
[[image:inquisition2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Pedro Berruguete. ''Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe'' (1475).]] The Inquisition (latin: ''Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis Sanctum Officium'') was an office of the Catholic Church charged with suppressing heresy. Its actions and interactions with the local governments are subjects of considerable historical inquiry. ==Origin== The Inquisition was a permanent institution in the Catholic Church charged with the eradication of heresies. Unlike many other religions (e.g., Buddhism, Judaism, Islam), the Catholic Church has a hierarchical structure with a central bureaucracy. After Constantine I (emperor) ended the persecution of the church, the local administrative structures of the Church under the Roman Empire (later the Western Roman Empire) were able to then focus on dealing with heresy, and those whose beliefs or practices deviated sufficiently from the orthodoxy of the councils now became the objects of efforts to bring them into the fold. Heresies (from Greek ''haeresis'', sect, school of belief) were a problem for the Church from the beginning. Acts of the Apostles 15 recounts the convening of a Jerusalem Council to deal with the heresy of the Judaizers, who had contended with the Jerusalem faction in Asia Minor and especially Galatia. In the subsequent centuries there were the Arianism and Manichaeism; in the Middle Ages there were the Cathars and Waldenses; and in the Renaissance there were the Hussite, Lutheran Church, Calvinism, and Rosicrucian. Efforts to suppress heresies were initially ''ad hoc.'' But in the Middle Ages a permanent structure came into being to combat heresies. Beginning in the 12th century, Church Councils required secular rulers to prosecute heretics. ==History== There were four Inquisitions; in chronological order, they were the Medieval Inquisition, the Spanish Inquisition, the Portuguese Inquisition and the Roman Inquisition. ===Medieval Inquisition=== : ''Main article: Medieval Inquisition'' The first of the Medieval Inquisitions is called the Episcopal Inquisition and was established in the year 1184 by a papal bull, an official letter from the Pope, entitled ''Ad abolendam''; "For the purpose of doing away with". The Inquisition was in response to the growing Cathars heresy in southern France. It is called the "episcopal" because it was administered by local bishops, which in Greek is ''episcopos''. The episcopal Inquisition was not very effective for many reasons (see Medieval Inquisition). The Papal Inquisition in the 1230s was in response to the failures of the episcopal Inquisition and was staffed by professionals, trained specifically for the job as decreed by the Pope. Individuals were chosen from different orders and secular clergy, but primarily they came from the Dominican Order who had a number of traits that made them suitable (see Medieval Inquisition). After the 13th Century the Inquisition spread northward to Germany and Scandinavia. In northern Europe the Inquisition was considerably more benign: in the Scandinavian countries it had hardly any impact (although northern Europe had its own institutions such as the "witchhunt"). The Inquisition was never instituted in England, but Christopher Columbus carried it with him to the New World. ===Spanish Inquisition=== Unexpectedly, at the end of the 15th century, under Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, the Spanish inquisition became independent of Rome. In its dealings with converted Muslims and Jews and also illuminists, the Spanish Inquisition with its "auto de fe" represents a particularly notorious period in the history of the Inquisition. This inquisition also gave rise to the Mexican Inquisition, which continued in the Americas until Mexican Independence. ===Roman Inquisition=== Pope Paul III established, in 1542, a permanent congregation staffed with Cardinal (Catholicism) and other officials, whose task it was to maintain and defend the integrity of the faith and to examine and proscribe errors and false doctrines. This body, the Congregation of the Holy Office, now called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, part of the Roman Curia, became the supervisory body of local Inquisitions. The Pope appoints one of the cardinals to preside over the meetings. There are usually ten other cardinals on the Congregation, as well as a prelate and two assistants all chosen from the Dominican Order. The Holy Office also has an international group of consultants, experienced scholars of theology and canon law, who advise it on specific questions. In 1616 these consultants gave their assessment of the propositions that the Sun is immobile and at the center of the universe and that the Earth moves around it, judging both to be "foolish and absurd in philosophy," and the first to be "formally heretical" and the second "at least erroneous in faith" in theology. This assessment led to Copernicus's ''De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium'' to be placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, until revised and Galileo Galilei to be admonished about his Copernicanism. It was this same body in 1633 that tried Galileo, condemned him for a "grave suspicion of heresy", and banned all his works. Not all prosecutions of alleged heretics, atheists and other deviations from the Catholic faith were prosecuted by the Inquisition. In some countries, such as France under the ''ancien régime'', atheists and blasphemy could be prosecuted by civilian courts, with the possible penalty of death. ==Other Inquisitions== Even though the last Inquisition (The Spanish Inquisition) ended in 1834 almost 200 years ago, the word "Inquisition" remains a part of modern vocabulary; even those with no interest in European history associate it with negative meanings.