Hybrid

:''This article is about a biological term. See hybrid (disambiguation) for other meanings.'' In biology, hybrid has three meanings. * The first meaning is either the offspring of two different species, or of two different genera. * The second meaning of "hybrid" is crosses between populations or cultivars ("cultivated varieties") of a single species. This second meaning is often used in plant breeding. ** Hybrids between species of the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. ** Hybrids between different genera are sometimes known as intergeneric hybrids. ** Animal hybrids are commonly known as crossbreeds or crossbreds. *The third meaning is in molecular biology, see Hybridisation (molecular biology). Ernst Mayr wrote of Gregor Mendel, "He was uncertain about the nature of the kinds of peas he crossed, and, like most plant breeders, he called heterozygotes "hybrids". When he tried to confirm the laws he had found by using "other hybrids" that were actually real species hybrids, he failed. The use of the same term "hybrid" for two entirely different biological phenomena thwarted his later efforts." (''This is Biology,'' 1997, p58f). Some Dog hybrids and crossbreeds (used in sense two, above), are becoming increasingly popular and are being selective breeding. Plant hybrids, especially,are often stronger than either parent variety, a phenomenon which when present is known as ''heterosis''. Plant breeding make use of a number of techniques to produce hybrids. ==Interspecific hybrids== Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating two species, normally from within the same genus. The offspring display traits characterisitc of both parents. The offspring of an interspecific cross may be sterile. Sterility is attributed to the different number of chromosomes the two species have, for example donkeys have 62 chromosomes, while horses have 64, mules have 63. Mules and other sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes because the extra chromosome cannot make a homologous pair at meiosis, meiosis is disrupted and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. Hybrids are often named by the portmanteu method, combining the names of the two parent species. For example, a zeedonk is a cross between a zebra and a donkey. Since the traits of hybrid offspring often vary depending on which species was mother and which was father, it is traditional to use the father's species as the first half of the portmanteau. For example, a liger is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger, while a tigon is a cross between a male tiger and a female lion. Some animal interspecies hybrids are: * Mule, a cross of female horse and a male donkey. * Hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. * Zeedonk, a zebra/donkey cross. * Zorse or zebroid, a zebra/horse cross * Dzo or zo: a cross between a domestic cattle and a yak. * Beefalo, a cross of an American Bison and a domestic cattle. This is a fertile breed, although the two species are in different genera (''Bison'' and ''Bos'', respectively). * Hybrids between sheep and goat. * Wolfdog, the cross between a domestic dog and a Wolf. Crosses also occur between coyote, wolves, dingos, and domestic dogs. Many of these produce fertile animals ("dog" & "wolf" are now usually considered the same species, so this may be considered a non-hybrid). * Hybrids between spotted owls and barred owls * Liger (or Tigon, depending on the parents' genders), a cross between a Lion and a Tiger. Various other wild cat crosses are known involving the Lynx (cat), Bobcat, Leopard, Serval, etc. * Congolese Spotted Lion * Cama (animal), a cross between a Camel and a Llama, also an intergeneric hybrid. * Wolphin, a fertile but very rare cross between a False Killer Whale and a Bottlenose Dolphin. * A fertile cross between an albino King Snake and an albino Corn Snake. * At Chester Zoo in England, a cross between African elephant (male) and Indian elephant (female). The calf was named Motty. It died of gut infection after a few days. * Cagebird breeders sometimes make hybrids between species of finch, such as goldfinch x canary. Some plant hybrids include: * Leyland Cypress, a hybrid between Monterey Cypress and Nootka Cypress. *Loganberry, a hybrid between raspberry and blackberry. * London Plane, a hybrid between Oriental Plane and American sycamore (American Sycamore). *Tangelo, a hybrid of a mandarin orange and a pummelo or a grapefruit which may have been developed in Asia about 3,500 years ago. *Triticale, a wheat-rye hybrid. Hybrids should not be confused with chimera (animal). == Mythological and legendary hybrids == In ancient and modern local folktales, there exist hybrids resulting from the union between a human parent and an animal or a non-human sentient being. Some of these hybrids are crosses with humans and: brownies, nymphs, gods, Moo-Moo (Solomon Island Giant), chimpanzees (Humanzee), aliens, bats (Batboy), snakes/lizards (Naga, Syrictae), dropa, giants, cat people, mermaids, fairies, watchers, demons, dryads, spirits, incubus, succubus, pech (hybrid), Triton (mythology), larvae, martes, and others. One example is the Minotaur. Classical genetics

