Herman Melville (August 1 1819 – September 28 1891) was an United States novelist, essayist, and poet. During his own lifetime his early novels, South Seas adventures, were quite popular, but his audience declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten, but his masterpiece, ''Moby-Dick'', was "rediscovered" in following years and he is now widely esteemed as one of the most important figures in American literature. Melville was a friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne, and was influenced by the latter's writing; ''Moby-Dick'' is dedicated to Hawthorne. In his later life, his works no longer accessible to a broad audience, he was not able to make money from writing. He depended on his wife's family for money, and later became a New York City Customs agent. His short novel ''Billy Budd'', an unpublished manuscript at the time of his death, was later published successfully and was turned into an opera by Benjamin Britten. Melville also wrote ''White-Jacket, Typee, Omoo, Pierre: or, The Ambiguities, The Confidence Man'' and many short stories and works of various genres. His short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" is among his most important pieces, and has been considered a precursor to Existentialism and Absurdist literature. Melville is less well known as a poet and did not write any substantial poetry until late in his life; after the American Civil War, he published Battle-Pieces, which sold well. But once again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's poetic masterpiece, the epic length verse-narrative ''Clarel'', about a student's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was also quite unknown in his own time. ===Life=== Paraphrased from the introduction written by Arthur Stedman to the 1892 edition of Melville's ''Typee'': Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, and received his early education in that city. He says he gained his first love of adventure listening to his father Allan, who was an extensive traveller for his time, telling tales of the monstrous waves at sea, mountain high, of the masts bending like twigs, and all about Le Havre and Liverpool. After the death of his father the family (eight brothers and sisters) moved to the village of Lansingburg, on the Hudson River. There Herman remained until 1835, when he attended the Albany Classical School for some months. Herman's roving disposition, and a desire to support himself independently of family assistance, soon led him to ship as cabin boy in a New York vessel bound for Liverpool. He made the voyage, visited London, and returned in the same ship. 'Redburn: His First Voyage,' published in 1849, is partly founded on the experiences of this trip. A good part of the succeeding three years, from 1837 to 1840, was occupied with school-teaching. I fancy that it was the reading of Richard Henry Dana's ''Two Years Before the Mast'' which revived the spirit of adventure in Melville's breast. That book was published in 1840, and was at once talked of everywhere. Melville must have read it at the time, mindful of his own experience as a sailor. At any rate, he once more signed a ship's articles, and on January 1, 1841, sailed from New Bedford, Massachusetts harbour in the whaler Acushnet, bound for the Pacific Ocean and the sperm fishery. He has left very little direct information as to the events of this eighteen months' cruise, although his whaling romance, 'Moby-Dick; or, the Whale,' probably gives many pictures of life on board the Acushnet. Melville decided to abandon the vessel on reaching the Marquesas Islands; and the narrative of 'Typee' and its sequel, 'Omoo,' tell this tale. After a sojourn at the Society Islands, Melville shipped for Honolulu. There he remained for four months, employed as a clerk. He joined the crew of the American frigate United States, which reached Boston, stopping on the way at one of the Peruvian ports, in October of 1844. Once more was a narrative of his experiences to be preserved in 'White Jacket; or, the World in a Man-of-War.' Thus, of Melville's four most important books, three, 'Typee,' 'Omoo,' and 'White-Jacket,' are directly auto biographical, and 'Moby-Dick' is partially so; while the less important 'Redburn' is between the two classes in this respect. Melville married Miss Elizabeth Shaw [daughter of noted jurist, Lemuel Shaw ] on August 4, 1847, in Boston, whereupon his nautical wanderings were brought to a conclusion. Mr. and Mrs. Melville resided in New York City until 1850, when they purchased a farmhouse at Pittsfield. Here Melville remained for thirteen years, occupied with his writing, and managing his farm. An article in Putnam's Monthly entitled 'I and My Chimney,' another called 'October Mountain,' and the introduction to the 'Piazza Tales,' present faithful pictures of Arrow Head and its surroundings. While at Pittsfield, Mr. Melville was induced to enter the lecture field. From 1857 to 1860 he filled many engagements in the lyceums, chiefly speaking of his adventures in the South Seas. After an illness that lasted a number of months, Herman Melville died at his home in New York City early on the morning of September 28, 1891. He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. ---- ==Works== ===Novels=== * ''Typee: [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Typee] A