
Koxinga (國姓爺; Taiwanese_(linguistics): Kok-sèng-iâ/Kok-sìⁿ-iâ; pinyin: Gúoxìngyé) is the popular name of Zhèng Chénggōng; (鄭成功; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ch'eng-kung; Cheng Kung; Taiwanese: Tēⁿ Sêng-kong) (1624 - 1662), who was a List of famous military commanders at the end of the China Ming Dynasty. He was a prominent leader of the anti-Qing movement opposing the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and a Han Chinese general who recovered Taiwan from Netherlands colonial occupation in 1661. == Names == * Popular name: Koxinga or Coxinga is the Dutch Romanization of his popular name "Lord with the Royal Surname" (國姓爺). * Surname: Zhèng (鄭) * Birth name: Sēn (森) ** Japanese name: Tei Seikō (鄭 成功) ** Childhood name: Fukumatsu (福松) * Courtesy name: Dàmù (大木) * Royal Chinese surname: Zhū (朱) ** Granted by Longwu Emperor of China of Southern Ming * Royal title: Prince of Yánpíng and Zhāotǎo Grand General (延平郡王招討大將軍) ** Awarded by Yongli Emperor of China of Southern Ming == Childhood == Koxinga was born to Zheng Zhilong (鄭芝龍), a Chinese merchant and pirate, and Tagawa Matsu, a Japanese woman, in 1624 in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. He was raised there until seven and moved to Quanzhou, in the Fujian province of China. He studied at Nanjing Taixue (The Imperial Central College in Ming dynasty of China) when he was young. He is still known in Japan by his birth name as Tei Seīkō, or by his popular name as Kokusen'ya. == Loyalty to the Ming Empire == Beijing fell in 1644 to rebels led by Li Zicheng, and the last emperor Chongzhen Emperor of China hanged himself on a tree at modern-day Jingshan Park in Beijing. Aided by Wu Sangui, Manchurian armies knocked off the rebels with ease and took the city. In the areas below the Yangtze River, there were many anti-Qing people of principle and ambition who wanted to restore descendants of the Ming Dynasty to the Imperial throne. One of these descendants, Prince Tang, was aided to gain power in Fuzhou by Huang Daozhou and Zheng Zhilong, Koxinga's father. When the Qing captured Prince Tang, Koxinga was in Zhangzhou raising soldiers and supplies. He heard the news that his father was preparing to surrender to the Qing court and hurried to Quanzhou to persuade him against this plan, but his father refused to listen and turned himself in. == Death of his mother == Not long afterwards the Qing army captured Quanzhou, and Koxinga's mother either committed suicide out of loyalty to the Ming Dynasty or was raped and killed by Qing troops (like many other aspects of Koxinga's life the facts seem to have been obscured by ulterior purposes). When Koxinga heard this news he led an army to attack Quanzhou, forcing the Qing troops back. After giving his mother a proper burial Koxinga went directly to the confucianism temple outside the city. Legend has it, that he then burned his scholarly robes in protest. There he is rumored to have prayed in tears, saying, "In the past I was a good Confucian subject and a good son. Now I am an orphan without an emperor. I have no country and no home. I have sworn that I will fight the Qing army to the end, but my father has surrendered and my only choice is to be an unfilial son. Please forgive me." He left the Confucian temple and proceeded to assemble a group of comrades with the same goal who together swore an allegiance to the Ming in defiance of the Qing. ==Fighting the Qing== He sent forces to attack the Qing forces in the area of Fujian and Guangdong. While defending Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, he once fought all the way to the walls of the city of Nanjing. But in the end, his forces were no match for the Qing. The Qing court sent a huge army to attack him and many of Koxinga's generals had died in battle, which left him no option but retreat. == Taiwanese landing== In 1661, Koxinga led his troops to a landing at Lu'ermen to attack Taiwan. By the end of the year, he had chased out the Dutch, who had controlled Taiwan for 38 years. Koxinga had devoted himself to making Taiwan into an effective base for anti-Qing sympathizers who wanted to restore the Ming Dynasty to power. At the age of 39, Koxinga died of malaria, although speculations said that he died in a sudden fit of madness upon hearing the death of his father under the Qing. His son, Zheng Jing, succeeded as the King of Taiwan. == Legacy == There is a temple dedicated to Koxinga and his mother in Tainan County, Taiwan. The play ''Kokusen'ya Kassen'' (国姓爺合戦; formally 