
chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron is group 8 and period 4 metal. == Notable characteristics == Iron is the most abundant metal, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant chemical element in the universe. Iron is also the most abundant (by mass, 34.6%) element making up the Earth; the concentration of iron in the various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer crust; it is possible the Earth's inner core consists of a single iron crystal although it is more likely to be a mixture of iron and nickel; the large amount of iron in the Earth is thought to contribute to its Earth's magnetic field. Its symbol ''Fe'' is an abbreviation of ''ferrum'', the Latin word for iron. Iron is a metal extracted from iron ore, and is hardly ever found in the free (elemental) state. In order to obtain elemental iron, the impurities must be removed by chemical reduction (chemistry). Iron is used in the production of steel, which is not an element but an alloy, a solution of different metals (and some non-metals, particularly carbon). The nucleus of iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon, so it is the heaviest element that is produced exothermically through fusion and the lightest through fission. When a star has sufficient mass to produce iron, it does so. Soon afterward, the star will no longer produce sufficient energy in its core, and a supernova will ensue. Cosmological models with an open universe predict that there will be a phase where as a result of slow fusion and fission reactions, everything will become iron. == Applications == Iron is the most used of all the metals, comprising 95 percent of all the metal tonnage produced worldwide. Its combination of low cost and high strength make it indispensable, especially in applications like automobiles, the hull (ship)s of large ships, and structural components for buildings. Steel is the best known alloy of iron, and some of the forms that iron takes include: * Pig iron has 4% – 5% carbon and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Its only significance is that of an intermediate step on the way from iron ore to cast iron and steel. * Cast iron contains 2% – 3.5% carbon and small amounts of manganese. Contaminants present in pig iron that negatively affect the material properties, such as sulfur and phosphorus, have been reduced to an acceptable level. It has a melting point in the range of 1420–1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together. It is extremely strong, hard and brittle. Working cast iron, even white hot cast iron, tends to break the object. * Carbon steel contains between 0.5% and 1.5% carbon, with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. * Wrought iron contains less than 0.5% carbon. It is a tough, malleable product, not as fusible as pig iron. It has a very small amount of carbon, a few tenths of a percent. If honed to an edge, it loses it quickly. * Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, etc. * Iron (III) oxides are used in the production of magnetic storage in computers. They are often mixed with other compounds, and retain their magnetic properties in solution. == History == The first signs of use of iron come from the Sumerians and the Egyptians, where around 4000 BC, small items, such as the tips of spears and ornaments, were being fashioned from iron recovered from meteorites. Because meteorites fall from the sky some linguists have conjectured that the English word ''iron'', which has cognates in many northern and western European languages, derives from the Etruscan ''aisar'' which means "the gods". By 3000 BC to 2000 BC, increasing numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the product) appear in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Egypt. However, their use appears to be ceremonial, and iron was an expensive metal, more expensive than gold. In The Illiad, weaponry is mostly bronze, but iron ingots are used for trade. Some resources (see the reference ''What Caused the Iron Age?'' below) suggest that iron was being created then as a by-product of copper refining, as sponge iron, and was not reproducible by the metallurgy of the time. By 1600 BC to 1200 BC, iron was used increasingly in the Middle East, but did not supplant the dominant use of bronze. In the period from the 12th to 10th century BC, there was a rapid transition in the Middle East from bronze to iron tools and weapons. The critical factor in this transition does not appear to be the sudden onset of a superior ironworking technology, but instead the disruption of the supply of tin. This period of transition, which occurred at different times in different parts of the world, is the ushering in of an age of civilization called the Iron Age. Concurrent with the transition from bronze to iron was the discovery of ''carburization'', which was the process of adding carbon to the irons of the time. Iron was recovered as sponge iron, a mix of iron and slag with some carbon and/or carbide, which was then repeatedly hammered and folded over to free the mass of slag and oxidise out carbon content, so creating the product wrought iron. Wrought iron was very low in carbon content and was not easily hardened by quenching. The people of the Middle East found that a much harder product could be created by the long term heating of a wrought iron object in a bed of charcoal, which was then quenched in water or oil. The resulting product, which had a surface of steel, was harder and less brittle than the bronze it began to replace. In China the first irons used were also meteoric iron, with archeological evidence for items made of wrought iron appearing in the northwest, near Xinjiang, in the 8th century BC. These items were made of wrought iron, created by the same processes used in the Middle East and Europe, and were thought to be imported by non-Chinese people. In the later years of the Zhou Dynasty (ca 550 BC), a new iron manufacturing capability began because of a highly developed kiln technology. Producing blast furnace capable of temperatures exceeding 1300 K, the Chinese developed the manufacture of cast iron, or pig iron. If iron ores are heated with carbon to 1420–1470 K, a molten liquid is formed, an alloy of about 96.5% iron and 3.5% carbon. This product is strong, can be cast into intricate shapes, but is too brittle to be worked, unless the product is ''decarburized'' to remove most of the carbon. The vast majority of Chinese iron manufacture, from the Zhou dynasty onward, was of cast iron. Iron, however, remained a pedestrian product, used by farmers for hundreds of years, and did not really affect the nobility of China until the Qin dynasty (ca 221 BC). Cast iron development lagged in Europe, as the smelters could only achieve temperatures of about 1000 K. Through a good portion of the Middle Ages, in Western Europe, iron was still being made by the