
Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born July 15, 1953) is a Haitian politician and former Roman Catholicism priest who was List of Presidents of Haiti in 1991, from 1994 to 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. Aristide's supporters laud him as "the first democracy elected leader of Haiti" and a friend of the poor. Critics claim that he became dictatorship and corrupt once in power, and was unpopular enough to be twice overthrown, first in a military coup (September 1991) and subsequently in a 2004 Haiti rebellion in which former soldiers prominently participated (February 2004). After his second ouster, he maintained from exile in South Africa that he was still the legal and legitimate president and that United States forces had kidnapped him. ==Education and church career== Aristide was born in Port-Salut, Haiti. He was educated at schools in Port-au-Prince and at the College Notre Dame, graduating in 1974. He then took a course of novitiate studies in La Vega before returning to Haiti to study philosophy at the Grand Seminaire Notre Dame and psychology at the State University of Haiti. After completing his post-graduate studies in 1979, he travelled in Europe, studying in Italy and Israel. Aristide returned to Haiti in 1983 for his ordination. He was appointed curate of a small parish in Port-au-Prince and then a larger one in the La Saline slums, gaining the affectionate Creole nickname "Titide" or "Titid" (tiny Aristide). An exponent of liberation theology, he became a leading figure in the more radical wing of the Catholic faith in Haiti (the ''ti legliz'' — from the Haitian Creole for "little church"), broadcasting his sermons on the national Catholic radio station. The Duvalier regime tried repeatedly to silence him. Only the collapse of the regime in April 1986 saved him. In September 1988, Aristide was expelled from his Salesian Society order for "incitement to hate and violence (and) the exaltation of class struggle." [http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/namerica/aristide.html] In 1995 Aristide left the priesthood. In 1996 he married Mildred Trouillot, a United States citizen, with whom he had two daughters. ==First presidency and coup== Following the violence at the abortive national elections of 1987, the 1990 polls were approached with caution. Aristide announced his candidacy for the presidency and following a six-week campaign, during which he dubbed his followers "Lavalas" — "the flood" or "torrent" in Haitian Creole — the "little priest" was elected President with 67 percent of the vote. Aristide took office on February 7, 1991, becoming Haiti's second democratically elected leader (see Leslie Manigat). Like Manigat, he was forced out of office after less than a year: on September 30, 1991 a military coup d'état forced Aristide to flee. A large-scale exodus of boat people ensued. The United States Coast Guard rescued a total of 41,342 Haitians during 1991 and 1992, more than the number of rescued refugees from the previous 10 years combined. Aristide spent his basic exile in Venezuela and then in the United States, working hard to develop international support. Under U.S. and international pressure, the military regime backed down and U.S. troops were deployed in the country. On October 15, 1994, Aristide returned to Haiti to complete his term in office. Military rule had dealt a strong blow to Haiti's weak economy and much of Aristide's time was taken with economic measures. He also purged the Haitian army of many School of the Americas trained officers and established a civilian police force. In the ''National Assembly of Haiti'' elections of June 1995, a multi-party coalition, the ''Organisation Politique Lavalas'' (OPL) won a convincing victory. Aristide's first term ended in February 1996, and the constitution did not allow him to serve consecutive terms. There was some dispute over whether Aristide should serve the three years he had lost in exile prior to new elections, or whether his term in office should instead be counted strictly according to the date of his inauguration; under U.S. pressure, it was decided that the latter should be the case. René Préval, a prominent ally of Aristide and Prime Minister since 1991 under Aristide, ran during the 1995 presidential election and took 88% of the vote. This marked the first time in Haitian history that there was a peaceful and democratic transition of power. ==Second presidency and rebellion== In late 1996, Aristide broke from the OPL and created a new political party, the Fanmi Lavalas. The OPL, holding the majority in the Senate of Haiti and the Chamber of Deputies of Haiti, renamed itself the Organisation du Peuple en Lutte, maintaining the OPL acronym. Elections in April 1997 for the Senate drew only about 5 percent of registered voters and were plagued with allegations of fraud, the Préval government refused to accept the results. New elections in May 2000 occurred for almost the entire ''Assemblée Nationale''. Opposition-owned radio stations reported turnout of around 10%, but election officials and international observers reported around 60% turnout. The FL won a sweeping victory, but the methods used by the ''Conseil Electoral Provisoire'' (CEP) in counting the votes were rejected by opposition parties, which united as the ''Convergence Democratique'' (CD) and demanded that the elections be ignored. Aristide won the presidential election in November 2000 with 91.8% of the vote. Most of the opposition parties boycotted this election, claiming that they had no fair chance. After the election, the Organization of American States issued a report that the election was unfair and that the methodology for counting votes was flawed. Aristide supporters have claimed that the OAS report was engineered by the U.S. solely based on hostility to the president's policies. They also have questioned why the organization waited until after the election results to challenge the methodology, saying it was aware of the vote-counting process beforehand. The International Organization of Independent Observers, a private volunteer organization, reported that the election went over smoothly and they witnessed no irregularities. [http://www.quixote.org/haiti/elections/Election_Press_Release_22may2000.html] However, the majority of Western governments claimed the election was blatantly rigged. In response, the Bill Clinton worked with the European Union to block a $500 million loan from the Inter-American Development Bank to Haiti, fearing that Aristide's government was corrupt and the money would go to waste. On February 7, 2001, Aristide was sworn in for his second term as President of Haiti. That same day, the CD swore in Gerard Gourgue as head of a new provisional government. Aristide agreed to reform the CEP, but he did not include any supporters of the opposition in the new body. Jean-Marie Cherestal was made the new Prime Minister in March 2001. The CD rejected both changes and in response the Government tried to have Gourgue arrested. The economy suffered as political control stalled. Aristide made moves to placate the opposition — in June 2001 certain senators holding contested seats resigned — but talks between the FL and the CD repeatedly failed. There was an attempted coup in mid-December 2001 and Cherestal resigned in January 2002, as the economy continued to slump. Due to the objections of the opposition, elections were not held as scheduled in late 2003, and consequently the terms of most legislators expired in January, forcing Aristide to rule by decree. He promised to organize elections within six months, but the opposition refused to accept anything less than Aristide's resignation. Aristide's opponents continued to accuse him of being corrupt and of using violence