国性爺合戦) was written by Chikamatsu Monzaemon in Japan in the 18th century, first performed in Kyoto. A movie with the same title was produced by the PRC and Japan in 2002 in Mandarin Chinese. In politics, Koxinga is an interesting figure for the fact that conflicting political forces have invoked him as a hero. The historical narratives in which Koxinga is a hero are interesting because of the conflicting views national identities they attribute to Koxinga and his opponents and the different motives which they attribute to Koxinga. He has been considered a national hero by Chinese nationalists both in Mainland China and on Taiwan because he was a Ming loyalist and an anti-Manchu leader and for his role in expelling the Dutch from Taiwan which Chinese nationalists portray as establishing Chinese rule over the island. During the Japanese rule of Taiwan Koxinga was honored as a bridge between Taiwan and Mainland Japan for his maternal linkage to Japan. Koxinga has been utilized by the Kuomintang too. Chiang Kai-shek invoked Koxinga as fighter who retreated to Taiwan and used it as base to launch counterattacks to Mainland China. Although supporters of Taiwan independence have historically had mixed feelings toward Koxinga, recent Taiwanese Independence historiography presents him in a positive light, portraying him as a native Taiwanese hero seeking to keep Taiwan independent from a mainland Chinese government (i.e. the Manchus). Some historians have expressed concern at the way that all sides have attempted to co-opt Koxinga for two reasons. The first is that all of the historical narratives tend to simplify a very complex character by focusing on one attribute of the man to the exclusion of others. In doing so they ascribe motives to Koxinga that make sense to people living in the 21st century but which might not have made any sense to people living in the 17th. The second problem is that by seeking to portray Koxinga as a hero, all sides play down the less savory aspects of the character. ==External links== *[http://www.macabe.net/koxinga.html Research on Koxinga]: short bio and more links to articles about Koxinga *[http://www.etaiwannews.com/History/2001/04/30/988602340.htm 3-part copyrighted biography]: written by a Taiwanese history professor ** Erratum: Koxinga's mother is not surnamed Tamura (田村). The Chinese half has it right, but the English half got it wrong. ==See also== * Kingdom of Tungning * History of Taiwan 1624 births 1662 deaths History of Taiwan Pirates zh-min-nan:Tēⁿ Sêng-kong
Whoa! Please kill the excess Chinese characters - there is no reason for them in the body. --User:Maveric149 19:08 Jan 23, 2003 (UTC) :can this page be moved to Koxinga, the much more renowned name of Zheng Chenggong? -- User:kt2 :Agree with removing the excess Chinese characters. Could you include the article's title in the text? It is not clear that it is the name of the person. Besides, maybe because of all the characters, the article is almost unreadable to me. User:Olivier 11:06 Jan 27, 2003 (UTC) :I killed the excessive Chinese characters and added an introductory paragraph. But I think the article is a bit "messy", maybe some copy-editing is needed. --User:Lorenzarius 11:46 Jan 27, 2003 (UTC) :I note that Koxinga's mother is given as having committed suicide out of loyalty to the Ming. In the link to the article, however, she is given as having been raped and killed when she joined Koxinga in China. Which version is correct? (Note that Koxinga's mother was Japanese, which is not referred to in the entry. This is just one aspect of a general slant towards Koxinga as a 'Chinese national hero'. Are there other dimensions of Koxinga that have not been explored in the article?) ::Goodness yes. It's fascinating to see how supporters of Chinese nationalism and Taiwan independence portray Koxinga differently. ::Koxinga is famous in Japan too. A Japanese play ''Kokusen'ya Kassen'' (1715) by Chikamatsu Monzaemon deals with him. The leading character modeled after him is called ''Watônai'', which indicates "neither Japanese nor Chinese". -- User:Nanshu I erased the word Hero and replaced it with Landing as much of the "Hero" mystique is the result of modern tinkering with history. This is reflected at Fort Zeelandia where the information claims Zheng came to Taiwan to retake the island for China. A claim that has never been supported. During the Japanese occupation they exemplified Zheng's mother to show Taiwan's closeness with Japan. == Loyal to the Ming == I would again like to raise the