working of sponge iron into wrought iron. Some of the earliest casting of iron in Europe occurred in Sweden, in two sites, Lapphyttan and Vinarhyttan, between 1150 and 1350 AD. There are suggestions by scholars that the practice may have followed the Mongols across Russia to these sites, but there is no clear proof of this hypothesis. In any event, by the late fourteenth century, a market for cast iron goods began to form, as a demand developed for cast iron cannonballs. Early iron smelting (as the process is called) used charcoal as both the heat source and the reducing agent. In 18th century England, wood supplies ran down and coke (fuel), a fossil fuel, was used as an alternative. This innovation by Abraham_Darby supplied the energy for the Industrial Revolution. == Occurrence == Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel alloy. About 5% of the meteorites similarly consist of iron-nickel alloy. Although rare, these are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by reduction with carbon in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000°C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke (fuel), and a ''flux'' such as limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the funace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke (fuel) reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: :6 carbon + 3 oxygen → 6 carbon monoxide The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore (in the chemical equation below, hematite) to molten iron, becoming carbon dioxide in the process: :6 carbon monoxide + 2 hematite → 4 Fe + 6 carbon dioxide The flux is present to melt impurities in the ore, principally silicon dioxide sand and other silicates. Common fluxes include limestone (principally calcium carbonate) and dolomite (magnesium carbonate). Other fluxes may be used depending on the impurities that need to be removed from the ore. In the heat of the furnace the limestone flux decomposes to calcium oxide (quicklime): :calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide Then calcium oxide combines then with silicon dioxide to form a ''slag''. :calcium oxide + silicon dioxide → wollastonite The slag melts in the heat of the furnace, which silicon dioxide would not have. In the bottom of the furnace, the molten slag floats on top of the more dense liquid iron, and spouts in the side of the furnace may be opened to drain off either the iron or the slag. The iron, once cooled, is called pig iron, while the slag can be used as a material in road construction or to improve mineral-poor soils for agriculture. Approximately 1100Mt (million tons) of iron ore was produced in the world in 2000, with a gross market value of approximately 25 billion US dollars. While ore production occurs in 48 countries, the five largest producers were China, Brazil, Australia, Russia and India, accounting for 70% of world iron ore production. The 1100Mt of iron ore was used to produce approximately 572Mt of pig iron. == Compounds == [[Image:LightningVolt Iron Ore Pellets.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production.]] Common oxidation states of iron include: * the Iron(II) state, Fe2+, previously ''ferrous'' is very common. * the Iron(III) state, Fe3+, previously ''ferric'', is also very common, for example in rust. * the Iron(IV) state, Fe4+, previously ''ferryl'', stabilized in some enzymes (e.g. peroxidase). * the Iron(VI) state, Fe6+ is also known, if rare, in potassium ferrate. * iron carbide Fe3C is known as cementite. ===See also=== *iron oxide == Biological role == Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacterium. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell membranes, nucleic acids, proteins etc. Animals incorporate iron into the heme complex, an essential component of cytochromes, which are proteins involved in redox reactions (including but not limited to respiration), and of oxygen carrying proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin. Inorganic iron involved in redox reactions is also found in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. A class of non-heme iron proteins is responsible for a wide range of functions within several life forms, such as enzymes methane monooxygenase (oxidizes methane to methanol), ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA replication), hemerythrins (oxygen transport and fixation in marine biology#other sea lifes) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters). When the body is fighting a bacterial infection, the body sequesters iron in the transporter protein transferrin so it cannot be used by bacteria. Iron distribution is heavily regulated in mammals. The iron absorbed from duodenum binds to transferrin, and carried by blood it reaches different cell (biology)s. There it gets by an as yet unknown mechanism incorporated into target proteins. [http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000079]. Good sources of dietary iron include meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, spinach, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed pea, strawberry and farina. Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as Ferrous fumarate. The Recommended Dietary Allowance for iron varies considerably based on the age, gender, and source of dietary iron (heme-based iron has higher bioavailability)[http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/294/0.pdf]. Also note the section below on #Precautions. == Isotopes == Iron has four naturally-occurring stable isotopes, 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe and 58Fe. The relative abundances of the Fe isotopes in nature are approximately 54Fe (5.8%), 56Fe (91.7%), 57Fe (2.2%) and 58Fe (0.3%). 60Fe is an extinct radionuclide which had a long half-life (1.5 Myr). Much of the past work on measuring the isotopic composition of Fe has centered on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis (i.e., meteorite studies) and ore formation. The isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists as it represents the most stable nucleus possible. It is not possible to perform fission or fusion on 56Fe and still liberate energy. This does not hold true for any other element. In phases of the meteorites ''Semarkona'' und ''Chervony Kut'' a correlation between the concentration of 60Nickel, the daughter product of 60Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes could be found which is evidence for the existence of 60Fe at time formation of solar system. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60Fe contributed, together with the energy released by decay of the radionuclide 26Aluminium, to the remelting and planetary differentiation of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago. The abundance of 60nickel present in extraterrestrial material may also provide further insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history. Of the stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin_(physics) (−1/2). For this reason, 57Fe has application as a spin isotope in chemistry and biochemistry. == Precautions == Excessive dietary iron is toxic, because excess ferrous iron reacts with peroxides in the body, producing free radicals. When iron is in normal quantity, the body's own antioxidant mechanisms can control this process. In excess, uncontrollable quantities of free radicals are produced. The lethal dose of iron in a two year old is about three grams of iron. One gram can induce severe poisoning. There are reported cases of children being poisoned by consuming between 10-50 tablets of ferrous sulfate over a few hour period. Overconsumption of iron is the single highest cause of death in children by unintentional ingestion of pharmaceuticals. The Dietary Reference Intake lists the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults as 45 milligram/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day. If iron intake is excessive a number of iron overload disorders can result, such as hemochromatosis. For this reason, people shouldn't take iron supplements unless they suffer from iron deficiency (medicine) and have consulted a doctor. Blood donation are at special risk of low iron levels and are often recommended to supplement their iron intake. ==References== *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/26.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Iron] == External links == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fe/index.html WebElements.com – Iron] * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html It's Elemental – Iron] Chemical elements Transition metals la:Ferrum lv:Dzelzs mi:Rino nds:Iesen simple:Iron vi:Sắt
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by User:Dwmyers, October 23, 2002. === Information Sources === Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/26.html Los Alamos National Laboratory -Iron]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron/ USGS Iron Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/fe_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Iron], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table was obtained from the sources listed on the subject page and WikiProject Elements but was reformatted and converted into SI units. ----- === Talk === Highest binding energy per nucleon apparently belongs to Ni-60, not Fe-56, according to the following website: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html#c1 I have not read the orginal reference: Fewell, M. P., "The Atomic Nuclide with the Highest Mean Binding Energy", Am. J. Phys. 63, July 1995. User:Maggie Austen posted Septemeber 29, 2004 ------------- The last edit changed "lowest energy per nucleon" to "highest binding energy per nucleon". How do chemists/physicists commonly measure binding energy? Is it the energy ''required'' to break up the nucleus, or is it the energy ''stored'' in the binding? Personally, I think of low-energy configurations as ones that systems converge to over time, and in that sense I would call iron low energy. Both fusion and fission tend towards iron. user:AxelBoldt, Saturday, May 4, 2002 :The binding energy is required to break up the nucles, i. e. to separate all nucleons. User:193.171.121.30 23:05, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC) : Can this be related to stars? Any elaboration on the atomic configuration and such, like is the fact that the fusion of iron doesn't produce energy anymore (such as in the cores of giant stars) - is this related to its magnetic properties? -- User:Natalinasmpf 13:50, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::If you are referring to its ferromagnetic properties- being attracted to magnets, etc, that is nothing to do with the stability of the nucleus. In fact gadolinium metal is also ferromagnetic, and that metal (atomic # 64) is far from being the most stable nucleus. It is an interesting coincidence, though, that three (iron, cobalt, nickel) of the four ferromagnetic metals come close to that point of high nuclear stability. User:Walkerma 03:08, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) -------------------------------- discovery of iron? First uses? User:Christopher Mahan -------------- There's nothing on this page about nutrition, anemia, hemoglobin? User:Koyaanis Qatsi :Patience! :) I am working my way here slowly but surely. --User:Maveric149 ::Eh, sorry. I know you're also short of time. I didn't mean to pin it on you specifically, BTW; I just meant to point out that it's an area that should be covered (and if I knew more than a short sentence about its role in metabolism, I would have added it myself). Best, User:Koyaanis Qatsi ---- Um, this says here that iron rich substances have melting points just over 1270K. Something isn't making sense. If pure iron has a melting point of 1800...that doesn't fit in with the reasoning behind why the Earth has a liquid outer core and a solid mantle. For that reasoning to work, iron rich substances have to have a higher melting point than pure iron...but it says here in this book that they have a melting point of 1270K :<...it further says that pure iron has a lower melting point than iron-rich materials plz respond on my talk page User:Lir 00:20 Nov 10, 2002 (UTC) ---- The chemical reaction CO2 + O2 -> 2CO looks nonsensical to me: by adding oxygen to carbon dioxide, one doesn't get carbon monoxide (which contains fewer oxygen than dioxide). -- User:Dnjansen 22:30 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC) == Poisonous effects == Might be nice to have a mitigateing part about what forms of iron are unlikely to be poinsenous (e.g. swllowing a ball bearing). Also mention initiatives to re-introduce iron cooking pots in areaas where iron deficeinecy is a problem. User:Rich Farmbrough 15:50, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) :Maybe also a mention that most breakfast cereals haivng "100%" of the USRDA of iron don't have it as organic molecules, but in the form of highly indigestable metallic iron shavings? (you can prove this with a NIB magnet)--User:64.162.10.104 22:25, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) : I recall reading a Reader's Digest article about the find that a lot of heart disease was due to excess iron intake which accumulated over the years, and that societies who don't take in as much iron (as compared to societies that eat red meat) don't suffer as much. Don't know its significance or not, since this meant organic molecule in take, but I was wondering how if it should be mentioned. -- User:Natalinasmpf 13:47, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Nori == I'm in two minds about reverting the Nori (Look Around You) link. It is vaugely related to iron, but not all that encyclopedic. Anyone want to offer a more decisive opinion? User:Josh Parris User_talk:Josh Parris 01:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Quite agree, "Nori" isn't worthy of a page of its own. Merged Nori Look Around You and removed the link from iron User:Zeimusu | User talk:Zeimusu 02:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Iron