to attack political opponents. He maintained close ties not only to the Haitian police force, but also to street gangs such as the "Cannibal Army." [http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/H/HAITI?SITE=DCTMS&SECTION=HOME]. His government built parks and facilities for the gangs in exchange for cooperation with his government. After the assassination of the leader of the Cannibal Army, Amiot Metayer, who had begun committing excessive acts of violence, that gang turned solidly against Aristide and joined the opposition. In January 2004, political violence between Aristide supporters and supporters of the opposition escalated sharply, and on February 5, 2004, a rebel group calling itself the Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front seized control of Haiti's fourth-largest city, Gonaïves, marking the beginning of a 2004 Haiti Rebellion against Aristide. By February 22, the rebels had captured Haiti's second-largest city, Cap-Haïtien, and effectively split Haiti between a rebel-held north and a government-held south. The rebellion, led by former Cap-Haïtien police chief Guy Philippe, has been referred to as a "military coup" by Aristide's lawyer, who claimed that the heavy weaponry used by the rebels were shipped in from the Dominican Republic [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/02/25/1613200]. As the end of February 2004 approached, rebels continued to advance to within miles of the capital, Port-au-Prince. ==Departure from Haiti== In the early morning of February 29, 2004, after being harshly condemned by the governments of France and the United States, Aristide flew on a US-dispatched airplane to the Central African Republic. The circumstances surrounding this flight are a matter of controversy. According to the ''Washington Times,'' :Mr. Aristide, who accuses the United States and France of conspiring to force him out of power, filed a lawsuit in Paris last week accusing unnamed French officials of "death threats, kidnapping and sequestration" in connection with his flight to Africa. :The George W. Bush insists that Mr. Aristide had personally asked for help and voluntarily boarded a U.S. plane. "He drafted and signed his letter of resignation all by himself and then voluntarily departed with his wife and his own security team," Mr. Powell said. [http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040406-124703-4585r.htm] Many media sources reported that Aristide had resigned and been refused asylum by South Africa. On March 1, 2004, US Congresswoman Maxine Waters (D-CA), along with Randall Robinson, a family friend of the Aristides, each reported that Aristide had told them using a smuggled cellular telephone that he had been forced to resign against his will by United States diplomats and U.S. Marines, and that he was abducted against his will, and continued to be held hostage by an undisclosed armed military guard. [http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20040301], [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040229/ts_nm/haiti_usa_dc_13] When asked whether Aristide was guarded in the Central African Republic by France officers, the French Defense Minister answered that Aristide was protected, not imprisoned, and that he would leave when he could; and that France had many officers present in the Central African Republic following the recent events in that country, but that they did not control Aristide's comings and goings [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/communiques/2004/i020304/020304.htm]. Both Maxine Waters and United States congressman Charles Rangel, [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040301/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/us_haiti_20] who also reported talking to Aristide via cellular telephone, said that Aristide said he had not been handcuffed while being led away, while the Agence France Press reported that the caretaker at Aristide's house claimed that Aristide had been handcuffed and led away at gunpoint.[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ft/20040302/bs_ft/1077690805324]. Other reports of Aristide being led away by heavily armed American troops have been made by an Aristide bodyguard and an Orthodox missionary [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=497303]. Aristide told CNN that there were unidentified civilian Americans and Haitians who had forced him to resign and board the plane leaving Haiti. [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040302/ts_nm/haiti_aristide_kidnap_dc_9] The United States vice-president Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin Powell both reported that Aristide had resigned willingly [http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040302-024937-3556r.htm], [http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1078139090204&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968705899037]. The Associated Press reported that the Central African Republic tried to get Aristide to stop repeating his charges to the press [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040302-1154-aristideexile.html]. Aristide has further alleged that the resignation statement that is being touted was altered to remove a conditional statement in which he stated,"'If I am obliged to leave in order to avoid bloodshed." [http://www.reuters.co.uk/printerFriendlyPopup.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=467806]; this was confirmed by a Reuters translation of Aristide's original statement, which matches up word for word except for the one line, in which the conditional has been removed. On 14 March 2004, he left the Central African Republic for Jamaica, to the dismay of the French and American governments, who felt that his presence in the area would have a destabilizing effect on Haiti. The American ambassador to Haiti, James Foley, issued a warning to Aristide to stay at least 150 miles away from Haiti at all times. Condoleezza Rice is reported to have said that she did not want him in the Western Hemisphere. [http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2004/200403/20040316.html] After arriving in Jamaica, Aristide gave a full interview, in which he claimed the following specifics (note: The US has neither confirmed nor denied these details, but has insisted that Aristide left willingly): He had met with US ambassador James Foley on February 28, 2004 — the day before the rebels were supposed to attack the capital. Foley agreed that Aristide should go on national television to appeal to the nation to remain calm, as he had done the night before. When he arrived at his residence, it was surrounded by "thousands" of troops, mostly Americans, which made him feel intimidated. The Americans told him they would provide him security as they escorted him to the media; however, instead, they took him straight to a white unmarked airplane with a US flag on the side. He was then obliged to board, followed by US troops in full gear who changed into civilian clothes once on board. On board were his wife and 19 members of Steele Foundation, a private mercenary corporation. Aristide's account was directly backed up by two witnesses: a pilot and Aristide aide, Franz Gabriel; and an American security guard on the security detail, who told the ''Washington Post'' about the subterfuge to lure Aristide away: "That was just bogus. It's a story they fabricated." [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61549-2004Mar15] On May 31, 2004, Aristide and his family flew to Johannesburg, South Africa, along with Congress of the United States from the Congressional Black Caucus. South Africa characterized his stay as "temporary". Since Aristide departure several high level members of his governement has been charged and plead guilty to drug trafficking including his security chief and head of airport security. ==See also== *Roland Perusse, historian ==External links== *[http://www.democracynow.org/static/haiti.shtml Democracy Now! coverage of Aristide's ouster (text/audio/video)] *[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0413-08.htm CommonDreams]: the US and France poopooh Aristide's charges; but they don't want the UN looking into them, either * http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2003/countryratings/haiti.htm * [https://listhost.uchicago.edu/mailman/listinfo/haiti-news Haiti-news list] Presidents of Haiti 1953 births
