
:''For the class of musical instruments, see idiophone.'' Ideophones are words utilizing ''sound symbolism'' to express aspects of events that can be experienced by the senses, like smell, color, shape, sound, action, or movement. Ideophones are attested in all languages of the world, however, languages differ in the extent to which they make use of them. Because of this, some linguists do not think it is useful to talk about a universal 'class' of ideophones, and maintain that the concept makes sense only within the context of an individual language. In this narrow sense, the validity of the class of ideophones is rarely disputed. The word class of ideophones is often called ''phonosemantic'' to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like 'verb' or 'noun'), but rather a grouping based on form and meaning. In the discipline of linguistics, ideophones have long been overlooked or treated as mysterious words. Voeltz and Kilian-Hatz (2001:2) suggest this might be due to the fact that ideophones often transcend traditional categorizational boundaries in languages, thus providing a problem to the generally orderly divided grammatical classes. ==Characteristics== An oft-cited definition of the notion of ideophone is the one by Doke 1935:118: : ''Ideophone'' :‘A vivid representation of an idea in sound. A word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, colour, sound, smell, action, state or intensity.’ Ideophones denote aspects of events that can be experienced sensorially. Reduplication figures quite prominently in ideophones, often bringing in a sense of repetition or plurality. A well known instance of ideophones are onomatopeia words, i.e., words imitating the sound (of the event) they refer to. Some ideophones may be derived from onomatopoeic notions. A case in point is the English ideophonic verb ''to tinkle'', which is likely to be derived from an imitation of a brief metallic sound. It is maintained by some (e.g. Kilian-Hatz 2001:157, Kock 1985) that ideophones denote a complete utterance and as such have a sentence-like character. However, reports from other languages (Cantonese, Yoruba, Hausa, Ewe, to name a few) disprove this statement, showing instead that ideophones can be fully integrated into sentences, just like ordinary verbs and nouns. This difference of opinion is attributable to the fact that languages vary in the manner they make use of ideophones. Languages also differ in the context in which ideophones are used. In some languages, ideophones are primarily used in spoken language (e.g. narrative contexts) and are rarely encountered in written language. In other languages (e.g. Ewe, Japanese), ideophones can be freely used in all register (linguistics). In general, however, ideophones tend to occur more extensively in spoken language because of their expressive or dramaturgic function. Ideophones are restricted to certain grammatical classes in some languages (e.g. Wolaitta, Yir-Yoront, Finnish). In others, ideophones pervade many different word classes and syntactic constructions (e.g. Mundang, Ewe, Sotho). A common feature across languages, especially in narrative contexts, is the possibility of introducing ideophones via a verbum dicendi, for example: * ''É-ƒú así nu bé bóbóbó'' (3SG-strike hand mouth like IDEOPHONE) ‘S/He raised an alarm and went “bóbóbó”.’ (Ewe language, adapted from Ameka 2001). ==Examples== Cantonese (linguistics) (romanizations given in Jyutping) * — quickly (as in , literally meaning "''la la'' sound do" but actually meaning "do [it] quickly") English language * ''hippetyhop'' — ideophonic adverb of manner (as in "The rabbit goes ''hippetyhop''") * ''gobble'' — to devour in greedy gulps Ewe language * ''gbadzaa'' — flat, spreading out over a wide area Yoruba language * ''fẹrẹgẹdẹ'' — big and wide * ''róbótó'' — little and round (object) * ''gbẹ̀m'' — round and big * ''gbàyàù'' — open and loose Finnish language Various expressive loans, e.g.: *tytinä "aspic" < Russian stúden, but also symbolises "wobblyness" ==See also== *Sound symbolism *Synesthesia *Reduplication *Phonosemantics ==References== * Ameka, Felix Kofi (2001) ‘Ideophones and the adjective class in Ewe’. In Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001, 25-48. * Awoyale, Yiowola (1989) ‘Reduplication and the status of ideophones in Yoruba. ''Journal of West African Languages'' 19, 1, 15-34. * Bodomo, Adams. ''A corpus of Cantonese Ideophones''. [http://www.hku.hk/linguist/research/bodomo/ideophones/ideophonesCorpusMSmar04.pdf Online publication (PDF)]. * Childs, G. Tucker (1994) ‘African Ideophones’. Hinton et al (eds.) Sound Symbolism, 178-204. Cambridge: CUP. * Doke, C.M. (1935) ''Bantu linguistic terminology''. London: Longmans, Green. * Kilian-Hatz (2001) ‘Universality and diversity’. In Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001, 155-164. * Kock, I (1985) ‘The speech act theory: A preliminary investigation’. In ''South African Journal of African Languages'', 5, 49-53. * Voeltz, F.K. Erhard & Kilian-Hatz, Christa (eds.) (2001). ''Ideophones''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Linguistics
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Ideophone
Ideophone
Ideophone/to_do
Ideophone
