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Hunting:''This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. For other uses of the word "hunting", see Hunting (disambiguation). "Hunter" and "huntress" redirect here; for other uses of these words, see Hunter (disambiguation) and Huntress (disambiguation).'' Hunting is, in its most general sense, the pursuit of a target. It is most commonly applied to the practice of pursuing animals to capture or kill them for food, sport, or trade in their products. Animals so hunted are referred to as game animals. Hunting is also done to control varmint populations or as wildlife management to reduce animal populations which have exceeded the capacity of their range or when individual animals have become a danger to humans. ==History== In ancient societies, before the widespread domestication of animals, hunting was generally vital for survival as part of the hunter-gatherer way of life. For most humans before the development of agriculture, hunting would have provided an important source of protein to augment the foraged plants and vegetables that made up the majority of their diet. Also, in chilly climates, the hides or furs of animals would be used as simple clothing (see trapping). The earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, the Atlatl and Bow (weapon) and arrows. Even when domestication#Animal Domestication became relatively widespread, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the food supply available to a population. In addition, animal parts such as hides and horns were utilized in clothing and tools, and not all of these products could be provided from the domestication of animals. The importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by religious figures such as Cernunnos. With domestication of the dog, Bird of prey and the ferret, various forms of animal-aided hunting developed including venery (scent hound hunting, such as fox hunting), coursing (sight hound hunting), falconry and ferreting. These are all associated with medieval hunting. === Specialization and Hunting for Sport === As hunting moved from a strictly necessary activity for survival to one of many staples of society, two trends emerged. One was that of the specialist hunter - a position previously held by just about every able-bodied male (usually) in the society. As domesticated farming and herding took hold, hunting became one of many trades to be pursued by those with the necessary training. The other trend was the emergence of hunting as a sport. As game became more of a luxury than a necessity, the pursuit of it could equally well be considered a luxury pursuit. Hunting in North America in the 1800s was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies. The safari (hunting) method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists, but is frowned upon when it involves rare or endangered species of animal. Other people also object to trophy hunting in general because it is seen as a senseless act of killing another living thing for recreation, rather than food. In the 1800s southern and central European hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, to be displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was often wasted. In contrast, in relatively scarcely populated northern Europe, hunting has remained the tradition of the common people, and still serves a purpose as a means of acquiring meat, although the standard of living does not require it; Eating game is generally considered a healthier and more ethical alternative to the exploitation of farmed animals. In the Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was, and still is frowned upon, but an impressive trophy is considered a bonus. This is perhaps the most common practice of modern hunters worldwide. In medieval Europe, it was common for upper-class families to claim the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of territory. Game in these areas was certainly used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen; but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. Furthermore, hunting provided practice in the skills of warfare. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In later times, this aristocratic type of hunting lost its roots as a source of food and supplies, while retaining its nature as a sport. ==United Kingdom== The practice of United Kingdom fox hunt is a prime example of sport hunting; the fox is not eaten, and the skin is rarely preserved afterwards. Fox hunting originally developed as a means of vermin control to protect livestock. In Queen Victoria times it also became a popular sport of the upper classes. It now attracts followers from all walks of life. Mounted followers join in on horseback and foot-followers walk or cycle, others follow by car, stopping to view the hunt from suitable vantage points. Fox hunting attract strong feelings. Some animal right supporter feel it causes suffering to the fox and is both cruel and unnecessary. Some members of the farming and rural communities in which it takes place feel it is an integral and useful part of rural life, keeping down fox populations and providing an important contribution to social life for local people. In 2002 the Scottish Parliament passed an act banning fox hunting and other forms of hunting with hounds. On September 15th 2004 the British Parliament followed Scotland's lead and passed a similar ban for England and Wales under the Hunting Act 2004, which took effect from February 18 2005. The British Government forced the ban into law using the Parliament Act. Some hunting activists have declared their intention to break the law and continue hunting with hounds. ==Hunting in the United States== In the United States, hunting is a sport not associated with any particular class or culture. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over 13 million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport. Hunters usually are in tune with nature and often see themselves as environmentalists or conservationists. Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to State agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Proceeds from the Federal Duck Stamp, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters, have purchased more than 5 million acres (20,000 km²) of habitat for the refuge system lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species, and are often open to hunting. The $200 million is the federal portion only and does not include monies collected by the states for hunting licenses. Local hunting clubs and national conservation organizations protect the future of wildlife by setting aside millions of acres of habitat and speaking up for conservation in Washington and State capitals [http://www.fws.gov/hunting/whatdo.html]. Hunting of mammals such as deer, wapiti and small game is regulated by the states. Hunting of migratory waterfowl (ducks, geese, and others) is regulated by the Federal government under treaties with Canada and Mexico since the birds do not recognize international political boundaries. The states usually adminster the federally-set regulations. One task of Federal and state Park_Ranger and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, included species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans. Hunting in the United States has been associated with the issues of Gun politics. Hunting can be an important tool for wildlife management. Hunting gives resource managers a valuable tool to control populations of some species that might otherwise exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other wildlife species, and in some instances, that of human health and safety [http://www.fws.gov/hunting/]. Hunting reduces the annual crop of new animals and birds to allow the remaining animals sufficent feed and shelter to survive. Many Native American hunters claim subsistence hunting rights as a traditional part of their culture. In certain cases (such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act), Federal law provides protection for Native Americans. This is particularly true in Alaska, where people still feed on sea and land mammals as well as fish and birds. It is common for rural Alaska Native communities to obtain 50-90% of their daily protein from hunting. Varmint hunting is the killing of animals seen as a nuisance. It is not a sport but a method of pest control. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Often no use is made of the carcass after killing. Which species are "varmints" depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints include rats, rabbits, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. But species protection is important. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolf. However, some people engage in varmint hunting for recreation and for furs. Animal management authorities sometimes rely on hunting to control certain animal populations. These hunts are sometimes carried out by professional hunters although other hunts include amateurs. Overpopulations of deer in urban parks and bears which have attacked humans might be hunted by animal management authorities. ===Depiction in Popular Culture=== While there are numerous hunting shows, television programs, magazines and merchandise, some popular entertainment also condemns sport hunting. This is most obvious in animation which often depicts hunting from the hunted animal's point of view and furthermore has the audience's sympathy as the animal either usually escapes or successfully defends itself. Hence, the hunter is often presented as the antagonist. This can range from the humorous such as Bugs Bunny fighting off Elmer Fudd to the dramatic as in ''Bambi''. In contrast, filmed depictions of hunting by aboriginal cultures like Native American ones are treated with much more sympathy with the implied idea that they are hunting for what they need to survive and no more. (This "implied idea" actually continues to be the case in many Alaskan Bush communities today.)[http://tunt.blogspot.com/2005/03/30-hunting-for-subsistence.html] Varmint hunting of prairie dogs is depicted in John Ross' novel "Unintended Consequences". A favorable depiction of hunting is found in L.Neil Smith's science fiction novel 'Pallas'. ==External Links== * [http://www.justinalexander.net/huntingethics.htm Ethics of Hunting] - a philosophy thesis on the ethical arguments for and against hunting, including a section focusing on Christianity ethics. * [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/huntingsafety.asp Hunting Safety] * [http://www.fws.gov/ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website] * [http://www.fws.gov/hunting/huntstat.html U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service statistics] * [http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/ Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission as an example of state agencies] Food and drink Survival skills Blood sports Archery Hunting HuntingIs "varmint" actually a word? Wouldn't this normally be called "vermin" hunting? I thought "varmint" was a slang/dialect term... User:-- April 21:08 May 7, 2003 (UTC) :Agreed - and I'd avoid 'vermin' as a term too, as it carries a very loaded POV. This article needs a deal of editing. - User:MPF 00:51, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC) :Yes, "varmint" is listed as a variant of "vermin" in many dictionaries and probably does have roots in slang. In this case, I believe the word better qualifies as jargon rather than slang, since it is a standard term understood by virtually all hunters...at least those in the United States, anyway. I'd let the term stand since the text does give some examples of varmint species. User:Red Goat Jackson 