[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/madden200406181026.asp] Because of the negative images associated with the Inquisition, the term has taken on a pejorative usage, and is often used to express disapproval, and is often used in a non-neutral manner, and not as a neutral historical descriptor. *Portugal carried out religious investigations in its overseas colonies, particularly Goa in India, where methods similar to the European Inquisitions were used to eliminate a sort of syncretism that was developing there, which combined aspects of Hinduism and Catholicism (see Goa Inquisition). *Some Christian fundamentalist authors like Jack Chick and Alberto Rivera, along with other like-minded authors, believe the Nazi the Holocaust was an Inquisition against the Jews undertaken by Hitler, a Catholic, at the behest of the Pope. This interpretation of history is highly controversial and is rejected by professional historians. *In modern American politics, United States Senate investigations are often called "Inquisitions" as a means of expressing disapproval of the investigators. For example some people call the Second Red Scare an inquisition. *Robert Anton Wilson's book ''The New Inquisition'' (ISBN 1561840025) is critical of the application of the Scientific Method in the 20th century. ==Derivative works== The Inquisitions have been the subject of many cultural works. Some include: *The Spanish Inquisition was the subject of a classic Monty Python sketch. ==See also== *witchhunt *Konrad von Marburg *Malleus Maleficarum *Inquisitorial system *Grand Inquisitor *Historical revisionism (political) ==References== * Edward M. Peters, ''Inquisition.'' (University of California Press, 1989). ISBN 0520066308 ** A brief, balanced inquiry, with an especially good section on the 'Myth of the Inquisition'. This is particularly valuable because much of the history available in English of the Inquisition was written in the 19th century by Protestants interested in documenting the dangers of Catholicism or Catholic apologists demonstrating that the Inquisition had been an entirely reasonable judicial body without flaws. * Henry Kamen, ''The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision.'' (Yale University Press, 1999). ISBN 0300078803 ** This revised edition of his 1965 original contributes to the understanding of the Spanish Inquisition in its local context. * Cecil & Irene Roth, ''A history of the Marranos'', Sepher-Hermon Press, 1974. * Simon Whitechapel, ''Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition'' (Creation Books, 2003). ISBN 1840681055 * William Thomas Walsh, ''Characters of the Inquisition'' (TAN Books, 1997). ISBN 0895553260 ** Favorable treatment of inquisitors. Anti-Semitism Jewish Spanish history Religious persecution Inquisition
A question to all you good Historians: I have heard and read many times that the inquisition burned millions of witches. However, when I read up about this, I find that this is not exactly correct is it? First of all, it is not countless. According to one source I read a year ago, the number of witches burned in Spain as a result of the spanish inquisition was counted as: 2. (Jews and heretics in the thousands, anywhere I have read). I have read many other accounts, but not a single one that I deem reliable supports millions. Most witches seem to have been burned by other groups of people, from what I have read. Since I have heard and read this in many places, perhaps it might be worthwhile for someone to write a something to sort this out. Just to get the numbers straight, at least on witches. What do you say? Is it a good idea to set something straight here, if only just to contradict what seems to be held as "common knowledge" about the inquisition? Daniel Demaret *yes, the Spanish Inquisition, but how many witches were killed by the ''papal'' inquisition? User:M.e 11:02, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) --- I removed a part of the article that was really not about the inquisition and it is really not accurate and is contradicted in the Wikipedia itself. Part of this seems to be being generated by interpretations being promoted in popular fiction books that are filled with inacuracies. Historical facts do not support these interpretations. AllanOlson Gosh I'd love to know what you're reading about this. DO tell me you're not writing off the top of your head. Let me suggest E.F. Peters on the Spanish Inquisition - a useful contemporary source. If you're reading ANYTHING