
The Hwicce () were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxons. The exact dimensions of their kingdom are unknown; they probably coincided with those of the old diocese of Worcester, the early bishops of which bore the title "''Episcopus Hwicciorum''." It would therefore include Worcestershire, Gloucestershire except the Forest of Dean, the southern half of Warwickshire, and the neighbourhood of Bath. The name Hwicce survives in Wychwood in Oxfordshire, Whichford in Warwickshire and the Wychavon district of Worcestershire. These districts, or at least the southern portion of them, were originally conquered by the Wessex under Ceawlin of Wessex, according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', s.a. 577. This area was taken by the Hwicce and was ruled independently from Wessex. In later times, however, the kingdom of the Hwicce appears to have been always subject to Mercian supremacy, and possibly it was separated from Wessex in the time of Edwin of Deira. The first kings of whom we read were two brothers, Eanhere and Eanfrith, probably contemporaries of Wulfhere. They were followed by a king named Osric, a contemporary of Aethelred of Mercia, and he by a king Oshere. Oshere had three sons who reigned after him, Æthelheard, Æthelweard and Æthelric. The two last named appear to have been reigning in the year 706. Hwicce is first found to be mentioned in 626 in the ''Tribal Hidage''#Notes. In Bede's ''The Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' he notes that Queen Eafe "had been baptised in her own country, the kingdom of the Hwicce. She was the daughter of Eanfrith, Eanhere's brother, both of whom were Christians, as were their people."#Notes From this we deduce that Hwicce was a Christianity kingdom and that Eanfrith and Eanhere were royal. We may further deduce from placenames that the area was Anglo-Saxon with Anglian bias in the north and Saxon in the south. Paganism burial is also notable in the north-east of the kingdom#Notes. At the beginning of Offa's reign we again find the kingdom ruled by three brothers, named Eanberht, Uhtred and Aldred, the two latter of whom lived until about 780. After them the title of king seems to have been given up. Their successor Æthelmund, who was killed in a campaign against Wessex in 802, is described only as an earl. The district remained in possession of the rulers of Mercia until the fall of that kingdom. Together with the rest of English Mercia it submitted to Alfred the Great about 877-883 under Earl Æthelred, who possibly himself belonged to the Hwicce. No genealogy or list of kings has been preserved, and we do not know whether the dynasty was connected with that of Wessex or Mercia. It is likely that the British Church itself converted the Hwicce to Christianity rather than missions from Pope Gregory—conjecture based upon the fact that Bede does not comment on the matter, despite conversion being the dedication of his work#Notes. Conversion may also be attributed to surrounding Christian communities or forced conversion by the ruling dynasty, who may have intermarried into the Christian British ruling aristocracy. Two place names suggest that Christianity was still followed in communities into the Anglo-Saxon nation including burials beneath Worcester Cathedral and St Mary de Lode, Gloucester.#Notes Other evidence indicates a direct relationship between pre-Roman and Anglo-Saxon pagan worship within communities. ==Kings of Hwicce== Those who ruled over Hwicce did so largely in tandem for all or part of their reign. This gives rise to an overlap in the dates of reigns as may be seen below. {| !Name !Dates#Notes !Notes |-bgcolor="ABCDEF" |||577||Kingdom assumes power over Gloucester |-bgcolor="ABCDEF" |||628||Kingdom is conquered by Penda of Mercia |- |Eanfrith of Hwicce||650s–674|| |- |Eanhere||674–675|| |- |Osric||675–685#Notes||Entombed at Gloucester Cathedral |- |Oshere||679–693#Notes|| |- |Æthelberht||693–?#Notes|| |- |Æthelweard of Hwicce||693–?#Notes|| |- |Æthelric||693–?#Notes|| |- |Osred||693–?