
The Republic of Hungary (''Magyar Köztársaság'' ) or Hungary (''Magyarország'' ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the ''Country of the Magyars''. == History == ''Main article: History of Hungary'' In the time of the Roman Empire, the Romans called this province Pannonia(west from the Danube river). After Rome fell, Hungary, like the other provinces, was affected by the migrations. First came the Huns, who built up under Attila the Hun the powerful Hunnish Empire. The name “Hungary” is influenced by the name of the Hun people, although it probably comes from the name of the Turkic peoples tribe Onogur (see Polish language ''Węgrzy'', German language ''Ungarn'', etc.). After the empire of the Huns disintegrated, German tribes ruled in Hungary for about 100 years, and were followed by the Avars. During the 200 year supremacy of the Avars, the migration of the Slavonic tribes began. Moravians, Bulgars, Croats, Serbs, and Poles all sought to overthrow the Avars, but their power was not broken until Charlemagne. The decline of the kingdom of the East Franks, after the death of Charlemagne, was favourable to the development of a great Slavonic power, and Swatopluk, ruler of Great Moravia, sought to establish a permanent Moravian kingdom, but the appearance of the Magyars put an end to these schemes. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07547a.htm] Tradition holds that the Country of the Magyars (Hungary) was founded by Árpád, who led the Magyars into the Pannonian plains at the end of the 9th century. The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 by Stephen of Hungary. Initially the history of Hungary was developed in a triangle with that of Poland and Bohemia, with the many liaisons with Popes and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Hungary was partially demolished with a great loss of life in 1241–1242 by Mongol (Tatar) armies of Batu Khan. Gradually Hungary under the rule of the dynasty of the Árpáds turned into a large, independent kingdom which formed a distinct Central European culture with ties to greater West European civilisation. Matthias Corvinus of Hungary ruled Hungary from 1458 to 1490. He strengthened Hungary and its government. Under his rule, Hungary (notably the northern parts, some of which are in Slovakia today) became an artistic and cultural center of Europe during the Renaissance. Hungarian culture influenced others, for example the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Together with Poland and Czech lands, Hungary formed the Visegrád group of nations. Today an alliance of the same name exists again with the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. Hungarian independence ended with the Ottoman Empire conquest at the beginning of the 16th century; the parts of Hungary that were not conquered by the Ottomans were annexed by Austria (the rulers of which were Hungarian kings at the same time) in the West, and became the independent Principality of Transylvania in the East, where thus Hungarian statedom was preserved. After 150 years, Austria and her Christian allies retook also the territory of today's Hungary by the end of the 17th century from the Ottoman Empire. After the final defeat of the Turkey, struggle began between the Hungarian nation and the Habsburg kings for the protection of noblemens' rights (thus guarding the autonomy of Hungary). The fight against Austrian absolutism resulted in the unsuccessful popular freedom fight led by a Transylvanian nobleman, Ferenc II Rákóczi, between 1704 and 1711. The revolution and war of 1848–1849 eliminated serfdom and secured civil rights. The Austrians were finally able to prevail only with Russian help. Thanks to the victories against Austria by the French-Italian coalition (the Battle of Solferino, 1859) and Prussia (Battle of Königgratz, 1866), Hungary would eventually, in 1867, manage to become an autonomous part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (see Ausgleich), until the Empire's collapse following World War I. Hungary separated from Austria on October 31, 1918. In March 1919 the communists took the power, and in April, Béla Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. This government proved to be short lived; the Romania army invaded, the communist forces were defeated and the Soviet Republic was toppled on August 6, 1919. Rightist military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy, entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian army's departure and filled the vacuum of state power. In January 1920, elections were held for a unicameral assembly, and Admiral Horthy was subsequently elected Regent, thereby preserving Hungary formally as a kingdom, although there were no more Kings of Hungary. In June, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, fixing Hungary's borders. Compared with the pre-war Kingdom, the size and population of this new Hungary were reduced by about two-thirds. Miklós Horthy ruled with autocratic powers for most of the interwar period. Hungarian politics and culture of the era was saturated with irredentism and revisionism (the resurrection of pre-Trianon sized Hungary by whatever means it takes). Horthy made an alliance with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, in the hope of revising the territorial losses that had followed World War I. Hungary was rewarded by Germany with historical Hungarian territories belonging to Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Kingdom of Romania, and took an active part in World War II. However, in October 1944, Hitler replaced Horthy with the Hungarian Nazi collaborator Ferenc Szálasi and his Arrow Cross Party in order to avert Hungary's defection to the Allied side, which were constantly on schedule since the Allied invasion of Italy. During the Holocaust more than 400,000 Jews and several tens of thousands of Roma people perished in Hungary, but the Jewish population of Budapest (approx.200,000) wasn't let to be transported into eliminatory camps because Horthy hindered it. Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Hungary became part of the Soviet area of influence and was appropriated into a communist state following a short period of democracy in 1946–1947. After 1948 Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established a Stalinist rule in the country, which was barely bearable for the war-torn country. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with military intervention by the Soviet Union and the deposition and execution of the reform-minded communist prime minister Imre Nagy. From the 1960's on to the late 1980's Hungary enjoyed a distinguished status of "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, under the rule of late controversial communist leader János Kádár, who exercised autocratic rule during this period. In the late 1980s, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Hungary developed closer ties with Western Europe, joined NATO in 1999 and joined the European Union on May 1, 2004. ''See Also: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary: Pre-History and Early History'' == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Hungary'' The President of Hungary, elected by the parliament every 5 years, has a largely ceremonial role, but powers also include appointing the Prime Minister of Hungary. The prime minister selects cabinet (government) ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings and must be formally approved by the president. The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly of Hungary (the ''Országgyűlés'') is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. National parliamentary elections are held every 4 years (the last was in April 2002). A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality. == Administrative divisions == ''Main article: Counties of Hungary'' Hungary is subdivided administratively into 19 counties, in addition to which there is one Capitals of Hungary (''főváros''): Budapest. There are also 22 so-called urban counties (singular ''megyei jogú város''), These are:
See also: Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary
== Geography ==
''Main article: Geography of Hungary''
Hungary's landscape consists mostly of the flat to rolling plains of the Carpathian Basin, with hills and lower mountains to the north along the Slovakian border (highest point: the Kékes at 1,014 m). Hungary is divided in two by its main waterway, the Danube (''Duna''); other large rivers include the Tisza and Dráva, while the western half contains Lake Balaton, a major body of water. The largest thermal lake in the world, Lake Hévíz (Hévíz Spa), is located in Hungary. The second largest lake in the Carpathian Basin (and probably the largest artificial lake in Europe) is Lake Theiss (''Tisza-tó'').
== Climate ==
Hungary has continental climate, with cold, cloudy, humid winters and warm to hot summers. Average annual temperature is 9.7°C. Temperature extremes are app. 35°C in the summer and −29°C in the winter. Average temperature in the summer is 27–32°C, and in the winter it is 0 to −15 °C. The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 mm. A small, southern region of the country near Pécs enjoys a mediterranean climate.
The relative isolation of the Carpathian Basin makes it susceptible to droughts and the effects of Global Warming are already felt. According to popular opinion, and many scientists in the latest decades the country became drier, as droughts are quite common; and summers became hotter, winters became milder. Because of these reasons snow has become much more rare in the area than before. Popular opinion also states that the four-season system became a two-season system as spring (season) and autumn are getting shorter and shorter, even vanishing some years.
== Economy ==
''Main article: Economy of Hungary''
Hungary continues to demonstrate strong economic growth as one of the newest members of the European Union (since 2004). The private sector accounts for over 80% of Gross Domestic Product. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms is widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than US$23 billion since 1989. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 to the second-highest rating among all the Central European transition economies. Inflation and unemployment – both priority concerns in 2001 – have declined substantially, however the suicide rate remains stubbornly high. Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing have not yet been addressed by the present government.
== Demographics ==
''Main article: Demographics of Hungary''
For some 95% of the population, mostly Hungarians, the mother tongue is Hungarian language, a Finno Ugric language unrelated to any neighbouring language. Several ethnic minorities exist: Roma (people) (2%), ethnic Germans (1.2%), Romanians (0.8%), Slovaks (0.4%), Croats (0.2%), Serbs (0.2%) and Ukrainians (0.1%).
The largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism – Roman and Greek – (approx two thirds of the population), with a Calvinist minority (around 20%) and Lutherans (5%). However, these are book values, as the Hungarian population is not particularly religious; at most 25% practise their faith. Most of the country's Jews (1%) live in Budapest.
Several large Magyars minorities exist across the border in neighbouring countries, notably in Ukraine (in Carpathian Ruthenia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), Serbia (in Vojvodina) and a smaller ones in Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia and Slovenia.