==On Truth== :"A statement by Aristide to California Congresswoman Maxine Waters stated that he did not resign, but was actually abducted by the United States Marines: "I was kidnapped by U.S. Marines and forced to leave Haiti, I did not resign."" Is this really true? Powell denies the kidnapping. [http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/americas/03/01/haiti.revolt/index.html] Should it be deleted or altered? --User:Vikingstad 20:56, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) :It's true that he claims it. User:Everyking 21:14, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Yes, that's true. It's nicely sourced. It's just right. --User:EvanProdromou 21:42, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Everything in here is correctly sourced, except the "initial reports" made that he resigned. Who made these reports? What were there sources? --DanKeshet Whoops, thanks for the catch, TUF-KAT. I corrected the erroneous statement that he fled to the Dominican Republic, but forgot to remove the word "neighboring". :) User:Rei I don't think we need the part about Chavez and his condemnation of Bush in this article. It's not really relevant to the life of Aristide. User:Everyking 20:23, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC) :I agree. It might be appropriate for the article about the revolt, though. User:DanKeshet 20:40, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC) I updated the article, removing wikis to NYT and Democracy Now, since the facts are well known and are carried by a number of more objective outlets. The reports of kidnapping seem to have been show false (but not proven false) seeing that his entire Haitian security team got on that plane with him. I imagine the story of Haiti has broken out of this page, and has been given it's own page with the details. I am afraid we will here no longer hear much from Aristide that is not calculated to return him to power. He is no longer a player in Haiti. User:Dominick 23:48, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC) * My mistake! Sorry! User:Dominick 23:53, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Your edits make the article less accurate and less NPOV. 1) The facts in dispute (e.g. did south africa refuse aristide asylum? did he resign willingly?) used to be attached to sources, thus indicating who believed what. Your edits have removed this. 2) You can believe that Randall Robinson and Maxine waters weren't telling the truth if you want, but the fact that they reported on Democracy now that they had received telephone calls from aristide is both relevant and undisputed. Please do not remove relevant, well-sourced statements. User:DanKeshet 04:55, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) ::The story isn't about what the NYT or Democracy Now said, it is about Aristide. In a way Democracy Now and Water's statements re-victimize the Haitian people. If DN is the primary source, then quote the article chapter and verse. There is no dispute that he resigned, does he have remorse? There is no dispute he is in CAR, is he free to leave? He certainly isn't in South Africa, so no Asylum deal has appeared. Using a POV source like DN swung the article more towards some nefarious plot that has less factual basis. User:Dominick 10:57, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Did you even listen to the sources? DN is a radio program. They had Maxine Waters and Randall Robinson, as well as the South African ambassador to the UN, live on the air. They are the primary sources, not DN. There very much is a dispute over whether Aristide resigned. Signing resignation papers at gunpoint is not a resignation. South Africa says that they were never approached about granting him asylum, so yes, "no asylum deal appeared". That is very different from them refusing him. There is no dispute that he is being held incommunicado in CAR. Aristide, through Waters, Rangel, etc. has said so, and so has the CAR (in the San Diego article linked at the end). I don't think you understand NPOV. NPOV does not mean eliminating sources because you believe they are biased. It means reporting all relevant assertions and stating who is making them. The assertions that Waters and Rangel and Robinson have made, on DN, are very relevant and should be so sourced. User:DanKeshet 17:18, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) :::Better reference. Posting a link, saysing that source XYZ interviewed someone is different than your inclusion from the last edit. Referring to some source as authoritative isn't worth of inclusion. Part of NPOV means using objective sources, and in the US that means we use mainstream press. Now you can make an arguement that the mainstream press isn't NPOV but thats another flame war. I am glad that the article has been improved with the additions. BTW, if he is incummunicado in CAR, then why is he still making statements? Cheers! User:Dominick 17:35, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::Dominick, first let me apologize; I responded to your comments on the talk page before I read your edits on the article. I disagreed much more strongly with your comments than your edits. Re: mainstream sources, I couldn't disagree with you more, but as you say, this is not the forum for such a discussion. ;) User:DanKeshet 17:50, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) ::: Thanks! I think we both agree events are unfolding. comments are more speculative, but what goes on the page must be NPOV. No apology needed. :-) User:Dominick 18:01, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::Dominik, I think you would know by now that there is no reality, only perceptions of reality. Wherever you are getting your information is presenting it as "truth" and its showing up in your postings. The whole point of Wikipedia is to present multiple truths. The Hatian people have been vicimized, by U.S. almost 200 years of sanctions/embargos, colonization, "reparations" to former French slaveholders. They took Aristid to the CAR because it is colonized by France. He was detained there by French troops. He was unable to seek asylum in South Africa because he did not have access to a land phone line. --User:ALC 17:21, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::: There is a reality that is real, separate from anyone's perception. Perceptions of that reality are far removed from the objective reality of what happened. That belongs on a different page. I posted the sources. Aristide himself is changing his story every interview, ya think he may benefit from notecards? The Haitian people are victimized by greed from their leaders. I have worked with Haitian people right off the boat, and at the Krome Ave Camp, I am painfully aware of the tragedy of the past, and I am upset at the dashing of the hopes that came when Aristide was first elected. That isn't NPOV, and neither are your statements here. If I am so wrong find a good source to prove it wrong. User:Dominick 17:35, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==CAR exile== Is he really being held incommunicado in the CAR? He seems to be pretty chatty for being forced