ICE

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ICE

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Ice

[[Image:IceBlockNearJoekullsarlon.jpg|thumb|A natural ice block in Iceland]] Ice is the solid form of water. The phase transition occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0 Celsius (273.15 Kelvin, 32 Fahrenheit) at standard atmospheric pressure. Ice can be formed at higher temperatures in pressurized environments, and water will remain a liquid or gas until -30 �C at lower pressures. Ice formed at high pressure has a different crystal structure and density than ordinary ice. Ice, water, and water vapor can coexist at the triple point, which for this system is 273.16 K at a pressure of 611.73 Pascal. An unusual feature of ice frozen at a pressure of one Atmosphere (unit) is that the solid is some 8% less dense than liquid water. Ice has a density of 0.917 g/cm� at 0 �C, whereas water has a density of 0.9998 g/cm� at the same temperature. Liquid water is most dense, essentially 1.00 g/cm�, at 4 �C and becomes less dense as the water molecules begin to form the Hexagonal (crystal system) crystals of ice as the temperature drops to 0 �C. (In fact, the word "crystal" derives from the Greek word for frost.) This is due to hydrogen bonds forming between the water molecules, which line up molecules less efficiently (in terms of volume) when water is frozen. The result of this is that ice floats on liquid water, an important factor in Earth's climate. As a crystalline solid, ice is considered a mineral. ==Types of ice== [[Image:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|300px|Snow flakes by Wilson Bentley, 1902]] Everyday ice and snow is ice Ih, or Hexagonal (crystal system) ice. Subjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures, ice can form in roughly a dozen different phases. Only a little less stable (metastable) than I_h is cubic structure ice (Ice Ic). But cooling I_h causes a different arrangement to form in which the protons move, Ice XI. With both cooling and pressure more types exist, each being created depending on the phase diagram of ice. These are Ice II, Ice III, Ice V, Ice VI, Ice VII, Ice VIII, Ice IX, and Ice X. With care all these types can be recovered at ambient pressure. The types are differentiated by their crystalline structure, ordering and density. There are also two metastable phases of ice under pressure, both fully hydrogen disordered, these are Ice IV and Ice XII. Ice XII was discovered in 1996. As well as crystalline forms solid water can exist in amorphous states as amorphous solid water (ASW), low density amorphous ice (LDA), high density amorphous ice (HDA), very high density amorphous ice (VHDA) and hyperquenched glassy water (HGW). Note: In addition to these real variants of ice, a fictional "ice-nine" is featured in Kurt Vonnegut's novel ''Cat's Cradle.'' Real Ice IX does not have the properties of Vonnegut's fictional ice-nine (i.e. the ability to freeze all water on Earth with the introduction of one granule). Rime_Ice is a type of ice formed by fog freezing on cold objects. It contains a high proportion of trapped air, making it appear white rather than transparent, and giving it a density about one quarter of that of pure ice. Ice can also form icicles, similar to stalactites in appearance, as water drips and re-freezes. Clathrate hydrates are forms of ice that contain gas molecules trapped within its crystal lattice. Pancake ice is a formation of ice generally created in areas with less calm conditions. Some other substances (particularly solid forms of those usually found as fluids) are also called "ice": dry ice, for instance, is a popular term for solid carbon dioxide. Ice is a common metaphor for things that are cold, hard, and clear in some way; for instance, "ice" is a colloquial term for diamond, and also for some forms of the drug amfetamine. ==Human relationship with ice== When ice melts, it absorbs as much heat energy (the heat of fusion) as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80 �C, while its temperature remains a constant 0 �C. Consequently, ice has long been valued as a means of cooling. Until recently, the Hungarian Parliament building used ice harvested in the winter from Lake Balaton as its primary source of energy for air conditioning. Icehouse (building)s were used to store ice during the winter so as to preserve perishables during the summer, and early refrigerators were known as iceboxes because they had a block of ice in them. The manufacture and use of ice cubes or crushed ice is common for drinks. Ice packs are commonly used to keep things cold while being transported. In 400 BC Iran, Persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert. The ice was brought in during the winters from nearby mountains in bulk amounts, and stored in