
Kirkuk (Kurdish: Kerkûk, Arabic: كركوك) is an ancient city in Iraq, sitting near the Hasa River on the ruins of a 3,000-year-old settlement. It is the centre of the northern Iraqi petroleum industry. It is located at 35.47°N, 44.41°E, in the Iraqi province of at-Ta'mim. The estimated population in 2003 was 755,700 people. The Kirkuk oil field was brought into use by the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in 1934 and has remained the basis of northern Iraqi oil production, with over 10 billion Barrel (unit)s (1.6 km³) of proven remaining oil reserves, as of 1998. The facilities have been sabotaged at times during fighting between Iraqi forces and the Kurds. Pipelines from Kirkuk run through Turkey to Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea and were one of the two main routes for the export of Iraqi oil under the Oil-for-Food programme following the Gulf War of 1991. This was in accordance with a United Nations mandate that at least 50% of the oil exports pass through Turkey. There are two parallel lines built in 1977 and 1987. Major historic ethnic groups of Kirkuk are the Kurds and the Turkmen people. The city of Kirkuk was long known as a city where people of different ethnic groups lived together in peace, but this was changed starting in the 1980s during the regime of Saddam Hussein. Kurds and Turkmen were forced from Kirkuk and outlying villages and replaced with Arab oilfield workers in Saddam's Arabization plan of the Al-Anfal Campaign. Under the protection of the 'no-fly' zones imposed after 1991, many returned to live in tent encampments on the edges of Kirkuk. There was sporadic violence. January 26, 2004, the ''Los Angeles Times'' quoted Barham Salih, prime minister for the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of two main political parties controlling the Kurdish autonomous zone in northern Iraq. "Kirkuk is a benchmark for how most Kurds would define their legitimacy in Iraq," he said. "We have a claim to Kirkuk rooted in history, geography and demographics?. This is a recipe for civil war if you don't do it right." ==References== *[http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040517-124757-6947r.htm Insurgents stir up strife in Kirkuk] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2852859.stm Kurds flee Iraqi town], March 15, 2003; named Kurds' preferred capital. *[http://www.csis.org/stratassessment/reports/iraq_targets.pdf Key Targets in Iraq], Anthony H. Cordesman, CSIS, February 1998; information about the oil resources and facilities. ==See also== * List of places in Iraq Cities and towns in Iraq
The city of kirkuk and more importantly the province of kirkuk is kurdish. The ottoman empire while supremely inefficient in many respects, inherited the byzantine empires bereucracy and also the byzantinian love for statistics. All these censuses indicate that kirkuk is a kurdish city, with the last ottoman census putting the kurdish population of kirkuk as 78%. this is also coroborated by the last hashimmite iraqi census which put the kurdish population of kirkuk at 70%. While true that turkmens live in the city of kirkuk, the never have, do not know nor ever will form anything near a majority. And while the assyrians may have once upon a time invaded kirkuk, they have also melted away. p.s i am very suprised that the modern 'assyrians' actualy think that they are descendents of the ancient assyrians. This name was only applied to them in the 19th century as a matter of experiency and in no way reflects there true descent (they are probably descended from armenians who were native to the area). in fact although a am a kurd i probably have more assyrian blood in my veins than do the modern 'assyrians'. Thankyou Dear Sir Although It is important that you did not mentioned that Kirkuk city is a Kurdish city as most of the encyclopedia do. But it is unfair to talk about the Turkmen city Kirkuk and present such information (The Kurds have identified Kirkuk as their preferred capital in any new Kurdish state) without to touch the Turkmen of Iraq. While the Kurds invested the cities of northern Iraq and robbed what they met in the latter several centuries (Edger O'balance - in his book Kurdish revolt). They invest the western literature in the later century and introduce forged information in. This made many well known international writers and journalists repeat what the Kurdish writers publish and what the Kurdish politicians say without investigation. Dear sir Kirkuk is not Kurdish city and was never Kurdish city.it was built from the assyrians from the first stone to the last one. but after the kurds massacre of the assyrians they become larger than the assyrians in numbers in the city. this also happened to arbil(the 4 gods city) The followings are some of thousands of reliable references about the Kirkuk city: References: (1)Hanna Batatu in his book titled “The old social classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq”, (Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1978), p. 913, mentions: “Kerkuk had been Turkish through and through in the not too distant past”. “Kerkuk, an oil center, lying 180 miles north of Baghdad, had been Turkish through and through in the not too distant