issue of Koxinga's mother and her loyalty to the Ming. Since Koxinga's mother was Japanese, it sounds strange that she should have committed suicide for a foreign dynasty. It sounds like part of the Koxinga 'hero story'. The alternative story that she was raped and killed sounds more likely. Does anyone know which story is correct? == Ethnic Hero == Incidentally, I've been told that Koxinga is officially regarded as a 'minzu yingxiong' (ethnic hero) by the Chinese. This is different from a fully fledged national Chinese hero. The reason is because he fought against the Qing, who also belong to the Zhonghua Minzu ('Chinese peoples'). It would not be politically proper to elevate such a person to a national hero. :Well, I think he's called a 'minzu yingxiong' by the PRC for fighting the dutch, not for fighting the Manchus. Actually, in mainland China, Zheng Chenggong is widely known for his fighting against the dutch and the 'reoccupation' of Taiwan. The fact that he also fought the Manchus is less known, if not completely unheard of, in the mainland. --User:Liuyao 07:59, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
I'm a french wikipedian ([http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur%3AKoxinga there]). My english isn't very good but I've translated some articles (History of China for example). This account is just to create interwiki link if there is any mistake in my text, feel free to correct...
Hello Koxinga, welcome to English Wikipedia! There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out: *Wikipedia:Naming conventions *Wikipedia:Manual of Style Also check out *wikipedia:image use policy before uploading any images If you need any help try *Wikipedia:Help *wikipedia:Village pump *My talk page User_talk:Jimfbleak. Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it! :oh yes, I'll make a lot of horrible mistake... I think I understand now quite well the principe of this wiki but my english is far from perfect. So you will be able to correct, don't worry :) :User:Koxinga
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Koxinga:
Koxinga
Koxinga
Koxinga
Koxinga
Koxinga
Koxinga (國姓爺; Taiwanese_(linguistics): Kok-sèng-iâ/Kok-sìⁿ-iâ; pinyin: Gúoxìngyé) is the popular name of Zhèng Chénggōng; (鄭成功; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ch'eng-kung; Cheng Kung; Taiwanese: Tēⁿ Sêng-kong) (1624 - 1662), who was a List of famous military commanders at the end of the China Ming Dynasty. He was a prominent leader of the anti-Qing movement opposing the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and a Han Chinese general who recovered Taiwan from Netherlands colonial occupation in 1661. == Names == * Popular name: Koxinga or Coxinga is the Dutch Romanization of his popular name "Lord with the Royal Surname" (國姓爺). * Surname: Zhèng (鄭) * Birth name: Sēn (森) ** Japanese name: Tei Seikō (鄭 成功) ** Childhood name: Fukumatsu (福松) * Courtesy name: Dàmù (大木) * Royal Chinese surname: Zhū (朱) ** Granted by Longwu Emperor of China of Southern Ming * Royal title: Prince of Yánpíng and Zhāotǎo Grand General (延平郡王招討大將軍) ** Awarded by Yongli Emperor of China of Southern Ming == Childhood == Koxinga was born to Zheng Zhilong (鄭芝龍), a Chinese merchant and pirate, and Tagawa Matsu, a Japanese woman, in 1624 in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. He was raised there until seven and moved to Quanzhou, in the Fujian province of China. He studied at Nanjing Taixue (The Imperial Central College in Ming dynasty of China) when he was young. He is still known in Japan by his birth name as Tei Seīkō, or by his popular name as Kokusen'ya. == Loyalty to the Ming Empire == Beijing fell in 1644 to rebels led by Li Zicheng, and the last emperor Chongzhen Emperor of China hanged himself on a tree at modern-day Jingshan Park in Beijing. Aided by Wu Sangui, Manchurian armies knocked off the rebels with ease and took the city. In the areas below the Yangtze River, there were many anti-Qing people of principle and ambition who wanted to restore descendants of the Ming Dynasty to the Imperial throne. One of these descendants, Prince Tang, was aided to gain power in Fuzhou by Huang Daozhou and Zheng Zhilong, Koxinga's father. When the Qing captured Prince Tang, Koxinga was in Zhangzhou raising soldiers and supplies. He heard the news that his father was preparing to surrender to the Qing court and hurried to Quanzhou to persuade him against this plan, but his father refused to listen and turned himself in. == Death of his mother == Not long afterwards