== Culture ==
''Main article: Culture of Hungary''
*List of Hungarians
*List of Hungarian rulers
*List of Hungarian writers
*Music of Hungary
*Hungarian jokes
*Turáni átok
*Hungarian cuisine
*List_of_most_popular_family_names#Hungary
*List_of_personal_naming_conventions#Name_order
*Public holidays in Hungary
== Miscellaneous topics ==
*Communications in Hungary
*Transportation in Hungary
*Military of Hungary
*Foreign relations of Hungary
*List of cities in Hungary
*[http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hungarian Wikipedia]
== External links ==
===General info===
*[http://www.visitors.hu/budapest_en.html Hungary for visitors]
*[http://www.budpocketguide.com/ Budapest Business & Travel Portal]
*[http://www.filolog.com/crossculture.html FiloLog's Cross-culture pages] (Hungarian Business Culture, Habits, Communication, and Relocation to Hungary)
*[http://www.magyarorszag.hu/angol/ Hungarian Government Portal] – Main (governmental) portal
*[http://www.meh.hu/english Prime minister of Hungary] – Official prime ministerial site
*[http://www.parlament.hu/parl_en.htm House of the Nation] – Official parliamentary site
*[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/europe/hungary/index.htm Worldguide of Hungary by LonelyPlanet.com]
*[http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/hungary/ Country Profile Hungary], tons of material and links
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07547a.htm A detailed article on Hungary from a Christian point of view] (Catholic Encyclopedia)
===Pictures===
* [http://www.earth-photography.com/Countries/Hungary Photos of Hungary] (photo album of Budapest and other cities)
* [http://www.magyarorszag.hu/angol/orszaginfo/galeria Photo album]
*[http://www.andkon.com/stuf/summer2003/summer.html Hungary in Pictures] (Some pictures of Budapest and Hungarian towns)
===History===
*[http://www.hungary.com/corvinus/ History of Hungary – The Corvinus Library]
*[http://cityguide.budapestrooms.com/hungary/history1.htm History of Hungary – Chronological Survey: 2500 BC – AD 2004]
*[http://www.hunmagyar.org/hungary/history/index.html Hungarian History] (Turanian Lands, Turanian Peoples) — ''Note: POV content''
===Culture===
*[http://translations.bookfinder.hu/indexa.htm Translation of Hungarian literary works - a database]
*[http://www.hungarianbookfoundation.hu/Html/Translation_grant.htm Hungarian Book Foundation]
*[http://www.pafi.hu/kiirok/mfordhaz.htm Funds available for translators of Hungarian works - in Hungarian]
Hungary
European Union member states
Republics
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fa:مجارستان
gd:An Ungair
la:Hungaria
lv:Ungārija
li:Hongarieë
mo:Унгария
ms:Hungary
zh-min-nan:Magyar-kok
nds:Ungarn
simple:Hungary
th:ประเทศฮังการี
''An event mentioned in this article is an Template:October 23 selected anniversaries.'' ----- ==Prime Minister== Medgyessy is not the PM of Hungary anymore as of 2004-08-19.
Updating page. User:UED77 16:39, 2004 Aug 19 (UTC) MSZP nominated Ferenc Gyurcsány as the next prime minister on 2004-08-25. User:Syp 17:35, 2004 Aug 25 (UTC) ==Origin legends== Removed text: ''Two twin sons were born to him. These two sons were called Hunor and Magor, the ancestors of the Huns and the Magyars (Hungarians) Nimrod also had other sons.'' This didn't seem to belong in the article, at least not as the beginning paragraph. Would someone who knows more on the subject place it where it belongs? User:-- April :It was an excerpt from the "Legend of the Wonder Deer" (chance of mistranslation from me) which is one of the oldest Hungarian legends about the origin of Magyars. The two names explain why we're called ''Hun''garians (->Hunor) and ''Magy''ars (->Magor). I believe this would justify a page itself, but I don't have enough source materials. User:Grin 10:49 Apr 14, 2003 (UTC) ==Holidays== Copied from .at ''by User:Grin.'' ''moved to Public holidays in Hungary by User:shallot.'' ==Historic counties== Hello, There is a page called List of historic counties of Hungary. People seem really enthusiastic about making historical provinces of Sweden, but there aren't many pages with Hungarian counties, modern or historic. Is there a better place to say this? For example, request pages or something like that? ---User:Dagestan :I guess there aren't as many Hungarian editors as Swedish ones. :-) But apart from that ''counties'' aren't something special in Hungary, they're simply areas of administration, so probably people don't have plenty of emotions about them to drive 'em into sinking in article writing. It is much more probable that there are Hungarian who'd like to write about parts of Hungary which used to be "ours" but not anymore (you know, 65% of the area of "Great-Hungary") but would anger fellow romanian, serbian, slovak editors. :-) Still, as you see, sometimes someone happen to write about them, but I wouldn't expect much info on that in the near future. Cities are much probable targets. For example I wrote about Lake Theiss which is something you can relate emotionally to (as being the largest artifical lake in Europe :))... --User:Grin 08:02, 2004 Mar 29 (UTC) ::I beg to differ. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén IS special. :) – User:Alensha 12:16, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Admiral Horthy == "During this state of anarchy, Admiral Miklós Horthy was persuaded to take power. Over a decade later, Horthy made a limited alliance with Nazi Germany in the 1930s in order to revise the Treaty of Trianon. Hungary took an active part in world war II and was rewarded by Germany with territories belonging to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania. However, Hitler had to replace Horthy with a Hungarian Nazi collaborator in order to avoid Hungary defection after Germans defeats by Russia in 1943." *Hungary was part in World War II starting from June 1941, so Germany couldn't reward Hungary with territories, for its participation on war, in 1938 and 1940. Germany reward Hungary for ''their limited alliance before 1938''. *Horthy was replaced after the defeats of year ''1944'', on mid October. == NPOV question (independence day) == An edit to the table bothers me, but I don't know very much about Hungarian history, so I'm reluctant to be bold in editing. The table had given October 31, 1918 as the date of independence. The edit by User:Vital component changed the table to give the date of "Establishment" as December, 1000 and added the line "de-unified