specially designed, naturally cooled ''refrigerators'', called ''yakh-chal'' (meaning ''ice storage''). This was a large underground space (up to 5000 m³) that had thick walls (at least 2 meters at the base) made out of a special mortar called ''sarooj'', composed of sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, and which was resistant to heat transfer. This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable. The space often had access to a Qanat, and often contained a system of windcatchers that could easily bring temperatures inside the space down to frigid levels in summer days. The ice was then used to chill treats for royalty during hot summer days. [[Image:Yakhchal.jpg|thumb|left|An ancient ''ice house'', called a ''yakhchal'', built in Kerman, Iran, during the middle ages, for storing ice during summers.]] Ice also plays a role in winter recreation, namely the sports of ice skating, ice hockey, ice fishing, ice climbing and bobsledding and luge sled racing. Sometimes, structures are built out of large chunks of ice. However, they are mostly ornamental (as in the case with ice castles) and not practical for long-term habitation. Ice hotels exist on a seasonal basis in a few cold areas. Ice can also be an obstacle; for harbors near the geographical poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, ideally all-year round. Examples are Murmansk (Russia), Petsamo (Russia, formerly Finland) and Vard�. Harbors that are not ice-free are opened up using icebreakers. Ice forming on roads is a dangerous winter hazard. Black ice is very difficult to see because it lacks the expected glossy surface. Whenever there is freezing rain or snow that occurs at a temperature near the melting point, it is common for ice to build up on the windows of vehicles, safely driving of which reauires removal of the ice. Ice scrapers are tools designed to break the ice free and clear the windows, though removing the ice can be a long, labor-intensive, and stressful process—especially when a driver ends up running late for work as a result. Far enough below the freezing point, a thin layer of ice crystals can form on the inside surface of windows. This usually happens when a vehicle has been left alone after being driven for a while, but can happen while driving if the outside temperature is low enough. Moisture from the driver's breath is the source of water for the crystals. It is troublesome to remove this form of ice, so people often open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate, and it is now common for cars to have rear-window defrosters to combat the problem. A similar problem can happen in homes, which is why many colder regions require double-pane windows to insulate the inner pane from the outer temperature (some homeowners even opt for triple-pane windows). When the outdoor temperature stays below freezing for extended periods, very thick layers of ice can form on lakes and other bodies of water (although places with flowing water require much colder temperatures). The ice can become thick enough to drive onto in automobiles and trucks (even large semi-trailers). Doing this safely requires a thickness of at least 30 centimeters (one foot). The human quest for excitement has even led to ice racing, where drivers must go fast on lake ice while also controlling the skid of their vehicle (this is similar in some ways to dirt track racing). The sport has even been modified to work on ice rinks. Tragically, it is a regular occurrence for people to fall through thin ice, and many die each year. Inventors and safety organizations continue to find new devices and methods to help rescue people from icy waters and the shock that a body undergoes in such situations. == See also == * diamond dust * iceberg * amorphous solid water (ASW) * low density amorphous ice (LDA) * high density amorphous ice (HDA) * very high density amorphous ice (VHDA) * hyperquenched glassy water (HGW) * sea ice * frazil ice * pancake ice * black ice * water * polynya * deicing * ice cream * Europa (moon), an ice-covered moon * Firn == Related terms == * A rusticle is a rust formation similar to an icicle. * Isaz is the Proto-Germanic rune for "ice". * Ice is a slang term for methamphetamine. == External links == * [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/ice/ice.htm The phase diagram of water, including the ice variants] * [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Ice.shtml Webmineral listing for Ice] * [http://www.mindat.org/min-2001.html MinDat.org listing and location data for Ice] * [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/ATG/ice.html The physics of ice] * [http://www.martin.chaplin.btinternet.co.uk/phase.html The phase diagrams of water with some high pressure diagrams] Forms of water Glaciology Minerals als:Eis nds:Is simple:Ice su:�s

