
Kaliningrad ( Russian language: 'Калининград'', German language: ''Königsberg'', Polish language: ''Królewiec'', Lithuanian ''Karaliaučius ''), seaport city, capital and main city of the Kaliningrad Oblast, a small Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania with access to the Baltic Sea. As Königsberg (Latin ''Regiomontium'', Polish language: ''Królewiec'') it was the capital of the Germany province of East Prussia, the earlier Ducal Prussia and before that the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. ==History== === Order's state === Königsberg ("King's Mountain") was founded in 1255 by Teutonic Knights during their conquest of Prussia (Baltic). It was named in honor of Bohemia King Otakar II of Bohemia, who came to help the Order in its Christianization effort called the Northern Crusades. Over a period of decades, the Teutonic Order, assisted by various knights from Western Europe, conquered the local Baltic peoples Prussia (Baltic) and colonized the area. The small remaining population of local Baltic peoples Prussia (Baltic) eventually became germanization and assimilated. However, the Old Prussian language did not become extinct until 18th century. Königsberg was the capital of Sambia, one of the four dioceses into which Prussia had been divided in 1243 by papal legate William of Modena. Saint Adalbert of Prague became the main patron saint of the Königsberger Dom (cathedral). Königsberg became a member of the Hanse and an important port for Prussia, Province of Prussia and Lithuania. As a result of the Thirteen Years' War between the Order and the Polish Crown, the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights was reduced by the 1466 Second Treaty of Thorn to the area of later Ducal Prussia, under the overlordship of the Polish crown. === Ducal Prussia === With the secularisation of the Order's territories (1525), the first Hohenzollern ruler, Albert of Prussia, committed Prussian Tribut to Sigismund I of Poland, the King of Poland, and received Ducal Prussia with capital in Königsberg as a fief. Königsberg became one of the biggest cities and ports of Ducal Prussia, which now perhaps was considered by some as one of the members of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with considerable autonomy, a separate parliament, and currency, and with German as its dominant language. Anna, daughter of Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia (reigned 1568-1618), married Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg of Brandenburg, who was granted the right of succession to Ducal Prussia on his father-in-law's death in 1618. From this time Prussia became ruled by the Elector of Brandenburg. === Brandenburg-Prussia and German Empire === In 1660 the Hohenzollerns were released from the overlordship of the king of Poland, unless the dynasty should become extinct, in which case Prussia was supposed to return to the Polish king. By the act of coronation 1701 in Königsberg, the Hohenzollerns became kings of Prussia, finally independent from the Polish king, and in 1795 under Napoleon Prussia resigned from the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Königsberg was then capital of the Province of Prussia, outside the formal borders of German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund'') of 1815-1866, until German unification, when it was incorporated in the German Empire (1871). Königsberg became a centre of education when the Albertina university was founded by Albert of Brandenburg Prussia in 1544. It was the birthplace (1690) of the mathematician Christian Goldbach and the home of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In 1736, the mathematics Leonhard Euler used the arrangement of bridges and islands at Königsberg as the basis for the Seven bridges of Königsberg which led to the mathematical branch of topology. As capital of East Prussia, Königsberg flourished. In 1860 the railroad connecting Berlin with Saint Petersburg was completed and made Königsberg an important commercial center. ===Weimar Republic=== After World War I, the creation of the Polish Corridor had cut off East Prussia from the rest of Germany. The Ostmesse (East European Fair) at the Königsberg Tiergarten was organized every year since 1920, it was intended as a compensation for the geographical distance that handicapped the economic development of East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. In 1929, Königsberg