October 31, 1918." The first point seems wrong because the modern polity was in fact established in 1918, the political situation before then having been very different, regardless of what happened in 1000. The latter change seems even worse, as it implies acceptance of one particular point of view, namely that the "true" Hungary includes all the territories that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before World War I. I strongly suspect that the current version is not consistent with the NPOV policy. The article itself discusses establishment of the kingdom in 1000 and the change in boundaries after World War I, so restoring the table to its former wording would not suppress any information. User:JamesMLane 12:25, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) : Yeah. While the independence from Austria wasn't done in particularly favorable circumstances for the Hungarians, it's still a fact that this is the latest independence date and that's used in all the other pages... --User:Shallot 17:04, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) :: For some countries the National Day doesn't coincide with (latest) independence date. --User:Vasile 19:35, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::: Yes, but that's beside the point. The WikiProject Countries template clearly states that the table row should include independence dates, declared and recognized. There's a separate section/page for "national days" and whatever other public holidays there are. --User:Shallot 20:40, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::: That row in template is a wrong choice. In reality, every country has at least one national day; some like UK or France, don't declare any ''independence day''. Anyway, the template is not aplied for every country, exp. China. In Hungary's case, I think the usefull information is "national day - August 20". --User:Vasile 02:51, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::::: Except that the row doesn't define the /holiday/, it defines the date of independence. Just because someone doesn't like the fact that Austrian supremacy disappeared on some date that doesn't make the simple fact go away. I'd defer the issue of whether or not to apply the template to more experienced Wikipedians... --User:Shallot 09:51, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::::: Please read here Independence.--User:Vasile 13:37, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::::::: What about it? The CIA used the "date that sovereignty was achieved" as they say and that's true. --User:Shallot 17:39, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) I'm more concerned about the year than about the day. It seems wrong to date independence from 1000 when, until 1918, Hungary was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Isn't 1918 the relevant year of independence for this purpose? User:JamesMLane 04:40, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) : Hungary was made independent around y1k when a Pope first crowned a Magyar king, but not only did many other countries did that, it wasn't as independent inbetween during long periods so this is not the most direct date of independence. --User:Shallot 09:51, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) :: I'd say 1918, too, if I would have to pick an "independence day". But that's stupid because Hungarians never mention it that way, mainly because that "independence" meant cutting Hungary apart instead of detaching it from Austria.... and I do not think that could be considered "independence". --User:Grin user_talk:grin 19:10, 2004 Jul 9 (UTC) ::: It's just so that all countries can be compared by it. I'm not gung-ho on that whole concept but it seems valid enough and the template is consensual. For stuff the local people like more, the local independence day and other things, there's the history section and the public holidays article. --User:Shallot :::: I asked around on the hu.wikipedia and people (incl. me) offered these dates (in order of preference): ::::# october 23, 1989 - indep. from USSR / soviet bloc ::::# october 23, 1956 - indep. from USSR ::::# march 15, 1848 - indep. from austria ::::# 1000 AD - foundation :::: Nobody seem to prefer Treaty of Trianon which is not a suprise at all considering the losses the country suffered back then. I'd wait for some weeks for more opinions to come and after that I may change the date to the most preferred, if nobody objects. --User:Grin user_talk:grin 12:57, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC) == A Magyar Lanyok == Why I can't see nothing on this page about the fact that hungary has far the most beatiful girls of the world? It should be important as the independece day date! :-) isn't it? :yeah! I can really confirm! User:Bushit 18:14 11 Jul 2004 CET ::Ask a chinese, an australian native or an african tribesman. Or to put it in other words: ''all generalisations are false''. (Btw, there are pretty and ugly girls everywhere. Even in England! :)) [You can mention that as a misconception.] --User:Grin user_talk:grin 15:28, 2004 Jul 16 (UTC) ==Demographic data== Vasile wrote: ''Demographics - CIA world factbook information about ethnic groups is not accurate. I don't know about "religions".)'' : I didn't see it as inaccurate as much as it was one year older than your new data... in any event, the margins of error seemed fairly reasonable. I had restored the religions stuff with less exact numbers in order to alleviate any possible out-of-datedness concern. --User:Shallot 17:51, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC) From 2001, official Population Count numbers: Out of the (registered) minorities (314,000 people, 3.07%) these are the distributions. Paranthesed numbers are distribution of mother tongues among the 136,000 people who was born with one of these. {| border=4 !minority!!identity!!mother tongue |- |gypsy|| 60.5%|| (36%) |- |german|| 19.8% (||25%) |- |croat ||5% ||(10%) |- |polski|| 0.94% ||(2%) |- |greek ||0.8% ||(1.5%) |- |bolgar|| 0.43% ||(1%) |} That makes 1.84% gypsy, 0.6% german etc... sigh. Source: http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/hun/kotetek/04/tartalom.html --User:Grin user_talk:grin 22:48, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC) ==Minor edit required== There is a page on Ferenc Szalasi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%E1lasi and also pages on Jews and Romas, both of which should be capitalised as well as linked