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Words begining with Iron:
Iron
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Iron
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Iron(II,III)_oxide
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Iron(III)_chloride
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Iron-Age
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Iron-sulfur_proteins
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Iron-sulphur_world_theory
Iron-wood
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Ironbark
Ironbottom_Sound
Ironbound
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Ironbridge
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Ironbridge_Gorge
Ironbridge_Power_Station
IronCat
Ironclad
Ironclads
Ironclad_warship
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Ironclaw
Ironcorset
Irondale
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Irondequoit
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Irondequoit_Bay_State_Marine_Park
Irondisulfide
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Irong-Irong
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IRoNGRoN
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IronHelix
Ironhide
Ironic
Ironic
Ironically
Ironicqueery
Ironic_(song)
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Ironic_pages
Ironing
Ironing
Ironing_board
Ironiya_Sud'by_ili_s_Legkim_Parom
Ironiya_sud'by_ili_s_legkim_parom
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Ironiya_sud'by_ili_s_lekhkim_parom
Ironiya_Sudby
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Ironiya_sudby_ili_s_lekhkim_parom
Ironmaiden
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Ironton_(town),_WI
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Ironton_(village),_Sauk_County,_Wisconsin
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Ironweed
IronWiki
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Ironwood
Ironwood,_MI
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Ironworker
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Ironworks
Irony
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Iron_Acton
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Iron_Bert
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Iron_Butterfly_In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida_Riff.mp3
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Iron_City,_GA
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Iron_deficiency
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Iron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)
Iron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)
Iron_deficiency_anemia
Iron_Distance_Triathlon
Iron_disulfide
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Iron_Duke
Iron_Duke
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Iron_Duke_class_battleship
Iron_Duke_class_battleship
Iron_Duke_class_battleship
Iron_Eagle
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Iron_Fist_(album)
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Iron_Flag
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Iron_gall
Iron_Gate
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Iron_Gate,_VA
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Iron_Gate_(Danube)
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Iron_Horse_Regional_Trail
Iron_Horse_Trail
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Iron_Jawed_Angels
Iron_John
Iron_John:_A_Book_About_Men
Iron_Junction
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Iron_Kingdoms
Iron_Kong
Iron_Lad
Iron_Lady
Iron_lady
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Iron_law_of_oligarchy
Iron_law_of_prohibition
Iron_law_of_wages
Iron_legion
Iron_Lore
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Iron_Lung
Iron_lung
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Iron_Maiden
Iron_Maiden
Iron_Maiden
Iron_maiden
Iron_maiden
Iron_Maiden_(album)
Iron_Maiden_(album)
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Iron_Maiden_(band)
Iron_Maiden_albums
Iron_Maiden_discography
Iron_Man
Iron_Man
Iron_Man_(disambiguation)
Iron_Man_(song)
Iron_Man_and_Sub-Mariner
Iron_man_match
Iron_Man_riff.mp3
Iron_Mike
Iron_Mike_Tyson
Iron_Mind
Iron_minerals
Iron_mining
Iron_Monkey
Iron_monkey
Iron_Monkey_(band)
Iron_Monkey_(movie)
Iron_Mountain
Iron_Mountain,_MI
Iron_Mountain,_Michigan
Iron_Mountains
Iron_Mountains_(Middle-earth)
Iron_Mountain_Lake
Iron_Mountain_Lake,_Missouri
Iron_Mountain_Lake,_MO
Iron_Ore
Iron_ore
Iron_ore
Iron_ore_trade_during_World_War_II
Iron_orthophosphate
Iron_overload_disorder
Iron_overload_disorders
Iron_oxide
Iron_oxides
Iron_Palm
Iron_Palm
Iron_Pillar
Iron_pillar
Iron_pillar
Iron_poisoning
Iron_Post,_OK
Iron_Post,_Oklahoma
Iron_pyrite
Iron_pyrites
Iron_Range
Iron_Range
Iron_Range/Arrowhead
Iron_Range_National_Park
Iron_Range_Township,_Minnesota
Iron_Range_Township,_MN
Iron_Realms_Entertainment
Iron_Reaver_Soul_Stealer
Iron_Rhine
Iron_rice_bowl
Iron_rice_bowl
Iron_Ridge
Iron_Ridge,_WI
Iron_Ridge,_Wisconsin
Iron_Ring
Iron_Ring
Iron_ring
Iron_ring
Iron_River
Iron_River,_MI
Iron_River,_Michigan
Iron_River,_WI
Iron_River,_Wisconsin
Iron_River_Township,_MI
Iron_River_Township,_Michigan
Iron_Seed
Iron_Seed
Iron_Sheik
Iron_Shiek
Iron_Shirt
Iron_shot
Iron_sight
Iron_sights
Iron_smelting_process
Iron_spinel
Iron_Station
Iron_Station,_NC
Iron_Station,_North_Carolina
Iron_Storm
Iron_Storm_(PC)
Iron_Storm_(Sega_Saturn)
Iron_sulfide
Iron_sulphate
Iron_sulphide
Iron_Sunrise
Iron_triangle
Iron_triangle
Iron_vote
Iron_Warriors
Iron_works
Iron
chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron is group 8 and period 4 metal. == Notable characteristics == Iron is the most abundant metal, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant chemical element in the universe. Iron is also the most abundant (by mass, 34.6%) element making up the Earth; the concentration of iron in the various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer crust; it is possible the Earth's inner core consists of a single iron crystal although it is more likely to be a mixture of iron and nickel; the large amount of iron in the Earth is thought to contribute to its Earth's magnetic field. Its symbol ''Fe'' is an abbreviation of ''ferrum'', the Latin word for iron. Iron is a metal extracted from iron ore, and is hardly ever found in the free (elemental) state. In order to obtain elemental iron, the impurities must be removed by chemical reduction (chemistry). Iron is used in the production of steel, which is not an element but an alloy, a solution of different metals (and some non-metals, particularly carbon). The