
The Government of Ireland Act 1914, more generally known as the Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) or the (Irish) Home Rule Act 1914, was an Act of Parliament passed by the British House of Commons in May 1914 which sought to give Ireland national self-government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Though it received the Royal Assent in September 1914 its implementation was postponed until after the First World War (at that stage expected to last only a matter of months). However the outbreak of the Easter Rising in 1916 and the unexpected electoral success of Sinn Féin in the Irish (UK) general election, 1918 made any enactment of the Act redundant. It was never implemented but was eventually replaced by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which was to give Home Rule to six counties in the northeast (Northern Ireland) and to twenty-six counties in the north-west and south (the so-called "Southern Ireland"). ==Origins== The Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain were merged on 1 January 1801 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Throughout the 19th century Irish opposition to the Union was strong, occasionally erupting in violent insurrection. In the 1830s and 1840s attempts had been made under the leadership of Daniel O'Connell to repeal the Act of Union 1800 and restore the Kingdom of Ireland. These attempts to achieve what was simply called ''repeal'' failed. ===The battle for Home Rule=== In the 1870s the Home Rule League under Issac Butt sought to achieve a modest form of self-government, known as Home Rule. Under it, Ireland would still remain part of the United Kingdom but would have limited self-government. Two attempts were made by Liberal (UK) ministries under British Prime Minister William E. Gladstone to enact home rule bills. The first, the Irish Government Bill 1886, was defeated in the Commons, while the second, the Irish Government Bill 1893, was defeated in the Lords. With its pro-Unionists (Ireland) majority, and ability to block any bill from becoming law, few expected a Home Rule bill to make it through the House of Lords. ===The Parliament Act=== In 1909, a crisis erupted between the House of Lords and the Commons, each of which accused the other of breaking historic conventions — the Commons accused the Lords of breaking the convention of not rejecting a budget (it has just rejected the budget of Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George) while the Lords accused the Commons of including in the budget measures and taxes that the Commons had traditionally agreed never to include as part of the bargain for the Lords not rejecting a budget, forcing it to veto that year's budget. Two general elections took place in the same year to decide the issue. The Liberals held on to government, and with the agreement both of the late king, Edward VII of the United Kingdom and the new king, George V of the United Kingdom threatened to swamp the Lords with sufficient new Liberal peers to give the Government a majority. The peers backed down, and the relationship between the Lords and Commons was changed fundamentally, with the passing of the Parliament Act 1911 which allowed the House of Commons to overrule the Lords in set circumstances. The two general elections had left the nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party with the balance of power in the House of Commons. Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith came to an understanding with IPP leader John Redmond in which, if he supported his move to break the power of the Lords, then Asquith would introduce a Home Rule Bill. The Parliament Act was passed in which the Lords agreed to a curtailment of their powers. Now they had no powers over finance bills and their unlimited veto was replaced with one lasting only two years, if the House of Commons passed a bill in the third year and was then rejected by the Lords it would still become law. ==The Third Home Rule Bill== In April 1912, the Prime Minister offered Ireland self-government in the form of the third Home Rule Bill. Allowing slightly more autonomy than its two predecessors, the bill provided for: * A bicameralism Irish Parliament to be set up in Dublin (a 40-member Senate of Southern Ireland and a 164-member House of Commons of Southern Ireland) with powers to deal with most national affairs; * A number of Irish MPs would continue to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Westminster (42 MPs, rather than 103). The Bill was passed by the Commons by a majority of 10 votes but the House of Lords rejected it 326 votes to 69. In 1913 it was re-introduced and again passed the Commons but was again rejected by the Lords by 302 votes to 64. In 1914, the Bill passed the Commons on 25 May by a majority of 77 and this time, due to the Parliament Act, it did not need the Lords' consent. However in June the Irish Unionist Party (mostly Ulster MPs) forced through an amending Partition of Northern Ireland Act 1914. Some of these MPs had been instrumental in establishing the paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force to prevent the enactment of the Act. They had imported guns from Imperial Germany in the expectation that the British army would be