Peep at Polynesian Life'' (1846) * ''Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas'' (1847) * ''Mardi: And a Voyage Thither'' (1849) * ''Redburn: His First Voyage'' (1849) * ''White-Jacket: or, The World in a Man-of-War'' (1850) * ''Moby-Dick'' (1851) * ''Pierre: or, The Ambiguities'' (1852) * ''Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile'' (1855) * ''The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade'' (1857) * ''Billy Budd (novel): An Inside Narrative'' (1924) ===Short stories=== * ''The Piazza Tales'' (1856) ** "The Piazza" -- the only story specifically written for the collection. (The other five had previously been published in Putnam's Monthly Magazine.) ** "Bartleby the Scrivener" [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Bartleby_the_Scrivener] ** "Benito Cereno" ** "The Lightning-Rod Man" ** "The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles" ** "The Bell-Tower" ===Poetry=== * Battle Pieces: And Aspects of the War (1866) * Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (poems) (1876) * John Marr and Other Sailors (1888) * Timoleon (1891) ===Uncollected=== * Fragments from a Writing Desk, No. 1 (Published in ''Democratic Press, and Lansingburgh Advertiser'', May 4 1839) * Fragments from a Writing Desk, No. 2 (Published in ''Democratic Press, and Lansingburgh Advertiser'', May 18 1839) * Etchings of a Whaling Cruise (Published in ''New York Literary World'', March 6 1847) * Authentic Anecdotes of "Old Zack" (Published in ''Yankee Doodle'', II, weekly (September 4 excepted) from July 24 to September 11 1847) * Mr Parkman's Tour (Published in ''New York Literary World'', March 31 1849) * Cooper's New Novel (Published in ''New York Literary World'', April 28 1849) * A Thought on Book-Binding (Published in ''New York Literary World'', March 16 1850) * Hawthorne and His Mosses (Published in ''New York Literary World'', August 17 and August 24 1850) * Cock-A-Doodle-Doo! (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', December 1853) * Poor Man's Pudding and Rich Man's Crumbs (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', June 1854) * The Happy Failure (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', July 1854) * The Fiddler (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', September 1854) * The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', April 1855) * Jimmy Rose (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', November 1855) * The 'Gees (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', March 1856) * I and My Chimney (Published in ''Putnam's Monthly Magazine'', March 1856) * The Apple-Tree Table (Published in ''Putnam's Monthly Magazine'', May 1856) * Uncollected Prose (1856) * The Two Temples (unpublished in Melville's lifetime) ==Quotations== "''Are there no Moravians in the Moon, that not a missionary has yet visited this poor pagan planet of ours, to civilise civilisation and christianise Christendom?''" from ''White Jacket'' (1850) * [http://wikiquote.org/wiki/Herman_Melville Selected quotations at Wikiquote] ==External links== *Project Gutenberg (and other) e-texts of [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Herman+Melville some of Herman Melville's works] *[http://www.bibliomania.com/0/0/36/1006 ''Billy Budd'' -- the whole text, free] *[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2701 Moby-Dick] Gutenberg EText * [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/melville_h.html Review by glbtq] - "Herman Melville reflects his homosexuality throughout his texts". 1819 births 1891 deaths American essayists American novelists American short story writers American travel writers Autodidacts Moby-Dick Scottish-Americans U.S. poets
==''Omoo'' and ''Typee''== ''Omoo'' and ''Typee'' are not non-fiction; they are novels (although they are based on Melville's experiences). Could someone please correct this section of the list of Melville's writings? If there are no objections, I will do it. Thanks. User:Ffirehorse 01:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) :Go for it. We like it when you correct mistakes - that's what Wikipedia is about! -User:Sethmahoney 02:03, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC) Just didn't want to step on anyone's work; it's not necessarily a minor edit. Thanks. User:Ffirehorse 02:20, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) == Revisions? == Below is a revised text. I wanted to put the references to Hawthorne in a larger context -- I found the current text misleading to the extent that it may have implied that Melville was some sort of imitator or follower of Hawthorne's style of writing. I have also added references to some additional works of Melville's. My suggestions are not, I'm afraid, a model of elegant writing, but they are the best I can come up with for now. Any thoughts or comments? User:Editorgeek 20:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) ________________________________________ Herman Melville (August 1 1819 – September 28 1891) was an United States novelist, essayist, and poet. During his own lifetime his early novels, South Seas adventures, were quite popular, but his audience declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten. His masterpiece, ''Moby-Dick'', originally published in 