nucleus of iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon, so it is the heaviest element that is produced exothermically through fusion and the lightest through fission. When a star has sufficient mass to produce iron, it does so. Soon afterward, the star will no longer produce sufficient energy in its core, and a supernova will ensue. Cosmological models with an open universe predict that there will be a phase where as a result of slow fusion and fission reactions, everything will become iron. == Applications == Iron is the most used of all the metals, comprising 95 percent of all the metal tonnage produced worldwide. Its combination of low cost and high strength make it indispensable, especially in applications like automobiles, the hull (ship)s of large ships, and structural components for buildings. Steel is the best known alloy of iron, and some of the forms that iron takes include: * Pig iron has 4% – 5% carbon and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Its only significance is that of an intermediate step on the way from iron ore to cast iron and steel. * Cast iron contains 2% – 3.5% carbon and small amounts of manganese. Contaminants present in pig iron that negatively affect the material properties, such as sulfur and phosphorus, have been reduced to an acceptable level. It has a melting point in the range of 1420–1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together. It is extremely strong, hard and brittle. Working cast iron, even white hot cast iron, tends to break the object. * Carbon steel contains between 0.5% and 1.5% carbon, with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. * Wrought iron contains less than 0.5% carbon. It is a tough, malleable product, not as fusible as pig iron. It has a very small amount of carbon, a few tenths of a percent. If honed to an edge, it loses it quickly. * Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, etc. * Iron (III) oxides are used in the production of magnetic storage in computers. They are often mixed with other compounds, and retain their magnetic properties in solution. == History == The first signs of use of iron come from the Sumerians and the Egyptians, where around 4000 BC, small items, such as the tips of spears and ornaments, were being fashioned from iron recovered from meteorites. Because meteorites fall from the sky some linguists have conjectured that the English word ''iron'', which has cognates in many northern and western European languages, derives from the Etruscan ''aisar'' which means "the gods". By 3000 BC to 2000 BC, increasing numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the product) appear in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Egypt. However, their use appears to be ceremonial, and iron was an expensive metal, more expensive than gold. In The Illiad, weaponry is mostly bronze, but iron ingots are used for trade. Some resources (see the reference ''What Caused the Iron Age?'' below) suggest that iron was being created then as a by-product of copper refining, as sponge iron, and was not reproducible by the metallurgy of the time. By 1600 BC to 1200 BC, iron was used increasingly in the Middle East, but did not supplant the dominant use of bronze. In the period from the 12th to 10th century BC, there was a rapid transition in the Middle East from bronze to iron tools and weapons. The critical factor in this transition does not appear to be the sudden onset of a superior ironworking technology, but instead the disruption of the supply of tin. This period of transition, which occurred at different times in different parts of the world, is the ushering in of an age of civilization called the Iron Age. Concurrent with the transition from bronze to iron was the discovery of ''carburization'', which was the process of adding carbon to the irons of the time. Iron was recovered as sponge iron, a mix of iron and slag with some carbon and/or carbide, which was then repeatedly hammered and folded over to free the mass of slag and oxidise out carbon content, so creating the product wrought iron. Wrought iron was very low in carbon content and was not easily hardened by quenching. The people of the Middle East found that a much harder product could be created by the long term heating of a wrought iron object in a bed of charcoal, which was then quenched in water or oil. The resulting product, which had a surface of steel, was harder and less brittle than the bronze it began to replace. In China the first irons used were also meteoric iron, with archeological evidence for items made of wrought iron appearing in the northwest, near Xinjiang, in the 8th century BC. These items were made of wrought iron, created by the same processes used in the Middle East and Europe, and were thought to be imported by non-Chinese people. In the later years of the Zhou Dynasty (ca 550 BC), a new iron manufacturing capability began because of a highly developed kiln technology. Producing blast furnace capable of temperatures exceeding 1300 K, the Chinese developed the manufacture of cast iron, or pig iron. If iron ores are heated with carbon to 1420–1470 K, a molten liquid is formed, an alloy of about 96.5% iron and 3.5% carbon. This product is strong, can be cast into intricate shapes, but is too brittle to be worked, unless the product is ''decarburized'' to remove most of the carbon. The vast majority of Chinese iron manufacture, from the Zhou dynasty onward, was of cast iron. Iron, however, remained a pedestrian product, used by farmers for hundreds of years, and did not really affect the nobility of China until the Qin dynasty (ca 221 BC). Cast iron development lagged in Europe, as the smelters could only achieve temperatures of about 1000 K. Through a good portion of the Middle Ages, in Western Europe, iron was still being made by the working of sponge iron into wrought iron. Some of the earliest casting of iron in Europe occurred in Sweden, in two sites, Lapphyttan and Vinarhyttan, between 1150 and 1350 AD. There are suggestions by scholars that the practice may have followed the Mongols across Russia to these sites, but there is no clear proof of this hypothesis. In any event, by the late fourteenth century, a market for cast iron goods began to form, as a demand developed for cast iron cannonballs. Early iron smelting (as the process is called) used charcoal as both the heat source and the reducing agent. In 18th century England, wood supplies ran down and coke (fuel), a fossil fuel, was used as an alternative. This innovation by Abraham_Darby supplied the energy for the Industrial Revolution. == Occurrence == Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel alloy. About 5% of the meteorites similarly consist of iron-nickel alloy. Although rare, these are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. Industrially, iron is extracted from its ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by