#Notes|| |- |Eanberht||fl.759|| |- |Uhtred||fl.759|| |- |Ealdred||fl.759 & 778#Notes|| |-bgcolor="ABCDEF" |||~790||Hwicce totally assimilated into Mercia |} ==Notes== #N. J. Higham, ''An English Empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon kings'' (Manchester 1995), pp.74- 111. #Bede, ''The Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' ed. J.McClure and R.Collins (Oxford, 1994), p.193. #D.Hooke, ''The Anglo-Saxon Landscape: The Kingdom of the Hwicce'' (Manchester, 1985), pp.8-10; Sims-Williams, 'St Wilfred and two charters dated AD 676 and 680', ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'', Vol. 39, part 2 (1988), p.169. #[http://www.building-history.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Bath/Saxon/Dobunni.htm Building History website] is the basis of the Christian conversion conjecture. #C. Thomas, ''Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500'' (1981), pp.253-71; Hooke, p.10; C.Heighway, 'Saxon Gloucester' in J.Haslam ed., ''Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England'' (Chichester, 1984)p.375. #All dates, like all information about Hwicce, are academic approximations #[http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/KingListsBritain/EnglandHwicce.htm kessler-web.co.uk] (retrieved 10 March 2005) suggests Osric's reign ended in 679 #The same website source suggests that Oshere ruled until 704 #Source also suggests that the four kings ruled "ar. 700", "ar. 710", "ar. 720" and "ar. 730s" respectively. #Source further states that Ealdred ruled "c.759 - c.790" ==Further reading== *Bede, ''Historia eccles.'' (edited by C Plummer) iv. 13 (Oxford, 1896) *W de G Birch, ''Cartularium Saxonicum'', 43, 51, 76, 85, 116, 117, 122, 163, I87, 232, 233, 238 (Oxford, 1885-1889). == External link == * [http://www.building-history.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Bath/Saxon/Dobunni.htm Dobunni to Hwicce] - An extract from Jean Manco, Saxon Bath: The Legacy of Rome and the Saxon Rebirth, ''Bath History'' vol. 7 (1998). ==References== *Article ''Hwicce'' in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica *[http://www.britannia.com/ Britannia staff] (1999). [http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/hwicce.html Kings of Hwicce]. Retrieved on 10 March 2005. Anglo-Saxon England
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Hwicce
Hwicce
The Hwicce () were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxons. The exact dimensions of their kingdom are unknown; they probably coincided with those of the old diocese of Worcester, the early bishops of which bore the title "''Episcopus Hwicciorum''." It would therefore include Worcestershire, Gloucestershire except the Forest of Dean, the southern half of Warwickshire, and the neighbourhood of Bath. The name Hwicce survives in Wychwood in Oxfordshire, Whichford in Warwickshire and the Wychavon district of Worcestershire. These districts, or at least the southern portion of them, were originally conquered by the Wessex under Ceawlin of Wessex, according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', s.a. 577. This area was taken by the Hwicce and was ruled independently from Wessex. In later times, however, the kingdom of the Hwicce appears to have been always subject to Mercian supremacy, and possibly it was separated from Wessex in the time of Edwin of Deira. The first kings of whom we read were two brothers, Eanhere and Eanfrith, probably contemporaries of Wulfhere. They were followed by a king named Osric, a contemporary of Aethelred of Mercia, and he by a king Oshere. Oshere had three sons who reigned after him, Æthelheard, Æthelweard and Æthelric. The two last named appear to have been reigning in the year 706. Hwicce is first found to be mentioned in 626 in the ''Tribal Hidage''#Notes. In Bede's ''The Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' he notes that Queen Eafe "had been baptised in her own country, the kingdom of the Hwicce. She was the daughter of Eanfrith, Eanhere's brother, both of whom were Christians, as were their people."