
Igbo (also known, less commonly, as Ibo; Ndi Igbo in Igbo) is a language spoken in Nigeria by about 18 million speakers (the Igbo (people)), especially in the southeastern region once identified as Biafra. The language was used by John Goldsmith as an example to justify going away from the classical linear model of phonology as laid out in ''The Sound Pattern of English''. It is written in the Roman script. Igbo words are spoken with varying tones and stresses, which are marked by accent marks. == Sounds == Igbo is a tone (linguistics) with two distinctive tones; high and low. In some cases a third, downstepped high tone is also recognized. The language features vowel harmony with two sets of vowels distinguished by pharynx cavity size and can also be described in terms of "advanced tongue root" (ATR). In some dialects, such as Enu-Onitsha Igbo, the doubly articulated and are realized as a voiced/devoiced bilabial implosive. The approximant is realized as an alveolar tap between vowels as in ''árá''. {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;" |+caption | Vowel phonemes of Standard Igbo |- | |} {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;" |+caption | Consonant phonemes of Standard Igbo |- ! ! colspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Labiodental-labiodental ! colspan="2" | Dental ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" | Postalveolar-Postalveolar ! colspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Labializedvelar ! colspan="2" | Glottal ! colspan="2" | Labial-velar |- align=center |Plosives | p | b | colspan="2" | | t | d | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | k | g | kw | gw | colspan="2" | | k͡p | g͡b |- align=center |Nasals | colspan="2" | m | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | n | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | ŋ | colspan="2" | ŋw | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- align=center |Fricatives | colspan="2" | | f | | colspan="2" | | s | z | ʃ | | colspan="2" | | | ɣ | colspan="2" | | | ɦ | colspan="2" | |- align=center |Affricates | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | ʧ | ʤ | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- align=center |Approximants | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | ɹ | colspan="2" | j | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | w |- align=center | Lateralapproximant | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | l | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |} == Writing system == The most commonly-used orthography for Igbo is currently the ''Onwu'' (/oŋwu/) Alphabet. It is presented in the following table, with the International Phonetic Alphabet equivalents for the characters: {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Doulos SIL, GentiumAlt, Gentium, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode; text-align: center" !Igbo Alphabet
(''Onwu'') !! align="center"|International Phonetic Alphabet !! !! align="center"|Igbo Alphabet
(''Onwu'') !! align="center"|International Phonetic Alphabet |- | a || /a/ || || || |- | b || /b/ || || p ||/p/ |- | gb || ~ || || kp || ~ |- | d || /d/ || || r || |- | e || /e/ || || s || /s/ |- | f || /f/ || || sh || |- | g || || || t || /t/ |- | gh || || || u || /u/ |- | h || /h/ || || || |- | i || /i/ || || v || /v/ |- | || || || w || align="center"|/w/ |- | j || || || y || /j/ |- | k || /k/ || || z || /z/ |- | l || /l/ || || ch || |- | m || /m/ and || || gw || |- | n || /n/ and || || kw || |- | || || || nw || |- | o || /o/ || || ny || /nj/ |} The graphemes and are described both as implosives and as coarticulated +/b/ and /k/+/p/, thus both values are included in the table.
and each represent two phonemes: a consonant and a vocalic nasal.
Tones are sometimes indicated in writing, and sometimes not. When tone is indicated, low tones are shown with a grave accent over the vowel, for example <à>, and high tones with an acute accent over the vowel, for example <á>.
Latin-derived alphabets
== See also ==
* Igbo (people)
== External link ==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ibo Ethnologue report on the Igbo language]
* [http://ilc.igbonet.com/ Igbo Language Center]
== References ==
* Awde, Nicholas and Onyekachi Wambu. ''Igbo: Igbo-English/English-Igbo Dictionary and Phrasebook'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 1999.