reduction with carbon in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000°C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke (fuel), and a ''flux'' such as limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the funace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke (fuel) reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: :6 carbon + 3 oxygen → 6 carbon monoxide The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore (in the chemical equation below, hematite) to molten iron, becoming carbon dioxide in the process: :6 carbon monoxide + 2 hematite → 4 Fe + 6 carbon dioxide The flux is present to melt impurities in the ore, principally silicon dioxide sand and other silicates. Common fluxes include limestone (principally calcium carbonate) and dolomite (magnesium carbonate). Other fluxes may be used depending on the impurities that need to be removed from the ore. In the heat of the furnace the limestone flux decomposes to calcium oxide (quicklime): :calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide Then calcium oxide combines then with silicon dioxide to form a ''slag''. :calcium oxide + silicon dioxide → wollastonite The slag melts in the heat of the furnace, which silicon dioxide would not have. In the bottom of the furnace, the molten slag floats on top of the more dense liquid iron, and spouts in the side of the furnace may be opened to drain off either the iron or the slag. The iron, once cooled, is called pig iron, while the slag can be used as a material in road construction or to improve mineral-poor soils for agriculture. Approximately 1100Mt (million tons) of iron ore was produced in the world in 2000, with a gross market value of approximately 25 billion US dollars. While ore production occurs in 48 countries, the five largest producers were China, Brazil, Australia, Russia and India, accounting for 70% of world iron ore production. The 1100Mt of iron ore was used to produce approximately 572Mt of pig iron. == Compounds == [[Image:LightningVolt Iron Ore Pellets.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production.]] Common oxidation states of iron include: * the Iron(II) state, Fe2+, previously ''ferrous'' is very common. * the Iron(III) state, Fe3+, previously ''ferric'', is also very common, for example in rust. * the Iron(IV) state, Fe4+, previously ''ferryl'', stabilized in some enzymes (e.g. peroxidase). * the Iron(VI) state, Fe6+ is also known, if rare, in potassium ferrate. * iron carbide Fe3C is known as cementite. ===See also=== *iron oxide == Biological role == Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacterium. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell membranes, nucleic acids, proteins etc. Animals incorporate iron into the heme complex, an essential component of cytochromes, which are proteins involved in redox reactions (including but not limited to respiration), and of oxygen carrying proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin. Inorganic iron involved in redox reactions is also found in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. A class of non-heme iron proteins is responsible for a wide range of functions within several life forms, such as enzymes methane monooxygenase (oxidizes methane to methanol), ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA replication), hemerythrins (oxygen transport and fixation in marine biology#other sea lifes) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters). When the body is fighting a bacterial infection, the body sequesters iron in the transporter protein transferrin so it cannot be used by bacteria. Iron distribution is heavily regulated in mammals. The iron absorbed from duodenum binds to transferrin, and carried by blood it reaches different cell (biology)s. There it gets by an as yet unknown mechanism incorporated into target proteins. [http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000079]. Good sources of dietary iron include meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, spinach, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed pea, strawberry and farina. Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as Ferrous fumarate. The Recommended Dietary Allowance for iron varies considerably based on the age, gender, and source of dietary iron (heme-based iron has higher bioavailability)[http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/294/0.pdf]. Also note the section below on #Precautions. == Isotopes == Iron has four naturally-occurring stable isotopes, 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe and 58Fe. The relative abundances of the Fe isotopes in nature are approximately 54Fe (5.8%), 56Fe (91.7%), 57Fe (2.2%) and 58Fe (0.3%). 60Fe is an extinct radionuclide which had a long half-life (1.5 Myr). Much of the past work on measuring the isotopic composition of Fe has centered on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis (i.e., meteorite studies) and ore formation. The isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists as it represents the most stable nucleus possible. It is not possible to perform fission or fusion on 56Fe and still liberate energy. This does not hold true for any other element. In phases of the meteorites ''Semarkona'' und ''Chervony Kut'' a correlation between the concentration of 60Nickel, the daughter product of 60Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes could be found which is evidence for the existence of 60Fe at time formation of solar system. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60Fe contributed, together with the energy released by decay of the radionuclide 26Aluminium, to the remelting and planetary differentiation of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago. The abundance of 60nickel present in extraterrestrial material may also provide further insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history. Of the stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin_(physics) (−1/2). For this reason, 57Fe has application as a spin isotope in chemistry and biochemistry. == Precautions == Excessive dietary iron is toxic, because excess ferrous iron reacts with peroxides in the body, producing free radicals. When iron is in normal quantity, the body's own antioxidant mechanisms can control this process. In excess, uncontrollable quantities of free radicals are produced. The lethal dose of iron in a two year old is about three grams of iron. One gram can induce severe poisoning. There are reported cases of children being poisoned by consuming between 10-50 tablets of ferrous sulfate over a few hour period. Overconsumption of iron is the single highest cause of death in children by unintentional ingestion of pharmaceuticals. The Dietary Reference Intake lists the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults as 45 milligram/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day. If iron intake is excessive a number of iron overload disorders can result, such as hemochromatosis. For this reason, people shouldn't take iron supplements unless they suffer from iron deficiency (medicine) and have consulted a doctor. Blood donation are at special risk of low iron levels and are often recommended to supplement their iron intake. ==References== *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/26.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Iron] == External links == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fe/index.html WebElements.com – Iron] * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html It's Elemental – Iron] Chemical elements Transition metals la:Ferrum lv:Dzelzs mi:Rino nds:Iesen simple:Iron vi:Sắt