amalgamated with some surrounding suburbs. ===Third Reich=== In 1932, Prussia's legal (SPD) government under Otto Braun was ousted by the Reich Government, and Gauleiter Erich Koch replaced the elected local government from 1933 to 1945. Königsberg's central parts had been heavily bombed by the British Royal Air Force in August 1944. Segments of the German population had fled the advancing Red Army in early 1945, but some returned after the city surrendered on April 9, 1945. However, all German residents who remained at the end of the war, an estimated 200,000 out of the city's prewar population of 316,000, were brutally expelled or killed by the Soviets from 1945-49. Königsberg was the site of horrible war crimes committed by the Soviet regime. Many people died of hunger during the war's closing stages and the shortages which followed, as well as during the Soviets' arduous expulsion process. === Soviet Union === At the end of World War II, in 1945, the city was annexed by the Soviet Union as was agreed by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference. It was renamed ''Kaliningrad'' in 1946 after the death of President of the USSR Mikhail Kalinin. Kaliningrad was particularly important to the USSR, and is now to Russia, as a Baltic port that is ice-free year round. Many surviving expellees and refugees in Germany joined the Landsmannschaft Ostpreussen, whereas many other former inhabitants were scattered around the world. The Soviets destroyed many of the remnants of German and Prussian culture, including the ruins of the castle where the House of Soviets was built in its place. Though much of the historical records were also destroyed during the communist period, the city museum of Duisburg contains a small collection dealing with the history of Königsberg. During the Cold War, Kaliningrad -- with the northern third of former East Prussia now the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation -- was an important naval base and closed to visitors. === Russian Federation === As a result of independence for Lithuania and Belarus in the early 1990s, the territory became a Russian exclave, separated from the rest of Russia. When Poland and Lithuania became members of the European Union in Enlargement_of_the_European_Union, the region became completely surrounded by the EU. Special travel arrangements for the territory's inhabitants have been made. After the collapse of the Soviet Union it was discussed whether to give the city its old name back, as has happened in several Russian cities like Saint Petersburg and the city of Tver, which were known as Leningrad and ''Kalinin'', respectively, during the Stalinist period. But after some discussion the further use of "Kaliningrad", at least for the next few years, seems to be sure. "Kenig" (short Russian form of "Königsberg") is often used in advertisements for tourism companies in this region. ==Geography== Kaliningrad is located at the mouth of the River Pregel, which empties into the Vistula Lagoon. Geographical coordinates . Sea vessels can access Gdansk Bay and the Baltic Sea by way of the Vistula Lagoon and the Strait of Baltiysk. ==Economy== *Ports of the Baltic Sea == Sightseeing == *Königsberg Cathedral *Dom Sovyetov of Kaliningrad *Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Kaliningrad) *Kaliningrad Zoo (''formerly "Königsberg Tiergarten"'') and former Ostmesse locality *Ploshchad Pobedy (city centre) *Kaliningrad State University *old fortifications ==Famous people from Königsberg/Kaliningrad== *Christian Goldbach (1690-1764), mathematician *Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), philosopher *Fanny Lewald (1811-1889), feminist and author *Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822), author *Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen (1797-1884), physicist *Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887), physicist *Karl Rudolf König (1832-1901), physicist *Otto Wallach (1847-1931), chemist *David Hilbert (1862-1943 , Wehlau), mathematician *Erich von Drygalski (1865-1949), explorer *Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951), physicist *Agnes Miegel (1879-1964), author *Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), political theorist *Lea Rabin (1928-2000), author and wife of Yitzhak Rabin *Viktor Patsayev (1933-1971), cosmonaut *Aleksei Leonov, astronaut (1934-), first person to Extra-vehicular activity *Heinrich August Winkler (1938-), historian *For more info after 1945: Kaliningrad Oblast and Yasnaya Polyana. ==External links== *http://www.ost-preussen.de/ostpr/koenigsb.htm (Königsberg history) *http://www.gov.kaliningrad.ru/en_intro.php3 (regional administration) *http://www.kcxc.org/index.php (orthodox Cathedral in Kaliningrad, Russian) *http://www.territorial.de/ostp/koen/koen.htm. (territorial history 1815 - 1945, German) *http://www.