* International Phonetic Association (1999) ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Languages of Nigeria
Benue-Congo languages
Igbo
Ibo is the predominant US term per Merriam-Webster ; i recognized it immediately on Cleanup, remembering it from press accounts of Biafra, but i was suprised to find in Biafra the link to Igbo, a term i'd never before seen. Igbo may be the professional ethnological term (perhaps the best phoneticization of the local term?), but IMO WP convention calls for Ibo to be the article on the ethnic group, with Igbo a redirect to it; explain in article which contexts the two versions pedominate in. (I doubt having one article for the language and another for the ethnic group can be justified without ''serious'' expansion of both.) (Obviously a revision of the text of the current stub Ibo should be under a heading like ==Mythology == in the combined article, whose main text is currently in Igbo. IMO the separation of Biafra, a recent nation state, from Ibo or Igbo, is proper, but links in both directions are needed.) --User:Jerzy 12:29, 2004 Feb 15 (UTC) :Use "Igbo" instead: :* Ask any Igbo man whether he prefers "Igbo" or "Ibo" - most prefer "Igbo." :* Search Google for "guestbook mugu". Note that the term "ndi igbo" is preferred by these 419 scam. :* Search Google for "ibo nigeria" and "igbo nigeria". "igbo nigeria" will turn up TWICE as many results. :Thanks. - Stevey7788 :Besides, concerning the term for the language: ''Ibo'' was used mostly in the past, but nowadays (since the second half of the twentieth century, in virtually all linguistic literature on Igbo language) ''Igbo'' is used, which is indeed phonetically more correct. (Though the /gb/ sound is really somewhere between /b/ and the way English speakers tend to pronounciate /gb/ — technically, it's a labial-velar sound, meaning that you articulate /g/ (velar voiced stop) and /b/ (bilabial voiced stop) simultaneously). There sure should be redirects to guide someone who types 'Ibo'; in fact, there are. I'd keep it this way. User:Mark Dingemanse— User:Mark Dingemanse User Talk:Mark Dingemanse 10:18, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Recent addition== Recently, a notice was added about the number of speakers: :''this figure is disputed and could be much higher'' I would like to see a source cited before we include this statement (cf. the WP:CS policy). User:Mark Dingemanse— User:Mark Dingemanse User Talk:Mark Dingemanse 08:12, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Yes, t could be much higher. There are many overseas Igbos and Igbos in other countries. -- — User:Stevey7788 (User talk:Stevey7788) 20:04, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Igbo language wordlist == I'm not an Igbo speaker or teacher, but here is a wordlist I compiled from several offline and online resources. — User:Stevey7788 (User talk:Stevey7788) 06:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="center" |+Basic words |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Yes || é |- |No || mba |- |Good ||nma |- |Bad ||njo |- |Come ||bia |- |Go ||jé |- |Sit ||no odu |- |Stand ||guzoro |- |Mother ||nne |- |Father ||nna |- |Is/are ||bu |- |Your||gi |- |And ||na |- |Of||nke |- |We/us||anyị |- |Money||ego |- |Fool ||mugu |- |Son/daughter ||nwa |- |Name ||aha |- |My name is... ||aha mú bú... |- |People (ethnic group) ||ndi |- |Man ||madu |- |Help me ||yelum aka |- |Food ||nri |- |Sky/heaven ||igwe |- |King/lord ||eze |- |Hand ||olu |- |Hear ||anu |- |Book/paper/school ||akwukwo |- |Land/soil||ala |- |Water ||mmiri |- |God ||Chukwu |- |Devil ||ekwensu |- |Prayer||ekpere |- |Pen/pencil ||mkpisi |}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="left" |+Greetings |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Hello || nda |- |How are you? || kedu |- |Good morning || ité-la |- |Good-bye || no-nu |- |Thank you || imé-la |- |Please || biko |- |} {| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="right" |+Time |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Day||Ubochi |- |Week||Izu |- |Month||Onwa |- |Year||Afo |- |Yesterday||Unyaahu |- |Today||Taa |- |Tomorrow||Echi |- |Morning||Ututu |- |Afternoon||Ehihie |- |Night||Abali |- |}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="left" |+Numbers |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |One ||otú |- |Two ||abuo |- |Three ||ato |- |Four ||ano |- |Five ||isé |- |Six ||isii |- |Seven ||asaa |- |Eight ||asato |- |Nine ||itolu |- |Ten ||iri |- |Eleven ||iri-na-otu |- |Twelve ||iri-na-abuo |- |Twenty ||iri-abuo |- |Thirty ||iti-ato |- |One hundred ||nari |- |One thousand ||puku |- |One million ||nde |- |One billion ||njeri |- |} {| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="right" |+Animals |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Bird/hen ||okuko |- |Snake||agwo |- |Squirrel||osa |- |Dog ||nkịta |- |Eagle ||ugo |- |Goat ||ewu |- |Tortoise ||mbe |- |Antelope ||ené |- |Monkey ||enwe |- |Lion ||odum |- |Elephant ||eni |- |Horse ||nyi-nya |- |}