into silence. I shall discuss it here and see if anyone else agrees. User:Dominick 17:39, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Looks like I got the CAR quote from [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/03/international/africa/03ARIS.html?ex=1078894800&en=ee6e072e96f7b0e3&ei=5062&partner=GOOGLE this NY times article] which says the CAR consul general in johannesburg says he is incommunicado and "under protection". User:DanKeshet :: A south African paper [http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1492830,00.html] is reporting that they are trying to determine if he is leaving the CAR. Are we referring to his being kept from the press? A CAR spokeman indicates that the CAR is trying to get a clear plan from Mr. Aristide, and it implies he isn't talking. Being allowed to talk and not talking is a different thing indeed. I made these comment in TALK, to minimize page changes. User:Dominick 17:59, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Resignation statement change == The Reuters article re: the resignation statement change is a bit spotty. On DN, the Haitian consul to the UN said that the English was mistranslated to drop the conditional tense which was used in the original creole. The quote used in the Reuters report doesn't disagree with this story if he was read back the statement in English; they just interpreted his quote to mean that it was changed, not that it was mistranslated. User:DanKeshet 20:33, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) ==Guy Philippe== The long addition to the article about Guy Philippe should go in his own article, or maybe in 2004 Haiti Rebellion, but not here. User:Everyking 04:42, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==CARICOM and resignation stories== I am wondering when we ought to break all the resignations and responses into another place? CARICOM isn't exactly as big and influential as OAS. :-) User:Dominick 04:53, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :I've suggested creating a new article dealing with the recent Haitian political situation and international responses to it and involvement in it (as opposed to the military situation, as covered in 2004 Haiti Rebellion, or Aristide biographical information) that could cover all of this stuff in depth, since there seem to be plenty of people willing to write about it. User:Everyking 04:59, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :IMHO, the CARICOM stuff should go into 2004 Haiti Rebellion. This is an ongoing story; there's no telling where it will go from here--might as well keep it all in one article until history tells us how to arrange them. It'll be much easier to do three months from now. The Guy Philipe stuff should go into, well, Guy Philippe? :) User:DanKeshet 06:51, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC) ==Legitimacy of election results== Cut from intro paragraph: :Formerly a Catholic priest, he became the first democratically elected leader of Haiti in 1991, five years after the fall of the Jean-Claude Duvalier regime. I agree: *that he was formerly a Catholic priest *that he became the leader of Haiti in 1991 *that 1991 was , five years after the fall of the Jean-Claude Duvalier regime. I dispute that: *he became the democratically elected leader of Haiti There's no doubt that the government of Haiti conducted elections in 1990. What many organizations and individual writers dispute is: *whether the elections were "free and fair" **Aristide and his supporters say yes **Human Rights Watch and others say no *whether a candidate who runs essentially unopposed can be considered the legitimate winner of an election **Aristide's supporters say that 92% of votes cast speaks for itself **Aristide's opponents argue that they boycotted the presidential election because (a) the government had disregarded the results of the legislative election, so (b) they expected the government to pull a similar trick on the presidential election. I don't think the Wikipedia should take sides, so it should not endorse either side's claim. I recommend: *we label the phrase "first democratically elected president" as POV and attribute it to Aristide, his Haitian supporters and any foreign advocates *we list any major groups or individuals who called into question the legitimacy of Aristide's election. --User:Ed Poor 14:56, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Ed, you've confused the 1990 elections with the 2000 elections. Nobody, at least nobody that I'm aware of, disputes that he was freely elected in 1990. So I think you should restore all that stuff you removed. User:Everyking 17:28, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::You're right about me confusing the 2 different times Aristide was "elected". Feel free to correct my mistakes. ::I'm better at neutrality than accuracy, I guess. --User:Ed Poor 21:39, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Elections in 2000== US Senator Jesse Helms said, :The legitimacy of the May 21, 2000, elections has been compromised by organizational flaws, political murders, the involvement of the Haitian National Police in the arrest and intimidation of opposition figures, manipulation of the independent Provisional Electoral Council by the Government of Haiti and the ruling Fanmi Lavalas party, and the publication of fraudulent results. [http://www.intervision2000.com/iv2-dcforum/relations-internationales/19.html] I've read there were only seven contested seats in the Senate, a fact which the US and others blew out of proportion... And if the Commondreams.org article is correct, what's stopping me from saying that this Senator's statement was contributing to the anti-Aristide propaganda campaign? --Trebor, 11 Oct 2004 7:09PM EST ==Improvements== Cut from article: :Aristide quickly made signal improvements in the quality of government. This is an excellent topic sentence for a paragraph that describes how Aristide improved government. However, the paragraph it heads doesn't talk about any such improvements, let alone clearly recognizable or undisputed ones. Looks like the contributor's own POV. --User:Ed Poor 15:08, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) I've also read/heard that Aristide built schools, literacy programs, a medical school, etc. Maybe this should be included? --Trebor, 11 Oct 2004, 7:11PM EST == Wikipedia mentioned by spammer == I just received a advance fee fraud spam, allegedly from Aristide's personal attorney. It linked to this Wikipedia article as confirmation of the historical facts it was exploiting. Wikipedia is famous. :-) User:Ortonmc 00:21, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC) --- Two of the links at the bottom of the page don't work anymore. (anonymous web browser) == Academic Title == The "Dr." was removed from Aristide's name at the article's start, explanation given that it's an academic title. Is that a good reason to remove it? User:Krupo 03:07, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC) ==It seems kinda lame== that some wikipedia users apparently doubt that a 91.8% reelection is not proof of vote-rigging or irregularities. it's fine if you don't like Aristide's opposition but I think the fairness of the election is pretty clear User:Trey Stone 21:05, 8 May 2005 (UTC) == Yahoo News Links == All or almost all of the Yahoo news links given as cites here are dead. You shouldn't link to Yahoo news, because its URLs are only temporary. We're going to need to go through and replace all those links, particularly in the "Departure from Haiti" section. User:Mr. Billion 08:06, 21 May 2005 (UTC)