Iron
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by User:Dwmyers, October 23, 2002. === Information Sources === Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/26.html Los Alamos National Laboratory -Iron]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron/ USGS Iron Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/fe_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Iron], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table was obtained from the sources listed on the subject page and WikiProject Elements but was reformatted and converted into SI units. ----- === Talk === Highest binding energy per nucleon apparently belongs to Ni-60, not Fe-56, according to the following website: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html#c1 I have not read the orginal reference: Fewell, M. P., "The Atomic Nuclide with the Highest Mean Binding Energy", Am. J. Phys. 63, July 1995. User:Maggie Austen posted Septemeber 29, 2004 ------------- The last edit changed "lowest energy per nucleon" to "highest binding energy per nucleon". How do chemists/physicists commonly measure binding energy? Is it the energy ''required'' to break up the nucleus, or is it the energy ''stored'' in the binding? Personally, I think of low-energy configurations as ones that systems converge to over time, and in that sense I would call iron low energy. Both fusion and fission tend towards iron. user:AxelBoldt, Saturday, May 4, 2002 :The binding energy is required to break up the nucles, i. e. to separate all nucleons. User:193.171.121.30 23:05, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC) : Can this be related to stars? Any elaboration on the atomic configuration and such, like is the fact that the fusion of iron doesn't produce energy anymore (such as in the cores of giant stars) - is this related to its magnetic properties? -- User:Natalinasmpf 13:50, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::If you are referring to its ferromagnetic properties- being attracted to magnets, etc, that is nothing to do with the stability of the nucleus. In fact gadolinium metal is also ferromagnetic, and that metal (atomic # 64) is far from being the most stable nucleus. It is an interesting coincidence, though, that three (iron, cobalt, nickel) of the four ferromagnetic metals come close to that point of high nuclear stability. User:Walkerma 03:08, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) -------------------------------- discovery of iron? First uses? User:Christopher Mahan -------------- There's nothing on this page about nutrition, anemia, hemoglobin? User:Koyaanis Qatsi :Patience! :) I am working my way here slowly but surely. --User:Maveric149 ::Eh, sorry. I know you're also short of time. I didn't mean to pin it on you specifically, BTW; I just meant to point out that it's an area that should be covered (and if I knew more than a short sentence about its role in metabolism, I would have added it myself). Best, User:Koyaanis Qatsi ---- Um, this says here that iron rich substances have melting points just over 1270K. Something isn't making sense. If pure iron has a melting point of 1800...that doesn't fit in with the reasoning behind why the Earth has a liquid outer core and a solid mantle. For that reasoning to work, iron rich substances have to have a higher melting point than pure iron...but it says here in this book that they have a melting point of 1270K :<...it further says that pure iron has a lower melting point than iron-rich materials plz respond on my talk page User:Lir 00:20 Nov 10, 2002 (UTC) ---- The chemical reaction CO2 + O2 -> 2CO looks nonsensical to me: by adding oxygen to carbon dioxide, one doesn't get carbon monoxide (which contains fewer oxygen than dioxide). -- User:Dnjansen 22:30 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC) == Poisonous effects == Might be nice to have a mitigateing part about what forms of iron are unlikely to be poinsenous (e.g. swllowing a ball bearing). Also mention initiatives to re-introduce iron cooking pots in areaas where iron deficeinecy is a problem. User:Rich Farmbrough 15:50, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) :Maybe also a mention that most breakfast cereals haivng "100%" of the USRDA of iron don't have it as organic molecules, but in the form of highly indigestable metallic iron shavings? (you can prove this with a NIB magnet)--User:64.162.10.104 22:25, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) : I recall reading a Reader's Digest article about the find that a lot of heart disease was due to excess iron intake which accumulated over the years, and that societies who don't take in as much iron (as compared to societies that eat red meat) don't suffer as much. Don't know its significance or not, since this meant organic molecule in take, but I was wondering how if it should be mentioned. -- User:Natalinasmpf 13:47, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Nori == I'm in two minds about reverting the Nori (Look Around You) link. It is vaugely related to iron, but not all that encyclopedic. Anyone want to offer a more decisive opinion? User:Josh Parris User_talk:Josh Parris 01:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Quite agree, "Nori" isn't worthy of a page of its own. Merged Nori Look Around You and removed the link from iron User:Zeimusu | User talk:Zeimusu 02:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Iron
Iron
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I
IA | IB | IC | ID | IE | IF | IG | IH | IJ | IK | IL | IM | IN | IO | IP | IR | IS | IT | IU | IW | IX | IY | IZ |Words begining with Iron:
Iron
Iron
Iron
Iron(II)_chloride
Iron(II)_chloride
Iron(II)_fumarate
Iron(II)_oxide
Iron(II)_sulfate
Iron(II)_sulfate
Iron(II,III)_oxide
Iron(III)oxide
Iron(III)_chloride
Iron(III)_chloride
Iron(III)_oxide
Iron(III)_oxide
Iron-Age
Iron-clad_warship
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Iron-Deficiency_Anemia
Iron-gall_nut_ink
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Iron-on
Iron-ore
Iron-oxide
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Iron-sulfur_protein
Iron-sulfur_proteins
