
The Spanish language has a long history of borrowing words, expressions and subtler features of other languages it has come in contact with. Spanish developed from Vulgar Latin, with influence from Celtiberian, Basque language and Arabic language, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. ==Formative influences== As Spanish went through its first stages of development in Spain, it received influences from neighbouring related languages, and from Basque, which is a language isolate and thus completely unrelated to Spanish. Umbrian language and Oscan language influences have also been postulated. ===Visigothic=== Spain was controlled by the Visigoths between the 5th and 8th century. However, the linguistic influence of the Visigothic language (of Eastern Germanic origin) on Spanish was relatively small, because the invaders were already Romanized and also spoke their own dialect of Latin. Besides a few words, Spanish borrowed the following from Visigothic: *A new noun declension (nominative ''-â'', oblique ''-âne''), which was used mostly with proper names (whence modern Spanish ''Froilán'' and also ''guardián''). *The adjectivizing suffix ''-engo'' (Germanic ''-ing''), as in ''abolengo''. *Possibly the suffixes ''-iz'', ''-ez'', ''-oz'', now found in surnames (''Pérez'', ''López'', ''Ruiz'', etc.), from Germanic patronymics in ''-iks''. ===Arabic=== Spain was then (711 CE) invaded by Islamic forces, which brought the Arabic language to the Peninsula. Over the course of the following centuries, Spanish borrowed a huge amount of words from Arabic, in many semantic fields: *Common everyday items such as ''alcoba'' "alcove, room", ''aldea'' "village", ''alfombra'' "carpet", ''guitarra'' "guitar"; *Government and military terms such as ''alcázar'' "fortress", ''alcalde'' "mayor" *Legal terms such as ''asesino'' "assassin, murdered", ''rehén'' "hostage", ''tarifa'' "tariff, fee"; *Food and beverage names such as ''aceite'' "oil", ''arroz'' "rice", ''espinaca'' "spinach", ''naranja'' "orange", ''café'' "coffee"; *Chemical substances and materials such as ''alcohol'' "alcohol", ''álcali'' "alkali", ''adobe'' "adobe", ''laca'' "lacquer"; *Mathematical and astronomical terms such as ''cero'' "zero", ''cifra'' "cipher, figure", ''álgebra'' "algebra", ''cénit'' "zenith"; *Expressions such as ''ojalá'' ("may it be that...", originally "May Allah want..."). As is obvious, many of these borrowings (especially in the scientific field) were then passed on to other languages (English got most of them via French language). Morphology borrowing was scarce. The suffíx ''-í'' (deriving adjectives from place names, in as ''iraquí'' "Iraqi, Iraq's") is an example. ==Influences from Native American languages== The last Moorish kingdom fell to Spanish forces in 1492, shortly before the arrival of Cristopher Columbus to the Americas. Spanish settlers then came in contact with a host of native languages. Most of these were wiped out or severely reduced in number of speakers and distribution area during the conquest, but Spanish adopted a number of words from some of them: *''tomate'' "tomato", ''chocolate'' "chocolate", ''ajolote'' "axolotl", ''cacao'' "cocoa", ''coyote'' "coyote" from Nahuatl *''cóndor'' "condor" from Quechua language ''kuntur'', and also ''alpaca'', ''caucho'', ''coca'' "coke", ''guano'', ''gaucho'' (from ''wakcha'' "poor person"), ''guanaco'', ''lima'' "lime", ''llama'' (the animal), ''puma'', ''pampa'' "plains, flat terrain", etc. *''Yerba mate'' (an infusion, nowadays very popular in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay), also from Quechua ''mati'', "pumpkin") *''che'' (an addressing term in Rioplatense Spanish), from the Guaraní language word for "I" or "my", originally used as ''che amigo'' "my friend" *''jaguar'' and ''yaguareté'' "jaguar", also from Guaraní *''caimán'' "caimán" and ''huracán'' "hurricane" from Carib languages *''caníbal'' "cannibal", ''capibara'' (the largest rodent on Earth), ''jacarandá'' (a tree) from Tupi The list is by no means exhaustive. ==Modern borrowings== Spanish borrowed words from other European languages (its close neighbours such as Catalan language, other Romance languages like French and Italian language, and Germanic languages like English). ==Recent borrowings== In recent times, Spanish has borrowed many words and expressions from English, especially in the fields of computers and the Internet. In many cases, technical expressions which superficially employ common Spanish words are in fact calques from English equivalents. ==Sources== *[http://spanish.about.com/cs/historyofspanish/a/arabicwords_2.htm ''Spanish Words Derived from Arabic''], from [http://www.about.com/ About.com]. *[http://www.zompist.com/indianwd.html ''Amerindian Words in English''], compiled by Mark Rosenfelder. *[http://assets.cambridge.org/052180/5872/sample/0521805872ws.pdf ''A History of the Spanish language''] (sample from the second edition, 2002), by Ralph Penny
==Expansion request== The sections on modern and recent borrowings are Wikipedia:Stubs, and marked as such. I started the article mostly to give a background about the formative influences and the early borrowings from Native American languages, but the article would be awfully lacking if it didn't include the myriad borrowings from French, and later from English, especially the recent ones. The idea is NOT having a list of borrowings, repeat, NOT A LIST, but an overview with some examples, focused on general influences (for example, "English has loaned many words pertaining to the field of computers"). Opinions of the Real Academia Española should be tucked in there (somewhere), as well as Spanglish (focused on the ''Span-'' part, not the ''-glish'' part). --User:Pablo-flores 12:39, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC) You should also link more prominently from Spanish language --User:MarSch 12:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Influences_on_the_Spanish_language
Influences_on_the_Spanish_language
Influences on the Spanish language