Hybrid

I am not sure how to work these two different definitions into the same article. Should it be separated into two articles. Where should go the discussion of hybrid vigor, the Green Revolution, F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids, diploid, triploid, tetraploid, etc.? User:Rmhermen 14:44, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC) There is another issue: a hybrid is a cross between two specimen belonging to taxons below the genera level. (This includes crosses with subspecies varieties subvarieties and forms). There is a second issue: a hybrid of two cultivars. Actually a cultivar is most often a hybrid in its own right. The way cultivars are reproduced is most often under controlled conditions and they can be clones. GerardM In botany it is accepted to talk about taxons lower than subspecies. So when you have natural varieties, and cross them you get hybrids. This does explain to me why a hybrid can be stronger in botany and not in zoology. Can anyone explain WHY the concept of variety or form is absent in zoology? GerardM :Wouldn't that be breed for domestic animals at least? User:Rmhermen 21:50, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC) ::A breed is indeed domestic. As such they are not taxonomically relevant. You do not find a "fresian holstein" for a cow or an "arabian thoroughbred" for a horse when studying the taxonomy of animals. GerardM == Question for the biologists: == Is this line from the 4th paragraph true, strictly speaking? 'To create specialised plants is called cross-fertilisation.' Is that actually the definition of 'cross-fertilisation'? :English is not my primary language but to me this fourth paragraph is wrong. User:GerardM 22:01, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC) Can't you cross-fertilize for another reason? And wouldn't grafting, e.g., be another way of creating a specialized plant? User:Quill 22:01, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC) :A graft is special but it is not one organism they are two. The rootstock has properties that make for a more vibrant growth of the graft. A hybrid is one organism. User:GerardM 21:59, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::Cross-fertilization isn't really the correct term to use here, the sentence as it satands does not convery any information so I'm deleting it and adding a link to plant breeding where hybrids are discussed.--User:Petaholmes 02:20, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Cypresses == Whilst the example of the cypresses is not untrue, it's not actually very pointful. Plants will readily hybridize with other plants of the same genus. All the other examples are animals, hybrids of which are much more unusual. I'm not sure the single plant example belongs here. == 66.42.123.130's edits == I'm not sure if this anon user's addition should even be kept on this page, but I thought I would at least format it correctly for the time being. User:Lachatdelarue_User_talk:Lachatdelarue">User:Lachatdelarue|User:Lachatdelarue User talk:Lachatdelarue 12:53, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC) :It's a good question, Lach. I like the entry, but since this article is about biology (in the real world), perhaps this is misplaced. So where to put it? Another article, with a link at hybrid (disambiguation)? User:Quill 23:24, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Wolphin == In the article, it says that a wolphin is a cross between a whale and a dolphin, but that's actually not true. It is a cross between a False Killer Whale and a Bottlenose Dolphin, both of which are dolphins, as the article it links to points out.

Hybrid

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Words begining with Hybrid:

Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid-2k
Hybridisation
Hybridisation
Hybridisation_(molecular_biology)
Hybridisation_(molecular_biology)
Hybridised_orbital
Hybridism
Hybridization
Hybridization_probe
Hybridized_orbital
Hybridoma
Hybrids
Hybrid_(band)
Hybrid_(disambiguation)
Hybrid_(particle_physics)
Hybrid_(StarCraft)
Hybrid_animals
Hybrid_atomic_orbital
Hybrid_Automobile
Hybrid_balance
Hybrid_bicycle
Hybrid_bicycle
Hybrid_bicycles
Hybrid_bill
Hybrid_bovines
Hybrid_car
Hybrid_car
Hybrid_coil
Hybrid_computer
Hybrid_computer
Hybrid_cryptosystem
Hybrid_electric
Hybrid_electric
Hybrid_electric_vehicle
Hybrid_equids
Hybrid_fiber-coax
Hybrid_Fiber_Coax
Hybrid_fiber_coax
Hybrid_Fiber_Coaxial
Hybrid_fiber_coaxial
Hybrid_Fibre_Coax
Hybrid_fibre_coax
Hybrid_Fibre_Coaxial
Hybrid_fibre_coaxial
Hybrid_Graphics
Hybrid_III
Hybrid_learning
Hybrid_library
Hybrid_logic
Hybrid_meson
Hybrid_monolithic_kernel
Hybrid_offence
Hybrid_orbital
Hybrid_pylon
Hybrid_rocket
Hybrid_routing
Hybrid_SACD
Hybrid_seed
Hybrid_Synergy_Drive
Hybrid_system
Hybrid_Tango
Hybrid_Theory
Hybrid_Theory
Hybrid_Theory_EP
Hybrid_Theory_EP
Hybrid_transport
Hybrid_vehicle
Hybrid_vehicle
Hybrid_vehicles
Hybrid_Vigor
Hybrid_vigor
Hybrid_vigour
Hybrid_Virus
Hybrid_what
Hybrid_what_vehicles
Hybrid_word