to. Likewise there's a page on the Holocaust which should be linked to == Problematic modifications == I find the newest modifications to this page ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&hideminor=0&namespace=&target=62.168.125.98&limit=100&offset=0 contributions of 62.168.125.98]) problematic. Partially because they removed useful information (like ''Hungary's landscape consists mostly of the flat to rolling plains of the Carpathian Basin''), and partially because they inserted questionable details (such as ''Hungary was developed on the basis of the administrative and political division of Great Moravia''). The same user modified the article Stephen I of Hungary, too [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_I_of_Hungary&diff=0&oldid=9360892]. I don't know where ''that'' information comes from, AFAIK, mostly german knights helped Stephen to win the battle against the revolting Hungarian warlords. His modifications seem to indicate that the editor might be Slovakian, overestimating the importance of Slovak influence in certain matters, but of course I might be completely wrong. I'd like to revert these changes, but first I'd like to hear the opinion of others. --User:Dhanak 17:26, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC) : Since there were no objections, I manually reverted and/or corrected the modifications. --User:Dhanak User talk:dhanak 19:09, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Population figures == The page says that the current figure for the population is 10.006 million people. Although there seems to be a wide range of data on the Internet (from reliable sources) regarding Hungary's population (for example the United Nations says it is 9.8 million), shouldn't the population data on this page be the one from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (Központi Statisztikai Hivatal). I would think that they are the most accurate source of information about Hungary's population. The most recent estimate they gave was 10.097 million in November 2004. --User:Hungarian83 04:25, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC) == Map == A controversy has erupted over the choice of map for this article. The two candidates are shown here, along with any others that other Wikipedians may choose to enter. Feel free to make any comments. The lower map may also appear in the corresponding Geography article for this country. User:Kelisi 03:29, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Both are good, but I still don't understand why Sopron and Dunaújváros are among the cities on the map... I mean, it shows the 10 largest cities, then skips 11-18, and shows the 19th and 20th. I guess the one who drew the map lived in these cities or had family there... User:Alensha 17:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) ==Jews from Budapest saved by Horthy during the Holocaust?== I've found a strange clause: :but the Jewish population of Budapest (approx.200,000) wasn't let to be transported into eliminatory camps because Horthy hindered it. This clause seems to be rather suspicious. Could anyone back it up? User:Adam78 12:54, 29 May 2005 (UTC) :Agree, but remember this is a very hot topic in Hungary... Many people think it was Horthy's work to save the Budapest Jews. But one must remember that Hungarian (non-Budapest) Jews were deported in the spring-summer of 1944, when Horthy was still in power, but there is a legend (or fact????) that Horthy could prevent deporting the Jews of the capital. Thus, I don't recommend deleting this, but some edit would be necessary, to emphacise Horthy's ambiguous role. --User:Sicboy 23:05, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
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Hungary
The Republic of Hungary (''Magyar Köztársaság'' ) or Hungary (''Magyarország'' ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the ''Country of the Magyars''. == History == ''Main article: History of Hungary'' In the time of the Roman Empire, the Romans called this province Pannonia(west from the Danube river). After Rome fell, Hungary, like the other provinces, was affected by the migrations. First came the Huns, who built up under Attila the Hun the powerful Hunnish Empire. The name “Hungary” is influenced by the name of the Hun people, although it probably comes from the name of the Turkic peoples tribe Onogur (see Polish language ''Węgrzy'', German language ''Ungarn'', etc.). After the empire of the Huns disintegrated, German tribes ruled in Hungary for about 100 years, and were followed by the Avars. During the 200 year supremacy of the Avars, the migration of the Slavonic tribes began. Moravians, Bulgars, Croats, Serbs, and Poles all sought to overthrow the Avars, but their power was not broken until Charlemagne. The decline of the kingdom of the East Franks, after the death of Charlemagne, was favourable to the development of a great Slavonic power, and Swatopluk, ruler of Great Moravia, sought to establish a permanent Moravian kingdom, but the appearance of the Magyars put an end to these schemes. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07547a.htm] Tradition holds that the Country of the Magyars (Hungary) was founded by Árpád, who led the Magyars into the Pannonian plains at the end of the 9th century. The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 by Stephen of Hungary. Initially the history of Hungary was developed in a triangle with that of Poland and Bohemia, with the many liaisons with Popes and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Hungary was partially demolished with a great loss of life in 1241–1242 by Mongol (Tatar) armies of Batu Khan. Gradually Hungary under the rule of the dynasty of the Árpáds turned into a large, independent kingdom which formed a distinct Central European culture with ties to greater West European civilisation. Matthias Corvinus of Hungary ruled Hungary from 1458 to 1490. He strengthened Hungary and its government. Under his rule, Hungary (notably the northern parts, some of which are in Slovakia today) became an artistic and cultural center of Europe during the Renaissance. Hungarian culture influenced others, for example the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Together with Poland and Czech lands, Hungary formed the Visegrád group of nations. Today an alliance of the same name exists again with the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. Hungarian independence ended with the Ottoman