
[[Image:Love play in China - wiki.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Young men sipping tea, reading poetry, and making love; Individual panel from a hand scroll on homosexual themes, paint on silk; China, Qing dynasty (18th–19th c.); Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana]] The situation of homosexuality in China is currently quite ambiguous, although many instances have been recorded in the dynastic histories. In this article, "China" means the Chinese region, including People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (Republic of China). Please see transgender in China for information on that topic. == Terminology in Chinese == In the old days, the terms included "the passion of the cut sleeve" (断袖之癖, Mandarin, pinyin dùanxìu zhī pì), and "the bitten peach" (分桃 py fēntáo). Other, less obscure terms have included "male trend" (男風 py nánfēng), "allied brothers" (香火兄弟 py xīanhǔo xīongdì), and "masculine-dragon preference" (龍陽癖 py lóngyángpì). Nowadays, ''tongzhi'' (同志 py tóngzhì) (and sometimes ''nü tongzhi'' (女同志 py nǚtóngzhì) "female comrade", which was first adopted by Hong Kong researchers in Gender Studies) is used as slang in Mandarin Chinese referring to homosexuals, while in Cantonese language ''gei1''(基), adopted from English ''gay'', is used. This term is also somewhat common in Taiwan. "Gay" is sometimes considered to be offensive when used by heterosexuals or even by homosexuals in certain situations. ''Tongzhi'' literally means "comrade", and still retains that meaning in most of mainland China, but is simply a head-rhyme with ''tongxinglian'' (同性戀, py tóngxìnglìan), a formal word for "homosexuality/homosexual(s)" (literally ''same-sex relations/love''). Another slang term is ''boli'' (玻璃, py: bōlí, crystal or glass) which is not so commonly used. Among gay university students, the neologism "''datong''" (大同, py dàtóng, which also refers to utopia in Chinese) is becoming popular. "''datong''" is short for "''daxuesheng tongxinglian''" (university students [that are] homosexuals). In Taiwan, lesbians usually call themselves ''lazi'' (拉子, py lāzi) or ''lala'' (拉拉, py lālā). These two terms are abbreviations of the transliteration of the English term "lesbian". == Traditional views towards homosexuality in China's society == All major religions in ancient China do have some sort of codex which have traditionally been interpreted as being against homosexuality. For example the Confucius has the codex that a man should behave according to somewhat traditional male gender roles and a woman likewise. So, for example, transvestism is a deed that is against the Confucian natural law. There were some historical accounts of emperors who used to dress themselves in women's clothes, and this was always interpreted as an ill omen; and to beget children (especially sons) is a very important duty for a man in traditional Chinese society. So a man who only has male lovers is not dutiful. Taoism emphasizes maintaining the balance between ''Yin'' and ''Yang''. A man-man relation is thought to be a Yang-Yang relation and so is imbalanced and destructive. In Buddhist views of homosexuality sexual desire (regardless of being homosexual or heterosexual) is something that prevents a soul from achieving nirvana, so it is something to be avoided. But on the other hand, none of the Chinese major religions condemn homosexuality as a sin as many Homosexuality and Christianity do. Compared to sin in Christian culture, the list of sinful deeds in the codex of Confucianism does not include homosexuality. As long as a man does his duty and sires children, it is his private thing to have other male lovers. This is also true in Taoism. Although each man is regarded as ''yang'' (masculine), every man somehow has some ''yin'' (feminine) in him too. Some men can have much ''yin'' in them. So the presence of some feminine behavior is not viewed as unnatural for men. In this view, homosexuals can even be regarded as something very natural, according to the natural balance of ''yin'' and ''yang''. It is also remarkable that many Taoist gods and goddesses live alone or together with some equal deities of the same sex. The very common example is ''Shanshen'' (mountain god) and ''Tudi'' (earthen disciple). Every place has its ''Shanshen'' and ''Tudi'', and they always live together. ''Shanshen'' and ''Tudi'' are both males. More intriguingly, they sometimes manifest themselves as an old man and an old woman. (Such appearances are described quite often in the classical novel ''Journey to the West''). Another remarkable thing is the prominence of friendship between men in the ancient Chinese culture. This is surely not because homosexuals were celebrated. There are many examples in the classic novels, especially in ''Water Margin'', a book about very deep and long lasting male friendships. These bonds were based on revolutionary comradeship in war, instead of homosexual tendencies. In the novel ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', there were also some examples of non-normal male behavior, one promoninent example being the main male protagonist who was known to eat lipstick. == Ancient China == [[Image:Beijing.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Young men engaged in erotic play; Hand scroll with homosexual theme, opaque watercolor on paper; Beijing, Qing dynasty, late 19th c. Private collection]] Homosexuality has been documented in China since ancient times. According the scholar Ji Yun of the Qing Dynasty, already at the very beginning Huang Di (The Yellow Emperor, 2697? - 2597? BCE), legendary king and founder of the Chinese culture, had male lovers. This is naturally not very trustworthy because whether there was really a person called Huang Di is not very clear. Two notable royal examples come from a ''formulaic expression'', ''yútáo duànxiù'' (余桃断袖). ''Yútáo'', or "the leftover peach", recorded in ''Hanfeizi'', speaks of Mi Zixia (彌子瑕), a beautiful youth cherished by Duke Ling of Wei (衛靈公) who once shared an already bitten but very delicious peach with the duke, who appreciated the gesture (although once the growing Mi Zixia lost his beauty, the duke looked back on this event and said Mi was being insincere [http://www.androphile.org/preview/Library/Mythology/Chinese/MiziXia/MiziXia.htm].) ''Duànxiù'', or "breaking the sleeve", refers to Emperor Ai of Han China's act of cutting his sleeve, on which his adored male concubine Dongxian (董賢) was sleeping, in order not to wake him. Scholar Pan Guangdan (潘光旦) came to the conclusion that nearly every emperor in the Han Dynasty had one or more male sex partners. There are also descriptions of lesbians in some history books. It is believed homosexuality was popular in the Song dynasty, Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty dynasties. Chinese homosexuals did not experience high-profile persecution comparing with that was received by homosexuals in Europe during the Middle Ages. Same-sex love was celebrated in Chinese art, many examples of which have survived the book burnings of the Cultural Revolution. Though no large statues are known to still exist, many hand scrolls and paintings on silk can be found in private collections[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Museum/China/NEWindex.htm]. In the year 1944, the scholar Sun Cizhou published a work stated that one of the most famous ancient Chinese poets, Qu Yuan, was a lover of his King. Sun cited the poetry of Qu Yuan to prove his claim. In Qu Yuan's most important work ''Li Sao'' (Sorrow of parting), Qu Yuan called himself a beautiful man (or woman, ''mei ren''). A word he used to describe his king was used at that time by women to characterize their lovers. The first law against homosexuals in China went into effect in 1740. There was no record in the history as to how effectively the law was enforced. The more devastating thing for Chinese homosexuals was, ironically, the enlightenment that came after the Self-Strengthening Movement, when homophobia was imported to China along with Western science and philosophy. == Modern China == Homosexuality went underground after the formation of the People's Republic of China. Confucian morality and communist puritanism both frowned on homosexuality. The communist regime persecuted homosexuals, especially