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Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born July 15, 1953) is a Haitian politician and former Roman Catholicism priest who was List of Presidents of Haiti in 1991, from 1994 to 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. Aristide's supporters laud him as "the first democracy elected leader of Haiti" and a friend of the poor. Critics claim that he became dictatorship and corrupt once in power, and was unpopular enough to be twice overthrown, first in a military coup (September 1991) and subsequently in a 2004 Haiti rebellion in which former soldiers prominently participated (February 2004). After his second ouster, he maintained from exile in South Africa that he was still the legal and legitimate president and that United States forces had kidnapped him. ==Education and church career== Aristide was born in Port-Salut, Haiti. He was educated at schools in Port-au-Prince and at the College Notre Dame, graduating in 1974. He then took a course of novitiate studies in La Vega before returning to Haiti to study philosophy at the Grand Seminaire Notre Dame and psychology at the State University of Haiti. After completing his post-graduate studies in 1979, he travelled in Europe, studying in Italy and Israel. Aristide returned to Haiti in 1983 for his ordination. He was appointed curate of a small parish in Port-au-Prince and then a larger one in the La Saline slums, gaining the affectionate Creole nickname "Titide" or "Titid" (tiny Aristide). An exponent of liberation theology, he became a leading figure in the more radical wing of the Catholic faith in Haiti (the ''ti legliz'' — from the Haitian Creole for "little church"), broadcasting his sermons on the national Catholic radio station. The Duvalier regime tried repeatedly to silence him. Only the collapse of the regime in April 1986 saved him. In September 1988, Aristide was expelled from his Salesian Society order for "incitement to hate and violence (and) the exaltation of class struggle." [http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/namerica/aristide.html] In 1995 Aristide left the priesthood. In 1996 he married Mildred Trouillot, a United States citizen, with whom he had two daughters. ==First presidency and coup== Following the violence at the abortive national elections of 1987, the 1990 polls were approached with caution. Aristide announced his candidacy for the presidency and following a six-week campaign, during which he dubbed his followers "Lavalas" — "the flood" or "torrent" in Haitian Creole — the "little priest" was elected President with 67 percent of the vote. Aristide took office on February 7, 1991, becoming Haiti's second democratically elected leader (see Leslie Manigat). Like Manigat, he was forced out of office after less than a year: on September 30, 1991 a military coup d'état forced Aristide to flee. A large-scale exodus of boat people ensued. The United States Coast Guard rescued a total of 41,342 Haitians during 1991 and 1992, more than the number of rescued refugees from the previous 10 years combined. Aristide spent his basic exile in Venezuela and then in the United States, working hard to develop international support. Under U.S. and international pressure, the military regime backed down and U.S. troops were deployed in the country. On October 15, 1994, Aristide returned to Haiti to complete his term in office. Military rule had dealt a strong blow to Haiti's weak economy and much of Aristide's time was taken with economic measures. He also purged the Haitian army of many School of the Americas trained officers and established a civilian police force. In the ''National Assembly of Haiti'' elections of June 1995, a multi-party coalition, the ''Organisation Politique Lavalas'' (OPL) won a convincing victory. Aristide's first term ended in February 1996, and the constitution did not allow him to serve consecutive terms. There was some dispute over whether Aristide should serve the three years he had lost in exile prior to new elections, or whether his term in office should instead be counted strictly according to the date of his inauguration; under U.S. pressure, it was decided that the latter should be the case. René Préval, a prominent ally of Aristide and Prime Minister since 1991 under Aristide, ran during the 1995 presidential election and took 88% of the vote. This marked the first time in Haitian history that there was a peaceful and democratic transition of power. ==Second presidency and rebellion== In late 1996, Aristide broke from the OPL and created a new political party, the Fanmi Lavalas. The OPL, holding the majority in the Senate of Haiti and the Chamber of Deputies of Haiti, renamed itself the Organisation du Peuple en Lutte, maintaining the OPL acronym. Elections in April 1997 for the Senate drew only about 5 percent of registered voters and were plagued with allegations of fraud, the Préval government refused to accept the results. New elections in May 2000 occurred for almost the entire ''Assemblée Nationale''. Opposition-owned radio stations reported turnout of around 10%, but election officials and international observers reported around 60% turnout. The FL won a sweeping victory, but the methods used by the ''Conseil Electoral Provisoire'' (CEP) in counting the votes were rejected by opposition parties, which united as the ''Convergence Democratique'' (CD) and demanded that the elections be ignored. Aristide won the presidential election in November 2000 with 91.8% of the vote. Most of the opposition parties boycotted this election, claiming that they had no fair chance. After the election, the Organization of American States issued a report that the election was unfair and that the methodology for counting votes was flawed. Aristide supporters have claimed that the OAS report was engineered by the U.S. solely based on hostility to the president's policies. They also have questioned why the organization waited until after the election results to challenge the methodology, saying it was aware of the vote-counting process beforehand. The International Organization of Independent Observers, a private volunteer organization, reported that the election went over smoothly and they witnessed no irregularities. [http://www.quixote.org/haiti/elections/Election_Press_Release_22may2000.html] However, the majority of Western governments claimed the election was blatantly rigged. In response, the Bill Clinton worked with the European Union to block a $500 million loan from the Inter-American Development Bank to Haiti, fearing that Aristide's government was corrupt and the money would go to waste. On February 7, 2001, Aristide was sworn in for his second term as President of Haiti. That same day, the CD swore in Gerard Gourgue as head of a new provisional government. Aristide agreed to reform the CEP, but he did not include any supporters of the opposition in the new body. Jean-Marie Cherestal was made the new Prime Minister in March 2001. The CD rejected both changes and in response the Government tried to have Gourgue arrested. The economy suffered as political control stalled. Aristide made moves to placate the opposition — in June 2001 certain senators holding contested seats resigned — but talks between the FL and the CD repeatedly failed. There was an attempted coup in mid-December 2001 and Cherestal resigned in January 2002, as the economy continued to slump. Due to the objections of the opposition, elections were not held as scheduled in late 2003, and consequently the terms of most legislators expired in January, forcing Aristide to rule by decree. He promised to organize elections within six months, but the opposition refused to accept anything less than Aristide's resignation. Aristide's opponents continued to accuse him of being corrupt and of using violence to attack political opponents. He maintained close ties not only to the Haitian police force, but also to street gangs