written by a 19th century English speaker (especially if his name is Lea), you are toying with the ''Leyenda Negra''. --MichaelTinkler In fact, skimming back through earlier versions, someone had a pretty good version of the ''converso'' problem. I wonder why it disappeared? --MichaelTinkler ---- Which inquisition murdered :Jan Hus? --AxelBoldt :not an inquisition at all, but the :Council of Constance. The Conciliar movement wasn't all it was cracked up to be by 19th century historians. --MichaelTinkler ---- this is worse than it used to be. "Resistance was usually futile." Tell it to the popes! The Arian situation was NOT solved by the Council of Nicaea. In fact, because of imperial patronage Arianism became the variety of Christianity most consistently supported by the government for the next 50 or so years. Constantine didn't make Christianity the state religion - that was :Theodosius I in the 380s. --MichaelTinkler Removed from entry: : In the first two centuries after Jesus, many sects with wildly differing beliefs could call themselves Christian, and no one could authoritatively contradict them. However, after Emperor Constantine I of the Roman Empire legalized Christianity and the various local administrations were subordinated to the hierarchy centered in Rome, arguments could be resolved by Church Councils. The first such council, which had the most extensive effects, was the :Council of Nicea, which formulated the :Nicean Creed in :325. Those whose beliefs or practices deviated sufficiently from the orthodoxy of that Creed and other rulings of the councils could now be made "brought back to the fold" by the shepherd of the Church. Resistance was usually futile. See my comments above. I tried revising it (e.g., changing 'established as state church' to 'legalized') but then I realized that it's too messy to rewrite. I'll try something on the entry. --MichaelTinkler ---- What happened to NPOV? Yes, the Inquistions to us are pretty scary, but could we please try to remember that, to the vast majority of people living at the time of the first two Inquisitions discussed in this article, heresy was a BAD thing. Heresy existed, and not because of some conspiracy by Authority. Heretics not only went to hell, but their very presence in society put others at risk. At least, that's how your average medieval Christian would see it. CONTEXT IS IMPORTANT. User:JHK ---- ''Heresy is only a problem for religions that have centrally defined doctrines and dogma.'' :I removed this, because the article is about the Inquistions. This should be in an article about heresy. --User:Stephen Gilbert ---- Dmerill, why do you think links to Amazon support the NPOV? I think one could easily make the opposite case. Personally, I try to stay away from ISBN's altogether, because they tend to encourage people to buy the books rather than to just go to their library. Libraries typically don't use ISBN's, which is good, because ISBN's distinguish between different editions, hard- and softcover etc., which are usually irrelevant distinctions. --AxelBoldt :I would also encourage people to go to their library, but "encouraging" anything is by definition non-npov, isn't it? I'd be most happy to see us start listing the Dewey decimal catalog number as well so we aren't encouraging either way. And user:LC, below, is right on target. It's the specific, stated intention of removing Amazon that was most non-npov. And adding a wider selection of sources would be very, very welcome, but singling out anyone, however, vile I consider their business practices, is not npov. Sometimes it's hard to stand by a principle like npov when you'd rather say "fuck Amazon", but I'm trying to do that. --User:Dmerrill ::The software is non-NPOV in that it singles out some booksellers over others and over libraries. Intentionally removing a non-NPOV feature can hardly be called non-NPOV. Without the ISBN links, the article is clearly more neutral than with them. --AxelBoldt :I agree, as things stand it is not completely npov. As I understand it, when something is npov due to only having partial, one-side information, the solution is to round it out rather than delete what's there. That is, imho, what we need to do here. --User:Dmerrill ---- I find the links very useful. With a single click, I can see the year the book was published, how long it is, some indication of the intended audience (popular vs. technical), and a list of reviews. This is usually more info than would be appropriate in the Wikipedia article itself, but it's nice to have such easy access to it. A think the NPOV comment was referring to the fact that it links to all 3 of the largest booksellers, rather than just the 2 that aren't disliked by some people here. Personally, I'd like to see the software changed to be even more NPOV, and to look better. The ISBN should be a single link to a CGI script on wikipedia.com that then brings up a list of every bookseller we know of. Someday, it might even automatically bring up the ISBNs of other editions of the same book. I assume we'll have all this in the software eventually, so it's useful to use the ISBN notation in articles we write now. --user:LC As another general