
Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the immune system. Inflammation is characterized by the following quintet: redness (''rubor''), heat (''calor''), swelling (''tumor''), pain (''dolor'') and dysfunction of the organs involved (''functio laesa''). The first four characteristics have been known since ancient times and are attributed to Aulus Cornelius Celsus; ''functio laesa'' was added to the definition of inflammation by Rudolf Virchow in 1858. ==Characteristics== The redness and heat are caused by the increased blood supply to the affected area. Blood vessels are vasodilated upstream of an infection while capillary permeability to the affected tissue is increased, resulting in a loss of blood plasma. Vasoconstriction downstream of the infection further increases edema or swelling. The swelling distends the tissues, compresses nerve endings, and thus causes pain. The white blood cells or leucocytes take on an important role in inflammation; they extravasate from the capillary into tissue, and carry on as phagocytes picking up bacterium and cell (biology)ular debris. They may also aid by walling off an infection and preventing its spread. If inflammation of the affected site persists, released cytokines IL-1 and Tumor_necrosis_factor will activate endothelial cells to upregulate receptors VCAM, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and L-selectin for various immune cells. Receptor upregulation increases extravasation of neutrophils, monocytes, activated T-helper and T-cytotoxic, and memory T and B cells to the infected site. ==Leukocytes and cytokines== Various leukocytes are involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation. These cells can be further stimulated to maintain inflammation through the action of adaptive cascade through lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, and antibodies. These inflammation cells are: *Mast cells which release histamine and prostaglandin in response to activation of stretch receptors. This is especially important in cases of trauma. *Macrophages which release TNF-α, IL-1 in response to activation of toll-like receptors. ==Outcomes== The outcome in a particular circumstance will be determined by the tissue in which the injury has occured, and the injurious agent that is causing it. There are three possible results to inflammation: * ''Resolution'' would be the complete reconstitution of damaged tissue, it does not usually occur in the body. * ''Connective tissue scarring''. Some 24 hours after inflammation first occured the healing response will commence, this response involves the formation of connective tissue to bridge the gap caused by injury, and the process of angiogenesis which is the formation of new blood cells, to provide nutrients to the newly formed tissue. Often healing can not occur completely and a scar will form, for example after laceration to the skin, a connective tissue scar results which does not contain any specialised structues such as hair or sweat glands. * ''Ongoing or chronic inflammation''. If the injurious agent continues chronic inflammation will ensue, this is marked by inflammation lasting many days, months or even years. It is characterised by a dominating precense of macrophages in the injured tissue, which extravasate via the same methods disccussed above (ICAM-1 VCAM-1). These cells are powerful defensive agents of the body, but the toxins they release including ROS (reactive oxygen species) are injurious to our own tissues as well as invading agents. This is why chronic inflammation is almost always accompanied by tissue destruction. Finally abscess formation can ensue in chronic inflammation (abscess being a collection of pus). ==Systemic inflammation== ===Sepsis=== When inflammation overwhelms the whole organism, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is diagnosed. When it is due to infection, the term sepsis is applied. Vasodilation and organ dysfunction are serious problems that may lead to death. ===Low-grade=== With the discovery of interleukins, another concept of ''systemic inflammation'' developed. Although the processes involved are identical, this form of inflammation is not confined to a particular tissue but involves the endothelium (lining of blood vessels) and many other organ systems. The role of systemic inflammation as a cause and/or result of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis is the subject of intense research. It has little direct bearing on clinical care. Pathology Physiology Symptoms ms:Keradangan vi:Viêm
This page is very much underdevelopped. There is much more to inflammation than this, read any medical journal. The network of immune cells, cytokines and complement seriously deserve coverage! I'm not offering to do it myself... User:Jfdwolff 21:51, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC) This page also emphasizes recovery from inflammation. The page for chronic inflammation is still waiting to be created. I would keep acute and chronic together, with specifics on chronic inflammatory disease issues in the relevent articles, give a chance for contrasting acute and Chronic in the same article. Steve User:Kd4ttc 14:46, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC) ----------------- Perhaps a list of words, a glossary of terms would be an easy start? Anyone could throw out few. (I'd like more on the wound repair mechanism, granular cells, etc; but that is a relatively minor concern )wblakesxUser:Wblakesx
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Words begining with Inflammation:
Inflammation
Inflammation
Inflammation
Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the immune system. Inflammation is characterized by the following quintet: redness (''rubor''), heat (''calor''), swelling (''tumor''), pain (''dolor'') and dysfunction of the organs involved (''functio laesa''). The first four characteristics have been known since ancient times and are attributed to Aulus Cornelius Celsus; ''functio laesa'' was added to the definition of inflammation by Rudolf Virchow in 1858. ==Characteristics== The redness and heat are caused by the increased blood supply to the affected area. Blood vessels are vasodilated upstream of an infection while capillary permeability to the affected tissue is increased, resulting in a loss of blood plasma. Vasoconstriction downstream of the infection further increases edema or swelling. The swelling distends the tissues, compresses nerve endings, and thus causes pain. The white blood cells or leucocytes take on an important role in inflammation; they extravasate from the capillary into tissue, and carry on as phagocytes picking up bacterium and cell (biology)ular debris. They may also aid by walling off an infection and preventing its spread. If inflammation of the affected site persists, released cytokines IL-1 and Tumor_necrosis_factor will activate endothelial cells to upregulate receptors VCAM, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and L-selectin for various immune cells. Receptor upregulation increases extravasation of neutrophils, monocytes, activated T-helper and T-cytotoxic, and memory T and B cells to the infected site. ==Leukocytes and cytokines== Various leukocytes are involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation. These cells can be further stimulated to maintain inflammation through the action of adaptive cascade through lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, and antibodies. These inflammation cells are: *Mast cells which release histamine and prostaglandin in response to activation of stretch receptors. This is especially important in cases of trauma. *Macrophages which release TNF-α, IL-1 in response to activation of toll-like receptors. ==Outcomes== The outcome in a particular circumstance will be determined by the tissue in which the injury has occured, and the injurious agent that is causing it. There are three possible results to inflammation: * ''Resolution'' would be the complete reconstitution of damaged tissue, it does not usually occur in the body. * ''Connective tissue scarring''. Some 24 hours after inflammation first occured the healing response will commence, this response involves the formation of connective tissue to bridge the gap caused by injury, and the process of angiogenesis which is the formation of new blood cells, to provide nutrients to the newly formed tissue. Often healing can not occur completely and a scar will form, for example after laceration to the skin, a connective tissue scar results which does not contain any specialised structues such as hair or sweat glands. * ''Ongoing or chronic inflammation''. If the injurious agent continues chronic inflammation will ensue, this is marked by inflammation lasting many days, months or even years. It is characterised by a dominating precense of macrophages in the injured tissue, which extravasate via the same methods disccussed above (ICAM-1 VCAM-1). These cells are powerful defensive agents of the body, but the toxins they release including ROS (reactive oxygen species) are injurious to our own tissues as well as invading agents. This is why chronic inflammation is almost always accompanied by tissue destruction. Finally abscess formation can ensue in chronic inflammation (abscess being a collection of pus). ==Systemic inflammation== ===Sepsis=== When inflammation overwhelms the whole organism, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is diagnosed. When it is due to infection, the term sepsis is applied. Vasodilation and organ dysfunction are serious problems that may lead to death. ===Low-grade=== With the discovery of interleukins, another concept of ''systemic inflammation'' developed. Although the processes involved are identical, this form of inflammation is not confined to a particular tissue but involves the endothelium (lining of blood vessels) and many other organ systems. The role of systemic inflammation as a cause and/or result of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis is the subject of intense research. It has little direct bearing on clinical care. Pathology Physiology Symptoms ms:Keradangan vi:Viêm
Inflammation
This page is very much underdevelopped. There is much more to inflammation than this, read any medical journal. The network of immune cells, cytokines and complement seriously deserve coverage! I'm not offering to do it myself... User:Jfdwolff 21:51, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC) This page also emphasizes recovery from inflammation. The page for chronic inflammation is still waiting to be created. I would keep acute and chronic together, with specifics on chronic inflammatory disease issues in the relevent articles, give a chance for contrasting acute and Chronic in the same article. Steve User:Kd4ttc 14:46, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC) ----------------- Perhaps a list of words, a glossary of terms would be an easy start? Anyone could throw out few. (I'd like more on the wound repair mechanism, granular cells, etc; but that is a relatively minor concern )wblakesxUser:Wblakesx
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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