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru/ (Kaliningrad Aktuell - Regionalzeitung) *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4382145.stm BBC story about Kaliningrad] ==Maps of Prussia == * Maps of Prussia from around 1550 - 1900 *[http://www.euronet.nl/~jlemmens/trakehnen.html J. Lemmen's photos from current East Prussia and Königsberg territory] *[http://www.ostpreussen-info.de/ Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen - Information on East Prussia (Land der dunklen Wälder und kristall'nen Seen)] Cities and towns in Russia Coastal cities Kaliningrad cv:Калининград fa:کالینینگراد la:Kaliningrad nds:Königsbarg
=== Write the same thing === I hate SOMEONE's manner of writing in every single article the same thing, which should be done once in one single entry. Not mention that it is false, NPOV and in contradiction to hisorical facts. I will change it, that is i will remove some paragraphs and instead i will put references to other entries, as it should be :Szopen -- many of us dislike it and are frustrated -- but as an English speaker, I know that in pre-20th century histories, we call it Koenigsberg. I think it's really important to make sure we leave most of what is there -- although it needs to be in better English and needs to be written better -- and add to it. I will be happy to help make sense of it, but think that much of your purposes can be achieved by filling in what's missing! :JHK ALso, I'm pretty sure we spell Ottocar Otocar or Otokar -- please don't link till I can check! Thanks ---- === History === ''The Prussian Confederation was under the leadership of the Hanse cities Elbing, Danzig and Thorn. The Prussian Confederation had to appear before the emperor Frederick III in their case against the Teutonic Knights. It was arranged that Casimir IV and his wife Elisabeth would grant protection to Prussia. However, Casimir IV tried to annex Prussia and war broke out against him (1453-1466). When the Teutonic Knights could not pay the German and Bohemian soldiers, the soldiers took the Marienburg (Malbork) castle in lieu of pay and sold it to the Grand Duke of Lithuania, King of Poland. The Teutonic Knights moved out of Marienburg and moved their headquarters to Königsberg - Królewiec. '' Why this is false: From this two paragraphs it appeared that German emperor ordered Grand Duke of Lithuania, to grant protection to Prussia, but instead the Polish king tried to annex it, so Prussian Confederacy had to fight it. Which is false. 1) Emperor completely backed Teutonic knights and banned Prussian Confederacy. 2) Leaders of Confederacy, although they had earlier contacts with Polish court, now go to Poland and asked king to incorporate whole Prussia into Poland. Polish king did that officially. 3) Prussian confederacy leader was nobleman Bazynski (von Baysen. Gdansk, Torun and Elblag were leading cities in confederacy, but confederacy was established by burghers, clergy, and noblemen. 4) Lithuania did not participate in war, except for few raids, and in fact was effectively sabotaging Poland. It was the Polish forces (plus confederacy), the taxes paid by Poles, and the Polish king who won the war. right? user:szopen ----------------------------------------------------- Pretty much. Space Cadet --------------------------------------------------- The German name on former German city Warschau was removed from Warsaw. I will ''not'' reinsert it, BUT: No Polish name in this article either! -- User:Nico 21:06, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---------------------------------------- Fine, but can You convincingly explain why? After all it was a part of Poland, everybody in the city spoke at least two languages (the Great Elector himself is known to have been fluent in Polish), numerous protestant Lithuanians and Poles were settling there in difficult times, Polish aristocracy and nobility held public offices, city representatives were sent to the Polish Sejm (house of representatives). So why is the Polish version so wrong here?