Iron-sulfur_proteins
Iron-sulfur_world_theory
Iron-sulphur_world_theory
Iron-wood
Iron/Temp
Iron/Temp
Ironbark
Ironbottom_Sound
Ironbound
Ironbridge
Ironbridge
Ironbridge,_Shropshire
Ironbridge_Gorge
Ironbridge_Power_Station
IronCat
Ironclad
Ironclads
Ironclad_warship
Ironclad_warship
Ironclad_warships
Ironclaw
Ironcorset
Irondale
Irondale,_AL
Irondale,_Alabama
Irondale,_Alabama
Irondale,_GA
Irondale,_Georgia
Irondale,_Missouri
Irondale,_Missouri
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Irondale,_OH
Irondale,_Ohio
Irondale_Township,_Minnesota
Irondale_Township,_MN
Irondequoit
Irondequoit,_Monroe_County,_New_York
Irondequoit,_New_York
Irondequoit_Bay_State_Marine_Park
Irondisulfide
Ironeater
IronFlare
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Ironforge
Irong-Irong
Irong-irong
IRoNGRoN
IRoNGRoN
IronHelix
Ironhide
Ironic
Ironic
Ironically
Ironicqueery
Ironic_(song)
Ironic_(song)
Ironic_cool
Ironic_pages
Ironing
Ironing
Ironing_board
Ironiya_Sud'by_ili_s_Legkim_Parom
Ironiya_sud'by_ili_s_legkim_parom
Ironiya_Sud'by_ili_s_Lekhkim_Parom
Ironiya_sud'by_ili_s_lekhkim_parom
Ironiya_Sudby
Ironiya_Sudby_ili_s_Legkim_Parom
Ironiya_sudby_ili_s_legkim_parom
Ironiya_Sudby_ili_s_Lekhkim_Parom
Ironiya_Sudby_ili_s_Lekhkim_Parom
Ironiya_sudby_ili_s_lekhkim_Parom
Ironiya_sudby_ili_s_lekhkim_parom
Ironmaiden
Ironmaiden
Ironman
Ironman419
Ironman_competition
Ironman_Triathlon
Ironman_Triathlon
Ironman_triathlon
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Ironmap
IronMind
IronMind
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Ironmongers'_Company
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IronPython
Ironpython
Ironseed
Ironside
Ironsides
Ironside_(cavalry)
Ironside_(television)
Ironside_(television_series)
Ironside_(TV_series)
Ironstone
Ironton
Ironton,_Minnesota
Ironton,_Missouri
Ironton,_MN
Ironton,_MO
Ironton,_OH
Ironton,_Ohio
Ironton,_WI
Ironton,_Wisconsin
Ironton_(town),_Sauk_County,_WI
Ironton_(town),_Sauk_County,_Wisconsin
Ironton_(town),_WI
Ironton_(town),_Wisconsin
Ironton_(village),_Sauk_County,_WI
Ironton_(village),_Sauk_County,_Wisconsin
Ironton_(village),_WI
Ironton_(village),_Wisconsin
Ironweed
IronWiki
IronWolve
Ironwood
Ironwood,_MI
Ironwood,_Michigan
Ironwood_Township,_MI
Ironwood_Township,_Michigan
Ironworker
Ironworkers
Ironworkers_Memorial_Bridge
Ironworkers_Memorial_Bridge
Ironworks
Irony
Irony
Ironyage
IronyWrit
Irony_is_a_Dead_Scene
Irony_of_Fate
Irony_of_fate
IRON^HAND
IRON^HAND
Iron_&_Wine
Iron_&_Wine
Iron_(appliance)
Iron_(disambiguation)
Iron_(element)
Iron_(II)_chloride
Iron_(II)_hydroxide
Iron_(II)_oxide
Iron_(II)_sulfate
Iron_(II)_sulfide
Iron_(II)_sulphide
Iron_(III)_oxide
Iron_(III)_oxide
Iron_Acton
Iron_Age
Iron_Age
Iron_age
Iron_Age_(mythology)
Iron_Age_Britain
Iron_Age_Hill_Towns
Iron_and_Wine
Iron_and_wine
Iron_Arrow_Honor_Society
Iron_Arry
Iron_Balls_McGinty
Iron_Bert
Iron_Bert
Iron_Body
Iron_body
Iron_Boots
Iron_Bottom_Sound
Iron_Bowl
Iron_Bridge
Iron_Brigade
Iron_Brigade
Iron_Butterfly
Iron_Butterfly
Iron_Butterfly_albums
Iron_Butterfly_In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida_Riff.mp3
Iron_Butt_Association
Iron_carbide
Iron_Chancellor
Iron_Chef
Iron_Chef
Iron_Chef
Iron_Chef_America
Iron_Chef_America
Iron_Chef_USA
Iron_City
Iron_City,_GA
Iron_City,_Georgia
Iron_City,_Tennessee
Iron_City,_TN
Iron_City_(beer)
Iron_compounds
Iron_corset
Iron_corset
Iron_corsetcover
Iron_Council
Iron_County
Iron_County,_MI
Iron_County,_Michigan
Iron_County,_Michigan
Iron_County,_Michigan
Iron_County,_Missouri
Iron_County,_Missouri
Iron_County,_Missouri
Iron_County,_MO
Iron_County,_UT
Iron_County,_Utah
Iron_County,_Utah
Iron_County,_Utah
Iron_County,_WI
Iron_County,_Wisconsin
Iron_County,_Wisconsin
Iron_County,_Wisconsin
Iron_Cross
Iron_Cross
Iron_cross
Iron_Cross_(band)
Iron_Crown
Iron_crown
Iron_Crown_(Middle-earth)
Iron_Crown_Enterprises
Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy
Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy
Iron_Curtain
Iron_Curtain
Iron_curtain
Iron_cycle
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Iron_deficiency
Iron_deficiency_(medicine)
Iron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)
Iron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)
Iron_deficiency_anemia
Iron_Distance_Triathlon
Iron_disulfide
Iron_Door_Club
Iron_Duke
Iron_Duke
Iron_Duke_(engine)
Iron_Duke_class_battleship
Iron_Duke_class_battleship
Iron_Duke_class_battleship
Iron_Eagle
Iron_Essay
Iron_Eyes_Cody
Iron_Eyes_Cody
Iron_Felix
Iron_Fist
Iron_Fist_(album)
Iron_Fist_(album)
Iron_Fist_(comics)
Iron_Flag
Iron_Flag
Iron_gall
Iron_Gate
Iron_gate
Iron_Gate,_VA
Iron_Gate,_Virginia
Iron_Gates
Iron_Gate_(Danube)
Iron_Gate_(Danube)
Iron_Giant
Iron_Guanyin
Iron_Guanyin_tea
Iron_Guard
Iron_Guard
Iron_Hands
Iron_Hills
Iron_horse
Iron_Horse,_CA
Iron_Horse,_California
Iron_Horse_Regional_Trail
Iron_Horse_Trail
Iron_hydroxide
Iron_Jawed_Angels
Iron_John
Iron_John:_A_Book_About_Men
Iron_Junction
Iron_Junction,_Minnesota
Iron_Junction,_MN
Iron_Kingdoms
Iron_Kong
Iron_Lad
Iron_Lady
Iron_lady
Iron_law_of_oligarchy
Iron_law_of_oligarchy
Iron_law_of_prohibition
Iron_law_of_wages
Iron_legion
Iron_Lore
Iron_Lore_Entertainment
Iron_Lung
Iron_lung
Iron_lung
Iron_Lung_Corp.
Iron_Maiden
Iron_Maiden
Iron_Maiden
Iron_maiden
Iron_maiden
Iron_Maiden_(album)
Iron_Maiden_(album)
Iron_Maiden_(band)
Iron_Maiden_(band)
Iron_Maiden_albums
Iron_Maiden_discography
Iron_Man
Iron_Man
Iron_Man_(disambiguation)
Iron_Man_(song)
Iron_Man_and_Sub-Mariner
Iron_man_match
Iron_Man_riff.mp3
Iron_Mike
Iron_Mike_Tyson
Iron_Mind
Iron_minerals
Iron_mining
Iron_Monkey
Iron_monkey
Iron_Monkey_(band)
Iron_Monkey_(movie)
Iron_Mountain
Iron_Mountain,_MI
Iron_Mountain,_Michigan
Iron_Mountains
Iron_Mountains_(Middle-earth)
Iron_Mountain_Lake
Iron_Mountain_Lake,_Missouri
Iron_Mountain_Lake,_MO
Iron_Ore
Iron_ore
Iron_ore
Iron_ore_trade_during_World_War_II
Iron_orthophosphate
Iron_overload_disorder
Iron_overload_disorders
Iron_oxide
Iron_oxides
Iron_Palm
Iron_Palm
Iron_Pillar
Iron_pillar
Iron_pillar
Iron_poisoning
Iron_Post,_OK
Iron_Post,_Oklahoma
Iron_pyrite
Iron_pyrites
Iron_Range
Iron_Range
Iron_Range/Arrowhead
Iron_Range_National_Park
Iron_Range_Township,_Minnesota
Iron_Range_Township,_MN
Iron_Realms_Entertainment
Iron_Reaver_Soul_Stealer
Iron_Rhine
Iron_rice_bowl
Iron_rice_bowl
Iron_Ridge
Iron_Ridge,_WI
Iron_Ridge,_Wisconsin
Iron_Ring
Iron_Ring
Iron_ring
Iron_ring
Iron_River
Iron_River,_MI
Iron_River,_Michigan
Iron_River,_WI
Iron_River,_Wisconsin
Iron_River_Township,_MI
Iron_River_Township,_Michigan
Iron_Seed
Iron_Seed
Iron_Sheik
Iron_Shiek
Iron_Shirt
Iron_shot
Iron_sight
Iron_sights
Iron_smelting_process
Iron_spinel
Iron_Station
Iron_Station,_NC
Iron_Station,_North_Carolina
Iron_Storm
Iron_Storm_(PC)
Iron_Storm_(Sega_Saturn)
Iron_sulfide
Iron_sulphate
Iron_sulphide
Iron_Sunrise
Iron_triangle
Iron_triangle
Iron_vote
Iron_Warriors
Iron_works
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