1851, was "rediscovered" in the 1920's. He is now widely esteemed as one of the most important figures in American literature. Melville admired Nathaniel Hawthorne greatly, whose genius he compared to Shakespeare's in an essay entitled "Hawthorne and His Mosses,"[http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/hahm.html] published in The Literary World in 1850. Melville and Hawthorne became close friends during the time Melville was working on ''Moby-Dick.'' He dedicated his great book to Hawthorne when it was published in 1851. Beginning with his novel ''Mardi'', and following with ''Moby Dick'', ''Pierre'', and ''The Confidence Man'', Melville intended to craft serious literary works quite different from his earlier popular, South Sea adventures. These later novels brought mixed reviews and few sales to support his growing family. Melville briefly tried his hand at writing short works of fiction for magazines, but for the most part he had to rely on his father-in-law, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw for money. Eventually, with Hawthorne's help, Melville received a political appointment as a New York City Customs agent in 1866, a post which he held for nineteen years. By that time, however, he was suffering serious bouts of depression, no doubt magnified by his frustrations with his literary career, his son's suicide, family tensions, and his anguish over the Civil War. Melville published no more prose works after 1857 and began writing poetry during the Civl War. His last great work of fiction, the short novel ''Billy Budd'', was an unpublished manuscript at the time of his death. It was later published successfully and turned into an opera by Benjamin Britten. Melville's prose works include ''Typee'', ''White-Jacket'', ''Omoo'', ''Mardi'', ''Moby Dick'', ''Pierre'', ''Israel Potter'', ''The Confidence Man'' and many short stories and works of various genres (including those published as ''The Encantadas'' and ''The Piazza Tales''). His short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" is among his most important pieces, and has been considered a precursor to Existentialism and Absurdist literature. Melville is less well known as a poet and did not write any substantial poetry until late in his life; after the American Civil War, he published ''Battle-Pieces'', which sold well. But once again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's poetic masterpiece, the epic length verse-narrative ''Clarel'', about a student's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was also quite unknown in his own time.
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Herman Melville
Herman Melville (August 1 1819 – September 28 1891) was an United States novelist, essayist, and poet. During his own lifetime his early novels, South Seas adventures, were quite popular, but his audience declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten, but his masterpiece, ''Moby-Dick'', was "rediscovered" in following years and he is now widely esteemed as one of the most important figures in American literature. Melville was a friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne, and was influenced by the latter's writing; ''Moby-Dick'' is dedicated to Hawthorne. In his later life, his works no longer accessible to a broad audience, he was not able to make money from writing. He depended on his wife's family for money, and later became a New York City Customs agent. His short novel ''Billy Budd'', an unpublished manuscript at the time of his death, was later published successfully and was turned into an opera by Benjamin Britten. Melville also wrote ''White-Jacket, Typee, Omoo, Pierre: or, The Ambiguities, The Confidence Man'' and many short stories and works of various genres. His short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" is among his most important pieces, and has been considered a precursor to Existentialism and Absurdist literature. Melville is less well known as a poet and did not write any substantial poetry until late in his life; after the American Civil War, he published Battle-Pieces, which sold well. But once again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's poetic masterpiece, the epic length verse-narrative ''Clarel'', about a student's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was also quite unknown in his own time. ===Life=== Paraphrased from the introduction written by Arthur Stedman to the 1892 edition of Melville's ''Typee'': Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, and received his early education in that city. He says he gained his first love of adventure listening to his father Allan, who was an extensive traveller for his time, telling tales of the monstrous waves at sea, mountain high, of the masts bending like twigs, and all about Le Havre and Liverpool. After the death of his father the family (eight brothers and sisters) moved to the village of Lansingburg, on the Hudson River. There Herman remained until 1835, when he attended the Albany Classical School for some months. Herman's roving disposition, and a desire to support himself independently of family assistance, soon led him to ship as cabin boy in a New York vessel bound for Liverpool. He made the voyage, visited London, and returned in the same ship. 