User:Space Cadet 22:57, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---------------------------------------------------- === Kaliningrad's former names === The "former" names of Kaliningrad are: #1255-1945 Königsberg #1945-today Kaliningrad I don't believe that the Polish and Lithuanian names can stand as "former names". -------------- I agree, except from: The Soviet regime's name on the city was Kaliningrad from ''1946'', not 1945. PS: You should register a user name. -- User:Nico 06:33, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- : This name war is silly. IMO, if ever in a city there was a minority of at least 10%, we should write the name of the city in that name. What do you think about this ? User:Bogdangiusca 11:59, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC) I had a look at other encyclopedias, and as they mentioned the old Polish and Lithuanian names, I've reinserted them. My concern was that the intro shouldn't be too long - the city has an old name in Russian too , written in two ways (Kenigsperga and Kenigsberg, I think), which means that we eventually have to use at least 6 names (or more if we include names with Russian characters). In English the city is ''only'' known as Königsberg and Kaliningrad. Maybe the other names could be mentioned another place in the article? -- User:Nico 12:31, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC) -------------------------------- === New introduction === I think it would be better if the introduction was ''chronological'', like this, because Königsberg and Kaliningrad in fact are two different cities, referred to as both Königsberg and Kaliningrad in the encyclopedia (and this article is mainly about Königsberg too):
Cities and towns in Russia
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Kaliningrad:
Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad,_Russia
Kaliningradavia
Kaliningradskaya_Oblast',_Russia
Kaliningrad_(disambiguation)
Kaliningrad_(disambiguation)
Kaliningrad_(Kaliningradskaya_Oblast)
Kaliningrad_K-5
Kaliningrad_K-8
Kaliningrad_Oblast
Kaliningrad_Oblast
Kaliningrad_oblast
Kaliningrad_Province
Kaliningrad_Province
Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad ( Russian language: 'Калининград'', German language: ''Königsberg'', Polish language: ''Królewiec'', Lithuanian ''Karaliaučius ''), seaport city, capital and main city of the Kaliningrad Oblast, a small Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania with access to the Baltic Sea. As Königsberg (Latin ''Regiomontium'', Polish language: ''Królewiec'') it was the capital of the Germany province of East Prussia, the earlier Ducal Prussia and before that the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. ==History== === Order's state === Königsberg ("King's Mountain") was founded in 1255 by Teutonic Knights during their conquest of Prussia (Baltic). It was named in honor of Bohemia King Otakar II of Bohemia, who came to help the Order in its Christianization effort called the Northern Crusades. Over a period of decades, the Teutonic Order, assisted by various knights from Western Europe, conquered the local Baltic peoples Prussia (Baltic) and colonized the area. The small remaining population of local Baltic peoples Prussia (Baltic) eventually became germanization and assimilated. However, the Old Prussian language did not become extinct until 18th century. Königsberg was the capital of Sambia, one of the four dioceses into which Prussia had been divided in 1243 by papal legate William of Modena. Saint Adalbert of Prague became the main patron saint of the Königsberger Dom (cathedral). Königsberg became a member of the Hanse and an important port for Prussia, Province of Prussia and Lithuania. As a result of the Thirteen Years' War between the Order and the Polish Crown, the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights was reduced by the 1466 Second Treaty of Thorn to the area of later Ducal Prussia, under the overlordship of the Polish crown. === Ducal Prussia === With the secularisation of the Order's territories (1525), the first Hohenzollern ruler, Albert of Prussia, committed Prussian Tribut to Sigismund I of Poland, the King of Poland, and received Ducal Prussia with capital in Königsberg as a fief. Königsberg became one of the biggest cities and ports of Ducal Prussia, which now perhaps was considered by some as one of the members of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with considerable autonomy, a separate parliament, and currency, and with German as its dominant language. Anna, daughter of Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia (reigned 1568-1618), married Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg of Brandenburg, who was granted the right of succession to Ducal Prussia on his father-in-law's death in 1618. From this time Prussia became ruled by the Elector of Brandenburg. === Brandenburg-Prussia and German Empire === In 1660 the Hohenzollerns were released from the overlordship of the king of Poland, unless the dynasty should become extinct, in which case Prussia was supposed to return to the Polish king. By the act of coronation 1701 in Königsberg, the Hohenzollerns