criticsm of ISBN's: suppose you want to refer to Plato's dialogs or Euclid's elements. What ISBN do you list? There are dozens of editions. There's a good reason that libraries use title and author. --AxelBoldt :Agreed. I'd propose listing all currently available ISBNs, although that will require a change to the software. Perhaps the ISBN link redirects to a page which lists all the alternate ISBNs. Let people include any edition they recommend. Once again, when something is npov due to having only partial information, the solution is to round it out rather than delete what's there. --User:Dmerrill ----- "Jews or Muslims who did not become Christians were never subjected to the powers of the Inquisition." This is a tad misleading. The reason they were not subjected to the Spanish Inquisition is because they were expelled in 1492. user:Danny :Well, from 1481-whenever they were each expelled (again, let's not overstate the efficiency of pre-modern governments) they were not subject so long as they were not converted. "Spain" is, of course, something of a misnomer in the 15th century, too. user:MichaelTinkler ----- I think there may be a bit too much past tense. The Inquisition'storture chambers confessionals operated until 1870. The department itself continues today under a different name and confined to internal matters (and presumably with fewer stakes and faggots). see Peter de Rosa Vicars of Christ -- user:kwantus
*Shouldn't the article start "The Inquisition ''is'' a permanent institution...", given that the CDF as of 2005 exists? ~~
------
The History part looks badly written. What does the Roman Emperor have to do with the Inquisition! User:David.Monniaux 16:44, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)
----
removed this:
:''Also, some anti-Catholic authors consider the Nazi Holocaust to have been an Inquisition undertaken by Hitler (who was born Catholic and never left the Church) against the Jews at the behest of the Pope.''
Which mainstream authors would that include? --User:Stbalbach 01:40, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
See Jack Chick and his sources. You may not agree with him, but he is the most widely-published living author in the world, clearly making him "mainstream." The sentence in the article clearly stated that this was only the opinion of "some anti-Catholic authors" which is an objective fact. It does not state conclusively that the Holocaust was an Inquisition, merely that some authors believe this, including some very, very popular and influential ones. You should not censor this viewpoint, even if you disagree with it. I'm adding it back. User:JTC 20:19, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
==Etymology==
JTC, the problem is just because someone calls it an Inquisition doesnt mean is. See the discussion under Feudalism for example. By creating a header called "Other Inquisitions" you have implied that it was, in fact, an Inquisition. That is a POV. That is why it belongs under etymology, or some other header, that makes it clear the usage of the term is being used for ''political reasons'', and not as a neutral historical description. --User:Stbalbach 21:01, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)
== whatever happened to the Portuguese Inquisition? ==
we are promised four inquisitions but we only get three... User:M.e 11:02, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Roman Catholic Church history Jewish Spanish history
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Inquisition:
Inquisition
Inquisition
Inquisition
Inquisitional_system
Inquisitions
Inquisition
[[image:inquisition2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Pedro Berruguete. ''Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe'' (1475).]] The Inquisition (latin: ''Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis Sanctum Officium'') was an office of the Catholic Church charged with suppressing heresy. Its actions and interactions with the local governments are subjects of considerable historical inquiry. ==Origin== The Inquisition was a permanent institution in the Catholic Church charged with the eradication of heresies. Unlike many other religions (e.g., Buddhism, Judaism, Islam), the Catholic Church has a hierarchical structure with a central bureaucracy. After Constantine I (emperor) ended the persecution of the church, the local administrative structures of the Church under the Roman Empire (later the Western Roman Empire) were able to then focus on dealing with heresy, and those whose beliefs or practices deviated sufficiently from the orthodoxy of the councils now became the objects of efforts to bring them into the fold. Heresies (from Greek ''haeresis'', sect, school of belief) were a problem for the Church from the beginning. Acts of the Apostles 15 recounts the convening of a Jerusalem Council to deal with the heresy of the Judaizers, who had contended with the Jerusalem faction in Asia Minor and especially Galatia. In the subsequent centuries there were the Arianism and Manichaeism; in the Middle Ages there were the Cathars and Waldenses; and in the Renaissance there were the Hussite, Lutheran Church, Calvinism, and Rosicrucian. Efforts