used to impose the Act upon the northeast ''(see the Curragh incident)''. The Act eventually received Royal Assent in September 1914 as World War I was breaking out, averting civil strife in Ireland, but was suspended for the duration of what was expected to be a very short war. This decision was to prove crucial to subsequent History of Ireland. ===Conflict of interests=== In Ulster, Protestants were in a slight numerical majority. Much of the northeast was fiercely opposed to being governed from Dublin and losing their local supremacy — historically Protestants having been the political élite in Ireland. Catholics had only been allowed to vote in 1791 and been excluded from sitting in parliament until Catholic Emancipation in 1829. Since the Act of Settlement 1701, no Catholic had ever been appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the head of the British government in a country that was 75% Catholic. Protestant privilege was endemic, and nowhere more so than in Ulster. Represented mainly by the Conservative Party (UK) and backed up by the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Orange Order, they threatened to violently resist the implementation of the Act and to usurp the power of a restored Irish Parliament by force of arms. The main issue of contention at the time was the "coercion of Ulster" and whether or not some Counties of Ireland of Ulster should be excluded from the provisions of Home Rule. Nationalists, led by Redmond were adamant that Partition was not an acceptable option and raised a volunteer force of their own, the Irish Volunteers to eventually confront the Ulster Volunteer's opposition to the Act; Unionists continued to lobby for some counties of Ulster to be excluded even though their leader, Sir Edward Carson argued that it would mean betraying the unionists of the south and west. ===The shaping of Partition=== The compromise proposed by Asquith was straightforward. Six counties of the northeast of Ireland (roughly two thirds of Ulster), where there was a safe Protestant majority, were to be excluded "temporarily" from the territory of the new Irish parliament and government and to continue to be governed as before from Westminster and Whitehall. How temporary the exclusion would be, and whether northeastern Ireland would eventually be governed by the Irish parliament and government, remained an issue of some controversy. Redmond fought tenaciously against the idea of partition and was prepared to grant limited local autonomy to Ulster within an all-Ireland settlement. The British Government in effect accepted no immediate responsibility for the racial and religious antagonisms which in the end lead to partition, regarding it as clearly an otherwise unresolvable internal Irish problem. ==An Act overtaken by events == Both mainstream nationalists and unionists, keen to win the support of the British government to ensure the implementation of the Act on the one hand and to influence the issue of how temporary was partition to be on the other, rallied in support of Britain's commitment under the Triple Entente in what was expected to be a short ''Great War''. The Irish National Volunteers, the Ulster Volunteers and many other Irishmen joined the new 16th (Irish) Division of the British Army to fight to "defend the freedom of small nations" in France and Belgium. However, a fringe element of nationalism opposed Irish support for the war effort, believing Irishmen who wanted to "defend small nations" should focus on Ireland. In Easter 1916 a poorly organised rebellion, the Easter Rising, took place in Dublin. Initially widely condemned (the main nationalist newspaper, the ''Irish Independent'', demanded the execution of the rebels) the British government's mishandling of the aftermath, including the protracted executions of the Rising's leaders) led to the rise of an Irish republican movement in Sinn Féin, a small previously monarchist party taken over by the rebellion's survivors, after it had been wrongly blamed for the rebellion by the British. This marked a crucial turning on the path to attaining self-government. The rising put an end to the constitutional and conciliatory parliamentary movement and replaced it with a radical physical-force approach. Unionists became even more trenchant in their views on Irish self-government, ultimately leading to a perpetuation of partition. ==The Aftermath== ===War of Independence=== By 1918 Sinn Féin secured a clear majority of Irish seats in the Irish (UK) general election, 1918, and many of their seats were taken unopposed. Its MPs assembled in Dublin and proclaimed themselves as an independent parliament of an Irish Republic, the First Dáil. A ministry (''Áireacht'') was formed under Éamon de Valera. Between 1919 and 1921, the Irish War of Independence was fought. The new British prime minister David Lloyd George responded by replacing the never-implemented Home Rule Act 1914 by a new law, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which partitioned Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, each with a bicameral legislature and an executive presided over by a shared royal representative, the Lord Lieutenant. A 'provisional' border was defined (without most Irish MPs' voices being heard due to