'Redburn: His First Voyage,' published in 1849, is partly founded on the experiences of this trip. A good part of the succeeding three years, from 1837 to 1840, was occupied with school-teaching. I fancy that it was the reading of Richard Henry Dana's ''Two Years Before the Mast'' which revived the spirit of adventure in Melville's breast. That book was published in 1840, and was at once talked of everywhere. Melville must have read it at the time, mindful of his own experience as a sailor. At any rate, he once more signed a ship's articles, and on January 1, 1841, sailed from New Bedford, Massachusetts harbour in the whaler Acushnet, bound for the Pacific Ocean and the sperm fishery. He has left very little direct information as to the events of this eighteen months' cruise, although his whaling romance, 'Moby-Dick; or, the Whale,' probably gives many pictures of life on board the Acushnet. Melville decided to abandon the vessel on reaching the Marquesas Islands; and the narrative of 'Typee' and its sequel, 'Omoo,' tell this tale. After a sojourn at the Society Islands, Melville shipped for Honolulu. There he remained for four months, employed as a clerk. He joined the crew of the American frigate United States, which reached Boston, stopping on the way at one of the Peruvian ports, in October of 1844. Once more was a narrative of his experiences to be preserved in 'White Jacket; or, the World in a Man-of-War.' Thus, of Melville's four most important books, three, 'Typee,' 'Omoo,' and 'White-Jacket,' are directly auto biographical, and 'Moby-Dick' is partially so; while the less important 'Redburn' is between the two classes in this respect. Melville married Miss Elizabeth Shaw [daughter of noted jurist, Lemuel Shaw ] on August 4, 1847, in Boston, whereupon his nautical wanderings were brought to a conclusion. Mr. and Mrs. Melville resided in New York City until 1850, when they purchased a farmhouse at Pittsfield. Here Melville remained for thirteen years, occupied with his writing, and managing his farm. An article in Putnam's Monthly entitled 'I and My Chimney,' another called 'October Mountain,' and the introduction to the 'Piazza Tales,' present faithful pictures of Arrow Head and its surroundings. While at Pittsfield, Mr. Melville was induced to enter the lecture field. From 1857 to 1860 he filled many engagements in the lyceums, chiefly speaking of his adventures in the South Seas. After an illness that lasted a number of months, Herman Melville died at his home in New York City early on the morning of September 28, 1891. He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. ---- ==Works== ===Novels=== * ''Typee: [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Typee] A Peep at Polynesian Life'' (1846) * ''Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas'' (1847) * ''Mardi: And a Voyage Thither'' (1849) * ''Redburn: His First Voyage'' (1849) * ''White-Jacket: or, The World in a Man-of-War'' (1850) * ''Moby-Dick'' (1851) * ''Pierre: or, The Ambiguities'' (1852) * ''Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile'' (1855) * ''The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade'' (1857) * ''Billy Budd (novel): An Inside Narrative'' (1924) ===Short stories=== * ''The Piazza Tales'' (1856) ** "The Piazza" -- the only story specifically written for the collection. (The other five had previously been published in Putnam's Monthly Magazine.) ** "Bartleby the Scrivener" [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Bartleby_the_Scrivener] ** "Benito Cereno" ** "The Lightning-Rod Man" ** "The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles" ** "The Bell-Tower" ===Poetry=== * Battle Pieces: And Aspects of the War (1866) * Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (poems) (1876) * John Marr and Other Sailors (1888) * Timoleon (1891) ===Uncollected=== * Fragments from a Writing Desk, No. 1 (Published in ''Democratic Press, and Lansingburgh Advertiser'', May 4 1839) * Fragments from a Writing Desk, No. 2 (Published in ''Democratic Press, and Lansingburgh Advertiser'', May 18 1839) * Etchings of a Whaling Cruise (Published in ''New York Literary World'', March 6 1847) * Authentic Anecdotes of "Old Zack" (Published in ''Yankee Doodle'', II, weekly (September 4 excepted) from July 24 to September 11 1847) * Mr Parkman's Tour (Published in ''New York Literary World'', March 31 1849) * Cooper's New Novel (Published in ''New York Literary World'', April 28 1849) * A Thought on Book-Binding (Published in ''New York Literary World'', March 16 1850) * Hawthorne and His Mosses (Published in ''New York Literary World'', August 17 and August 24 1850) * Cock-A-Doodle-Doo! (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', December 1853) * Poor Man's Pudding and Rich Man's Crumbs (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', June 1854) * The Happy Failure (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', July 1854) * The Fiddler (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', September 1854) * The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', April 1855) * Jimmy Rose (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', November 1855) * The 'Gees (Published in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', March 1856) * I and My Chimney (Published in ''Putnam's Monthly Magazine'', March 1856) * The