the Qing army captured Quanzhou, and Koxinga's mother either committed suicide out of loyalty to the Ming Dynasty or was raped and killed by Qing troops (like many other aspects of Koxinga's life the facts seem to have been obscured by ulterior purposes). When Koxinga heard this news he led an army to attack Quanzhou, forcing the Qing troops back. After giving his mother a proper burial Koxinga went directly to the confucianism temple outside the city. Legend has it, that he then burned his scholarly robes in protest. There he is rumored to have prayed in tears, saying, "In the past I was a good Confucian subject and a good son. Now I am an orphan without an emperor. I have no country and no home. I have sworn that I will fight the Qing army to the end, but my father has surrendered and my only choice is to be an unfilial son. Please forgive me." He left the Confucian temple and proceeded to assemble a group of comrades with the same goal who together swore an allegiance to the Ming in defiance of the Qing. ==Fighting the Qing== He sent forces to attack the Qing forces in the area of Fujian and Guangdong. While defending Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, he once fought all the way to the walls of the city of Nanjing. But in the end, his forces were no match for the Qing. The Qing court sent a huge army to attack him and many of Koxinga's generals had died in battle, which left him no option but retreat. == Taiwanese landing== In 1661, Koxinga led his troops to a landing at Lu'ermen to attack Taiwan. By the end of the year, he had chased out the Dutch, who had controlled Taiwan for 38 years. Koxinga had devoted himself to making Taiwan into an effective base for anti-Qing sympathizers who wanted to restore the Ming Dynasty to power. At the age of 39, Koxinga died of malaria, although speculations said that he died in a sudden fit of madness upon hearing the death of his father under the Qing. His son, Zheng Jing, succeeded as the King of Taiwan. == Legacy == There is a temple dedicated to Koxinga and his mother in Tainan County, Taiwan. The play ''Kokusen'ya Kassen'' (国姓爺合戦; formally 国性爺合戦) was written by Chikamatsu Monzaemon in Japan in the 18th century, first performed in Kyoto. A movie with the same title was produced by the PRC and Japan in 2002 in Mandarin Chinese. In politics, Koxinga is an interesting figure for the fact that conflicting political forces have invoked him as a hero. The historical narratives in which Koxinga is a hero are interesting because of the conflicting views national identities they attribute to Koxinga and his opponents and the different motives which they attribute to Koxinga. He has been considered a national hero by Chinese nationalists both in Mainland China and on Taiwan because he was a Ming loyalist and an anti-Manchu leader and for his role in expelling the Dutch from Taiwan which Chinese nationalists portray as establishing Chinese rule over the island. During the Japanese rule of Taiwan Koxinga was honored as a bridge between Taiwan and Mainland Japan for his maternal linkage to Japan. Koxinga has been utilized by the Kuomintang too. Chiang Kai-shek invoked Koxinga as fighter who retreated to Taiwan and used it as base to launch counterattacks to Mainland China. Although supporters of Taiwan independence have historically had mixed feelings toward Koxinga, recent Taiwanese Independence historiography presents him in a positive light, portraying him as a native Taiwanese hero seeking to keep Taiwan independent from a mainland Chinese government (i.e. the Manchus). Some historians have expressed concern at the way that all sides have attempted to co-opt Koxinga for two reasons. The first is that all of the historical narratives tend to simplify a very complex character by focusing on one attribute of the man to the exclusion of others. In doing so they ascribe motives to Koxinga that make sense to people living in the 21st century but which might not have made any sense to people living in the 17th. The second problem is that by seeking to portray Koxinga as a hero, all sides play down the less savory aspects of the character. ==External links== *[http://www.macabe.net/koxinga.html Research on Koxinga]: short bio and more links to articles about Koxinga *[http://www.etaiwannews.com/History/2001/04/30/988602340.htm 3-part copyrighted biography]: written by a Taiwanese history professor ** Erratum: Koxinga's mother is not surnamed Tamura (田村). The Chinese half has it right, but the English half got it wrong. ==See also== * Kingdom of Tungning * History of Taiwan 1624 births 1662 deaths History of Taiwan Pirates zh-min-nan:Tēⁿ Sêng-kong