Empire conquest at the beginning of the 16th century; the parts of Hungary that were not conquered by the Ottomans were annexed by Austria (the rulers of which were Hungarian kings at the same time) in the West, and became the independent Principality of Transylvania in the East, where thus Hungarian statedom was preserved. After 150 years, Austria and her Christian allies retook also the territory of today's Hungary by the end of the 17th century from the Ottoman Empire. After the final defeat of the Turkey, struggle began between the Hungarian nation and the Habsburg kings for the protection of noblemens' rights (thus guarding the autonomy of Hungary). The fight against Austrian absolutism resulted in the unsuccessful popular freedom fight led by a Transylvanian nobleman, Ferenc II Rákóczi, between 1704 and 1711. The revolution and war of 1848–1849 eliminated serfdom and secured civil rights. The Austrians were finally able to prevail only with Russian help. Thanks to the victories against Austria by the French-Italian coalition (the Battle of Solferino, 1859) and Prussia (Battle of Königgratz, 1866), Hungary would eventually, in 1867, manage to become an autonomous part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (see Ausgleich), until the Empire's collapse following World War I. Hungary separated from Austria on October 31, 1918. In March 1919 the communists took the power, and in April, Béla Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. This government proved to be short lived; the Romania army invaded, the communist forces were defeated and the Soviet Republic was toppled on August 6, 1919. Rightist military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy, entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian army's departure and filled the vacuum of state power. In January 1920, elections were held for a unicameral assembly, and Admiral Horthy was subsequently elected Regent, thereby preserving Hungary formally as a kingdom, although there were no more Kings of Hungary. In June, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, fixing Hungary's borders. Compared with the pre-war Kingdom, the size and population of this new Hungary were reduced by about two-thirds. Miklós Horthy ruled with autocratic powers for most of the interwar period. Hungarian politics and culture of the era was saturated with irredentism and revisionism (the resurrection of pre-Trianon sized Hungary by whatever means it takes). Horthy made an alliance with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, in the hope of revising the territorial losses that had followed World War I. Hungary was rewarded by Germany with historical Hungarian territories belonging to Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Kingdom of Romania, and took an active part in World War II. However, in October 1944, Hitler replaced Horthy with the Hungarian Nazi collaborator Ferenc Szálasi and his Arrow Cross Party in order to avert Hungary's defection to the Allied side, which were constantly on schedule since the Allied invasion of Italy. During the Holocaust more than 400,000 Jews and several tens of thousands of Roma people perished in Hungary, but the Jewish population of Budapest (approx.200,000) wasn't let to be transported into eliminatory camps because Horthy hindered it. Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Hungary became part of the Soviet area of influence and was appropriated into a communist state following a short period of democracy in 1946–1947. After 1948 Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established a Stalinist rule in the country, which was barely bearable for the war-torn country. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with military intervention by the Soviet Union and the deposition and execution of the reform-minded communist prime minister Imre Nagy. From the 1960's on to the late 1980's Hungary enjoyed a distinguished status of "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, under the rule of late controversial communist leader János Kádár, who exercised autocratic rule during this period. In the late 1980s, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Hungary developed closer ties with Western Europe, joined NATO in 1999 and joined the European Union on May 1, 2004. ''See Also: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary: Pre-History and Early History'' == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Hungary'' The President of Hungary, elected by the parliament every 5 years, has a largely ceremonial role, but powers also include appointing the Prime Minister of Hungary. The prime minister selects cabinet (government) ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings and must be formally approved by the president. The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly of Hungary (the ''Országgyűlés'') is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. National parliamentary elections are held every 4 years (the last was in April 2002). A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality. == Administrative divisions == ''Main article: Counties of Hungary'' Hungary is subdivided administratively into 19 counties, in addition to which there is one Capitals of Hungary (''főváros''): Budapest. There are also 22 so-called urban counties (singular ''megyei jogú város''), These are:
| Urban counties | Counties (County Capital) |
|---|---|
| * Békéscsaba * Debrecen * Dunaújváros * Eger * Gyor * Hodmezovasarhely * Kaposvár * Kecskemét * Miskolc * Nagykanizsa * Nyíregyháza * Pécs * Salgótarján * Sopron * Szeged * Székesfehérvár * Szekszárd * Szolnok * Szombathely * Tatabánya * Veszprém * Zalaegerszeg | * Bács-Kiskun (Kecskemét) * Baranya (Pécs) * Békés (county) (Békéscsaba) * Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén (Miskolc) * Csongrád (county) (Szeged) * Fejér (Székesfehérvár) * Gyor-Moson-Sopron (Gyor) * Hajdú-Bihar (Debrecen) * Heves (county) (Eger) * Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok (Szolnok) * Komárom-Esztergom (Tatabánya) * Nógrád (county) (Salgótarján) * Pest (county) (Budapest) * Somogy (Kaposvár) * Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (Nyíregyháza) * Tolna (county) (Szekszárd) * Vas (Szombathely) * Veszprém (county) (Veszprém) * Zala (Zalaegerszeg) |
Hungary
''An event mentioned in this article is an Template:October 23 selected anniversaries.'' ----- ==Prime Minister== Medgyessy is not the PM of Hungary anymore as of 2004-08-19.