abstentionism at Westminster), with the promise of a latter Boundary Commission to settle the matter more equitably. (In fact it left it unchanged). Whilst Home Rule for Northern Ireland did come into existence, Southern Ireland remained a political entity on paper only: the overwhelming majority of Irish MPs refused to recognise either of the imposed Houses and re-established the Irish Republic (''Poblacht na hÉireann''), sitting instead as ''TD (parliament)'' (Deputies) of the Second Dáil where they enacted a Unilateral Declaration of Independence. Only three MPs and four senators turned up for the state opening of the "parliament of Southern Ireland". The war continued until a truce was agreed in 1921. Dáil Éireann delegated five Envoys, with plenipotentiary powers, to negotiate terms of secession with the British Government. ===Treaty, Partition=== The outcome was the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed 6. December 1921, that gave Ireland Dominion status under the Crown and acknowledged Partition. After a long and acrimonous debate lasting some weeks, the Dáil Second Dáil#The Treaty on the 7. January 1922 by 64 votes to 57. Those opposed (led by Éamon de Valera) refused to accept the decision and walked out of the Dáil to lead their anti-Treaty forces into the Irish Civil War six months later. (The Parliament of Southern Ireland only functioned as a parliament once, when pragmatically and in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty, the House of Commons of Southern Ireland assembled in Dublin in January 1922 to ratify it). Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty a provisional parliament, considered by nationalists to be the Third Dáil, was elected on the 16th June 1922. This parliament was recognised both by (pro-treaty) nationalists and the British Government and so replaced both the Parliament of Southern Ireland and the Second Dáil with a single body. The new 26 county state (three counties of Ulster plus Leinster, Connaught and Munster) become the Irish Free State or ''Saorstát Éireann''. == See also == * Sir Edward Carson * John Redmond * John Dillon * William O'Brien * Parliament of Southern Ireland * Parliament of Northern Ireland * Solemn League and Covenant (Ulster) * Unionists (Ireland) * Curragh incident * Easter Rising * Irish Government Bill 1886 * Irish Government Bill 1893 * Parliament Act 1911 * Government of Ireland Act 1920 * History of the Republic of Ireland * History of Ireland (1801-1922) == References == * Robert Kee, ''The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism'' (2000 edition, first published 1972), ISBN 0140291652. * Government of Ireland Act 1914, available from the House of Lords Record Office 1914 in law British laws Irish laws Home Rule in the United Kingdom History of Ireland 1801-1922
== Home Rule Act or Government of Ireland Act? == There is no doubt that this Act is most commonly known as the Home Rule Act 1914, but is that also its official short title, or is it in fact the Government of Ireland Act 1914? There is some discussion and references at User talk:ALoan and User talk:OwenBlacker. -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 11:18, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC) I'm moving that discussion here, for mutual ease and clarity. I'll post a brief "I've replied" note on your Talk: page, if I reply; please do the same? — User:OwenBlacker 12:48, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC) === Moved discussion === I'm quite certain it was the Home Rule Act 1914, not the Government of Ireland Act, which was the Government of Ireland Act 1920. I'm reading Robert Kee's excellent ''The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism'' (Penguin, ISBN 0140291652) at the moment; its entry in the index is the third in the second column of page 857, if that helps any. See also: [http://www.britannia.com/history/nar20hist3.html], [http://www.proni.gov.uk/records/private/carson.htm], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900002-003/text035.html], [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0030/S.0030.194507250003.html],[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/182.shtml], [http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/ireland.html], [http://ww2.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/0198293348/acprof-0198293348-chapter-5.html], [http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/revanchism.html], [http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/irish/homerule.html], [http://rwg.phoblacht.net/whobeatswhom.html], [http://www.archontology.org/nations/canada/can_king/george5.php], [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/2/0/7/12079/12079.txt] I'm about to restore my edit, but thought it'd be rude not to let you know first. — User:OwenBlacker 00:47, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC) :There are a number of official, semi-official and other sources pointing to Government of Ireland Act 1914 - not least [http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/notes/snpc-00675.pdf Parliament's Standard Note] on the Parliament Acts, but also the [http://www.courts.ie/courts.ie/Library3.nsf/pagecurrent/8B9125171CFBA78080256DE5004011F8 Irish