such as the "Cannibal Army." [http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/H/HAITI?SITE=DCTMS&SECTION=HOME]. His government built parks and facilities for the gangs in exchange for cooperation with his government. After the assassination of the leader of the Cannibal Army, Amiot Metayer, who had begun committing excessive acts of violence, that gang turned solidly against Aristide and joined the opposition. In January 2004, political violence between Aristide supporters and supporters of the opposition escalated sharply, and on February 5, 2004, a rebel group calling itself the Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front seized control of Haiti's fourth-largest city, Gonaïves, marking the beginning of a 2004 Haiti Rebellion against Aristide. By February 22, the rebels had captured Haiti's second-largest city, Cap-Haïtien, and effectively split Haiti between a rebel-held north and a government-held south. The rebellion, led by former Cap-Haïtien police chief Guy Philippe, has been referred to as a "military coup" by Aristide's lawyer, who claimed that the heavy weaponry used by the rebels were shipped in from the Dominican Republic [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/02/25/1613200]. As the end of February 2004 approached, rebels continued to advance to within miles of the capital, Port-au-Prince. ==Departure from Haiti== In the early morning of February 29, 2004, after being harshly condemned by the governments of France and the United States, Aristide flew on a US-dispatched airplane to the Central African Republic. The circumstances surrounding this flight are a matter of controversy. According to the ''Washington Times,'' :Mr. Aristide, who accuses the United States and France of conspiring to force him out of power, filed a lawsuit in Paris last week accusing unnamed French officials of "death threats, kidnapping and sequestration" in connection with his flight to Africa. :The George W. Bush insists that Mr. Aristide had personally asked for help and voluntarily boarded a U.S. plane. "He drafted and signed his letter of resignation all by himself and then voluntarily departed with his wife and his own security team," Mr. Powell said. [http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040406-124703-4585r.htm] Many media sources reported that Aristide had resigned and been refused asylum by South Africa. On March 1, 2004, US Congresswoman Maxine Waters (D-CA), along with Randall Robinson, a family friend of the Aristides, each reported that Aristide had told them using a smuggled cellular telephone that he had been forced to resign against his will by United States diplomats and U.S. Marines, and that he was abducted against his will, and continued to be held hostage by an undisclosed armed military guard. [http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20040301], [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040229/ts_nm/haiti_usa_dc_13] When asked whether Aristide was guarded in the Central African Republic by France officers, the French Defense Minister answered that Aristide was protected, not imprisoned, and that he would leave when he could; and that France had many officers present in the Central African Republic following the recent events in that country, but that they did not control Aristide's comings and goings [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/communiques/2004/i020304/020304.htm]. Both Maxine Waters and United States congressman Charles Rangel, [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040301/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/us_haiti_20] who also reported talking to Aristide via cellular telephone, said that Aristide said he had not been handcuffed while being led away, while the Agence France Press reported that the caretaker at Aristide's house claimed that Aristide had been handcuffed and led away at gunpoint.[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ft/20040302/bs_ft/1077690805324]. Other reports of Aristide being led away by heavily armed American troops have been made by an Aristide bodyguard and an Orthodox missionary [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=497303]. Aristide told CNN that there were unidentified civilian Americans and Haitians who had forced him to resign and board the plane leaving Haiti. [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040302/ts_nm/haiti_aristide_kidnap_dc_9] The United States vice-president Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin Powell both reported that Aristide had resigned willingly [http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040302-024937-3556r.htm], [http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1078139090204&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968705899037]. The Associated Press reported that the Central African Republic tried to get Aristide to stop repeating his charges to the press [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040302-1154-aristideexile.html]. Aristide has further alleged that the resignation statement that is being touted was altered to remove a conditional statement in which he stated,"'If I am obliged to leave in order to avoid bloodshed." [http://www.reuters.co.uk/printerFriendlyPopup.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=467806]; this was confirmed by a Reuters translation of Aristide's original statement, which matches up word for word except for the one line, in which the conditional has been removed. On 14 March 2004, he left the Central African Republic for Jamaica, to the dismay of the French and American governments, who felt that his presence in the area would have a destabilizing effect on Haiti. The American ambassador to Haiti, James Foley, issued a warning to Aristide to stay at least 150 miles away from Haiti at all times. Condoleezza Rice is reported to have said that she did not want him in the Western Hemisphere. [http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2004/200403/20040316.html] After arriving in Jamaica, Aristide gave a full interview, in which he claimed the following specifics (note: The US has neither confirmed nor denied these details, but has insisted that Aristide left willingly): He had met with US ambassador James Foley on February 28, 2004 — the day before the rebels were supposed to attack the capital. Foley agreed that Aristide should go on national television to appeal to the nation to remain calm, as he had done the night before. When he arrived at his residence, it was surrounded by "thousands" of troops, mostly Americans, which made him feel intimidated. The Americans told him they would provide him security as they escorted him to the media; however, instead, they took him straight to a white unmarked airplane with a US flag on the side. He was then obliged to board, followed by US troops in full gear who changed into civilian clothes once on board. On board were his wife and 19 members of Steele Foundation, a private mercenary corporation. Aristide's account was directly backed up by two witnesses: a pilot and Aristide aide, Franz Gabriel; and an American security guard on the security detail, who told the ''Washington Post'' about the subterfuge to lure Aristide away: "That was just bogus. It's a story they fabricated." [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61549-2004Mar15] On May 31, 2004, Aristide and his family flew to Johannesburg, South Africa, along with Congress of the United States from the Congressional Black Caucus. South Africa characterized his stay as "temporary". Since Aristide departure several high level members of his governement has been charged and plead guilty to drug trafficking including his security chief and head of airport security. ==See also== *Roland Perusse, historian ==External links== *[http://www.democracynow.org/static/haiti.shtml Democracy Now! coverage of Aristide's ouster (text/audio/video)] *[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0413-08.htm CommonDreams]: the US and France poopooh Aristide's charges; but they don't want the UN looking into them, either * http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2003/countryratings/haiti.htm * [https://listhost.uchicago.edu/mailman/listinfo/haiti-news Haiti-news list] Presidents of Haiti 1953 births