#Notes From this we deduce that Hwicce was a Christianity kingdom and that Eanfrith and Eanhere were royal. We may further deduce from placenames that the area was Anglo-Saxon with Anglian bias in the north and Saxon in the south. Paganism burial is also notable in the north-east of the kingdom#Notes. At the beginning of Offa's reign we again find the kingdom ruled by three brothers, named Eanberht, Uhtred and Aldred, the two latter of whom lived until about 780. After them the title of king seems to have been given up. Their successor Æthelmund, who was killed in a campaign against Wessex in 802, is described only as an earl. The district remained in possession of the rulers of Mercia until the fall of that kingdom. Together with the rest of English Mercia it submitted to Alfred the Great about 877-883 under Earl Æthelred, who possibly himself belonged to the Hwicce. No genealogy or list of kings has been preserved, and we do not know whether the dynasty was connected with that of Wessex or Mercia. It is likely that the British Church itself converted the Hwicce to Christianity rather than missions from Pope Gregory—conjecture based upon the fact that Bede does not comment on the matter, despite conversion being the dedication of his work#Notes. Conversion may also be attributed to surrounding Christian communities or forced conversion by the ruling dynasty, who may have intermarried into the Christian British ruling aristocracy. Two place names suggest that Christianity was still followed in communities into the Anglo-Saxon nation including burials beneath Worcester Cathedral and St Mary de Lode, Gloucester.#Notes Other evidence indicates a direct relationship between pre-Roman and Anglo-Saxon pagan worship within communities. ==Kings of Hwicce== Those who ruled over Hwicce did so largely in tandem for all or part of their reign. This gives rise to an overlap in the dates of reigns as may be seen below. {| !Name !Dates#Notes !Notes |-bgcolor="ABCDEF" |||577||Kingdom assumes power over Gloucester |-bgcolor="ABCDEF" |||628||Kingdom is conquered by Penda of Mercia |- |Eanfrith of Hwicce||650s–674|| |- |Eanhere||674–675|| |- |Osric||675–685#Notes||Entombed at Gloucester Cathedral |- |Oshere||679–693#Notes|| |- |Æthelberht||693–?#Notes|| |- |Æthelweard of Hwicce||693–?#Notes|| |- |Æthelric||693–?#Notes|| |- |Osred||693–?#Notes|| |- |Eanberht||fl.759|| |- |Uhtred||fl.759|| |- |Ealdred||fl.759 & 778#Notes|| |-bgcolor="ABCDEF" |||~790||Hwicce totally assimilated into Mercia |} ==Notes== #N. J. Higham, ''An English Empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon kings'' (Manchester 1995), pp.74- 111. #Bede, ''The Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' ed. J.McClure and R.Collins (Oxford, 1994), p.193. #D.Hooke, ''The Anglo-Saxon Landscape: The Kingdom of the Hwicce'' (Manchester, 1985), pp.8-10; Sims-Williams, 'St Wilfred and two charters dated AD 676 and 680', ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'', Vol. 39, part 2 (1988), p.169. #[http://www.building-history.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Bath/Saxon/Dobunni.htm Building History website] is the basis of the Christian conversion conjecture. #C. Thomas, ''Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500'' (1981), pp.253-71; Hooke, p.10; C.Heighway, 'Saxon Gloucester' in J.Haslam ed., ''Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England'' (Chichester, 1984)p.375. #All dates, like all information about Hwicce, are academic approximations #[http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/KingListsBritain/EnglandHwicce.htm kessler-web.co.uk] (retrieved 10 March 2005) suggests Osric's reign ended in 679 #The same website source suggests that Oshere ruled until 704 #Source also suggests that the four kings ruled "ar. 700", "ar. 710", "ar. 720" and "ar. 730s" respectively. #Source further states that Ealdred ruled "c.759 - c.790" ==Further reading== *Bede, ''Historia eccles.'' (edited by C Plummer) iv. 13 (Oxford, 1896) *W de G Birch, ''Cartularium Saxonicum'', 43, 51, 76, 85, 116, 117, 122, 163, I87, 232, 233, 238 (Oxford, 1885-1889). == External link == * [http://www.building-history.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Bath/Saxon/Dobunni.htm Dobunni to Hwicce] - An extract from Jean Manco, Saxon Bath: The Legacy of Rome and the Saxon Rebirth, ''Bath History'' vol. 7 (1998). ==References== *Article ''Hwicce'' in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica *[http://www.britannia.com/ Britannia staff] (1999). [http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/hwicce.html Kings of Hwicce]. Retrieved on 10 March 2005. Anglo-Saxon England
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Hwicce
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