during the Cultural Revolution, when many gays were subject to public humiliation, assault, long prison terms, or execution. Societal tolerance towards homosexuality decreased. Since the policy of History_of_the_PRC_(1976-present)#Reform_and_Opening-up in 1979, the communist party has been loosening its control over this kind of behavior. But the practice of homosexuality is still libeled as a "moldering life style of capitalism". A notable change occurred during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when sodomy was decriminalized in 1997, and the new ''Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders'' removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses on April 20, 2001. The situation has continued to evolve in 2004. Many consider the magazine "Menbox" [http://www.mdjh.com.cn/] to be a gay magazine in all but name. Recently, a transsexual woman, ''Chen Lili'' was allowed to compete in the China selection pageant for the Miss Universe competition. An internet survey in 2000 showed that Chinese people are becoming more tolerant towards homosexuality: among the 10,792 surveyed, 48.15% were in favor, 30.9% disapproved, 14.46% were uncertain, and 7.26% were indifferent. There are no radical conservatives or radical liberation activists, so gay-bashing is rare. But some scholars complain that the government is too indifferent on this issue, doing nothing to promote the situation of homosexuality in China. During the 2002 Gay Games, only 2 persons from the mainland were sent to take part in, and apart from gay websites the media gave little coverage to the event. Many gay men admit having unsafe sex, and more than one sex partner, which worsens the spread of AIDS in China, because the Chinese government makes little effort to educate citizens about the danger of AIDS among gay people. The authorities still refuse to promote either gay issues or gay rights in China. Although there is no explicit law against homosexuality or same-sex acts between consenting adults, neither are there laws protecting gays from discrimination, nor are there any gay rights organizations in the PRC. It is believed that the Chinese policy towards the gay issue remains the "Three nos": no approval, no disapproval, and no promotion (不支持, 不反对, 不提倡). The number of homosexuals in China remains unclear. From one source, the homosexuals number between 360,000 and 480,000, another statement based on Chinese government documents and academic studies states the figure is 15 million. Compared to the higher proportions of homosexuals in other countries, many find these figures unconvincing. The loosening of restrictions on Internet use has resulted in a blossoming of gay websites in the PRC, even though the police sometimes intervene and shut down such websites. The Internet has been very important to the Chinese gay community. Although there are no gay organisations in China, there are some organised internet sites that function as advisory institutions. The mainstream media sometimes cover notable gay events abroad, such as pride parades. But some critics charge that the purpose of the media is mostly to smear homosexuality. Lacking a Motion_picture_rating_systems, the Chinese government forbids gay movies to be shown on TV or in theaters because they are "inappropriate". Despite having received much attention in Taiwan, Hong Kong and other places, the movie ''Lan Yu'' is still forbidden in the PRC because it refers to gay issues although the actors are all Mainlanders, and the story is based on a quite popular Internet story written by a mainland netizen. There are some gay bars and nightclubs in big cities, like Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, which are subject to police harassment. The difficulties surrounding homosexuality in China make those gays who cannot afford to go to gay bars or nightclubs look for casual sex in public washrooms, parks, and public shower centers. As everywhere in the world, being gay is a huge problem in the countryside; in China this is especially severe as the vast majority of people lives in the countryside with no internet access and no possibility to move to a city. Country dwellers do not often speak of homosexuality, and when they do, it is usually considered a disease. [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4503552] Many cases show that gays still have to endure prejudice from the justice system and harassment from police, including detention and arrest. In October 2000, a Beijing court ruled that homosexuality was "abnormal and unacceptable to the Chinese public" [''Washington Post'' 24 Jan. 2000], which was the first time this official attitude was stated openly. Another notable case happened in July 2001, when at least 37 gay men were detained in Guangdong Province. Recently, In the late April, the State Administration of Radio Film and Television (国家广播电影电视总局) has initialed a campaign to clear violence and sexual content from the media. Programs related to homosexual topic, scene or language are considered to be "going against the healthy way of life in China", and are banned. [http://www.pybk.com/news_read.asp?id=3511] [http://www.sdgay.net/web/readnews.asp?newsid=437] === Same-sex marriage in China === During the evaluation of the amendment of the marriage law in China in 2003, there was the first discussion about homosexual marriage. Though this issue was rejected, this was the first time that an item of gay rights was discussed in China. However, just not long before the new marriage law went into effect, an officer stated in a press conference that same-sex marriage is still forbidden in China, on August 19, 2003. Li Yinhe (李銀河), a well-known sexology scholar among Chinese gay community, has tried to legalize same-sex marriage during the National People's Congress in 2000 and 2004 (''Legalization for the Chinese Same-Sex Marriage'',《中国同性婚姻合法化》 in 2000 and ''Chinese Same-Sex Marriage Bill'', 《中国同性婚姻提案》in 2004). According to Chinese law, 35 delegates' signatures are needed to make an issue a bill to be discussed in the Congress. Her effort failed due to her not being able to get enough supports from the delegates. Still, many scholars and homosexuals don't think it's possible for China to pass such a law in the near future. == Hong Kong == Male homosexual behaviour was illegal before 1991 in Hong Kong, the maximum sentence being life imprisonment. The Legislative Council of Hong Kong agreed to decriminalize buggery after the public debate which arose in 1980. But two other attempts of introducing anti-discrimination legislation failed in 1993 and 1997. There are several gay-rights organizations in Hong Kong, such as Rainbow Action and Tongzhi Culture Society. In 2003, the Catholic Church of Hong Kong released an article condemning same-sex marriage. As a result, a group of protestors rushed into a church and interrupted the service. == Taiwan == The status of homosexuals has been developing in Taiwan. In 1970s, some novels regarding homosexuality were published. One of the most prominent writer is Pai Hsien-yung, who created many gay characters in his novels, and the most famous one is ''Crystal Boys''. Nowadays, some gay TV series and movies have been made and gained great attention among gay community in both China and Taiwan, including the TV series ''Crystal Boys'', adapted for the same name novel written by Pai Hsien-yung, movie ''Formula 17'' etc. === Taiwanese Homosexual History === Taiwan is an immigrant society. In the 17th century, while the Chinese people immigrated into Taiwan, the Qing Dynasty government had a strict limit that relatively few females may tide over the Taiwan Strait to Taiwan Island. This limitation resulted in the sexual imbalance in the society of Taiwan then. People who engaged in same-sex relations were referred to as "Lo Han Jiao"(羅漢腳). ===Recent Taiwanese Homosexual News/Events=== *At the end of October 2003, the government of the Republic of China announced plans to legalize same-sex marriage, which would make Taiwan the first place in Asia permitting it. However, legalization of same-sex marriage is only a plan. There is no schedule for the legalization. *On November 1, 2003 the first gay pride parade in the Chinese region was held in Taipei, with over 1,000 people attending [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2003/11/02/2003074355], and