Koxinga
Whoa! Please kill the excess Chinese characters - there is no reason for them in the body. --User:Maveric149 19:08 Jan 23, 2003 (UTC) :can this page be moved to Koxinga, the much more renowned name of Zheng Chenggong? -- User:kt2 :Agree with removing the excess Chinese characters. Could you include the article's title in the text? It is not clear that it is the name of the person. Besides, maybe because of all the characters, the article is almost unreadable to me. User:Olivier 11:06 Jan 27, 2003 (UTC) :I killed the excessive Chinese characters and added an introductory paragraph. But I think the article is a bit "messy", maybe some copy-editing is needed. --User:Lorenzarius 11:46 Jan 27, 2003 (UTC) :I note that Koxinga's mother is given as having committed suicide out of loyalty to the Ming. In the link to the article, however, she is given as having been raped and killed when she joined Koxinga in China. Which version is correct? (Note that Koxinga's mother was Japanese, which is not referred to in the entry. This is just one aspect of a general slant towards Koxinga as a 'Chinese national hero'. Are there other dimensions of Koxinga that have not been explored in the article?) ::Goodness yes. It's fascinating to see how supporters of Chinese nationalism and Taiwan independence portray Koxinga differently. ::Koxinga is famous in Japan too. A Japanese play ''Kokusen'ya Kassen'' (1715) by Chikamatsu Monzaemon deals with him. The leading character modeled after him is called ''Watônai'', which indicates "neither Japanese nor Chinese". -- User:Nanshu I erased the word Hero and replaced it with Landing as much of the "Hero" mystique is the result of modern tinkering with history. This is reflected at Fort Zeelandia where the information claims Zheng came to Taiwan to retake the island for China. A claim that has never been supported. During the Japanese occupation they exemplified Zheng's mother to show Taiwan's closeness with Japan. == Loyal to the Ming == I would again like to raise the issue of Koxinga's mother and her loyalty to the Ming. Since Koxinga's mother was Japanese, it sounds strange that she should have committed suicide for a foreign dynasty. It sounds like part of the Koxinga 'hero story'. The alternative story that she was raped and killed sounds more likely. Does anyone know which story is correct? == Ethnic Hero == Incidentally, I've been told that Koxinga is officially regarded as a 'minzu yingxiong' (ethnic hero) by the Chinese. This is different from a fully fledged national Chinese hero. The reason is because he fought against the Qing, who also belong to the Zhonghua Minzu ('Chinese peoples'). It would not be politically proper to elevate such a person to a national hero. :Well, I think he's called a 'minzu yingxiong' by the PRC for fighting the dutch, not for fighting the Manchus. Actually, in mainland China, Zheng Chenggong is widely known for his fighting against the dutch and the 'reoccupation' of Taiwan. The fact that he also fought the Manchus is less known, if not completely unheard of, in the mainland. --User:Liuyao 07:59, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
Koxinga
I'm a french wikipedian ([http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur%3AKoxinga there]). My english isn't very good but I've translated some articles (History of China for example). This account is just to create interwiki link if there is any mistake in my text, feel free to correct...
Koxinga
Hello Koxinga, welcome to English Wikipedia! There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out: *Wikipedia:Naming conventions *Wikipedia:Manual of Style Also check out *wikipedia:image use policy before uploading any images If you need any help try *Wikipedia:Help *wikipedia:Village pump *My talk page User_talk:Jimfbleak. Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it! :oh yes, I'll make a lot of horrible mistake... I think I understand now quite well the principe of this wiki but my english is far from perfect. So you will be able to correct, don't worry :) :User:Koxinga
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
K
KA | KB | KC | KD | KE | KF | KG | KH | KI | KJ | KL | KM | KN | KO | KP | KR | KS | KT | KU | KW | KX | KY | KZ |Words begining with Koxinga:
Koxinga
Koxinga
Koxinga
Koxinga
These materials are based on Wikipedia and licensed under the GNU FDL
YouTube.com videos better site than Turbo Tax 2007