:''For the class of musical instruments, see idiophone.'' Ideophones are words utilizing ''sound symbolism'' to express aspects of events that can be experienced by the senses, like smell, color, shape, sound, action, or movement. Ideophones are attested in all languages of the world, however, languages differ in the extent to which they make use of them. Because of this, some linguists do not think it is useful to talk about a universal 'class' of ideophones, and maintain that the concept makes sense only within the context of an individual language. In this narrow sense, the validity of the class of ideophones is rarely disputed. The word class of ideophones is often called ''phonosemantic'' to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like 'verb' or 'noun'), but rather a grouping based on form and meaning. In the discipline of linguistics, ideophones have long been overlooked or treated as mysterious words. Voeltz and Kilian-Hatz (2001:2) suggest this might be due to the fact that ideophones often transcend traditional categorizational boundaries in languages, thus providing a problem to the generally orderly divided grammatical classes. ==Characteristics== An oft-cited definition of the notion of ideophone is the one by Doke 1935:118: : ''Ideophone'' :‘A vivid representation of an idea in sound. A word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, colour, sound, smell, action, state or intensity.’ Ideophones denote aspects of events that can be experienced sensorially. Reduplication figures quite prominently in ideophones, often bringing in a sense of repetition or plurality. A well known instance of ideophones are onomatopeia words, i.e., words imitating the sound (of the event) they refer to. Some ideophones may be derived from onomatopoeic notions. A case in point is the English ideophonic verb ''to tinkle'', which is likely to be derived from an imitation of a brief metallic sound. It is maintained by some (e.g. Kilian-Hatz 2001:157, Kock 1985) that ideophones denote a complete utterance and as such have a sentence-like character. However, reports from other languages (Cantonese, Yoruba, Hausa, Ewe, to name a few) disprove this statement, showing instead that ideophones can be fully integrated into sentences, just like ordinary verbs and nouns. This difference of opinion is attributable to the fact that languages vary in the manner they make use of ideophones. Languages also differ in the context in which ideophones are used. In some languages, ideophones are primarily used in spoken language (e.g. narrative contexts) and are rarely encountered in written language. In other languages (e.g. Ewe, Japanese), ideophones can be freely used in all register (linguistics). In general, however, ideophones tend to occur more extensively in spoken language because of their expressive or dramaturgic function. Ideophones are restricted to certain grammatical classes in some languages (e.g. Wolaitta, Yir-Yoront, Finnish). In others, ideophones pervade many different word classes and syntactic constructions (e.g. Mundang, Ewe, Sotho). A common feature across languages, especially in narrative contexts, is the possibility of introducing ideophones via a verbum dicendi, for example: * ''É-ƒú así nu bé bóbóbó'' (3SG-strike hand mouth like IDEOPHONE) ‘S/He raised an alarm and went “bóbóbó”.’ (Ewe language, adapted from Ameka 2001). ==Examples== Cantonese (linguistics) (romanizations given in Jyutping) * — quickly (as in , literally meaning "''la la'' sound do" but actually meaning "do [it] quickly") English language * ''hippetyhop'' — ideophonic adverb of manner (as in "The rabbit goes ''hippetyhop''") * ''gobble'' — to devour in greedy gulps Ewe language * ''gbadzaa'' — flat, spreading out over a wide area Yoruba language * ''fẹrẹgẹdẹ'' — big and wide * ''róbótó'' — little and round (object) * ''gbẹ̀m'' — round and big * ''gbàyàù'' — open and loose Finnish language Various expressive loans, e.g.: *tytinä "aspic" < Russian stúden, but also symbolises "wobblyness" ==See also== *Sound symbolism *Synesthesia *Reduplication *Phonosemantics ==References== * Ameka, Felix Kofi (2001) ‘Ideophones and the adjective class in Ewe’. In Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001, 25-48. * Awoyale, Yiowola (1989) ‘Reduplication and the status of ideophones in Yoruba. ''Journal of West African Languages'' 19, 1, 15-34. * Bodomo, Adams. ''A corpus of Cantonese Ideophones''. [http://www.hku.hk/linguist/research/bodomo/ideophones/ideophonesCorpusMSmar04.pdf Online publication (PDF)]. * Childs, G. Tucker (1994) ‘African Ideophones’. Hinton et al (eds.) Sound Symbolism, 178-204. Cambridge: CUP. * Doke, C.M. (1935) ''Bantu linguistic terminology''. London: Longmans, Green. * Kilian-Hatz (2001) ‘Universality and diversity’. In Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001, 155-164. * Kock, I (1985) ‘The speech act theory: A preliminary investigation’. In ''South African Journal of African Languages'', 5, 49-53. * Voeltz, F.K. Erhard & Kilian-Hatz, Christa (eds.) (2001). ''Ideophones''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Linguistics
Ideophone
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IA | IB | IC | ID | IE | IF | IG | IH | IJ | IK | IL | IM | IN | IO | IP | IR | IS | IT | IU | IW | IX | IY | IZ |Words begining with Ideophone:
Ideophone
Ideophone
Ideophone/to_do
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