Jean-Bertrand Aristide
==On Truth== :"A statement by Aristide to California Congresswoman Maxine Waters stated that he did not resign, but was actually abducted by the United States Marines: "I was kidnapped by U.S. Marines and forced to leave Haiti, I did not resign."" Is this really true? Powell denies the kidnapping. [http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/americas/03/01/haiti.revolt/index.html] Should it be deleted or altered? --User:Vikingstad 20:56, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) :It's true that he claims it. User:Everyking 21:14, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Yes, that's true. It's nicely sourced. It's just right. --User:EvanProdromou 21:42, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Everything in here is correctly sourced, except the "initial reports" made that he resigned. Who made these reports? What were there sources? --DanKeshet Whoops, thanks for the catch, TUF-KAT. I corrected the erroneous statement that he fled to the Dominican Republic, but forgot to remove the word "neighboring". :) User:Rei I don't think we need the part about Chavez and his condemnation of Bush in this article. It's not really relevant to the life of Aristide. User:Everyking 20:23, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC) :I agree. It might be appropriate for the article about the revolt, though. User:DanKeshet 20:40, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC) I updated the article, removing wikis to NYT and Democracy Now, since the facts are well known and are carried by a number of more objective outlets. The reports of kidnapping seem to have been show false (but not proven false) seeing that his entire Haitian security team got on that plane with him. I imagine the story of Haiti has broken out of this page, and has been given it's own page with the details. I am afraid we will here no longer hear much from Aristide that is not calculated to return him to power. He is no longer a player in Haiti. User:Dominick 23:48, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC) * My mistake! Sorry! User:Dominick 23:53, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Your edits make the article less accurate and less NPOV. 1) The facts in dispute (e.g. did south africa refuse aristide asylum? did he resign willingly?) used to be attached to sources, thus indicating who believed what. Your edits have removed this. 2) You can believe that Randall Robinson and Maxine waters weren't telling the truth if you want, but the fact that they reported on Democracy now that they had received telephone calls from aristide is both relevant and undisputed. Please do not remove relevant, well-sourced statements. User:DanKeshet 04:55, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) ::The story isn't about what the NYT or Democracy Now said, it is about Aristide. In a way Democracy Now and Water's statements re-victimize the Haitian people. If DN is the primary source, then quote the article chapter and verse. There is no dispute that he resigned, does he have remorse? There is no dispute he is in CAR, is he free to leave? He certainly isn't in South Africa, so no Asylum deal has appeared. Using a POV source like DN swung the article more towards some nefarious plot that has less factual basis. User:Dominick 10:57, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Did you even listen to the sources? DN is a radio program. They had Maxine Waters and Randall Robinson, as well as the South African ambassador to the UN, live on the air. They are the primary sources, not DN. There very much is a dispute over whether Aristide resigned. Signing resignation papers at gunpoint is not a resignation. South Africa says that they were never approached about granting him asylum, so yes, "no asylum deal appeared". That is very different from them refusing him. There is no dispute that he is being held incommunicado in CAR. Aristide, through Waters, Rangel, etc. has said so, and so has the CAR (in the San Diego article linked at the end). I don't think you understand NPOV. NPOV does not mean eliminating sources because you believe they are biased. It means reporting all relevant assertions and stating who is making them. The assertions that Waters and Rangel and Robinson have made, on DN, are very relevant and should be so sourced. User:DanKeshet 17:18, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) :::Better reference. Posting a link, saysing that source XYZ interviewed someone is different than your inclusion from the last edit. Referring to some source as authoritative isn't worth of inclusion. Part of NPOV means using objective sources, and in the US that means we use mainstream press. Now you can make an arguement that the mainstream press isn't NPOV but thats another flame war. I am glad that the article has been improved with the additions. BTW, if he is incummunicado in CAR, then why is he still making statements? Cheers! User:Dominick 17:35, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::Dominick, first let me apologize; I responded to your comments on the talk page before I read your edits on the article. I disagreed much more strongly with your comments than your edits. Re: mainstream sources, I couldn't disagree with you more, but as you say, this is not the forum for such a discussion. ;) User:DanKeshet 17:50, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) ::: Thanks! I think we both agree events are unfolding. comments are more speculative, but what goes on the page must be NPOV. No apology needed. :-) User:Dominick 18:01, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::Dominik, I think you would know by now that there is no reality, only perceptions of reality. Wherever you are getting your information is presenting it as "truth" and its showing up in your postings. The whole point of Wikipedia is to present multiple truths. The Hatian people have been vicimized, by U.S. almost 200 years of sanctions/embargos, colonization, "reparations" to former French slaveholders. They took Aristid to the CAR because it is colonized by France. He was detained there by French troops. He was unable to seek asylum in South Africa because he did not have access to a land phone line. --User:ALC 17:21, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::: There is a reality that is real, separate from anyone's perception. Perceptions of that reality are far removed from the objective reality of what happened. That belongs on a different page. I posted the sources. Aristide himself is changing his story every interview, ya think he may benefit from notecards? The Haitian people are victimized by greed from their leaders. I have worked with Haitian people right off the boat, and at the Krome Ave Camp, I am painfully aware of the tragedy of the past, and I am upset at the dashing of the hopes that came when Aristide was first elected. That isn't NPOV, and neither are your statements here. If I am so wrong find a good source to prove it wrong. User:Dominick 17:35, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==CAR exile== Is he really being held incommunicado in the CAR? He seems to be pretty chatty for being forced into silence. I shall discuss it here and see if anyone else agrees. User:Dominick 