to suppress heresies were initially ''ad hoc.'' But in the Middle Ages a permanent structure came into being to combat heresies. Beginning in the 12th century, Church Councils required secular rulers to prosecute heretics. ==History== There were four Inquisitions; in chronological order, they were the Medieval Inquisition, the Spanish Inquisition, the Portuguese Inquisition and the Roman Inquisition. ===Medieval Inquisition=== : ''Main article: Medieval Inquisition'' The first of the Medieval Inquisitions is called the Episcopal Inquisition and was established in the year 1184 by a papal bull, an official letter from the Pope, entitled ''Ad abolendam''; "For the purpose of doing away with". The Inquisition was in response to the growing Cathars heresy in southern France. It is called the "episcopal" because it was administered by local bishops, which in Greek is ''episcopos''. The episcopal Inquisition was not very effective for many reasons (see Medieval Inquisition). The Papal Inquisition in the 1230s was in response to the failures of the episcopal Inquisition and was staffed by professionals, trained specifically for the job as decreed by the Pope. Individuals were chosen from different orders and secular clergy, but primarily they came from the Dominican Order who had a number of traits that made them suitable (see Medieval Inquisition). After the 13th Century the Inquisition spread northward to Germany and Scandinavia. In northern Europe the Inquisition was considerably more benign: in the Scandinavian countries it had hardly any impact (although northern Europe had its own institutions such as the "witchhunt"). The Inquisition was never instituted in England, but Christopher Columbus carried it with him to the New World. ===Spanish Inquisition=== Unexpectedly, at the end of the 15th century, under Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, the Spanish inquisition became independent of Rome. In its dealings with converted Muslims and Jews and also illuminists, the Spanish Inquisition with its "auto de fe" represents a particularly notorious period in the history of the Inquisition. This inquisition also gave rise to the Mexican Inquisition, which continued in the Americas until Mexican Independence. ===Roman Inquisition=== Pope Paul III established, in 1542, a permanent congregation staffed with Cardinal (Catholicism) and other officials, whose task it was to maintain and defend the integrity of the faith and to examine and proscribe errors and false doctrines. This body, the Congregation of the Holy Office, now called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, part of the Roman Curia, became the supervisory body of local Inquisitions. The Pope appoints one of the cardinals to preside over the meetings. There are usually ten other cardinals on the Congregation, as well as a prelate and two assistants all chosen from the Dominican Order. The Holy Office also has an international group of consultants, experienced scholars of theology and canon law, who advise it on specific questions. In 1616 these consultants gave their assessment of the propositions that the Sun is immobile and at the center of the universe and that the Earth moves around it, judging both to be "foolish and absurd in philosophy," and the first to be "formally heretical" and the second "at least erroneous in faith" in theology. This assessment led to Copernicus's ''De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium'' to be placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, until revised and Galileo Galilei to be admonished about his Copernicanism. It was this same body in 1633 that tried Galileo, condemned him for a "grave suspicion of heresy", and banned all his works. Not all prosecutions of alleged heretics, atheists and other deviations from the Catholic faith were prosecuted by the Inquisition. In some countries, such as France under the ''ancien régime'', atheists and blasphemy could be prosecuted by civilian courts, with the possible penalty of death. ==Other Inquisitions== Even though the last Inquisition (The Spanish Inquisition) ended in 1834 almost 200 years ago, the word "Inquisition" remains a part of modern vocabulary; even those with no interest in European history associate it with negative meanings.[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/madden200406181026.asp] Because of the negative images associated with the Inquisition, the term has taken on a pejorative usage, and is often used to express disapproval, and is often used in a non-neutral manner, and not as a neutral historical descriptor. *Portugal carried out religious investigations in its overseas colonies, particularly Goa in India, where methods similar to the European Inquisitions were used to eliminate a sort of syncretism that was developing there, which combined aspects of Hinduism and Catholicism (see Goa Inquisition). *Some Christian fundamentalist authors like Jack Chick and Alberto Rivera, along with other like-minded authors, believe the Nazi the Holocaust was an Inquisition against the Jews undertaken by Hitler, a Catholic, at the behest of the Pope. This interpretation of history is highly controversial and is