the mayor of Taipei, Ma Ying-jeou also attended this parade. Still, many participants wore masks to hide their identities because homosexuality remains a taboo in Taiwan. *On January 17, 2004 Taipei police arrested 93 gay people because of their attendance at an orgy party with drugs. The society was shocked that there were nearly one-third of the attenders are HIV positive. This action of arrestment caused severe condemnation from tongzhi community. This event is called "HOMEPA(Home Party) Event" by the Taiwanese gay community now. == Culture == === People === The following people are some prominent Chinese people who have come out to the public or been doing efforts to improve the gay-rights in China: *Leslie Cheung (bixsexual or gay singer and actor from Hong Kong) *Pai Hsien-yung (gay writer from Taiwan) *Li Yinhe (the well known scholar on sexology in China) *Josephine Ho (researcher and political activist in Taiwan) === Movies and TV series === Many gay movies or TV series have been made in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, including: *''Bishonen'' (HK) *''Buffering'', (HK) *''Crystal Boys'' (Taiwan) *''East Palace West Palace'' (China) *''Fleeing by Night'' (Taiwan, 2000) *''Formula 17'' (Taiwan) *''Happy Together (movie)'' (HK) *''I Am Not What You Want'' (HK) *''Lanyu'' (China) *''The Wedding Banquet'' (Taiwan) == See also == *History of homosexuality *Homosexuality in Japan *Homosexuality *Queer studies == External links == *[http://www.csssm.org/English/front.htm CSSSM (Chinese Society for the Study of Sexual Minorities)] *[http://sex.ncu.edu.tw/english/english.htm Center for the Study of Sexualities at National Taiwan Central University] *[http://www.ilga.org/Information/asia_pacific/manifesto_of_the_1996_chinese_to.htm Manifesto of 1996 Chinese Tongzhi Conference] *[http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~tyrej/news4.html A piece of news about tongzhi in Hong Kong] *[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Culture/China/china.htm Chinese Tradition of Male Love] *[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Museum/China/ Male Love Art from Ancient China] *[http://www.weandwe.com/2002/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1348&BigClassID=75&SmallClassID=81&SpecialID=0 Gay rights in 90s China]:Paper Presented at the Human Rights Forum on People's Summit on APEC, November, 1997 * [http://www.barhome.com/ Home&Bar]: The most popular gay bar in Shanghai == Books == *Bret Hinsch, ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'', The University of California Press, 1990, ISBN 0-520-06720-7. Sexual orientation and society LGBT history China Mainland China Hong Kong culture Taiwan
Make sense now? ''But some scholars complain that the government's attitude towards homosexuality and nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homoseuxality still makes the life of gay people in China frustrating.''? --User:Gboy 01:39, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Dynastic attitude == ''the following discuss is moved from the article page:'' :Actually, I'm not sure about that - I've read some things suggesting that gays were rather tolerated in Europe until maybe the 14th century. Anyone know? :''Homosexuality went underground after the formation of the People's Republic of China. The communist regime persecuted homosexuals, especially during the Cultural Revolution, when many gays were subject to public humiliation, assault, long prison terms, or execution. Societal tolerance towards homosexuality decreased.'' -- Is the previous sentence necessary? Seems redundant. :''Although there is no explicit law against homosexuality or sodomy between consenting adult men'' -- how about women? 12.233.149.168 ''move end'' ::Acutally, according to the info in my hand, Chinese people were quite tolerant towards homosexuality in the past, walking hand in hand was accepatble, and there were sometime lot of bordello offering homosexual sex service to noble. I am not sure about what was that like in Europe, but i know that's quite acceptable in ancient greece. ::i don't know which sentence do u mean, but i just want to emphasis that not until the PRC was founded, esp the Cultural Revolution, did the Chinese people become quite intolerant towards homosexuality(because everyone was trained to be leftist?). ::about the last one, i'm gonna make some changes, sorry i just used quite sexism word, it means both men and women. --User:Gboy 02:13, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Taipei parade == There were 1,000 people took part in the pride parade? I read a news said it was about 500. :O --User:Gboy 06:45, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC) : Maybe 500 wore masks, another 500 showed their faces. *Joking* --User:Menchi 11:20, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Phrasing == Does "Granted a lot of favor" mean "Received much attention"? I changed it to the later, but I am not sure. --User:Menchi 11:20, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Danger: Gweilo at work == I've done various non-controversial things with obvious grammatical errors. The reference to 'Mandarin-speaking regions' seemed unnecessary and an illogical contrast to 'Cantonese'. If we were discussing climate or crop plants then 'regions', but a linguistic usage is just in Mandarin. Made a proper link for film classifications and History_of_the_PRC_(1976-present)#Reform_and_Opening-up. "nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homosexuality" completely defealted me. If you could post your meaning in Chinese I could perhaps help. I'm a little troubled by some of the vocabulary, which whilst perhaps technically correct implies that certain acts are unlawful, or has unpleasant legal connections. I have therefore taken out the link to buggery, which autodirects to Anal sex. I am still troubled by the one to Sodomy. I would really like to replace both with the more NPOV 'same-sex acts'. My feeling is to hell with any links here. --User:William_Avery 14 Dec 2003 :Thanks for your improvement, about that sentence "nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homosexuality", I try to put it out in Chinese (if my input works). I tried to mean that the Chinese government is quite indifferent to this issue, so they do nothing about that, be they the improvement of the situation of homosexuals in China or giving certain anti-discrimination law or something like that. Does that make sense? About the Cantonese and Mandarin, I didn't mean to invoke a language argument, I just want to point out that the expression of 'gay' is very different in Cantonese and Mandarin. In fact, the ''tongxinglian'' is not a common use in Cantonese (unless it's in a formal situation). --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 05:13, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC) ::Oh, I think we'd better change the "homosexuality" in this sentence " The Legislative Council of Hong Kong agreed to decriminalize homosexuality" back to buggery, homosexuality!