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Igbo_language:
Igbo_language
Igbo_language
Igbo language
Igbo (also known, less commonly, as Ibo; Ndi Igbo in Igbo) is a language spoken in Nigeria by about 18 million speakers (the Igbo (people)), especially in the southeastern region once identified as Biafra. The language was used by John Goldsmith as an example to justify going away from the classical linear model of phonology as laid out in ''The Sound Pattern of English''. It is written in the Roman script. Igbo words are spoken with varying tones and stresses, which are marked by accent marks. == Sounds == Igbo is a tone (linguistics) with two distinctive tones; high and low. In some cases a third, downstepped high tone is also recognized. The language features vowel harmony with two sets of vowels distinguished by pharynx cavity size and can also be described in terms of "advanced tongue root" (ATR). In some dialects, such as Enu-Onitsha Igbo, the doubly articulated and are realized as a voiced/devoiced bilabial implosive. The approximant is realized as an alveolar tap between vowels as in ''árá''. {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;" |+caption | Vowel phonemes of Standard Igbo |- | |} {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;" |+caption | Consonant phonemes of Standard Igbo |- ! ! colspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Labiodental-labiodental ! colspan="2" | Dental ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" | Postalveolar-Postalveolar ! colspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Labializedvelar ! colspan="2" | Glottal ! colspan="2" | Labial-velar |- align=center |Plosives | p | b | colspan="2" | | t | d | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | k | g | kw | gw | colspan="2" | | k͡p | g͡b |- align=center |Nasals | colspan="2" | m | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | n | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | ŋ | colspan="2" | ŋw | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- align=center |Fricatives | colspan="2" | | f | | colspan="2" | | s | z | ʃ | | colspan="2" | | | ɣ | colspan="2" | | | ɦ | colspan="2" | |- align=center |Affricates | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | ʧ | ʤ | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- align=center |Approximants | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | ɹ | colspan="2" | j | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | w |- align=center | Lateralapproximant | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | l | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |} == Writing system == The most commonly-used orthography for Igbo is currently the ''Onwu'' (/oŋwu/) Alphabet. It is presented in the following table, with the International Phonetic Alphabet equivalents for the characters: {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Doulos SIL, GentiumAlt, Gentium, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode; text-align: center" !Igbo Alphabet
(''Onwu'') !! align="center"|International Phonetic Alphabet !! !! align="center"|Igbo Alphabet
(''Onwu'') !! align="center"|International Phonetic Alphabet |- | a || /a/ || || || |- | b || /b/ || || p ||/p/ |- | gb || ~ || || kp || ~ |- | d || /d/ || || r || |- | e || /e/ || || s || /s/ |- | f || /f/ || || sh || |- | g || || || t || /t/ |- | gh || || || u || /u/ |- | h || /h/ || || || |- | i || /i/ || || v || /v/ |- | || || || w || align="center"|/w/ |- | j || || || y || /j/ |- | k || /k/ || || z || /z/ |- | l || /l/ || || ch || |- | m || /m/ and || || gw || |- | n || /n/ and || || kw || |- | || || || nw || |- | o || /o/ || || ny || /nj/ |} The graphemes
Igbo language