rejected by professional historians. *In modern American politics, United States Senate investigations are often called "Inquisitions" as a means of expressing disapproval of the investigators. For example some people call the Second Red Scare an inquisition. *Robert Anton Wilson's book ''The New Inquisition'' (ISBN 1561840025) is critical of the application of the Scientific Method in the 20th century. ==Derivative works== The Inquisitions have been the subject of many cultural works. Some include: *The Spanish Inquisition was the subject of a classic Monty Python sketch. ==See also== *witchhunt *Konrad von Marburg *Malleus Maleficarum *Inquisitorial system *Grand Inquisitor *Historical revisionism (political) ==References== * Edward M. Peters, ''Inquisition.'' (University of California Press, 1989). ISBN 0520066308 ** A brief, balanced inquiry, with an especially good section on the 'Myth of the Inquisition'. This is particularly valuable because much of the history available in English of the Inquisition was written in the 19th century by Protestants interested in documenting the dangers of Catholicism or Catholic apologists demonstrating that the Inquisition had been an entirely reasonable judicial body without flaws. * Henry Kamen, ''The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision.'' (Yale University Press, 1999). ISBN 0300078803 ** This revised edition of his 1965 original contributes to the understanding of the Spanish Inquisition in its local context. * Cecil & Irene Roth, ''A history of the Marranos'', Sepher-Hermon Press, 1974. * Simon Whitechapel, ''Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition'' (Creation Books, 2003). ISBN 1840681055 * William Thomas Walsh, ''Characters of the Inquisition'' (TAN Books, 1997). ISBN 0895553260 ** Favorable treatment of inquisitors. Anti-Semitism Jewish Spanish history Religious persecution Inquisition
Inquisition
A question to all you good Historians: I have heard and read many times that the inquisition burned millions of witches. However, when I read up about this, I find that this is not exactly correct is it? First of all, it is not countless. According to one source I read a year ago, the number of witches burned in Spain as a result of the spanish inquisition was counted as: 2. (Jews and heretics in the thousands, anywhere I have read). I have read many other accounts, but not a single one that I deem reliable supports millions. Most witches seem to have been burned by other groups of people, from what I have read. Since I have heard and read this in many places, perhaps it might be worthwhile for someone to write a something to sort this out. Just to get the numbers straight, at least on witches. What do you say? Is it a good idea to set something straight here, if only just to contradict what seems to be held as "common knowledge" about the inquisition? Daniel Demaret *yes, the Spanish Inquisition, but how many witches were killed by the ''papal'' inquisition? User:M.e 11:02, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) --- I removed a part of the article that was really not about the inquisition and it is really not accurate and is contradicted in the Wikipedia itself. Part of this seems to be being generated by interpretations being promoted in popular fiction books that are filled with inacuracies. Historical facts do not support these interpretations. AllanOlson Gosh I'd love to know what you're reading about this. DO tell me you're not writing off the top of your head. Let me suggest E.F. Peters on the Spanish Inquisition - a useful contemporary source. If you're reading ANYTHING written by a 19th century English speaker (especially if his name is Lea), you are toying with the ''Leyenda Negra''. --MichaelTinkler In fact, skimming back through earlier versions, someone had a pretty good version of the ''converso'' problem. I wonder why it disappeared? --MichaelTinkler ---- Which inquisition murdered :Jan Hus? --AxelBoldt :not an inquisition at all, but the :Council of Constance. The Conciliar movement wasn't all it was cracked up to be by 19th century historians. --MichaelTinkler ---- this is worse than it used to be. "Resistance was usually futile." Tell it to the popes! The Arian situation was NOT solved by the Council of Nicaea. In fact, because of imperial patronage Arianism became the variety of Christianity most consistently supported by the government for the next 50 or so years. Constantine didn't make Christianity the state religion - that was :Theodosius I in the 380s. --MichaelTinkler Removed from entry: : In the first two centuries after Jesus, many sects with wildly differing beliefs could call themselves Christian, and no one could authoritatively contradict them. However, after Emperor Constantine I of the Roman Empire legalized Christianity and the various local administrations were subordinated to the hierarchy centered in Rome, arguments could be resolved by Church Councils. The first such council, which had the most extensive effects, was the :Council of Nicea, which formulated the :Nicean Creed in :325. Those whose beliefs or practices deviated sufficiently from the orthodoxy of that Creed and other rulings of the