=buggery, don't you agree? :) --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 05:26, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC) OK. At least I'll be able to say that I put the buggery back into Homosexuality in China. ::And, does my explanation ("nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homosexuality") make any sense to you? Would you please paraphrase it? I think that sentence really sucks. ^_^ --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 01:19, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC) How about just plain "failure to promote an understanding of homosexuality". Is that what you mean? Btw, another wording question for you above at #Phrasing (from last month). --User:Menchi (User talk:Menchi)ü 01:25, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC) ::They are all okay. My sentences are just too Chinglish. (I don't even remember I wrote "Granted a lot of favor"...:O ) I am not sure about the "failure", but I think that the Chinese government hasn't tried to promote that. Does "failure to" mean "tried, but fail", or just "has never tried"? I tried to mean the latter. --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 04:22, Jan 5, 2004 (UTC) == Mao == This article made me think of Li Zhi-Sui's book "The Private Life of Chairman Mao" in which he mentions that Mao had asked a young soldier to massage his groin. Li specifically refers to Mao's knowledge of history and the ways of ancient emperors in this context. User:William Avery 21:23, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC) :dont know that. Never heard of that before. Personally, I am not very interested in Mao's private story. ;) --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 01:13, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC) : I actually have that book in Chinese (《毛澤東私人醫生：回憶錄》，李志綏著). It is a gift, and I didn't read a page of it. But the gifter told me that Li claimed that Mao never brushed his teeth and only drank tea, so his teeth are green. I think Li really hates Mao to degrade him like that. :-D --User:Menchi (User talk:Menchi)ü 01:25, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC) There is a lot of controversy surrounding the "facts" in that book and I don't think gossip like this should be inserted without substantial evidence. To believe the word of one man, who has much motive to slander Mao, would not be scientific. :In response to: " Please bring evidence to refute the assertions of his physician before deleting reference to previously published material." :I have already explained why believing "Mao's physician" is not scientific. The book has been refuted by various sources, an example: :http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:dMdoJQVrMEMJ:www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/6173/lizhisui.txt+%22An+Open+Letter+Critiquing%22&hl=en :Furthermore, anybody can say anything they want about a dead person in supposedly "private conversations". Instead of finding "evidence" to refute the "assertions"; it should be evidence to confirm the "assertions". I have not seen anybody confirm the ludicrous gossip in that book. :Also, "assertion": Something declared or stated positively, often with no support or attempt at proof. :That's not good. Why is an encyclopedia relying on something with no proof?--WHDGM ?think the ethics of journalism are probably relevant here. Sometimes a reporter hears a story from one person who claims to be an eye witness. "Bill Clinton met with the Martian delegation on the west lawn of the White House shortly after 1 a.m." There are some "newspapers" that will print such a story as a "fact." Reputable newspapers won't print any story that the reporter hasn't seen himself/herself unless they can get an independent source. The idea is that if two people who have had no chance to get together and fabricate a story tell you the same complicated story you, as a reporter or newspaper publisher, are probably pretty sure that you are not putting out a false story. What a reporter can do is to report something like this: "Lukie S. created a disturbance at the White House today when he showed up at the visitors gate and demanded admittance in order to personally interview the Martian delegation -- a delegation he claimed to be visiting with President Clinton." That's really a story about Lukie S. unless it turns out later that he really knew what he was talking about, in which case he reenters the story as the first witness to go public. In the meantime, the newspaper is safe in printing a story about the claims made by one Lukie S., but not safe in printing a story about the Martian guests at the White House. There could be an article on the claims of this physician, and such an article would be the logical place to assemble information about reviews of the book, conflicting claims, dependable evidence, etc. Then, if it looked like it was worth anything, the article on the physician's claims could have a link in this article. An article on "Homosexuality in the USA" would not ordinarily contain content on the sex life of any individual unless that person's behavior had a major impact on the sex life of the nation, any more than an article on music in Great Britain would reasonably contain a paragraph on the piano playing of Margaret Thatcher. It doesn't appear that any claim is being made either that Mao cracked down on homosexuals to protect himself from claims that he was a homosexual or that Mao did anything to make life easier for [other] homosexuals. So his sexual preferences would seem to be irrelevant. User:Kim 金 06:45, 7 May 2005 (UTC) ---- == inaccuracy == Hi, guys, I just can't promise the accuracy of this article, some places still need to be improved. Besides, I am not the expert of this field. Maybe full of errors for the experts. Anyway, correct them if any! (Some content I wrote just a little arbitrary...) --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 04:31, Jan 5, 2004 (UTC) == Chen Lili == ''Recently, a transsexual (Chen Lili) was allowed to compete in the the China selection pageant for the Miss Universe competition'', is that true? ''She'' is really a transexual? She is so pretty a girl! unbelieveable.--User:Yacht 10:57, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC) ---- == Rewrite == I guess we need to rewrite some parts of this article. some structures really suck! Can anyone help? --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 17:35, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC) == Number == I removed the following sentence from the article, since I found it very confusing, as it sounds as if the number of gays was substantially on the rise and since 480,000 is a number very hard to believe (even the 15 million would be little more than 1% which is already rather low [see Prevalence of homosexuality]). Of course, I don't doubt that there is a study claiming this, I just doubt the correctness. Unless the sentence is rather about "openly gay" people, which would call for clarification --User:Drz 23:09, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC) :''According to one study, Chinese homosexuals have already reached something between 360,000 and 480,000 (another statement based on Chinese government documents and academic studies states the figure is 15 million), the majority male'' I also think that figure is too small (about .04%). But you know, there has never had an official survey on this issue like America has (including the sexual orientation in the census), the number of homosexuals in China is very obscure (even in Hong Kong or Taiwan). You are not expecting the government to do this and give out a more accurate figure (i don't believe this will happen in my lifetime). what i can do is quoting sources from other places, not accurate maybe. I try to make some note there. ;p --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 04:56, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC) :take a look at that, hopefully, it's not so bad now. --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 19:29, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC) == about the removal and the pics == i have removed some content, which doesn't seem to have something to do with the Chinese language: :More recently the contraction "homo" was used; somewhat confusingly this term was used both positively and pejoratively. Nowadays the terms ''gei'' (ゲイ, a transliteration of ''gay'') and ''rezu'' or ''rezubian'' (レズ、レズビアン, transliterations of ''lesbian'') are the most common in the gay community, while pejorative terms like ''okama'' (a word of obscure origin literally meaning a cooking pot) are sometimes used. And, about the pics, is it good to put this actually erotic drawings here? --User:Yacht (User talk:Yacht) 17:41, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC) ::My apologies for the unrelated material, it should have gone to the Japanese page. As for the images, their purpose is not to titillate but to express concepts that can best be expressed through art. They are necessary, and on topic. User:Haiduc 23:38, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) ---- There's one good article here which can help[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-04/01/content_319807.htm]. Anyway, I do find some parts of the ancient Chinese portions problematic. It's not detailed enough, neither it is very credible. User:Mandel 23:50, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Homosexuality_in_China:
Homosexuality_in_China
Homosexuality_in_China
