing and Reverting == This is a controvercial subject that Wikipedia editors have ''mostly'' managed to improve the article on in a polite manner. The recent reverts back and forth are endangering this-- if it continues, it will become appropriate to put a temporary protection on the article due to edit/revert war, and the page will not be freely editable. I hope this will not be necessary. Please discuss changes on the talk page. Especially for points which have been changed back and forth more than once, please explain here why you think one version is superior to another, and do not change it back until others have had a chance to express their opinions and give feedback as well. Thank you. -- User:Infrogmation 20:14, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Points of dispute == What are the points of dispute with the article? I'll start with one I (Infrogmation) have noticed: ===Point one: What is happening with the handgun in the photo? === As far as I can see, :Image:Lho-133A.jpg shows Oswald with the rifle in one hand and the newspaper in the other, with the handgun at his side, not being held. If I am mistaken, please explain. The point as to if Oswald is holding, wearing, or wielding the handgun has been edited and reverted back and forth multiple times. From this, I assume that some Wikipedia editors either dispute over this point, or that they are not paying attention to some of the changes they make to the article. -- User:Infrogmation 22:15, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC) : Suggested change: In line with the above, I suggest changing the portion of the image caption which currently reads "This photo, showing Oswald wielding a rifle, a handgun, and the Belgrade daily newspaper ''Politika''," to read "This photo, showing Oswald wielding a rifle, wearing a handgun, and holding the Belgrade daily newspaper ''Politika'',". Objections, comments? -- User:Infrogmation 22:22, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC) I too was mystified to see the back and forth on that one, here's a vote for User:Infrogmation's change. -Wyss User:83.115.7.232 01:38, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) *Did anyone have a problem with that edit in particular? It was just a casualty of the reverting. I'm fine with either version. User:Gamaliel 01:46, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) ===Point two: That the daily newspaper is Politika is probably misinformation === See http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/interviews/blakey.html "The photograph itself does several things. One: it self-identifies Oswald as associated with the Marxist literature. He's holding in his hand the Daily Worker and the Socialist Worker Party literature." == 205.188.116.11 substitution == The following text by User:205.188.116.11 overwrote the ==Early life and Marine Corps service== section. If somebody wants to merge it in the article, please follow the Wikipedia style and conventions: :Lee Harvey Oswald was setup to take the fall for the killing of President John F. Kennedy. The Warren Commision was sanctioned to find Oswald as Kennedy's killer from the onset. Even though pictures show Oswald watching the President outside the Texas Book Depository. Within 90 seconds of the shooting a police officer finds Oswald on the second floor with a partially consumed bottle of pop. He wasn't even out of breath, stated the police officer. The bullet that struck Kennedy was from an Italian WWII rifle that used a 6.5, full metal jacket(military ammo). Now consider that the military didn't have any U.S. made weapon that used 6.5 ammo, but yet an East Alton IL. ammuntion manufacturing plant, made and supplied millions of rounds of 6.5 ammo to supply to the military. Why did the military need millions of rounds of ammo that they couldn't use? Or could they. After WWII the Italian Government unloaded it's rifles, almost 250,000 to a broker in the U.S. Thet were going to sell them for hunting. So the 'front story'goes. More than likely, those rifles were used in covert government operations. The story also goes Oswald ordered the rifle using a bogus name A.J. Hidell, but they couldn't even make up a story as to where Oswald got ammuntion. Oswald was indeed set up by the same organization he was connected to, probably the C.I.A. :History is written by the victors. And don't believe for a moment that it wasn't victory for some factions of our government when Kennedy was gunned down in Dallas. There's nothing here worth preserving, it's all speculation and POV. The only actually relevant "fact" is false - that's not Oswald in those photos of the Depository. That man has been identified by Depository employees again and again as an employee named Billy Lovelady. [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/oswald_doorway.htm] User:Gamaliel 18:24, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC) == marina oswald == why does the marina oswald link redirect to the lee harvey oswald page? == Never-ending conspiracy theories == Some years ago, a somewhat-satirical book came out that summarized all the different (and contradictory, of course) theories on the JFK assassination. It is hard for the writers of this article to avoid point-of-view, but they are taking a conspiracy as a "given"j and forgetting a few fundamentals: *Oswald was not a "poor" shot, he was a "good" shot, though not a "great" shot. *The first time he faced the press, Oswald didn't talk about being set up. He was initially being held for the killing of the policeman, and a reporter blurted out, "Did you kill the President?" His answer sounded rehearsed: "I have not been accused of that; in fact, I didn't even know about it until you asked me that question." *The famous "6 seconds" (reckoned by some to be more like 8) was the total time ''starting with the first shot''. The ''elapsed'' time between shots was at least three seconds, possibly four; ''not'' two as is often stated erroneously. *The most obvious "conspiracy" was the desire to ensure that it was the work of one guy so as ''not have to go to war with Russia'', because it was immediately assumed by everyone in America that the Russians did it. Those who think otherwise are probably too young to know or remember what the "Cold War" was like, how much paranoia there was about the threat of Soviet Russia. *The Kennedys themselves contributed significantly to the suspicions, by keeping such a tight lid on information. The facts have slowly come out, exposing much of the Kennedys' dirty laundry. *There's no question that the Warren Commission left itself open to second guessing. But there is no real evidence, after all this time, that anyone other than Oswald was the guy... and I admit I was suspicious for a long time, but I've come around to the one-man theory. *Our government is notoriously poor at keeping secrets. If you want to look for a conspiracy, look at the Mafia of that time, not at any government. *Has anyone actually heard the supposed 4 shots on that audio recording? It would take Superman to tell the shots from the static. Sorry, I don't buy it. And I'm not the only one. *Part of the continuing interest in the JFK assassination is that people are unwilling to accept the notion that one guy acting alone could change the course of history so starkly. But it happens. *And in case you're wondering, I'm a Liberal and a JFK fan. But facts are facts. User:Wahkeenah 21:44, 15 May 2005 (UTC) == Oswalds fight with sergeant == Just want to point out that Oswald was not sent to the brig for fighting with a sergeant, he was sent there for using Harsh language towards an officer and was cleared of pouring a drink over him. :Got a reference for that we can check? I'm sure we can all agree on changing a simple factual error if this is one. By the way, please sign your talk page posts, which you can do with four tildes (~). User:Gamaliel 00:34, 17 May 2005 (UTC) My source is Anthony Summers, Conspiracy , pg 146 (User:John geraghty 16:27, 18 May 2005 (UTC)) ==Apologies for deleting of facts== I want to apologise for replacing of facts and information, from now on I shall talk about it on chat and not simply replace it. I am currently in the process of providing sources for all of my facts and addressing the facts I feel need to be rewritten or altered. All the best and sorry once again (User:John geraghty 16:34, 18 May 2005 (UTC)) == Confused about the 1956 test == The Wikipedia article says that Oswald was a good shot, how he scored 48/50 and 49/50 on tests on December 1956. I'm debating the topic with a conspiarcy theorists, so I've been Googling up facts. The only 1956 test I can find is when Oswald achieved a score of 212. I have not found a document that lists a markmanship test scoring 48/50. Can somebody confirm the 48/50 test or delete the info? User:Hbdragon88 21:59, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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#REDIRECT Lee Harvey Oswald

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