became kings of Prussia, finally independent from the Polish king, and in 1795 under Napoleon Prussia resigned from the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Königsberg was then capital of the Province of Prussia, outside the formal borders of German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund'') of 1815-1866, until German unification, when it was incorporated in the German Empire (1871). Königsberg became a centre of education when the Albertina university was founded by Albert of Brandenburg Prussia in 1544. It was the birthplace (1690) of the mathematician Christian Goldbach and the home of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In 1736, the mathematics Leonhard Euler used the arrangement of bridges and islands at Königsberg as the basis for the Seven bridges of Königsberg which led to the mathematical branch of topology. As capital of East Prussia, Königsberg flourished. In 1860 the railroad connecting Berlin with Saint Petersburg was completed and made Königsberg an important commercial center. ===Weimar Republic=== After World War I, the creation of the Polish Corridor had cut off East Prussia from the rest of Germany. The Ostmesse (East European Fair) at the Königsberg Tiergarten was organized every year since 1920, it was intended as a compensation for the geographical distance that handicapped the economic development of East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. In 1929, Königsberg amalgamated with some surrounding suburbs. ===Third Reich=== In 1932, Prussia's legal (SPD) government under Otto Braun was ousted by the Reich Government, and Gauleiter Erich Koch replaced the elected local government from 1933 to 1945. Königsberg's central parts had been heavily bombed by the British Royal Air Force in August 1944. Segments of the German population had fled the advancing Red Army in early 1945, but some returned after the city surrendered on April 9, 1945. However, all German residents who remained at the end of the war, an estimated 200,000 out of the city's prewar population of 316,000, were brutally expelled or killed by the Soviets from 1945-49. Königsberg was the site of horrible war crimes committed by the Soviet regime. Many people died of hunger during the war's closing stages and the shortages which followed, as well as during the Soviets' arduous expulsion process. === Soviet Union === At the end of World War II, in 1945, the city was annexed by the Soviet Union as was agreed by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference. It was renamed ''Kaliningrad'' in 1946 after the death of President of the USSR Mikhail Kalinin. Kaliningrad was particularly important to the USSR, and is now to Russia, as a Baltic port that is ice-free year round. Many surviving expellees and refugees in Germany joined the Landsmannschaft Ostpreussen, whereas many other former inhabitants were scattered around the world. The Soviets destroyed many of the remnants of German and Prussian culture, including the ruins of the castle where the House of Soviets was built in its place. Though much of the historical records were also destroyed during the communist period, the city museum of Duisburg contains a small collection dealing with the history of Königsberg. During the Cold War, Kaliningrad -- with the northern third of former East Prussia now the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation -- was an important naval base and closed to visitors. === Russian Federation === As a result of independence for Lithuania and Belarus in the early 1990s, the territory became a Russian exclave, separated from the rest of Russia. When Poland and Lithuania became members of the European Union in Enlargement_of_the_European_Union, the region became completely surrounded by the EU. Special travel arrangements for the territory's inhabitants have been made. After the collapse of the Soviet Union it was discussed whether to give the city its old name back, as has happened in several Russian cities like Saint Petersburg and the city of Tver, which were known as Leningrad and ''Kalinin'', respectively, during the Stalinist period. But after some discussion the further use of "Kaliningrad", at least for the next few years, seems to be sure. "Kenig" (short Russian form of "Königsberg") is often used in advertisements for tourism companies in this region. ==Geography== Kaliningrad is located at the mouth of the River Pregel, which empties into the Vistula Lagoon. Geographical coordinates . Sea vessels can access Gdansk Bay and the Baltic Sea by way of the Vistula Lagoon and the Strait of Baltiysk. ==Economy== *Ports of the Baltic Sea == Sightseeing == *Königsberg Cathedral *Dom Sovyetov of Kaliningrad *Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Kaliningrad) *Kaliningrad Zoo (''formerly "Königsberg Tiergarten"'') and former Ostmesse locality *Ploshchad Pobedy (city centre) *Kaliningrad State University *old fortifications ==Famous people from Königsberg/Kaliningrad== *Christian Goldbach (1690-1764), mathematician *Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), philosopher *Fanny Lewald (1811-1889), feminist and author *Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822), author *Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen (1797-1884), physicist *Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887), physicist *Karl Rudolf König (1832-1901), physicist *Otto Wallach (1847-1931), chemist *David Hilbert (1862-1943 , Wehlau), mathematician *Erich von Drygalski (1865-1949), explorer *Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951), physicist *Agnes Miegel (1879-1964), author *Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), political theorist *Lea Rabin (1928-2000), author and wife of Yitzhak Rabin *Viktor Patsayev (1933-1971), cosmonaut *Aleksei Leonov, astronaut (1934-), first person to Extra-vehicular activity *Heinrich August Winkler (1938-), historian *For more info after 1945: Kaliningrad Oblast and Yasnaya Polyana. ==External links== *http://www.ost-preussen.de/ostpr/koenigsb.htm (Königsberg history) *http://www.gov.kaliningrad.ru/en_intro.php3 (regional administration) *http://www.kcxc.org/index.php (orthodox Cathedral in Kaliningrad, Russian) *http://www.territorial.de/ostp/koen/koen.htm. (territorial history 1815 - 1945, German) *http://www.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru/ (Kaliningrad Aktuell - Regionalzeitung) *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4382145.stm BBC story about Kaliningrad] ==Maps of Prussia == * Maps of Prussia from around 1550 - 1900 *[http://www.euronet.nl/~jlemmens/trakehnen.html J. Lemmen's photos from current East Prussia and Königsberg territory] *[http://www.ostpreussen-info.de/ Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen - Information on East Prussia (Land der dunklen Wälder und kristall'nen Seen)] Cities and towns in Russia Coastal cities Kaliningrad cv:Калининград fa:کالینینگراد la:Kaliningrad nds:Königsbarg
Kaliningrad
=== Write the same thing === I hate SOMEONE's manner of writing in every single article the same thing, which should be done once in one single entry. Not mention that it is false, NPOV and in contradiction to hisorical facts. I will change it, that is i will remove some paragraphs and instead i will put references to other entries, as it should be :Szopen -- many of us dislike it and are frustrated -- but as an English speaker, I know that in pre-20th century histories, we call it Koenigsberg. I think it's really important to make sure we leave most of what is there -- although it needs to be in better English and needs to be written better -- and add to it. I will be happy to help make sense of it, but think that much of your purposes can be achieved by filling in what's missing! :JHK ALso, I'm pretty sure we spell Ottocar Otocar or Otokar -- please don't link till I can check! Thanks ---- === History === ''The Prussian Confederation was under the leadership of the Hanse cities Elbing, Danzig and Thorn. The Prussian Confederation had to appear before the emperor Frederick III in their case against the Teutonic Knights. It was arranged that Casimir IV and his wife Elisabeth would grant protection to Prussia. However, Casimir IV tried to annex Prussia and war broke out against him (1453-1466). When the Teutonic Knights could not pay the German and Bohemian soldiers, the soldiers took the Marienburg (Malbork) castle in lieu of pay and sold it to the Grand Duke of Lithuania, King of Poland. The Teutonic Knights moved out of Marienburg and moved their headquarters to Königsberg - Królewiec. '' Why this is false: From this two paragraphs it appeared that German emperor ordered Grand Duke of Lithuania, to grant protection to Prussia, but instead the Polish king tried to annex it, so Prussian Confederacy had to fight it. Which is false. 1) Emperor completely backed Teutonic knights and banned Prussian Confederacy. 2) Leaders of Confederacy, although they had earlier contacts with Polish court, now go to Poland and asked king to incorporate whole Prussia into Poland. Polish king did that officially. 3) Prussian confederacy leader was nobleman Bazynski (von Baysen. Gdansk, Torun and Elblag were leading cities in confederacy, but confederacy was established by burghers, clergy, and noblemen. 4) Lithuania did not participate in war, except for few raids, and in fact was effectively sabotaging Poland. It was the Polish forces (plus confederacy), the taxes paid by Poles, and the Polish king who won the war. right? user:szopen ----------------------------------------------------- Pretty much. Space Cadet --------------------------------------------------- The German name on former German city Warschau was removed from Warsaw. I will ''not'' reinsert it, BUT: No Polish name in this article either! -- User:Nico 21:06, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---------------------------------------- Fine, but can You convincingly explain why? After all it was a part of Poland, everybody in the city spoke at least two languages (the Great Elector himself is known to have been fluent in Polish), numerous protestant Lithuanians and Poles were settling there in difficult times, Polish aristocracy and nobility held public offices, city representatives were sent to the Polish Sejm (house of representatives). So why is the Polish version so wrong here?