00:34, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC) ::Most users of wikipedia aren't American hunters. I'd say change it to vermin, or rodent, or something other than varmint. I'm canadian, and the only place I've ever heard "varmint" was in saturday morning cartoons. User:SECProto 20:03, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC) :::Of course, we must consider that Wikipedia reaches a world-wide, non-American audience but "varmint hunting" is a term that describes a subset of the hunting sports. I'm unsure of the term's prevalence outside of the U.S. and I'm unaware of any other widely-used substitute term so perhaps it would be useful to include both "varmint" and "vermin" (or "nuisance species") with a short description. User:Red Goat Jackson 22:31, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC) ::::Yup, thats all I was getting at. If vermin means the same thing as varmint, you can feel free to switch it to vermin if you agree - or saying both names, I'm not a hunter myself, so I don't really know which would be the best way to say it. User:SECProto 03:42, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC) The pictures are pretty small and uninspiring. Anyone agree we should replace them with one of these: [http://john-leech-archive.org.uk/keyword/hunting.htm punch hunting cartoons]? == Introduction == I'm sure most people know what "hunting" is, but the article still needs an introductory paragraph containing a definition. Before 198.234.216.213's vandalism, such a paragraph was in place. Any reason it was removed? User:TaintedMustard 09:45, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) No reason I can see. Why don't you put it back in?User:Johnwhunt 21:38, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC) HuntingBlood sports Recreation See other meanings of words starting from letter: HHA | HB | HC | HD | HE | HF | HG | HI | HJ | HK | HL | HM | HN | HO | HP | HR | HS | HT | HU | HW | HX | HY | HZ |Words begining with Hunting: Hunting Hunting Hunting Huntingburg Huntingburg,_IN Huntingburg,_Indiana Huntingdale Huntingdale_railway_station,_Melbourne Huntingdon Huntingdon Huntingdon,_PA Huntingdon,_Pennsylvania Huntingdon,_Quebec Huntingdon,_Québec Huntingdon,_Tennessee Huntingdon,_TN Huntingdonshire Huntingdonshire Huntingdonshire Huntingdonshire_and_Peterborough Huntingdon_&_Broadtop_Railroad Huntingdon_&_Broad_Top_Mountain_Railroad Huntingdon_&_Broad_Top_Railroad Huntingdon_&_Broad_Top_RR Huntingdon_(disambiguation) Huntingdon_(electoral_district) Huntingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Huntingdon_and_Broadtop_Railroad Huntingdon_and_Broad_Top Huntingdon_and_Broad_Top_Mountain_Railroad Huntingdon_and_Broad_Top_Mountain_Railroad_and_Coal_Company Huntingdon_and_Broad_Top_Railroad Huntingdon_and_Peterborough Huntingdon_College Huntingdon_County Huntingdon_County,_PA Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania Huntingdon_County,_Quebec Huntingdon_Life_Sciences Huntingdon_Life_Sciences Huntington Huntington Huntington's Huntington's_Chorea Huntington's_chorea Huntington's_Disease Huntington's_disease Huntington's_disease Huntington,_AR Huntington,_Arkansas Huntington,_Arkansas Huntington,_City_of_York Huntington,_FL Huntington,_Florida Huntington,_GA Huntington,_Georgia Huntington,_IN Huntington,_Indiana Huntington,_MA Huntington,_Maryland Huntington,_Massachusetts Huntington,_MD Huntington,_New_York Huntington,_NY Huntington,_OR Huntington,_Oregon Huntington,_SC Huntington,_South_Carolina Huntington,_Texas Huntington,_TX Huntington,_UT Huntington,_ut Huntington,_Utah Huntington,_VA Huntington,_Vermont Huntington,_Virginia Huntington,_VT Huntington,_West_Virginia Huntington,_West_Virginia Huntington,_WV Huntingtons_Chorea Huntingtons_disease Huntington_(CDP),_New_York Huntington_(CDP),_Suffolk_County,_New_York Huntington_(MA) Huntington_(town),_New_York Huntington_(town),_Suffolk_County,_New_York Huntington_(Washington_Metro) Huntington_Avenue_Baseball_Grounds Huntington_Avenue_Grounds Huntington_Bay Huntington_Bay,_New_York Huntington_Beach Huntington_beach Huntington_Beach,_CA Huntington_Beach,_California Huntington_Beach,_California Huntington_Beach_State_Park Huntington_County Huntington_County,_IN Huntington_County,_Indiana Huntington_County,_Indiana Huntington_County,_Indiana Huntington_Disease Huntington_disease Huntington_Expressway Huntington_Herald-Dispatch Huntington_Library Huntington_Library,_Art_Gallery,_and_Botanical_Gardens Huntington_Park Huntington_Park,_CA Huntington_Park,_California Huntington_Park_(Newport_News,_VA) Huntington_Park_(Newport_News,_Virginia) Huntington_School_York Huntington_Station Huntington_Station,_New_York Huntington_Township,_Adams_County,_PA Huntington_Township,_Adams_County,_Pennsylvania Huntington_Township,_Luzerne_County,_PA Huntington_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania Huntington_Township,_PA Huntington_Township,_Pennsylvania Huntington_vermont Huntington_Village,_New_York Huntington_Woods,_MI Huntington_Woods,_Michigan Huntingtower_and_Ruthvenfield Huntingtower_Castle Huntingtown Huntingtown,_Maryland Huntingtown,_MD Hunting_(disambiguation) Hunting_(engineering) Hunting_Act Hunting_Act_2004 Hunting_Act_2004 Hunting_Act_2004_(UK) Hunting_Act_2004_(UK) Hunting_Aircraft Hunting_and_gathering Hunting_and_Gathering_Society Hunting_and_Gathering_society Hunting_and_gathering_society Hunting_Bill Hunting_crop Hunting_deities Hunting_dog Hunting_Engineering Hunting_For_Bambi Hunting_For_Bambi Hunting_for_Hidden_Gold Hunting_goddesses Hunting_goddesses Hunting_gods Hunting_High_And_Low Hunting_Hills_High_School Hunting_Horrors Hunting_Island_Lighthouse Hunting_Island_State_Park Hunting_Jet_Provost Hunting_mushrooms Hunting_Park Hunting_Percival Hunting_Percival_Jet_Provost Hunting_rifle Hunting_sword Hunting_Valley Hunting_Valley,_OH Hunting_Valley,_Ohio |
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