courts], [http://www.bopcris.ac.uk/eppi/ref15486.html Parliamentary papers], [http://www.election.demon.co.uk/stormont/intro.html David Boothroyd's page on the Northern Ireland Parliament], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/hunt/Story/0,2763,1354172,00.html ''The Guardian''], [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt200203/jtselect/jtholref/17/1710.htm the First Report of the Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform], and [http://www.constitution.org/cmt/avd/law_con.htm ''Dicey'']... -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 11:08, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC) :: Most of those sources look like they're directly taken from the Parliamentary Library's note that you cited first, but I'd be very surprised if Albert Venn Dicey were to have got it wrong. I've asked a friend of mine who works in Parliament to pick me up a printed copy of the Act from the Parliamentary Library, so I'll scan the short title clause (I'm hoping there is one) and post it online, so we both know for certain. I'll leave articles as they are right now (though I won't object to you re-reverting Parliament Acts and Home Rule Act 1914 to how they were before my edits started this discussion), if you're happy to do as well. We can change everything to be consistent once we've got the short title from the Act itself. (I'm happy to do that work myself; I did something similar to all four Irish Home Rule Bills last night.) :: Seem fair? :o) — User:OwenBlacker 12:48, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC) :::Oh, eminently fair ;) but I'll just leave things as they stand now until there is a definitive answer. -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 13:35, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC) :::: I take it all back. I now have the texts in front of me and it was indeed the Government of Ireland Act 1914 (though the House of Lords' Record Office haven't sent me the suspensory act as well, which is a little disappointing). And the earlier acts were named similarly (Irish Government Bill 1886 and Irish Government Bill 1893). I'll do a load of renames and link disambiguation this evening, unless you beat me to it. :o) — User:OwenBlacker 12:52, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC) ==Requested move== * The only reason it won't move automatically is because I prevented a double-redirect on a previous move. Having discussed it on the Talk: page and bought a copy of the actual Act from the House of Lords Record Office, the correct name of the Act is definitely Government of Ireland Act 1914, not Home Rule Act 1914, so this is moving to the correct article name according to the WP:MOS — User:OwenBlacker 21:56, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC) ::''Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation and sign your vote with~~~~
* Support — User:OwenBlacker 21:56, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)
* Oppose — Fear''ÉIREANN''">User:Jtdirl 23:04, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
* Support — User:Jdforrester User_talk:Jdforrester 00:36, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
* Oppose -- Common usage -- User:Philip Baird Shearer 11:09, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
* Oppose. I've never heard this called anything but the "[Third] Home Rule Act," official title notwithstanding. Less confusion will arise from its current title. User:Austin Hair (User talk:Austin Hair&Special:emailuser/Austin Hair) 07:56, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
User:Violetriga User_talk:violetriga 08:42, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
===Discussion===
[My opposition is f]or two reasons.
*(1) Of all the names used to describe this Act, the GofI Act is the least well known. It is most commonly known as the ''Third Home Rule Act'', then ''Home Rule Act, 1914'' then far far behind (probably recognised by 0.001% of people study history) as the ''Government of Ireland Act''. I feel passionately for accuracy, but in this case ''strict'' accuracy could become a barrier and source of confusion. I doubt if even the leading people of the 1912-1914 debate on it called it the GofI Act. Only one of the four home rule acts was clearly identified with the name GofI Act. And that leads to point (2)
*(2). If GofI Act is used, 99.9% of people acquainted with history will think you mean the 1920 Act of that name. There is every likelihood of confusion between the two (there already has been. Some of the features of the 1920 Act were wrongly attributed to the 1914 Act. I was puzzled as to why. Obviously the reason is that someone invertently got their ''Government of Ireland Act''s mixed up.) All it will take is for someone to leave off the date in a link and you'll have people confused over which links to where, or which they should link to where, etc. And strictly speaking, if the 1914 Act is referred to as the ''Government of Ireland Act, 1914'', then the 1920 Act should be in as the ''Better Government of Ireland Act, 1920'' its technically more correct name. In this case, ''everyone'' uses one of two names for the 1914 Act and similarly ''everyone'' uses one name for the 1920 Act. There is no point in adding confusion.