User:Space Cadet 22:57, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---------------------------------------------------- === Kaliningrad's former names === The "former" names of Kaliningrad are: #1255-1945 Königsberg #1945-today Kaliningrad I don't believe that the Polish and Lithuanian names can stand as "former names". -------------- I agree, except from: The Soviet regime's name on the city was Kaliningrad from ''1946'', not 1945. PS: You should register a user name. -- User:Nico 06:33, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- : This name war is silly. IMO, if ever in a city there was a minority of at least 10%, we should write the name of the city in that name. What do you think about this ? User:Bogdangiusca 11:59, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC) I had a look at other encyclopedias, and as they mentioned the old Polish and Lithuanian names, I've reinserted them. My concern was that the intro shouldn't be too long - the city has an old name in Russian too , written in two ways (Kenigsperga and Kenigsberg, I think), which means that we eventually have to use at least 6 names (or more if we include names with Russian characters). In English the city is ''only'' known as Königsberg and Kaliningrad. Maybe the other names could be mentioned another place in the article? -- User:Nico 12:31, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC) -------------------------------- === New introduction === I think it would be better if the introduction was ''chronological'', like this, because Königsberg and Kaliningrad in fact are two different cities, referred to as both Königsberg and Kaliningrad in the encyclopedia (and this article is mainly about Königsberg too):
Königsberg (in Polish ''Królewiec'', Lithuanian ''Karaliaucius''), a city on the east-southern coast of the Baltic Sea, was the former capital of East Prussia, after 1945 a part of Soviet and since 1946 known as Kaliningrad (''Калининград'') after Soviet official Mikhail Kalinin. Today it is the capital and main city of the ''Kaliningrad Oblast'', a small Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania.-- User:Nico : Perfect! ;-) User:Bogdangiusca 11:32, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC) :: Thanks. It would also be nice if other people gave their opinions. Cheers, User:Nico 12:31, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC) --------- I've protected this page to stop this silly edit war of umlauts and bolding. User:Secretlondon 17:35, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC) Please revert to a non Nico or My version of the page User:24.2.152.139 17:36, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) Nonsense. Changing Königsberg to "Konigsberg" is nothing but vandalism. I've asked a sysop to block 24.2.152.139 User:Nico 17:40, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) This coming from a known agenda. Look at Nicos users contributions there isint one major Polish City he didnt try to rename. He even renamed warsaw once. And no nico its proper. Because if you look at all the Texts it has Konigsberg and I also added a link to Kalinin and redited the page to refrence the Kaliningrad name more. Konigsberg stopped existing in 1945. It was bulldozed to the ground and renamed and rebuilt totaly as a new city(With new city boundaries). But some people still consider it Konigsberg huh Nico ?? User:24.2.152.139 17:45, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) :: Ridiculous. His lies are unworthy to comment, I've never tried to rename Warsaw, but YOU, User:Kommiec, is a known vandal, according to RickK "seems dedicated to make sure that any city with a German name must be known only by it's Polish name". Remember? Btw, there are no "pre-Nico/you"-version, since I just reverted to the previous version after you vandalized the page. User:Nico 17:51, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) If you remove the umlaut it should be Koeningsberg anyway - shouldn't it? User:Secretlondon 17:46, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC) -------------- We have agreed on the use of diacritics long time ago. Besides, 24.2.152.139, why don't you wipe off "ó" in Królewiec, if you're so much into the English alphabet? User:Space Cadet 17:47, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) Its in Italics and it refrences a foregin name. I dont see anything wrong with that. If he wants to say German: Königsberg in italics its fine with me User:24.2.152.139 17:50, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) Königsberg is English name when dealing with the pre-1946 city. User:Nico 17:54, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) Whens the last time you seen ö in the english alpahabet??? User:24.2.152.139 17:54, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) ------------------------------- Kids! To your rooms, now! Both of you! User:Space Cadet 17:57, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) Please see the 1911 Britannica: - http://36.1911encyclopedia.org/K/KO/KONIGSBERG.htm - It has been refrenced here before and articles have been corected on it. Please revert this page back to a decent version.User:24.2.152.139 18:00, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) It is staying exactly as protected. Until you all calm down it is staying like this. User:Secretlondon 18:01, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC) Your not being a npov sysop then. I showed my proof on the change wheres nicos ?? User:24.2.152.139 18:02, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) :Nonsense - wherever I protected it one side would complain. I protected it where it was - I didn't revert. 