Homosexuality in China
[[Image:Love play in China - wiki.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Young men sipping tea, reading poetry, and making love; Individual panel from a hand scroll on homosexual themes, paint on silk; China, Qing dynasty (18th–19th c.); Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana]] The situation of homosexuality in China is currently quite ambiguous, although many instances have been recorded in the dynastic histories. In this article, "China" means the Chinese region, including People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (Republic of China). Please see transgender in China for information on that topic. == Terminology in Chinese == In the old days, the terms included "the passion of the cut sleeve" (断袖之癖, Mandarin, pinyin dùanxìu zhī pì), and "the bitten peach" (分桃 py fēntáo). Other, less obscure terms have included "male trend" (男風 py nánfēng), "allied brothers" (香火兄弟 py xīanhǔo xīongdì), and "masculine-dragon preference" (龍陽癖 py lóngyángpì). Nowadays, ''tongzhi'' (同志 py tóngzhì) (and sometimes ''nü tongzhi'' (女同志 py nǚtóngzhì) "female comrade", which was first adopted by Hong Kong researchers in Gender Studies) is used as slang in Mandarin Chinese referring to homosexuals, while in Cantonese language ''gei1''(基), adopted from English ''gay'', is used. This term is also somewhat common in Taiwan. "Gay" is sometimes considered to be offensive when used by heterosexuals or even by homosexuals in certain situations. ''Tongzhi'' literally means "comrade", and still retains that meaning in most of mainland China, but is simply a head-rhyme with ''tongxinglian'' (同性戀, py tóngxìnglìan), a formal word for "homosexuality/homosexual(s)" (literally ''same-sex relations/love''). Another slang term is ''boli'' (玻璃, py: bōlí, crystal or glass) which is not so commonly used. Among gay university students, the neologism "''datong''" (大同, py dàtóng, which also refers to utopia in Chinese) is becoming popular. "''datong''" is short for "''daxuesheng tongxinglian''" (university students [that are] homosexuals). In Taiwan, lesbians usually call themselves ''lazi'' (拉子, py lāzi) or ''lala'' (拉拉, py lālā). These two terms are abbreviations of the transliteration of the English term "lesbian". == Traditional views towards homosexuality in China's society == All major religions in ancient China do have some sort of codex which have traditionally been interpreted as being against homosexuality. For example the Confucius has the codex that a man should behave according to somewhat traditional male gender roles and a woman likewise. So, for example, transvestism is a deed that is against the Confucian natural law. There were some historical accounts of emperors who used to dress themselves in women's clothes, and this was always interpreted as an ill omen; and to beget children (especially sons) is a very important duty for a man in traditional Chinese society. So a man who only has male lovers is not dutiful. Taoism emphasizes maintaining the balance between ''Yin'' and ''Yang''. A man-man relation is thought to be a Yang-Yang relation and so is imbalanced and destructive. In Buddhist views of homosexuality sexual desire (regardless of being homosexual or heterosexual) is something that prevents a soul from achieving nirvana, so it is something to be avoided. But on the other hand, none of the Chinese major religions condemn homosexuality as a sin as many Homosexuality and Christianity do. Compared to sin in Christian culture, the list of sinful deeds in the codex of Confucianism does not include homosexuality. As long as a man does his duty and sires children, it is his private thing to have other male lovers. This is also true in Taoism. Although each man is regarded as ''yang'' (masculine), every man somehow has some ''yin'' (feminine) in him too. Some men can have much ''yin'' in them. So the presence of some feminine behavior is not viewed as unnatural for men. In this view, homosexuals can even be regarded as something very natural, according to the natural balance of ''yin'' and ''yang''. It is also remarkable that many Taoist gods and goddesses live alone or together with some equal deities of the same sex. The very common example is ''Shanshen'' (mountain god) and ''Tudi'' (earthen disciple). Every place has its ''Shanshen'' and ''Tudi'', and they always live together. ''Shanshen'' and ''Tudi'' are both males. More intriguingly, they sometimes manifest themselves as an old man and an old woman. (Such appearances are described quite often in the classical novel ''Journey to the West''). Another remarkable thing is the prominence of friendship between men in the ancient Chinese culture. This is surely not because homosexuals were celebrated. There are many examples in the classic novels, especially in ''Water Margin'', a book about very deep and long lasting male friendships. These bonds were based on revolutionary comradeship in war, instead of homosexual tendencies. In the novel ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', there were also some examples of non-normal male behavior, one promoninent example being the main male protagonist who was known to eat lipstick. == Ancient China == [[Image:Beijing.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Young men engaged in erotic play; Hand scroll with homosexual theme, opaque watercolor on paper; Beijing, Qing dynasty, late 19th c. Private collection]] Homosexuality has been documented in China since ancient times. According the scholar Ji Yun of the Qing Dynasty, already at the very beginning Huang Di (The Yellow Emperor, 2697? - 2597? BCE), legendary king and founder of the Chinese culture, had male lovers. This is naturally not very trustworthy because whether there was really a person called Huang Di is not very clear. Two notable royal examples come from a ''formulaic expression'', ''yútáo duànxiù'' (余桃断袖). ''Yútáo'', or "the leftover peach", recorded in ''Hanfeizi'', speaks of Mi Zixia (彌子瑕), a beautiful youth cherished by Duke Ling of Wei (衛靈公) who once shared an already bitten but very delicious peach with the duke, who appreciated the gesture (although once the growing Mi Zixia lost his beauty, the duke looked back on this event and said Mi was being insincere [http://www.androphile.org/preview/Library/Mythology/Chinese/MiziXia/MiziXia.htm].) ''Duànxiù'', or "breaking the sleeve", refers to Emperor Ai of Han China's act of cutting his sleeve, on which his adored male concubine Dongxian (董賢) was sleeping, in order not to wake him. Scholar Pan Guangdan (潘光旦) came to the conclusion that nearly every emperor in the Han Dynasty had one or more male sex partners. There are also descriptions of lesbians in some history books. It is believed homosexuality was popular in the Song dynasty, Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty dynasties. Chinese homosexuals did not experience high-profile persecution comparing with that was received by homosexuals in Europe during the Middle Ages. Same-sex love was celebrated in Chinese art, many examples of which have survived the book burnings of the Cultural Revolution. Though no large statues are known to still exist, many hand scrolls and paintings on silk can be found in private collections[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Museum/China/NEWindex.htm]. In the year 1944, the scholar Sun Cizhou published a work stated that one of the most famous ancient Chinese poets, Qu Yuan, was a lover of his King. Sun cited the poetry of Qu Yuan to prove his claim. In Qu Yuan's most important work ''Li Sao'' (Sorrow of parting), Qu Yuan called himself a beautiful man (or woman, ''mei ren''). A word he used to describe his king was used at that time by women to characterize their lovers. The first law against homosexuals in China went into effect in 1740. There was no record in the history as to how effectively the law was enforced. The more devastating thing for Chinese homosexuals was, ironically, the enlightenment that came after the Self-Strengthening Movement, when homophobia was imported to China along with Western science and philosophy. == Modern China == Homosexuality went underground after the formation of the People's Republic of China. Confucian morality and communist puritanism both frowned on homosexuality. The communist regime persecuted