Updating page. User:UED77 16:39, 2004 Aug 19 (UTC) MSZP nominated Ferenc Gyurcsány as the next prime minister on 2004-08-25. User:Syp 17:35, 2004 Aug 25 (UTC) ==Origin legends== Removed text: ''Two twin sons were born to him. These two sons were called Hunor and Magor, the ancestors of the Huns and the Magyars (Hungarians) Nimrod also had other sons.'' This didn't seem to belong in the article, at least not as the beginning paragraph. Would someone who knows more on the subject place it where it belongs? User:-- April :It was an excerpt from the "Legend of the Wonder Deer" (chance of mistranslation from me) which is one of the oldest Hungarian legends about the origin of Magyars. The two names explain why we're called ''Hun''garians (->Hunor) and ''Magy''ars (->Magor). I believe this would justify a page itself, but I don't have enough source materials. User:Grin 10:49 Apr 14, 2003 (UTC) ==Holidays== Copied from .at ''by User:Grin.'' ''moved to Public holidays in Hungary by User:shallot.'' ==Historic counties== Hello, There is a page called List of historic counties of Hungary. People seem really enthusiastic about making historical provinces of Sweden, but there aren't many pages with Hungarian counties, modern or historic. Is there a better place to say this? For example, request pages or something like that? ---User:Dagestan :I guess there aren't as many Hungarian editors as Swedish ones. :-) But apart from that ''counties'' aren't something special in Hungary, they're simply areas of administration, so probably people don't have plenty of emotions about them to drive 'em into sinking in article writing. It is much more probable that there are Hungarian who'd like to write about parts of Hungary which used to be "ours" but not anymore (you know, 65% of the area of "Great-Hungary") but would anger fellow romanian, serbian, slovak editors. :-) Still, as you see, sometimes someone happen to write about them, but I wouldn't expect much info on that in the near future. Cities are much probable targets. For example I wrote about Lake Theiss which is something you can relate emotionally to (as being the largest artifical lake in Europe :))... --User:Grin 08:02, 2004 Mar 29 (UTC) ::I beg to differ. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén IS special. :) – User:Alensha 12:16, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Admiral Horthy == "During this state of anarchy, Admiral Miklós Horthy was persuaded to take power. Over a decade later, Horthy made a limited alliance with Nazi Germany in the 1930s in order to revise the Treaty of Trianon. Hungary took an active part in world war II and was rewarded by Germany with territories belonging to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania. However, Hitler had to replace Horthy with a Hungarian Nazi collaborator in order to avoid Hungary defection after Germans defeats by Russia in 1943." *Hungary was part in World War II starting from June 1941, so Germany couldn't reward Hungary with territories, for its participation on war, in 1938 and 1940. Germany reward Hungary for ''their limited alliance before 1938''. *Horthy was replaced after the defeats of year ''1944'', on mid October. == NPOV question (independence day) == An edit to the table bothers me, but I don't know very much about Hungarian history, so I'm reluctant to be bold in editing. The table had given October 31, 1918 as the date of independence. The edit by User:Vital component changed the table to give the date of "Establishment" as December, 1000 and added the line "de-unified October 31, 1918." The first point seems wrong because the modern polity was in fact established in 1918, the political situation before then having been very different, regardless of what happened in 1000. The latter change seems even worse, as it implies acceptance of one particular point of view, namely that the "true" Hungary includes all the territories that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before World War I. I strongly suspect that the current version is not consistent with the NPOV policy. The article itself discusses establishment of the kingdom in 1000 and the change in boundaries after World War I, so restoring the table to its former wording would not suppress any information. User:JamesMLane 12:25, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) : Yeah. While the independence from Austria wasn't done in particularly favorable circumstances for the Hungarians, it's still a fact that this is the latest independence date and that's used in all the other pages... --User:Shallot 17:04, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) :: For some countries the National Day doesn't coincide with (latest) independence date. --User:Vasile 19:35, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::: Yes, but that's beside the point. The WikiProject Countries template clearly states that the table row should include independence dates, declared and recognized. There's a separate section/page for "national days" and whatever other public holidays there are. --User:Shallot 20:40, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::: That row in template is a wrong choice. In reality, every country has at least one national day; some like UK or France, don't declare any ''independence day''. Anyway, the template is not aplied for every country, exp. China. In Hungary's case, I think the usefull information is "national day - August 20". --User:Vasile 02:51, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::::: Except that the row doesn't define the /holiday/, it defines the date of independence. Just because someone doesn't like the fact that Austrian supremacy disappeared on some date that doesn't make the simple fact go away. I'd defer the issue of whether or not to apply the template to more experienced Wikipedians... --User:Shallot 09:51, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::::: Please read here Independence.