For example, we call British monarchs after 1707 and before 1801 ''Of Great Britain'' even though most would say ''England''. That is because the strictly accurate version, albeit the less well known, has no other rival with the same name. If somewhere else also used ''Great Britain'' then there would have been an argument for using the clear (albeit inaccurate) ''England''. But there wasn't, so ''Great Britain'' had a clear run at the name. This is not the case with the ''Government of Ireland Act, 1914''. There is a far far far more widely known ''Government of Ireland Act'' from 1920. So in this case, my vote goes to 'leave as it is.' We can give the exact accuracy in the opening of the article. We don't need it in the title in this case. Fear''ÉIREANN''">User:Jtdirl 23:04, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
: I have to say that I agree with Owen that we should follow policy and locate at correct name, regardless of useage; this is somewhere where we should diverge from "most common name", too, because it is a "strictly accurate version". User:Jdforrester User_talk:Jdforrester 00:36, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
:: Minor point, btw, but the short title of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 is also ''Government of Ireland Act 1920'', not the ''Better GoIA 1920''. I recently bought copies of all Four Irish Home Rule Bills from the HLRO. You're right that it might cause a little confusion, but I think that's something best handled by redirects and disambiguation headers.
:: People might also be interested in the similar debate at Talk:Irish Home Rule Bill, which covers the Bills, rather than the acts (where Fear''ÉIREANN''">User:Jtdirl and I are making essentially the same points, but in a slightly different context). — User:OwenBlacker 07:55, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
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Home_Rule_Act_1914
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Home Rule Act 1914
The Government of Ireland Act 1914, more generally known as the Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) or the (Irish) Home Rule Act 1914, was an Act of Parliament passed by the British House of Commons in May 1914 which sought to give Ireland national self-government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Though it received the Royal Assent in September 1914 its implementation was postponed until after the First World War (at that stage expected to last only a matter of months). However the outbreak of the Easter Rising in 1916 and the unexpected electoral success of Sinn Féin in the Irish (UK) general election, 1918 made any enactment of the Act redundant. It was never implemented but was eventually replaced by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which was to give Home Rule to six counties in the northeast (Northern Ireland) and to twenty-six counties in the north-west and south (the so-called "Southern Ireland"). ==Origins== The Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain were merged on 1 January 1801 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Throughout the 19th century Irish opposition to the Union was strong, occasionally erupting in violent insurrection. In the 1830s and 1840s attempts had been made under the leadership of Daniel O'Connell to repeal the Act of Union 1800 and restore the Kingdom of Ireland. These attempts to achieve what was simply called ''repeal'' failed. ===The battle for Home Rule=== In the 1870s the Home Rule League under Issac Butt sought to achieve a modest form of self-government, known as Home Rule. Under it, Ireland would still remain part of the United Kingdom but would have limited self-government. Two attempts were made by Liberal (UK) ministries under British Prime Minister William E. Gladstone to enact home rule bills. The first, the Irish Government Bill 1886, was defeated in the Commons, while the second, the Irish Government Bill 1893, was defeated in the Lords. With its pro-Unionists (Ireland) majority, and ability to block any bill from becoming law, few expected a Home Rule bill to make it through the House of Lords. ===The Parliament Act=== In 1909, a crisis erupted between the House of Lords and the Commons, each of which accused the other of breaking historic conventions — the Commons accused the Lords of breaking the convention of not rejecting a budget (it has just rejected the budget of Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George) while the Lords accused the Commons of including in the budget measures and taxes that the Commons had traditionally agreed never to include as part of the bargain for the Lords not rejecting a budget, forcing it to veto that year's budget. Two general elections took place in the same year to decide the issue. The Liberals held on to government, and with the agreement both of the late king, Edward VII of the United Kingdom and the new king, George V of the United Kingdom threatened to swamp the Lords with sufficient new Liberal peers to give the Government a majority. The peers backed down, and the relationship between the Lords and Commons was changed fundamentally, with the passing of the Parliament Act 1911 which allowed the House of Commons to overrule the Lords in set circumstances. The two general elections had left the nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party with the balance of power in the House of Commons. Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith came to an understanding with IPP leader John Redmond in which, if he supported his move to break the power of the Lords, then Asquith would introduce a Home Rule Bill. The Parliament Act was passed in which the Lords agreed to a curtailment of their powers. Now they had no powers over finance bills and their unlimited veto was replaced with one lasting only two years, if the House of Commons passed a bill in the third year and was then rejected by the Lords it would still become law. ==The Third Home Rule Bill== In April 1912, the Prime Minister offered Ireland self-government in the form of the third Home Rule Bill. Allowing slightly more autonomy than its two predecessors, the bill provided for: * A bicameralism Irish Parliament to be set up in Dublin (a 40-member Senate of Southern Ireland and a 164-member House of Commons of Southern Ireland) with powers to deal with most national affairs; * A number of Irish MPs would continue to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Westminster (42 MPs, rather than 103). The Bill was passed by the Commons by a majority of 10 votes but the House of Lords rejected it 326 votes to 69. In 1913 it was re-introduced and again passed the Commons but was again rejected by the Lords by 302 votes to 64. In 1914, the Bill passed the Commons on 25 May by a majority of 77 and this time, due to the Parliament Act, it did not need the Lords' consent. However in June the Irish Unionist Party (mostly Ulster MPs) forced through an amending Partition of Northern Ireland Act 1914. Some of these MPs had been instrumental in establishing the paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force to prevent the enactment of the Act. They had imported guns from Imperial Germany in the expectation that the British army would be used to impose the Act upon the northeast ''(see the Curragh incident)''. The Act eventually received Royal Assent in September 1914 as World War I was breaking out, averting civil strife in Ireland, but was suspended for the duration of what was expected to be a very short war. This decision was to prove crucial to subsequent History of Ireland. ===Conflict of interests=== In Ulster, Protestants were in a slight numerical majority. Much of the northeast was fiercely opposed to being governed from Dublin and losing their local supremacy — historically Protestants having been the political élite in Ireland. Catholics had only been allowed to vote in 1791 and been excluded from sitting in parliament until Catholic Emancipation in 1829. Since the Act of Settlement 1701, no Catholic had ever been appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the head of the British government in a country that was 75% Catholic. Protestant privilege was endemic, and nowhere more so than in Ulster. Represented mainly by the Conservative Party (UK) and backed up by the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Orange Order, they threatened to violently resist the implementation of the Act and to usurp the power of a restored Irish Parliament by force of arms. The main issue of contention at the time was the "coercion of Ulster" and whether or not some Counties of Ireland of Ulster should be excluded from the provisions of Home Rule. Nationalists, led by Redmond were adamant that Partition was not an acceptable option and raised a volunteer force of their own, the Irish Volunteers to eventually confront the Ulster Volunteer's opposition to the Act; Unionists continued to lobby for some counties of Ulster to be excluded even though their leader, Sir Edward Carson argued that it would mean betraying the unionists of the south and west. ===The shaping of Partition=== The compromise proposed by Asquith was straightforward. Six counties of the northeast of Ireland (roughly two thirds of Ulster), where there was a safe Protestant majority, were to be excluded "temporarily" from the territory of the new Irish parliament and government and to continue to be governed as before from Westminster and Whitehall. How temporary the exclusion would be, and whether northeastern Ireland would eventually be governed by the Irish parliament and government, remained an issue of some controversy. Redmond fought tenaciously against the idea of partition and was prepared to grant limited local autonomy to Ulster within an all-Ireland settlement. The British Government in effect accepted no immediate responsibility for the racial and religious antagonisms which in the end lead to partition, regarding it as clearly an otherwise unresolvable internal Irish problem. ==An Act overtaken by events == Both mainstream nationalists and unionists, keen to win the support of the British government to ensure the implementation of the Act on the one hand and to influence the issue of how temporary was partition to be on the other, rallied in support of Britain's commitment under the Triple Entente in