The Spanish language has a long history of borrowing words, expressions and subtler features of other languages it has come in contact with. Spanish developed from Vulgar Latin, with influence from Celtiberian, Basque language and Arabic language, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. ==Formative influences== As Spanish went through its first stages of development in Spain, it received influences from neighbouring related languages, and from Basque, which is a language isolate and thus completely unrelated to Spanish. Umbrian language and Oscan language influences have also been postulated. ===Visigothic=== Spain was controlled by the Visigoths between the 5th and 8th century. However, the linguistic influence of the Visigothic language (of Eastern Germanic origin) on Spanish was relatively small, because the invaders were already Romanized and also spoke their own dialect of Latin. Besides a few words, Spanish borrowed the following from Visigothic: *A new noun declension (nominative ''-â'', oblique ''-âne''), which was used mostly with proper names (whence modern Spanish ''Froilán'' and also ''guardián''). *The adjectivizing suffix ''-engo'' (Germanic ''-ing''), as in ''abolengo''. *Possibly the suffixes ''-iz'', ''-ez'', ''-oz'', now found in surnames (''Pérez'', ''López'', ''Ruiz'', etc.), from Germanic patronymics in ''-iks''. ===Arabic=== Spain was then (711 CE) invaded by Islamic forces, which brought the Arabic language to the Peninsula. Over the course of the following centuries, Spanish borrowed a huge amount of words from Arabic, in many semantic fields: *Common everyday items such as ''alcoba'' "alcove, room", ''aldea'' "village", ''alfombra'' "carpet", ''guitarra'' "guitar"; *Government and military terms such as ''alcázar'' "fortress", ''alcalde'' "mayor" *Legal terms such as ''asesino'' "assassin, murdered", ''rehén'' "hostage", ''tarifa'' "tariff, fee"; *Food and beverage names such as ''aceite'' "oil", ''arroz'' "rice", ''espinaca'' "spinach", ''naranja'' "orange", ''café'' "coffee"; *Chemical substances and materials such as ''alcohol'' "alcohol", ''álcali'' "alkali", ''adobe'' "adobe", ''laca'' "lacquer"; *Mathematical and astronomical terms such as ''cero'' "zero", ''cifra'' "cipher, figure", ''álgebra'' "algebra", ''cénit'' "zenith"; *Expressions such as ''ojalá'' ("may it be that...", originally "May Allah want..."). As is obvious, many of these borrowings (especially in the scientific field) were then passed on to other languages (English got most of them via French language). Morphology borrowing was scarce. The suffíx ''-í'' (deriving adjectives from place names, in as ''iraquí'' "Iraqi, Iraq's") is an example. ==Influences from Native American languages== The last Moorish kingdom fell to Spanish forces in 1492, shortly before the arrival of Cristopher Columbus to the Americas. Spanish settlers then came in contact with a host of native languages. Most of these were wiped out or severely reduced in number of speakers and distribution area during the conquest, but Spanish adopted a number of words from some of them: *''tomate'' "tomato", ''chocolate'' "chocolate", ''ajolote'' "axolotl", ''cacao'' "cocoa", ''coyote'' "coyote" from Nahuatl *''cóndor'' "condor" from Quechua language ''kuntur'', and also ''alpaca'', ''caucho'', ''coca'' "coke", ''guano'', ''gaucho'' (from ''wakcha'' "poor person"), ''guanaco'', ''lima'' "lime", ''llama'' (the animal), ''puma'', ''pampa'' "plains, flat terrain", etc. *''Yerba mate'' (an infusion, nowadays very popular in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay), also from Quechua ''mati'', "pumpkin") *''che'' (an addressing term in Rioplatense Spanish), from the Guaraní language word for "I" or "my", originally used as ''che amigo'' "my friend" *''jaguar'' and ''yaguareté'' "jaguar", also from Guaraní *''caimán'' "caimán" and ''huracán'' "hurricane" from Carib languages *''caníbal'' "cannibal", ''capibara'' (the largest rodent on Earth), ''jacarandá'' (a tree) from Tupi The list is by no means exhaustive. ==Modern borrowings== Spanish borrowed words from other European languages (its close neighbours such as Catalan language, other Romance languages like French and Italian language, and Germanic languages like English). ==Recent borrowings== In recent times, Spanish has borrowed many words and expressions from English, especially in the fields of computers and the Internet. In many cases, technical expressions which superficially employ common Spanish words are in fact calques from English equivalents. ==Sources== *[http://spanish.about.com/cs/historyofspanish/a/arabicwords_2.htm ''Spanish Words Derived from Arabic''], from [http://www.about.com/ About.com]. *[http://www.zompist.com/indianwd.html ''Amerindian Words in English''], compiled by Mark Rosenfelder. *[http://assets.cambridge.org/052180/5872/sample/0521805872ws.pdf ''A History of the Spanish language''] (sample from the second edition, 2002), by Ralph Penny
Influences on the Spanish language
==Expansion request== The sections on modern and recent borrowings are Wikipedia:Stubs, and marked as such. I started the article mostly to give a background about the formative influences and the early borrowings from Native American languages, but the article would be awfully lacking if it didn't include the myriad borrowings from French, and later from English, especially the recent ones. The idea is NOT having a list of borrowings, repeat, NOT A LIST, but an overview with some examples, focused on general influences (for example, "English has loaned many words pertaining to the field of computers"). Opinions of the Real Academia Española should be tucked in there (somewhere), as well as Spanglish (focused on the ''Span-'' part, not the ''-glish'' part). --User:Pablo-flores 12:39, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC) You should also link more prominently from Spanish language --User:MarSch 12:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
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IA | IB | IC | ID | IE | IF | IG | IH | IJ | IK | IL | IM | IN | IO | IP | IR | IS | IT | IU | IW | IX | IY | IZ |Words begining with Influences_on_the_Spanish_language:
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