councils could now be made "brought back to the fold" by the shepherd of the Church. Resistance was usually futile. See my comments above. I tried revising it (e.g., changing 'established as state church' to 'legalized') but then I realized that it's too messy to rewrite. I'll try something on the entry. --MichaelTinkler ---- What happened to NPOV? Yes, the Inquistions to us are pretty scary, but could we please try to remember that, to the vast majority of people living at the time of the first two Inquisitions discussed in this article, heresy was a BAD thing. Heresy existed, and not because of some conspiracy by Authority. Heretics not only went to hell, but their very presence in society put others at risk. At least, that's how your average medieval Christian would see it. CONTEXT IS IMPORTANT. User:JHK ---- ''Heresy is only a problem for religions that have centrally defined doctrines and dogma.'' :I removed this, because the article is about the Inquistions. This should be in an article about heresy. --User:Stephen Gilbert ---- Dmerill, why do you think links to Amazon support the NPOV? I think one could easily make the opposite case. Personally, I try to stay away from ISBN's altogether, because they tend to encourage people to buy the books rather than to just go to their library. Libraries typically don't use ISBN's, which is good, because ISBN's distinguish between different editions, hard- and softcover etc., which are usually irrelevant distinctions. --AxelBoldt :I would also encourage people to go to their library, but "encouraging" anything is by definition non-npov, isn't it? I'd be most happy to see us start listing the Dewey decimal catalog number as well so we aren't encouraging either way. And user:LC, below, is right on target. It's the specific, stated intention of removing Amazon that was most non-npov. And adding a wider selection of sources would be very, very welcome, but singling out anyone, however, vile I consider their business practices, is not npov. Sometimes it's hard to stand by a principle like npov when you'd rather say "fuck Amazon", but I'm trying to do that. --User:Dmerrill ::The software is non-NPOV in that it singles out some booksellers over others and over libraries. Intentionally removing a non-NPOV feature can hardly be called non-NPOV. Without the ISBN links, the article is clearly more neutral than with them. --AxelBoldt :I agree, as things stand it is not completely npov. As I understand it, when something is npov due to only having partial, one-side information, the solution is to round it out rather than delete what's there. That is, imho, what we need to do here. --User:Dmerrill ---- I find the links very useful. With a single click, I can see the year the book was published, how long it is, some indication of the intended audience (popular vs. technical), and a list of reviews. This is usually more info than would be appropriate in the Wikipedia article itself, but it's nice to have such easy access to it. A think the NPOV comment was referring to the fact that it links to all 3 of the largest booksellers, rather than just the 2 that aren't disliked by some people here. Personally, I'd like to see the software changed to be even more NPOV, and to look better. The ISBN should be a single link to a CGI script on wikipedia.com that then brings up a list of every bookseller we know of. Someday, it might even automatically bring up the ISBNs of other editions of the same book. I assume we'll have all this in the software eventually, so it's useful to use the ISBN notation in articles we write now. --user:LC As another general criticsm of ISBN's: suppose you want to refer to Plato's dialogs or Euclid's elements. What ISBN do you list? There are dozens of editions. There's a good reason that libraries use title and author. --AxelBoldt :Agreed. I'd propose listing all currently available ISBNs, although that will require a change to the software. Perhaps the ISBN link redirects to a page which lists all the alternate ISBNs. Let people include any edition they recommend. Once again, when something is npov due to having only partial information, the solution is to round it out rather than delete what's there. --User:Dmerrill ----- "Jews or Muslims who did not become Christians were never subjected to the powers of the Inquisition." This is a tad misleading. The reason they were not subjected to the Spanish Inquisition is because they were expelled in 1492. user:Danny :Well, from 1481-whenever they were each expelled (again, let's not overstate the efficiency of pre-modern governments) they were not subject so long as they were not converted. "Spain" is, of course, something of a misnomer in the 15th century, too. user:MichaelTinkler ----- I think there may be a bit too much past tense. The Inquisition's
Inquisition
Roman Catholic Church history Jewish Spanish history
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
I
IA | IB | IC | ID | IE | IF | IG | IH | IJ | IK | IL | IM | IN | IO | IP | IR | IS | IT | IU | IW | IX | IY | IZ |Words begining with Inquisition:
Inquisition
Inquisition
Inquisition
Inquisitional_system
Inquisitions
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