past. By degrees, Kurds moved into the city from the surrounding villages. With the growth of the oil industry, their migration intensified. By 1959, they had swollen to more than one third of the population, and the Turkmen had declined to just over half, the Assyrians and Arabs accounting, in the main, for the rest of the total of 120,000.4 Other Turkish towns, such as Arbil, had undergone a similar process: Arbil itself was in such as Arbil, had undergone a similar process: Arbil itself was in great measure Kurdified, and the change occurred peacefully. But the Kerkuklis, who maintained close cultural links with Turkey, were of a tougher fiber and united by a stronger sense of ethnic identity”. D. McDowall in his book titled “A Modern History of the Kurds”, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd Publishers 1996, London & New York, page 305, mentions: “In mid July 1959, another serious disturbance occurred; this time in Kerkuk, a town waiting to explode, once again, the spark was a rally by leftists. It will be recalled that the IPC in the north preponderantly Kurdish. Tension had been growing for some time between Turkmen, the originally predominant element, and Kurds who had settled during the 1930s and 1940s, driven from the land by landlord rapacity and drawn by the chance for employment in the burgeoning oil industry. By 1959 half the populations of 150,000 were Turkmen, rather less than half were Kurds and the balance Arabs, Assyrians and Armenians.” (2) D. McDowall in his book titled “A Modern History of the Kurds”, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd Publishers 1996, London & New York, page 144, mentions: “The towns and villages along the high road running from Mosul to Baghdad were mainly Turkish speaking, being Turkmen”, “But, as the commission noted, the Kurd ‘is taking possession of the arable and in “Kurdizing” certain towns’ specially the Turkmen’s ones of the high road” (3) Edger O’balance in his book titled “The Kurdish Revolt”, page 33 mentions: “right up until the end of the 19th century the sight of a large tribal federation, with all its livestock, moving across the mountains and plains of the northern parts of the Middle East in search of fresh grazing, was both splendid and ominous - as nomadic Kurds moved like a plague of locusts, feeding and feuding”. (4) William R. Hay in his book titled “Two Years in Kurdistan 1918 – 1920”, (William Clowes and Sons, Limited, London and Beccles 1921), page 82 -83 mentions: “The only 2 Turkish speaking populations which concern us closely are Erbil and Altun Kopri”. “One mahalla or quarter of the town is purely Kurdish, and in the rest the lower classes resemble the Kurds in appearance and dress. All can speak Kurdish fluently, but the language of their homes is Turkish. In the upper town which contain 6000 inhabitants, the purest Turkish element is found”. In the page 77 Mr Hay mentions: Dizai tribe descended from the hills about 3 centuries ago, and occupied a few villages round Qush Tappah. In the middle half of the 19th century they started to expand, and rapidly covered the whole country up to Tigris. In the late 1920s, they constitute one third of the Erbil district population. another two important article can be found in the following addresses: 1. http://members.lycos.nl/kerkuk/ 2. http://members.lycos.nl/kerkuk/ed6.html The following Article (http://members.lycos.nl/kerkuk/ed7.html) written in Arabic and unfortunately, there is no English translation, contains important information about the Kurds which the western community remained not informed. :Hi there. There isn't a "Dear Sir" to write to about this article. Wikipedia is a collaborative project. Anyone can edit a page, including you, if you think your contribution can improve the article. In fact, we encourage you ro do so, if you have the time. We have a strict policy called Wikipedia:neutral point of view which discusses how disputed issues are to be dealt with. We want to write articles with which people on all sides of a disputed issue agree fairly represent agreed facts and accurately represents all sides of the dispute. --User:Robert Merkel 11:20 24 Jun 2003 (UTC) == Recent edits == This article has been getting a number of edits recently. Newcomers should look at Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers and the Wikipedia:Manual of Style. We welcome new contributors, and hope they will take some time to familiarize themselves with our work to build an encyclopedia join us. One of our important policies is Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, often called "NPOV" for short. Cheers, -- User:Infrogmation 17:54, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC) TO ALL READERS All information in Wikipedia fabricated and does not worth to read .I think they get money from Kurdish group to change the facts. Fake information about Kirkuk , wikipedia owners are kurds. Robert Merkel how much you got paid by Kurds you look like a good puppy of kurds. Mr merkel i am very sorry, for this turkmens insulting remarks but then what can you expect from a descendent of the savage holako (a illegitiamte grandson of genghis khans)
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Kirkuk
Kirkuk