homosexuals, especially during the Cultural Revolution, when many gays were subject to public humiliation, assault, long prison terms, or execution. Societal tolerance towards homosexuality decreased. Since the policy of History_of_the_PRC_(1976-present)#Reform_and_Opening-up in 1979, the communist party has been loosening its control over this kind of behavior. But the practice of homosexuality is still libeled as a "moldering life style of capitalism". A notable change occurred during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when sodomy was decriminalized in 1997, and the new ''Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders'' removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses on April 20, 2001. The situation has continued to evolve in 2004. Many consider the magazine "Menbox" [http://www.mdjh.com.cn/] to be a gay magazine in all but name. Recently, a transsexual woman, ''Chen Lili'' was allowed to compete in the China selection pageant for the Miss Universe competition. An internet survey in 2000 showed that Chinese people are becoming more tolerant towards homosexuality: among the 10,792 surveyed, 48.15% were in favor, 30.9% disapproved, 14.46% were uncertain, and 7.26% were indifferent. There are no radical conservatives or radical liberation activists, so gay-bashing is rare. But some scholars complain that the government is too indifferent on this issue, doing nothing to promote the situation of homosexuality in China. During the 2002 Gay Games, only 2 persons from the mainland were sent to take part in, and apart from gay websites the media gave little coverage to the event. Many gay men admit having unsafe sex, and more than one sex partner, which worsens the spread of AIDS in China, because the Chinese government makes little effort to educate citizens about the danger of AIDS among gay people. The authorities still refuse to promote either gay issues or gay rights in China. Although there is no explicit law against homosexuality or same-sex acts between consenting adults, neither are there laws protecting gays from discrimination, nor are there any gay rights organizations in the PRC. It is believed that the Chinese policy towards the gay issue remains the "Three nos": no approval, no disapproval, and no promotion (不支持, 不反对, 不提倡). The number of homosexuals in China remains unclear. From one source, the homosexuals number between 360,000 and 480,000, another statement based on Chinese government documents and academic studies states the figure is 15 million. Compared to the higher proportions of homosexuals in other countries, many find these figures unconvincing. The loosening of restrictions on Internet use has resulted in a blossoming of gay websites in the PRC, even though the police sometimes intervene and shut down such websites. The Internet has been very important to the Chinese gay community. Although there are no gay organisations in China, there are some organised internet sites that function as advisory institutions. The mainstream media sometimes cover notable gay events abroad, such as pride parades. But some critics charge that the purpose of the media is mostly to smear homosexuality. Lacking a Motion_picture_rating_systems, the Chinese government forbids gay movies to be shown on TV or in theaters because they are "inappropriate". Despite having received much attention in Taiwan, Hong Kong and other places, the movie ''Lan Yu'' is still forbidden in the PRC because it refers to gay issues although the actors are all Mainlanders, and the story is based on a quite popular Internet story written by a mainland netizen. There are some gay bars and nightclubs in big cities, like Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, which are subject to police harassment. The difficulties surrounding homosexuality in China make those gays who cannot afford to go to gay bars or nightclubs look for casual sex in public washrooms, parks, and public shower centers. As everywhere in the world, being gay is a huge problem in the countryside; in China this is especially severe as the vast majority of people lives in the countryside with no internet access and no possibility to move to a city. Country dwellers do not often speak of homosexuality, and when they do, it is usually considered a disease. [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4503552] Many cases show that gays still have to endure prejudice from the justice system and harassment from police, including detention and arrest. In October 2000, a Beijing court ruled that homosexuality was "abnormal and unacceptable to the Chinese public" [''Washington Post'' 24 Jan. 2000], which was the first time this official attitude was stated openly. Another notable case happened in July 2001, when at least 37 gay men were detained in Guangdong Province. Recently, In the late April, the State Administration of Radio Film and Television (国家广播电影电视总局) has initialed a campaign to clear violence and sexual content from the media. Programs related to homosexual topic, scene or language are considered to be "going against the healthy way of life in China", and are banned. [http://www.pybk.com/news_read.asp?id=3511] [http://www.sdgay.net/web/readnews.asp?newsid=437] === Same-sex marriage in China === During the evaluation of the amendment of the marriage law in China in 2003, there was the first discussion about homosexual marriage. Though this issue was rejected, this was the first time that an item of gay rights was discussed in China. However, just not long before the new marriage law went into effect, an officer stated in a press conference that same-sex marriage is still forbidden in China, on August 19, 2003. Li Yinhe (李銀河), a well-known sexology scholar among Chinese gay community, has tried to legalize same-sex marriage during the National People's Congress in 2000 and 2004 (''Legalization for the Chinese Same-Sex Marriage'',《中国同性婚姻合法化》 in 2000 and ''Chinese Same-Sex Marriage Bill'', 《中国同性婚姻提案》in 2004). According to Chinese law, 35 delegates' signatures are needed to make an issue a bill to be discussed in the Congress. Her effort failed due to her not being able to get enough supports from the delegates. Still, many scholars and homosexuals don't think it's possible for China to pass such a law in the near future. == Hong Kong == Male homosexual behaviour was illegal before 1991 in Hong Kong, the maximum sentence being life imprisonment. The Legislative Council of Hong Kong agreed to decriminalize buggery after the public debate which arose in 1980. But two other attempts of introducing anti-discrimination legislation failed in 1993 and 1997. There are several gay-rights organizations in Hong Kong, such as Rainbow Action and Tongzhi Culture Society. In 2003, the Catholic Church of Hong Kong released an article condemning same-sex marriage. As a result, a group of protestors rushed into a church and interrupted the service. == Taiwan == The status of homosexuals has been developing in Taiwan. In 1970s, some novels regarding homosexuality were published. One of the most prominent writer is Pai Hsien-yung, who created many gay characters in his novels, and the most famous one is ''Crystal Boys''. Nowadays, some gay TV series and movies have been made and gained great attention among gay community in both China and Taiwan, including the TV series ''Crystal Boys'', adapted for the same name novel written by Pai Hsien-yung, movie ''Formula 17'' etc. === Taiwanese Homosexual History === Taiwan is an immigrant society. In the 17th century, while the Chinese people immigrated into Taiwan, the Qing Dynasty government had a strict limit that relatively few females may tide over the Taiwan Strait to Taiwan Island. This limitation resulted in the sexual imbalance in the society of Taiwan then. People who engaged in same-sex relations were referred to as "Lo Han Jiao"(羅漢腳). ===Recent Taiwanese Homosexual News/Events=== *At the end of October 2003, the government of the Republic of China announced plans to legalize same-sex marriage, which would make Taiwan the first place in Asia permitting it. However, legalization of same-sex marriage is only a plan. There is no schedule for the legalization. *On November 1, 2003 the first gay pride parade in the Chinese region was held in Taipei, with over 1,000 people attending [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2003/11/02/2003074355], and the mayor of Taipei, Ma Ying-jeou also attended this parade. Still, many participants wore masks to hide their identities because homosexuality remains a taboo in Taiwan. *On January 17, 2004 Taipei police arrested 93 gay people because of their attendance at an orgy party with drugs. The society was shocked that there were nearly one-third of the attenders are HIV positive. This action of arrestment caused severe condemnation from tongzhi community. This event is called "HOMEPA(Home Party) Event" by the Taiwanese gay community now. == Culture == === People === The following people are some prominent Chinese people who have come out to the public or been doing efforts to improve the gay-rights in China: *Leslie Cheung (bixsexual or gay singer and actor from Hong Kong) *Pai Hsien-yung (gay writer from Taiwan) *Li Yinhe (the well known scholar on sexology in China) *Josephine Ho (researcher and political activist in Taiwan) === Movies and TV series === Many gay movies or TV series have been made in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, including: *''Bishonen'' (HK) *''Buffering'', (HK) *''Crystal Boys'' (Taiwan) *''East Palace West Palace'' (China) *''Fleeing by Night'' (Taiwan, 2000) *''Formula 17'' (Taiwan) *''Happy Together (movie)'' (HK) *''I Am Not What You Want'' (HK) *''Lanyu'' (China) *''The Wedding Banquet'' (Taiwan) == See also == *History of homosexuality *Homosexuality in Japan *Homosexuality *Queer studies == External links == *[http://www.csssm.org/English/front.htm CSSSM (Chinese Society for the Study of Sexual Minorities)] *[http://sex.ncu.edu.tw/english/english.htm Center for the Study of Sexualities at National Taiwan Central University] *[http://www.ilga.org/Information/asia_pacific/manifesto_of_the_1996_chinese_to.htm Manifesto of 1996 Chinese Tongzhi Conference] *[http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~tyrej/news4.html A piece of news about tongzhi in Hong Kong] *[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Culture/China/china.htm Chinese Tradition of Male Love] *[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Museum/China/ Male Love Art from Ancient China] *[http://www.weandwe.com/2002/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1348&BigClassID=75&SmallClassID=81&SpecialID=0 Gay rights in 90s China]:Paper Presented at the Human Rights Forum on People's Summit on APEC, November, 1997 * [http://www.barhome.com/ Home&Bar]: The most popular gay bar in Shanghai == Books == *Bret Hinsch, ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'', The University of California Press, 1990, ISBN 0-520-06720-7. Sexual orientation and society LGBT history China Mainland China Hong Kong culture Taiwan
Homosexuality in China
Make sense now? ''But some scholars complain that the government's attitude towards homosexuality and nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homoseuxality still makes the life of gay people in China frustrating.''? --User:Gboy 01:39, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Dynastic attitude == ''the following discuss is moved from the article page:'' :Actually, I'm not sure about that - I've read some things suggesting that gays were rather tolerated in Europe until maybe the 14th century. Anyone know? :''Homosexuality went underground after the formation of the People's Republic of China. The communist regime persecuted homosexuals, especially during the Cultural Revolution, when many gays were subject to public humiliation, assault, long prison terms, or execution. Societal tolerance towards homosexuality decreased.'' -- Is the previous sentence necessary? Seems redundant. :''Although there is no explicit law against homosexuality or sodomy between consenting adult men'' -- how about women? 12.233.149.168 ''move end'' ::Acutally, according to the info in my hand, Chinese people were quite tolerant towards homosexuality in the past, walking hand in hand was accepatble, and there were sometime lot of bordello offering homosexual sex service to noble. I am not sure about what was that like in Europe, but i know that's quite acceptable in ancient greece. ::i don't know which sentence do u mean, but i just want to emphasis that not until the PRC was founded, esp the Cultural Revolution, did the Chinese people become quite intolerant towards homosexuality(because everyone was trained to be leftist?). ::about the last one, i'm gonna make some changes, sorry i just used quite sexism word, it means both men and women. --User:Gboy 02:13, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Taipei parade == There were 1,000 people took part in the pride parade? I read a news said it was about 500. :O --User:Gboy 06:45, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC) : Maybe 500 wore masks, another 500 showed their faces. *Joking* --User:Menchi 11:20, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Phrasing == Does "Granted a lot of favor" mean "Received much attention"? I changed it to the later, but I am not sure. --User:Menchi 11:20, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC) ---- == Danger: Gweilo at work == I've done various non-controversial things with obvious grammatical errors. The reference to 'Mandarin-speaking regions' seemed unnecessary and an illogical contrast to 'Cantonese'. If we were discussing climate or crop plants then 'regions', but a linguistic usage is just in Mandarin. Made a proper link for film classifications and History_of_the_PRC_(1976-present)#Reform_and_Opening-up. "nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homosexuality" completely defealted me. If you could post your meaning in Chinese I could perhaps help. I'm a little troubled by some of the vocabulary, which whilst perhaps technically correct implies that certain acts are unlawful, or has unpleasant legal connections. I have therefore taken out the link to buggery, which autodirects to Anal sex. I am still troubled by the one to Sodomy. I would really like to replace both with the more NPOV 'same-sex acts'. My feeling is to hell with any links here. --User:William_Avery 14 Dec 2003 :Thanks for your improvement, about that sentence "nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homosexuality", I try to put it out in Chinese (if my input works). I tried to mean that the Chinese government is quite indifferent to this issue, so they do nothing about that, be they the improvement of the situation of homosexuals in China or giving certain anti-discrimination law or something like that. Does that make sense? About the Cantonese and Mandarin, I didn't mean to invoke a language argument, I just want to point out that the expression of 'gay' is very different in Cantonese and Mandarin. In fact, the ''tongxinglian'' is not a common use in Cantonese (unless it's in a formal situation). --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 05:13, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC) ::Oh, I think we'd better change the "homosexuality" in this sentence " The Legislative Council of Hong Kong agreed to decriminalize homosexuality" back to buggery, homosexuality!