Apple-Tree Table (Published in ''Putnam's Monthly Magazine'', May 1856) * Uncollected Prose (1856) * The Two Temples (unpublished in Melville's lifetime) ==Quotations== "''Are there no Moravians in the Moon, that not a missionary has yet visited this poor pagan planet of ours, to civilise civilisation and christianise Christendom?''" from ''White Jacket'' (1850) * [http://wikiquote.org/wiki/Herman_Melville Selected quotations at Wikiquote] ==External links== *Project Gutenberg (and other) e-texts of [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Herman+Melville some of Herman Melville's works] *[http://www.bibliomania.com/0/0/36/1006 ''Billy Budd'' -- the whole text, free] *[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2701 Moby-Dick] Gutenberg EText * [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/melville_h.html Review by glbtq] - "Herman Melville reflects his homosexuality throughout his texts". 1819 births 1891 deaths American essayists American novelists American short story writers American travel writers Autodidacts Moby-Dick Scottish-Americans U.S. poets
Herman Melville
==''Omoo'' and ''Typee''== ''Omoo'' and ''Typee'' are not non-fiction; they are novels (although they are based on Melville's experiences). Could someone please correct this section of the list of Melville's writings? If there are no objections, I will do it. Thanks. User:Ffirehorse 01:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) :Go for it. We like it when you correct mistakes - that's what Wikipedia is about! -User:Sethmahoney 02:03, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC) Just didn't want to step on anyone's work; it's not necessarily a minor edit. Thanks. User:Ffirehorse 02:20, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) == Revisions? == Below is a revised text. I wanted to put the references to Hawthorne in a larger context -- I found the current text misleading to the extent that it may have implied that Melville was some sort of imitator or follower of Hawthorne's style of writing. I have also added references to some additional works of Melville's. My suggestions are not, I'm afraid, a model of elegant writing, but they are the best I can come up with for now. Any thoughts or comments? User:Editorgeek 20:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) ________________________________________ Herman Melville (August 1 1819 – September 28 1891) was an United States novelist, essayist, and poet. During his own lifetime his early novels, South Seas adventures, were quite popular, but his audience declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten. His masterpiece, ''Moby-Dick'', originally published in 1851, was "rediscovered" in the 1920's. He is now widely esteemed as one of the most important figures in American literature. Melville admired Nathaniel Hawthorne greatly, whose genius he compared to Shakespeare's in an essay entitled "Hawthorne and His Mosses,"[http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/hahm.html] published in The Literary World in 1850. Melville and Hawthorne became close friends during the time Melville was working on ''Moby-Dick.'' He dedicated his great book to Hawthorne when it was published in 1851. Beginning with his novel ''Mardi'', and following with ''Moby Dick'', ''Pierre'', and ''The Confidence Man'', Melville intended to craft serious literary works quite different from his earlier popular, South Sea adventures. These later novels brought mixed reviews and few sales to support his growing family. Melville briefly tried his hand at writing short works of fiction for magazines, but for the most part he had to rely on his father-in-law, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw for money. Eventually, with Hawthorne's help, Melville received a political appointment as a New York City Customs agent in 1866, a post which he held for nineteen years. By that time, however, he was suffering serious bouts of depression, no doubt magnified by his frustrations with his literary career, his son's suicide, family tensions, and his anguish over the Civil War. Melville published no more prose works after 1857 and began writing poetry during the Civl War. His last great work of fiction, the short novel ''Billy Budd'', was an unpublished manuscript at the time of his death. It was later published successfully and turned into an opera by Benjamin Britten. Melville's prose works include ''Typee'', ''White-Jacket'', ''Omoo'', ''Mardi'', ''Moby Dick'', ''Pierre'', ''Israel Potter'', ''The Confidence Man'' and many short stories and works of various genres (including those published as ''The Encantadas'' and ''The Piazza Tales''). His short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" is among his most important pieces, and has been considered a precursor to Existentialism and Absurdist literature. Melville is less well known as a poet and did not write any substantial poetry until late in his life; after the American Civil War, he published ''Battle-Pieces'', which sold well. But once again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's poetic masterpiece, the epic length verse-narrative ''Clarel'', about a student's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was also quite unknown in his own time.
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