Ice

-- Ice made from demineralized water is much harder than ice made from mineralized water, because the minerals in water cause stresses and various imperfections in the crystal structure, which will produce dislocations that are weak compared to the structure of pure ice. The presence of dissolved air has a similar effect. ( http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/chem00616.htm )

-- pressure-melting point of the ice is lower, eg -2.67o C The pressure doesn't melt the ice but it does lower the melting temperature making it easier to melt the ice. (Hardness) Ice near its melting point has a hardness of about 1.5 on the Mohs scale. This is about as hard as talc. At much lower temperatures ice becomes much harder. At -70 oC ice has the hardness of quartz (about 6-7 on the Mohs scale). The importance of this is that ice generally is not hard enough to abrade rock by itself. It usually needs tools in the ice to abrade and erode bedrock. ( http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:2Gq3NERDu8oJ:www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/class_notes/1444/iceprops.htm+%22hardness+of+ice%22+-cream+site:edu&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 )

-- Under relatively low pressure ice behaves as a plastic material. At 0�C, ice has a hardness of 1.5 on the Mohs scale; at -70�C the hardness is 6 (Nesje and Dahl 2000). Ice is subject to pressure melting. In other words, ice can be melted at temperatures below 0�C by application of pressure. ( http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:0W9MwCSBgWEJ:academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec02/lec2.htm+%22hardness+of+ice%22+-cream+site:edu&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 )

-- The indentation hardness of ice [1] is extremely dependent on the load duration and ice temperature. For instance, at load durations of the order of 1, 10, and 100 s and an ice temperature of -2.5�C, the associated hardnesses of fine-grained polycrystalline ice are given by 30, 15, and 7 MPa. The load duration depends onthe ice velocity, but not in a simple manner, as it depends on the contact conditions at the interface (simultaneous or non-simultaneous contact, correlated or non-correlated spatial density of high pressurezones, ice thickness, degree of stable cracking). At the ice temperature just quoted, the pressure melting hardnesses are just a boundary layer away. If one were to assume associated secant moduli of 8, 6 and 4GPa, then the cleavage fractures would size as c ~ 6h, 7h and 8h, respectively. ( http://www.clarkson.edu/~john/pdf_files/efm_jpd_acp_dss_2001.pdf )

-- ice has both brittle and plastic properties. When subjected to sudden stress, ice Fractures;,when the stress is even and constant, it can bend ice melts faster under pressure. It will even melt under pressure at subzero temperatures. ice has the ability to be broken up or melted by pressure and then refreeze. ( http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:wWfwJSLAfzoJ:www.utmsi.utexas.edu/people/staff/dunton/k12/Physical%2520Prop%2520of%2520Ice.htm+%22brittleness+of+ice%22+site:edu&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 )

-- ductility of ice allow it to flow on flat surface ( http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:Ewh2POuOy4gJ:ijolite.geology.uiuc.edu/02FallClass/geo100/Lectures/100_T29_Glaciers.html+%22ductility+of+ice%22+site:edu&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 )

-- Ice deforms under an applied stress, much like a very viscous fluid, leading to the macroscopic phenomenon of glacier flow. Velocities in glaciers and ice sheets range from a few centimetres per year to a few kilometres per year. Where ice deformation is very rapid, fracture can occur that yields crevasses. Glacier ice appears blue because pure ice has a greater absorption of Light at the red end of the visible spectrum. [A.J.] (ice. The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management, Blackwell Science. Retrieved 13 June 2003, from xreferplus. http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/1380036 )

-- Ice has a very low coefficient of Friction. (See also Frost; Glacier; Hail; Ice ages; Iceberg; Icebreaker; Snow.) mp 0�C, bp 100�C, rd 0.92 (0�C). (Illustrated Dictionary of Science, � Andromeda 1988)

-- The specific latent heat of fusion is 0.3337 MJ kg-1. Its density at 0 �C is 916.0 kg m-3, compared to water at 0 �C with a density of 999.8 kg m-3. There are several allotropic forms of ice, mostly stable only under high pressure. (ice. The Penguin Dictionary of Physics. Retrieved 13 June 2003, from xreferplus. http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/1429291 )

-- Regelation:
The refreezing of ice that has melted under pressure alone, once the pressure is released. Ice skating depends on regelation, but as ice melts readily under pressure only while its temperature is near its Freezing point, skating may not be feasible in very cold weather. ( Regelation. Illustrated Dictionary of Science, Andromeda. Retrieved 13 June 2003, from xreferplus. http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/1063556 )

Ice

Ice Zetsumei Furry (and everywhere else) Ice Brodie (Second Life) Entries added to Wiki: Bawls Entries edited in Wiki include: Second Life Dewllnor (since deleted) Interests: Furry, Conventions (meetings), Online chat (specifically: chat rooms, Mucks (MUCKs themselves are more of a Talker than a MUD which the MUCK entry forwards to)), Computer Technology and general exploration. Noted in my name introduction, I am a Furry, specifically an arctic fox Anthropomorphism. This is a specific trait of people in the furry fandom, many have a persona that they consider their identity.

Ice

o.o hi, I'm Ice. Yeah I fixed my character pic's Copyright text, yay bots..

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