17:39, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Looks like I got the CAR quote from [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/03/international/africa/03ARIS.html?ex=1078894800&en=ee6e072e96f7b0e3&ei=5062&partner=GOOGLE this NY times article] which says the CAR consul general in johannesburg says he is incommunicado and "under protection". User:DanKeshet :: A south African paper [http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1492830,00.html] is reporting that they are trying to determine if he is leaving the CAR. Are we referring to his being kept from the press? A CAR spokeman indicates that the CAR is trying to get a clear plan from Mr. Aristide, and it implies he isn't talking. Being allowed to talk and not talking is a different thing indeed. I made these comment in TALK, to minimize page changes. User:Dominick 17:59, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Resignation statement change == The Reuters article re: the resignation statement change is a bit spotty. On DN, the Haitian consul to the UN said that the English was mistranslated to drop the conditional tense which was used in the original creole. The quote used in the Reuters report doesn't disagree with this story if he was read back the statement in English; they just interpreted his quote to mean that it was changed, not that it was mistranslated. User:DanKeshet 20:33, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC) ==Guy Philippe== The long addition to the article about Guy Philippe should go in his own article, or maybe in 2004 Haiti Rebellion, but not here. User:Everyking 04:42, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==CARICOM and resignation stories== I am wondering when we ought to break all the resignations and responses into another place? CARICOM isn't exactly as big and influential as OAS. :-) User:Dominick 04:53, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :I've suggested creating a new article dealing with the recent Haitian political situation and international responses to it and involvement in it (as opposed to the military situation, as covered in 2004 Haiti Rebellion, or Aristide biographical information) that could cover all of this stuff in depth, since there seem to be plenty of people willing to write about it. User:Everyking 04:59, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :IMHO, the CARICOM stuff should go into 2004 Haiti Rebellion. This is an ongoing story; there's no telling where it will go from here--might as well keep it all in one article until history tells us how to arrange them. It'll be much easier to do three months from now. The Guy Philipe stuff should go into, well, Guy Philippe? :) User:DanKeshet 06:51, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC) ==Legitimacy of election results== Cut from intro paragraph: :Formerly a Catholic priest, he became the first democratically elected leader of Haiti in 1991, five years after the fall of the Jean-Claude Duvalier regime. I agree: *that he was formerly a Catholic priest *that he became the leader of Haiti in 1991 *that 1991 was , five years after the fall of the Jean-Claude Duvalier regime. I dispute that: *he became the democratically elected leader of Haiti There's no doubt that the government of Haiti conducted elections in 1990. What many organizations and individual writers dispute is: *whether the elections were "free and fair" **Aristide and his supporters say yes **Human Rights Watch and others say no *whether a candidate who runs essentially unopposed can be considered the legitimate winner of an election **Aristide's supporters say that 92% of votes cast speaks for itself **Aristide's opponents argue that they boycotted the presidential election because (a) the government had disregarded the results of the legislative election, so (b) they expected the government to pull a similar trick on the presidential election. I don't think the Wikipedia should take sides, so it should not endorse either side's claim. I recommend: *we label the phrase "first democratically elected president" as POV and attribute it to Aristide, his Haitian supporters and any foreign advocates *we list any major groups or individuals who called into question the legitimacy of Aristide's election. --User:Ed Poor 14:56, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) :Ed, you've confused the 1990 elections with the 2000 elections. Nobody, at least nobody that I'm aware of, disputes that he was freely elected in 1990. So I think you should restore all that stuff you removed. User:Everyking 17:28, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::You're right about me confusing the 2 different times Aristide was "elected". Feel free to correct my mistakes. ::I'm better at neutrality than accuracy, I guess. --User:Ed Poor 21:39, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Elections in 2000== US Senator Jesse Helms said, :The legitimacy of the May 21, 2000, elections has been compromised by organizational flaws, political murders, the involvement of the Haitian National Police in the arrest and intimidation of opposition figures, manipulation of the independent Provisional Electoral Council by the Government of Haiti and the ruling Fanmi Lavalas party, and the publication of fraudulent results. [http://www.intervision2000.com/iv2-dcforum/relations-internationales/19.html] I've read there were only seven contested seats in the Senate, a fact which the US and others blew out of proportion... And if the Commondreams.org article is correct, what's stopping me from saying that this Senator's statement was contributing to the anti-Aristide propaganda campaign? --Trebor, 11 Oct 2004 7:09PM EST ==Improvements== Cut from article: :Aristide quickly made signal improvements in the quality of government. This is an excellent topic sentence for a paragraph that describes how Aristide improved government. However, the paragraph it heads doesn't talk about any such improvements, let alone clearly recognizable or undisputed ones. Looks like the contributor's own POV. --User:Ed Poor 15:08, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) I've also read/heard that Aristide built schools, literacy programs, a medical school, etc. Maybe this should be included? --Trebor, 11 Oct 2004, 7:11PM EST == Wikipedia mentioned by spammer == I just received a advance fee fraud spam, allegedly from Aristide's personal attorney. It linked to this Wikipedia article as confirmation of the historical facts it was exploiting. Wikipedia is famous. :-) User:Ortonmc 00:21, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC) --- Two of the links at the bottom of the page don't work anymore. (anonymous web browser) == Academic Title == The "Dr." was removed from Aristide's name at the article's start, explanation given that it's an academic title. Is that a good reason to remove it? User:Krupo 03:07, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC) ==It seems kinda lame== that some wikipedia users apparently doubt that a 91.8% reelection is not proof of vote-rigging or irregularities. it's fine if you don't like Aristide's opposition but I think the fairness of the election is pretty clear User:Trey Stone 21:05, 8 May 2005 (UTC) == Yahoo News Links == All or almost all of the Yahoo news links given as cites here are dead. You shouldn't link to Yahoo news, because its URLs are only temporary. We're going to need to go through and replace all those links, particularly in the "Departure from Haiti" section. User:Mr. Billion 08:06, 21 May 2005 (UTC)
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JA | JB | JC | JD | JE | JF | JG | JH | JI | JK | JL | JM | JN | JO | JP | JR | JS | JT | JU | JW | JX | JY | JZ |Words begining with Jean-Bertrand_Aristide:
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