--User:Vasile 13:37, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::::::: What about it? The CIA used the "date that sovereignty was achieved" as they say and that's true. --User:Shallot 17:39, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) I'm more concerned about the year than about the day. It seems wrong to date independence from 1000 when, until 1918, Hungary was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Isn't 1918 the relevant year of independence for this purpose? User:JamesMLane 04:40, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) : Hungary was made independent around y1k when a Pope first crowned a Magyar king, but not only did many other countries did that, it wasn't as independent inbetween during long periods so this is not the most direct date of independence. --User:Shallot 09:51, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC) :: I'd say 1918, too, if I would have to pick an "independence day". But that's stupid because Hungarians never mention it that way, mainly because that "independence" meant cutting Hungary apart instead of detaching it from Austria.... and I do not think that could be considered "independence". --User:Grin user_talk:grin 19:10, 2004 Jul 9 (UTC) ::: It's just so that all countries can be compared by it. I'm not gung-ho on that whole concept but it seems valid enough and the template is consensual. For stuff the local people like more, the local independence day and other things, there's the history section and the public holidays article. --User:Shallot :::: I asked around on the hu.wikipedia and people (incl. me) offered these dates (in order of preference): ::::# october 23, 1989 - indep. from USSR / soviet bloc ::::# october 23, 1956 - indep. from USSR ::::# march 15, 1848 - indep. from austria ::::# 1000 AD - foundation :::: Nobody seem to prefer Treaty of Trianon which is not a suprise at all considering the losses the country suffered back then. I'd wait for some weeks for more opinions to come and after that I may change the date to the most preferred, if nobody objects. --User:Grin user_talk:grin 12:57, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC) == A Magyar Lanyok == Why I can't see nothing on this page about the fact that hungary has far the most beatiful girls of the world? It should be important as the independece day date! :-) isn't it? :yeah! I can really confirm! User:Bushit 18:14 11 Jul 2004 CET ::Ask a chinese, an australian native or an african tribesman. Or to put it in other words: ''all generalisations are false''. (Btw, there are pretty and ugly girls everywhere. Even in England! :)) [You can mention that as a misconception.] --User:Grin user_talk:grin 15:28, 2004 Jul 16 (UTC) ==Demographic data== Vasile wrote: ''Demographics - CIA world factbook information about ethnic groups is not accurate. I don't know about "religions".)'' : I didn't see it as inaccurate as much as it was one year older than your new data... in any event, the margins of error seemed fairly reasonable. I had restored the religions stuff with less exact numbers in order to alleviate any possible out-of-datedness concern. --User:Shallot 17:51, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC) From 2001, official Population Count numbers: Out of the (registered) minorities (314,000 people, 3.07%) these are the distributions. Paranthesed numbers are distribution of mother tongues among the 136,000 people who was born with one of these. {| border=4 !minority!!identity!!mother tongue |- |gypsy|| 60.5%|| (36%) |- |german|| 19.8% (||25%) |- |croat ||5% ||(10%) |- |polski|| 0.94% ||(2%) |- |greek ||0.8% ||(1.5%) |- |bolgar|| 0.43% ||(1%) |} That makes 1.84% gypsy, 0.6% german etc... sigh. Source: http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/hun/kotetek/04/tartalom.html --User:Grin user_talk:grin 22:48, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC) ==Minor edit required== There is a page on Ferenc Szalasi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%E1lasi and also pages on Jews and Romas, both of which should be capitalised as well as linked to. Likewise there's a page on the Holocaust which should be linked to == Problematic modifications == I find the newest modifications to this page ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&hideminor=0&namespace=&target=62.168.125.98&limit=100&offset=0 contributions of 62.168.125.98]) problematic. Partially because they removed useful information (like ''Hungary's landscape consists mostly of the flat to rolling plains of the Carpathian Basin''), and partially because they inserted questionable details (such as ''Hungary was developed on the basis of the administrative and political division of Great Moravia''). The same user modified the article Stephen I of Hungary, too [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_I_of_Hungary&diff=0&oldid=9360892]. I don't know where ''that'' information comes from, AFAIK, mostly german knights helped Stephen to win the battle against the revolting Hungarian warlords. His modifications seem to indicate that the editor might be Slovakian, overestimating the importance of Slovak influence in certain matters, but of course I might be completely wrong. I'd like to revert these changes, but first I'd like to hear the opinion of others. --User:Dhanak 17:26, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC) : Since there were no objections, I manually reverted and/or corrected the modifications. --User:Dhanak User talk:dhanak 19:09, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Population figures == The page says that the current figure for the population is 10.006 million people. Although there seems to be a wide range of data on the Internet (from reliable sources) regarding Hungary's population (for example the United Nations says it is 9.8 million), shouldn't the population data on this page be the one from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (Központi Statisztikai Hivatal). I would think that they are the most accurate source of information about Hungary's population. The most recent estimate they gave was 10.097 million in November 2004. --User:Hungarian83 04:25, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC) == Map == A controversy has erupted over the choice of map for this article. The two candidates are shown here, along with any others that other Wikipedians may choose to enter. Feel free to make any comments. The lower map may also appear in the corresponding Geography article for this country. User:Kelisi 03:29, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Both are good, but I still don't understand why Sopron and Dunaújváros are among the cities on the map... I mean, it shows the 10 largest cities, then skips 11-18, and shows the 19th and 20th. I guess the one who drew the map lived in these cities or had family there... User:Alensha 17:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) ==Jews from Budapest saved by Horthy during the Holocaust?== I've found a strange clause: :but the Jewish population of Budapest (approx.200,000) wasn't let to be transported into eliminatory camps because Horthy hindered it. This clause seems to be rather suspicious. Could anyone back it up? User:Adam78 12:54, 29 May 2005 (UTC) :Agree, but remember this is a very hot topic in Hungary... Many people think it was Horthy's work to save the Budapest Jews. But one must remember that Hungarian (non-Budapest) Jews were deported in the spring-summer of 1944, when Horthy was still in power, but there is a legend (or fact????) that Horthy could prevent deporting the Jews of the capital. Thus, I don't recommend deleting this, but some edit would be necessary, to emphacise Horthy's ambiguous role. --User:Sicboy 23:05, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
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