Kirkuk
Kirkuk (Kurdish: Kerkûk, Arabic: كركوك) is an ancient city in Iraq, sitting near the Hasa River on the ruins of a 3,000-year-old settlement. It is the centre of the northern Iraqi petroleum industry. It is located at 35.47°N, 44.41°E, in the Iraqi province of at-Ta'mim. The estimated population in 2003 was 755,700 people. The Kirkuk oil field was brought into use by the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in 1934 and has remained the basis of northern Iraqi oil production, with over 10 billion Barrel (unit)s (1.6 km³) of proven remaining oil reserves, as of 1998. The facilities have been sabotaged at times during fighting between Iraqi forces and the Kurds. Pipelines from Kirkuk run through Turkey to Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea and were one of the two main routes for the export of Iraqi oil under the Oil-for-Food programme following the Gulf War of 1991. This was in accordance with a United Nations mandate that at least 50% of the oil exports pass through Turkey. There are two parallel lines built in 1977 and 1987. Major historic ethnic groups of Kirkuk are the Kurds and the Turkmen people. The city of Kirkuk was long known as a city where people of different ethnic groups lived together in peace, but this was changed starting in the 1980s during the regime of Saddam Hussein. Kurds and Turkmen were forced from Kirkuk and outlying villages and replaced with Arab oilfield workers in Saddam's Arabization plan of the Al-Anfal Campaign. Under the protection of the 'no-fly' zones imposed after 1991, many returned to live in tent encampments on the edges of Kirkuk. There was sporadic violence. January 26, 2004, the ''Los Angeles Times'' quoted Barham Salih, prime minister for the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of two main political parties controlling the Kurdish autonomous zone in northern Iraq. "Kirkuk is a benchmark for how most Kurds would define their legitimacy in Iraq," he said. "We have a claim to Kirkuk rooted in history, geography and demographics?. This is a recipe for civil war if you don't do it right." ==References== *[http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040517-124757-6947r.htm Insurgents stir up strife in Kirkuk] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2852859.stm Kurds flee Iraqi town], March 15, 2003; named Kurds' preferred capital. *[http://www.csis.org/stratassessment/reports/iraq_targets.pdf Key Targets in Iraq], Anthony H. Cordesman, CSIS, February 1998; information about the oil resources and facilities. ==See also== * List of places in Iraq Cities and towns in Iraq
Kirkuk
The city of kirkuk and more importantly the province of kirkuk is kurdish. The ottoman empire while supremely inefficient in many respects, inherited the byzantine empires bereucracy and also the byzantinian love for statistics. All these censuses indicate that kirkuk is a kurdish city, with the last ottoman census putting the kurdish population of kirkuk as 78%. this is also coroborated by the last hashimmite iraqi census which put the kurdish population of kirkuk at 70%. While true that turkmens live in the city of kirkuk, the never have, do not know nor ever will form anything near a majority. And while the assyrians may have once upon a time invaded kirkuk, they have also melted away. p.s i am very suprised that the modern 'assyrians' actualy think that they are descendents of the ancient assyrians. This name was only applied to them in the 19th century as a matter of experiency and in no way reflects there true descent (they are probably descended from armenians who were native to the area). in fact although a am a kurd i probably have more assyrian blood in my veins than do the modern 'assyrians'. Thankyou Dear Sir Although It is important that you did not mentioned that Kirkuk city is a Kurdish city as most of the encyclopedia do. But it is unfair to talk about the Turkmen city Kirkuk and present such information (The Kurds have identified Kirkuk as their preferred capital in any new Kurdish state) without to touch the Turkmen of Iraq. While the Kurds invested the cities of northern Iraq and robbed what they met in the latter several centuries (Edger O'balance - in his book Kurdish revolt). They invest the western literature in the later century and introduce forged information in. This made many well known international writers and journalists repeat what the Kurdish writers publish and what the Kurdish politicians say without investigation. Dear sir Kirkuk is not Kurdish city and was never Kurdish city.it was built from the assyrians from the first stone to the last one. but after the kurds massacre of the assyrians they become larger than the assyrians in numbers in the city. this also happened to arbil(the 4 gods city) The followings are some of thousands of reliable references about the Kirkuk city: References: (1)Hanna Batatu in his book titled “The old social classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq”, (Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1978), p. 913, mentions: “Kerkuk had been Turkish through and through in the not too distant past”. “Kerkuk, an oil center, lying 180 miles north of Baghdad, had been Turkish through and through in the not