Ibo is the predominant US term per Merriam-Webster ; i recognized it immediately on Cleanup, remembering it from press accounts of Biafra, but i was suprised to find in Biafra the link to Igbo, a term i'd never before seen. Igbo may be the professional ethnological term (perhaps the best phoneticization of the local term?), but IMO WP convention calls for Ibo to be the article on the ethnic group, with Igbo a redirect to it; explain in article which contexts the two versions pedominate in. (I doubt having one article for the language and another for the ethnic group can be justified without ''serious'' expansion of both.) (Obviously a revision of the text of the current stub Ibo should be under a heading like ==Mythology == in the combined article, whose main text is currently in Igbo. IMO the separation of Biafra, a recent nation state, from Ibo or Igbo, is proper, but links in both directions are needed.) --User:Jerzy 12:29, 2004 Feb 15 (UTC) :Use "Igbo" instead: :* Ask any Igbo man whether he prefers "Igbo" or "Ibo" - most prefer "Igbo." :* Search Google for "guestbook mugu". Note that the term "ndi igbo" is preferred by these 419 scam. :* Search Google for "ibo nigeria" and "igbo nigeria". "igbo nigeria" will turn up TWICE as many results. :Thanks. - Stevey7788 :Besides, concerning the term for the language: ''Ibo'' was used mostly in the past, but nowadays (since the second half of the twentieth century, in virtually all linguistic literature on Igbo language) ''Igbo'' is used, which is indeed phonetically more correct. (Though the /gb/ sound is really somewhere between /b/ and the way English speakers tend to pronounciate /gb/ — technically, it's a labial-velar sound, meaning that you articulate /g/ (velar voiced stop) and /b/ (bilabial voiced stop) simultaneously). There sure should be redirects to guide someone who types 'Ibo'; in fact, there are. I'd keep it this way. User:Mark Dingemanse— User:Mark Dingemanse User Talk:Mark Dingemanse 10:18, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Recent addition== Recently, a notice was added about the number of speakers: :''this figure is disputed and could be much higher'' I would like to see a source cited before we include this statement (cf. the WP:CS policy). User:Mark Dingemanse— User:Mark Dingemanse User Talk:Mark Dingemanse 08:12, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Yes, t could be much higher. There are many overseas Igbos and Igbos in other countries. -- — User:Stevey7788 (User talk:Stevey7788) 20:04, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Igbo language wordlist == I'm not an Igbo speaker or teacher, but here is a wordlist I compiled from several offline and online resources. — User:Stevey7788 (User talk:Stevey7788) 06:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="center" |+Basic words |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Yes || é |- |No || mba |- |Good ||nma |- |Bad ||njo |- |Come ||bia |- |Go ||jé |- |Sit ||no odu |- |Stand ||guzoro |- |Mother ||nne |- |Father ||nna |- |Is/are ||bu |- |Your||gi |- |And ||na |- |Of||nke |- |We/us||anyị |- |Money||ego |- |Fool ||mugu |- |Son/daughter ||nwa |- |Name ||aha |- |My name is... ||aha mú bú... |- |People (ethnic group) ||ndi |- |Man ||madu |- |Help me ||yelum aka |- |Food ||nri |- |Sky/heaven ||igwe |- |King/lord ||eze |- |Hand ||olu |- |Hear ||anu |- |Book/paper/school ||akwukwo |- |Land/soil||ala |- |Water ||mmiri |- |God ||Chukwu |- |Devil ||ekwensu |- |Prayer||ekpere |- |Pen/pencil ||mkpisi |}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="left" |+Greetings |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Hello || nda |- |How are you? || kedu |- |Good morning || ité-la |- |Good-bye || no-nu |- |Thank you || imé-la |- |Please || biko |- |} {| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="right" |+Time |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Day||Ubochi |- |Week||Izu |- |Month||Onwa |- |Year||Afo |- |Yesterday||Unyaahu |- |Today||Taa |- |Tomorrow||Echi |- |Morning||Ututu |- |Afternoon||Ehihie |- |Night||Abali |- |}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="left" |+Numbers |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |One ||otú |- |Two ||abuo |- |Three ||ato |- |Four ||ano |- |Five ||isé |- |Six ||isii |- |Seven ||asaa |- |Eight ||asato |- |Nine ||itolu |- |Ten ||iri |- |Eleven ||iri-na-otu |- |Twelve ||iri-na-abuo |- |Twenty ||iri-abuo |- |Thirty ||iti-ato |- |One hundred ||nari |- |One thousand ||puku |- |One million ||nde |- |One billion ||njeri |- |} {| border="1" cellpadding="1" align="right" |+Animals |- ! English !! Igbo !! |- |Bird/hen ||okuko |- |Snake||agwo |- |Squirrel||osa |- |Dog ||nkịta |- |Eagle ||ugo |- |Goat ||ewu |- |Tortoise ||mbe |- |Antelope ||ené |- |Monkey ||enwe |- |Lion ||odum |- |Elephant ||eni |- |Horse ||nyi-nya |- |}
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
I
IA | IB | IC | ID | IE | IF | IG | IH | IJ | IK | IL | IM | IN | IO | IP | IR | IS | IT | IU | IW | IX | IY | IZ |Words begining with Igbo_language:
Igbo_language
Igbo_language
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