what was expected to be a short ''Great War''. The Irish National Volunteers, the Ulster Volunteers and many other Irishmen joined the new 16th (Irish) Division of the British Army to fight to "defend the freedom of small nations" in France and Belgium. However, a fringe element of nationalism opposed Irish support for the war effort, believing Irishmen who wanted to "defend small nations" should focus on Ireland. In Easter 1916 a poorly organised rebellion, the Easter Rising, took place in Dublin. Initially widely condemned (the main nationalist newspaper, the ''Irish Independent'', demanded the execution of the rebels) the British government's mishandling of the aftermath, including the protracted executions of the Rising's leaders) led to the rise of an Irish republican movement in Sinn Féin, a small previously monarchist party taken over by the rebellion's survivors, after it had been wrongly blamed for the rebellion by the British. This marked a crucial turning on the path to attaining self-government. The rising put an end to the constitutional and conciliatory parliamentary movement and replaced it with a radical physical-force approach. Unionists became even more trenchant in their views on Irish self-government, ultimately leading to a perpetuation of partition. ==The Aftermath== ===War of Independence=== By 1918 Sinn Féin secured a clear majority of Irish seats in the Irish (UK) general election, 1918, and many of their seats were taken unopposed. Its MPs assembled in Dublin and proclaimed themselves as an independent parliament of an Irish Republic, the First Dáil. A ministry (''Áireacht'') was formed under Éamon de Valera. Between 1919 and 1921, the Irish War of Independence was fought. The new British prime minister David Lloyd George responded by replacing the never-implemented Home Rule Act 1914 by a new law, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which partitioned Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, each with a bicameral legislature and an executive presided over by a shared royal representative, the Lord Lieutenant. A 'provisional' border was defined (without most Irish MPs' voices being heard due to abstentionism at Westminster), with the promise of a latter Boundary Commission to settle the matter more equitably. (In fact it left it unchanged). Whilst Home Rule for Northern Ireland did come into existence, Southern Ireland remained a political entity on paper only: the overwhelming majority of Irish MPs refused to recognise either of the imposed Houses and re-established the Irish Republic (''Poblacht na hÉireann''), sitting instead as ''TD (parliament)'' (Deputies) of the Second Dáil where they enacted a Unilateral Declaration of Independence. Only three MPs and four senators turned up for the state opening of the "parliament of Southern Ireland". The war continued until a truce was agreed in 1921. Dáil Éireann delegated five Envoys, with plenipotentiary powers, to negotiate terms of secession with the British Government. ===Treaty, Partition=== The outcome was the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed 6. December 1921, that gave Ireland Dominion status under the Crown and acknowledged Partition. After a long and acrimonous debate lasting some weeks, the Dáil Second Dáil#The Treaty on the 7. January 1922 by 64 votes to 57. Those opposed (led by Éamon de Valera) refused to accept the decision and walked out of the Dáil to lead their anti-Treaty forces into the Irish Civil War six months later. (The Parliament of Southern Ireland only functioned as a parliament once, when pragmatically and in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty, the House of Commons of Southern Ireland assembled in Dublin in January 1922 to ratify it). Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty a provisional parliament, considered by nationalists to be the Third Dáil, was elected on the 16th June 1922. This parliament was recognised both by (pro-treaty) nationalists and the British Government and so replaced both the Parliament of Southern Ireland and the Second Dáil with a single body. The new 26 county state (three counties of Ulster plus Leinster, Connaught and Munster) become the Irish Free State or ''Saorstát Éireann''. == See also == * Sir Edward Carson * John Redmond * John Dillon * William O'Brien * Parliament of Southern Ireland * Parliament of Northern Ireland * Solemn League and Covenant (Ulster) * Unionists (Ireland) * Curragh incident * Easter Rising * Irish Government Bill 1886 * Irish Government Bill 1893 * Parliament Act 1911 * Government of Ireland Act 1920 * History of the Republic of Ireland * History of Ireland (1801-1922) == References == * Robert Kee, ''The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism'' (2000 edition, first published 1972), ISBN 0140291652. * Government of Ireland Act 1914, available from the House of Lords Record Office 1914 in law British laws Irish laws Home Rule in the United Kingdom History of Ireland 1801-1922
Home Rule Act 1914