too distant past. By degrees, Kurds moved into the city from the surrounding villages. With the growth of the oil industry, their migration intensified. By 1959, they had swollen to more than one third of the population, and the Turkmen had declined to just over half, the Assyrians and Arabs accounting, in the main, for the rest of the total of 120,000.4 Other Turkish towns, such as Arbil, had undergone a similar process: Arbil itself was in such as Arbil, had undergone a similar process: Arbil itself was in great measure Kurdified, and the change occurred peacefully. But the Kerkuklis, who maintained close cultural links with Turkey, were of a tougher fiber and united by a stronger sense of ethnic identity”. D. McDowall in his book titled “A Modern History of the Kurds”, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd Publishers 1996, London & New York, page 305, mentions: “In mid July 1959, another serious disturbance occurred; this time in Kerkuk, a town waiting to explode, once again, the spark was a rally by leftists. It will be recalled that the IPC in the north preponderantly Kurdish. Tension had been growing for some time between Turkmen, the originally predominant element, and Kurds who had settled during the 1930s and 1940s, driven from the land by landlord rapacity and drawn by the chance for employment in the burgeoning oil industry. By 1959 half the populations of 150,000 were Turkmen, rather less than half were Kurds and the balance Arabs, Assyrians and Armenians.” (2) D. McDowall in his book titled “A Modern History of the Kurds”, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd Publishers 1996, London & New York, page 144, mentions: “The towns and villages along the high road running from Mosul to Baghdad were mainly Turkish speaking, being Turkmen”, “But, as the commission noted, the Kurd ‘is taking possession of the arable and in “Kurdizing” certain towns’ specially the Turkmen’s ones of the high road” (3) Edger O’balance in his book titled “The Kurdish Revolt”, page 33 mentions: “right up until the end of the 19th century the sight of a large tribal federation, with all its livestock, moving across the mountains and plains of the northern parts of the Middle East in search of fresh grazing, was both splendid and ominous - as nomadic Kurds moved like a plague of locusts, feeding and feuding”. (4) William R. Hay in his book titled “Two Years in Kurdistan 1918 – 1920”, (William Clowes and Sons, Limited, London and Beccles 1921), page 82 -83 mentions: “The only 2 Turkish speaking populations which concern us closely are Erbil and Altun Kopri”. “One mahalla or quarter of the town is purely Kurdish, and in the rest the lower classes resemble the Kurds in appearance and dress. All can speak Kurdish fluently, but the language of their homes is Turkish. In the upper town which contain 6000 inhabitants, the purest Turkish element is found”. In the page 77 Mr Hay mentions: Dizai tribe descended from the hills about 3 centuries ago, and occupied a few villages round Qush Tappah. In the middle half of the 19th century they started to expand, and rapidly covered the whole country up to Tigris. In the late 1920s, they constitute one third of the Erbil district population. another two important article can be found in the following addresses: 1. http://members.lycos.nl/kerkuk/ 2. http://members.lycos.nl/kerkuk/ed6.html The following Article (http://members.lycos.nl/kerkuk/ed7.html) written in Arabic and unfortunately, there is no English translation, contains important information about the Kurds which the western community remained not informed. :Hi there. There isn't a "Dear Sir" to write to about this article. Wikipedia is a collaborative project. Anyone can edit a page, including you, if you think your contribution can improve the article. In fact, we encourage you ro do so, if you have the time. We have a strict policy called Wikipedia:neutral point of view which discusses how disputed issues are to be dealt with. We want to write articles with which people on all sides of a disputed issue agree fairly represent agreed facts and accurately represents all sides of the dispute. --User:Robert Merkel 11:20 24 Jun 2003 (UTC) == Recent edits == This article has been getting a number of edits recently. Newcomers should look at Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers and the Wikipedia:Manual of Style. We welcome new contributors, and hope they will take some time to familiarize themselves with our work to build an encyclopedia join us. One of our important policies is Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, often called "NPOV" for short. Cheers, -- User:Infrogmation 17:54, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC) TO ALL READERS All information in Wikipedia fabricated and does not worth to read .I think they get money from Kurdish group to change the facts. Fake information about Kirkuk , wikipedia owners are kurds. Robert Merkel how much you got paid by Kurds you look like a good puppy of kurds. Mr merkel i am very sorry, for this turkmens insulting remarks but then what can you expect from a descendent of the savage holako (a illegitiamte grandson of genghis khans)
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