=buggery, don't you agree? :) --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 05:26, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC) OK. At least I'll be able to say that I put the buggery back into Homosexuality in China. ::And, does my explanation ("nonfeasance about promoting the situation of homosexuality") make any sense to you? Would you please paraphrase it? I think that sentence really sucks. ^_^ --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 01:19, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC) How about just plain "failure to promote an understanding of homosexuality". Is that what you mean? Btw, another wording question for you above at #Phrasing (from last month). --User:Menchi (User talk:Menchi)ü 01:25, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC) ::They are all okay. My sentences are just too Chinglish. (I don't even remember I wrote "Granted a lot of favor"...:O ) I am not sure about the "failure", but I think that the Chinese government hasn't tried to promote that. Does "failure to" mean "tried, but fail", or just "has never tried"? I tried to mean the latter. --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 04:22, Jan 5, 2004 (UTC) == Mao == This article made me think of Li Zhi-Sui's book "The Private Life of Chairman Mao" in which he mentions that Mao had asked a young soldier to massage his groin. Li specifically refers to Mao's knowledge of history and the ways of ancient emperors in this context. User:William Avery 21:23, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC) :dont know that. Never heard of that before. Personally, I am not very interested in Mao's private story. ;) --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 01:13, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC) : I actually have that book in Chinese (《毛澤東私人醫生：回憶錄》，李志綏著). It is a gift, and I didn't read a page of it. But the gifter told me that Li claimed that Mao never brushed his teeth and only drank tea, so his teeth are green. I think Li really hates Mao to degrade him like that. :-D --User:Menchi (User talk:Menchi)ü 01:25, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC) There is a lot of controversy surrounding the "facts" in that book and I don't think gossip like this should be inserted without substantial evidence. To believe the word of one man, who has much motive to slander Mao, would not be scientific. :In response to: " Please bring evidence to refute the assertions of his physician before deleting reference to previously published material." :I have already explained why believing "Mao's physician" is not scientific. The book has been refuted by various sources, an example: :http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:dMdoJQVrMEMJ:www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/6173/lizhisui.txt+%22An+Open+Letter+Critiquing%22&hl=en :Furthermore, anybody can say anything they want about a dead person in supposedly "private conversations". Instead of finding "evidence" to refute the "assertions"; it should be evidence to confirm the "assertions". I have not seen anybody confirm the ludicrous gossip in that book. :Also, "assertion": Something declared or stated positively, often with no support or attempt at proof. :That's not good. Why is an encyclopedia relying on something with no proof?--WHDGM ?think the ethics of journalism are probably relevant here. Sometimes a reporter hears a story from one person who claims to be an eye witness. "Bill Clinton met with the Martian delegation on the west lawn of the White House shortly after 1 a.m." There are some "newspapers" that will print such a story as a "fact." Reputable newspapers won't print any story that the reporter hasn't seen himself/herself unless they can get an independent source. The idea is that if two people who have had no chance to get together and fabricate a story tell you the same complicated story you, as a reporter or newspaper publisher, are probably pretty sure that you are not putting out a false story. What a reporter can do is to report something like this: "Lukie S. created a disturbance at the White House today when he showed up at the visitors gate and demanded admittance in order to personally interview the Martian delegation -- a delegation he claimed to be visiting with President Clinton." That's really a story about Lukie S. unless it turns out later that he really knew what he was talking about, in which case he reenters the story as the first witness to go public. In the meantime, the newspaper is safe in printing a story about the claims made by one Lukie S., but not safe in printing a story about the Martian guests at the White House. There could be an article on the claims of this physician, and such an article would be the logical place to assemble information about reviews of the book, conflicting claims, dependable evidence, etc. Then, if it looked like it was worth anything, the article on the physician's claims could have a link in this article. An article on "Homosexuality in the USA" would not ordinarily contain content on the sex life of any individual unless that person's behavior had a major impact on the sex life of the nation, any more than an article on music in Great Britain would reasonably contain a paragraph on the piano playing of Margaret Thatcher. It doesn't appear that any claim is being made either that Mao cracked down on homosexuals to protect himself from claims that he was a homosexual or that Mao did anything to make life easier for [other] homosexuals. So his sexual preferences would seem to be irrelevant. User:Kim 金 06:45, 7 May 2005 (UTC) ---- == inaccuracy == Hi, guys, I just can't promise the accuracy of this article, some places still need to be improved. Besides, I am not the expert of this field. Maybe full of errors for the experts. Anyway, correct them if any! (Some content I wrote just a little arbitrary...) --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 04:31, Jan 5, 2004 (UTC) == Chen Lili == ''Recently, a transsexual (Chen Lili) was allowed to compete in the the China selection pageant for the Miss Universe competition'', is that true? ''She'' is really a transexual? She is so pretty a girl! unbelieveable.--User:Yacht 10:57, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC) ---- == Rewrite == I guess we need to rewrite some parts of this article. some structures really suck! Can anyone help? --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 17:35, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC) == Number == I removed the following sentence from the article, since I found it very confusing, as it sounds as if the number of gays was substantially on the rise and since 480,000 is a number very hard to believe (even the 15 million would be little more than 1% which is already rather low [see Prevalence of homosexuality]). Of course, I don't doubt that there is a study claiming this, I just doubt the correctness. Unless the sentence is rather about "openly gay" people, which would call for clarification --User:Drz 23:09, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC) :''According to one study, Chinese homosexuals have already reached something between 360,000 and 480,000 (another statement based on Chinese government documents and academic studies states the figure is 15 million), the majority male'' I also think that figure is too small (about .04%). But you know, there has never had an official survey on this issue like America has (including the sexual orientation in the census), the number of homosexuals in China is very obscure (even in Hong Kong or Taiwan). You are not expecting the government to do this and give out a more accurate figure (i don't believe this will happen in my lifetime). what i can do is quoting sources from other places, not accurate maybe. I try to make some note there. ;p --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 04:56, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC) :take a look at that, hopefully, it's not so bad now. --User:Yacht User talk:Yacht 19:29, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC) == about the removal and the pics == i have removed some content, which doesn't seem to have something to do with the Chinese language: :More recently the contraction "homo" was used; somewhat confusingly this term was used both positively and pejoratively. Nowadays the terms ''gei'' (ゲイ, a transliteration of ''gay'') and ''rezu'' or ''rezubian'' (レズ、レズビアン, transliterations of ''lesbian'') are the most common in the gay community, while pejorative terms like ''okama'' (a word of obscure origin literally meaning a cooking pot) are sometimes used. And, about the pics, is it good to put this actually erotic drawings here? --User:Yacht (User talk:Yacht) 17:41, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC) ::My apologies for the unrelated material, it should have gone to the Japanese page. As for the images, their purpose is not to titillate but to express concepts that can best be expressed through art. They are necessary, and on topic. User:Haiduc 23:38, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) ---- There's one good article here which can help[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-04/01/content_319807.htm]. Anyway, I do find some parts of the ancient Chinese portions problematic. It's not detailed enough, neither it is very credible. User:Mandel 23:50, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
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