== Home Rule Act or Government of Ireland Act? == There is no doubt that this Act is most commonly known as the Home Rule Act 1914, but is that also its official short title, or is it in fact the Government of Ireland Act 1914? There is some discussion and references at User talk:ALoan and User talk:OwenBlacker. -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 11:18, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC) I'm moving that discussion here, for mutual ease and clarity. I'll post a brief "I've replied" note on your Talk: page, if I reply; please do the same? — User:OwenBlacker 12:48, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC) === Moved discussion === I'm quite certain it was the Home Rule Act 1914, not the Government of Ireland Act, which was the Government of Ireland Act 1920. I'm reading Robert Kee's excellent ''The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism'' (Penguin, ISBN 0140291652) at the moment; its entry in the index is the third in the second column of page 857, if that helps any. See also: [http://www.britannia.com/history/nar20hist3.html], [http://www.proni.gov.uk/records/private/carson.htm], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900002-003/text035.html], [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0030/S.0030.194507250003.html],[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/182.shtml], [http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/ireland.html], [http://ww2.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/0198293348/acprof-0198293348-chapter-5.html], [http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/revanchism.html], [http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/irish/homerule.html], [http://rwg.phoblacht.net/whobeatswhom.html], [http://www.archontology.org/nations/canada/can_king/george5.php], [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/2/0/7/12079/12079.txt] I'm about to restore my edit, but thought it'd be rude not to let you know first. — User:OwenBlacker 00:47, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC) :There are a number of official, semi-official and other sources pointing to Government of Ireland Act 1914 - not least [http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/notes/snpc-00675.pdf Parliament's Standard Note] on the Parliament Acts, but also the [http://www.courts.ie/courts.ie/Library3.nsf/pagecurrent/8B9125171CFBA78080256DE5004011F8 Irish courts], [http://www.bopcris.ac.uk/eppi/ref15486.html Parliamentary papers], [http://www.election.demon.co.uk/stormont/intro.html David Boothroyd's page on the Northern Ireland Parliament], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/hunt/Story/0,2763,1354172,00.html ''The Guardian''], [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt200203/jtselect/jtholref/17/1710.htm the First Report of the Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform], and [http://www.constitution.org/cmt/avd/law_con.htm ''Dicey'']... -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 11:08, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC) :: Most of those sources look like they're directly taken from the Parliamentary Library's note that you cited first, but I'd be very surprised if Albert Venn Dicey were to have got it wrong. I've asked a friend of mine who works in Parliament to pick me up a printed copy of the Act from the Parliamentary Library, so I'll scan the short title clause (I'm hoping there is one) and post it online, so we both know for certain. I'll leave articles as they are right now (though I won't object to you re-reverting Parliament Acts and Home Rule Act 1914 to how they were before my edits started this discussion), if you're happy to do as well. We can change everything to be consistent once we've got the short title from the Act itself. (I'm happy to do that work myself; I did something similar to all four Irish Home Rule Bills last night.) :: Seem fair? :o) — User:OwenBlacker 12:48, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC) :::Oh, eminently fair ;) but I'll just leave things as they stand now until there is a definitive answer. -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 13:35, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC) :::: I take it all back. I now have the texts in front of me and it was indeed the Government of Ireland Act 1914 (though the House of Lords' Record Office haven't sent me the suspensory act as well, which is a little disappointing). And the earlier acts were named similarly (Irish Government Bill 1886 and Irish Government Bill 1893). I'll do a load of renames and link disambiguation this evening, unless you beat me to it. :o) — User:OwenBlacker 12:52, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC) ==Requested move== * The only reason it won't move automatically is because I prevented a double-redirect on a previous move. Having discussed it on the Talk: page and bought a copy of the actual Act from the House of Lords Record Office, the correct name of the Act is definitely Government of Ireland Act 1914, not Home Rule Act 1914, so this is moving to the correct article name according to the WP:MOS — User:OwenBlacker 21:56, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC) ::''Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation and sign your vote with
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