30 seconds later it would have been your version. User:Secretlondon 18:12, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC) In the 1911 Encyclopedia ''many'' Polish cities have other names than those you prefer! User:Nico 18:09, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) First Kaliningrad is not a Polish City. Second Poland didnt exist in 1911. So of course they have diffrent names. Kind of hard when everything was renamed to nationalize the poles to some other country.... Now Nico where is your Proof that Königsberg is an English name ??? User:24.2.152.139 18:10, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) -------------- Nico's proof is in every other encyclopedia, published in this century! Go to sleep, or go play soccer! User:Space Cadet 18:12, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) But Space Cadet this century just started and it is Kaliningrad :) User:24.2.152.139 18:20, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) ''Not'' when dealing with the pre-1946 city. It was never the capital of East Prussia as Kaliningrad. User:Nico 18:46, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC) ---- I was going to update the reference to Poland and Lithuania and the EU, which in this article sounds entirely hypothetical, to mention that they will both be members as of May 2004. However, it's a protected page. Moncrief ----- Anyone who suggests that the city that existed prior to 1945 on the site of present-day Kaliningrad was ever generally known either to its inhabitants or to the rest of the world as anything other than Königsberg is either dreaming or an intellectual charlatan. Königsberg was founded as Königsberg in 1255 by the Teutonic Order and remained Königsberg until it was taken over (and largely destroyed) by the Soviets in 1945. The Polish and Lithuanian names mentioned above are simply translations of the German name, which means King's Mountain or King's Hill. (It was a rather ambitious term for a small hill.) Nowhere outside Poland and Lithuania was it ever known by these translated names, and their inclusion in this entry is a total red herring. Space Cadet, what's your interest in this? This place was NEVER Polish. Before the Teutonic Knights arrived in the 13th century this area was inhabited by the Old Prussians. They were causing problems for Poland, which had other problems in the east to take care of. Did you forget? – That's why Conrad of Masovia asked the Order to come in and clean up on the nasty Old Prussians. And don't forget that the Teutonic Knights were a Catholic order and that their mission to the Baltic was endorsed by the papacy. "It was a part of Poland" – Smieszny! Even the Lithuanian association with northEASTERN ex-East Prussia, where Lithuanians were a minority, is more substantial than your Polish dreams. (The first Lithuanian book, a catechism, was published in Königsberg.) Immanuel Kant is rolling over in his tomb in Kaliningrad when he hears you prattle on. Give it up! Treat everyone fairly! Get real! User:sca 29sep04 ---- I'm just curious -- how is that two Soviet cosmonauts born in the mid-'30s, a decade before Königsberg was conquered and became Kaliningrad, are "from Königsberg"? User:sca 29nov04 == NPOV? == I think I'm finding the wording on the Soviet Union section somewhat objectionable: ''"At the end of World War II, in 1945, the city was annexed by the Soviet Union"'' I don't see similar wording being employed for any of the other consequences of the Yalta agreement. I'd rather say that,a s a part of such, it became a part of the Soviet Union (or rather, of the Russian Federation and therefore of the USSR, which would explain more clearly why, after the collapse of the Communist regime it remains part of Russia). ''"[M]uch of the historical records were destroyed during the communist period. The communists tried to create the idea that Kaliningrad was historically a Slavic land."'' I'd like to see proof of this. Many of the records perished in the war (as the offspring of an expatriate Polish family who spent some time looking for his own family records, I should know), and the direct link posited between communism and Slavic nationalism is unduly provocative. The description of the partial razing of the city and the treatment former residents received needs fixing, too. Even if it was not a top example of humanitarian action, the qualifications go quite beyond what's been said about American interventions in Nicaragua or El Salvador, for example. In short, I'm planning to rewrite some of this. However, as it used to be a hot topic, I thought I'd check the rest of the usual editors before. --User:Taragui 08:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Votes for deletion/Königsburg - survival == See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Königsburg for voting and discussion User:Ceyockey 17:44, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC) == Exclave == Surely it has been an exclave of Russia since it became part of the Federation (presumably 1945)? User:Bornintheguz 10:53, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Kaliningrad
Cities and towns in Russia
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