Henry VIII of England

{| align=right | [[Image:Henry8England.jpg|thumb|Henry VIII
King of England and Ireland
by Hans Holbein the Younger]] |- | |} Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was Kingdom of England and Lordship of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. He was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII of England. He is famous for having been Wives of Henry VIII and for wielding the most untrammelled power of any British monarch. Notable events during his reign included the break with Roman Catholic Church and the subsequent establishment of the independent Church of England, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the union of England and Wales. Several significant pieces of legislation were enacted during Henry VIII's reign. They included the several Acts which severed the English Church from the Roman Catholic Church and established Henry as the head of the Church in England (or Anglican Church), the Acts of Union 1536-1543 (which united England and Wales into one nation), the Buggery Act 1533, the first anti-sodomy enactment in England; and the Witchcraft Act, which punished "invoking or conjuring an evil spirit" with death. Henry is known to have been an avid gambling and dice player. He excelled at sport, especially real tennis, during his youth. He was also an accomplished musician, author, and poetry; according to legend, he wrote the popular folk song "Greensleeves". He was also involved in the construction and improvement of several buildings, including King's College, Cambridge, Christ Church, Oxford, Hampton Court Palace, Nonsuch Palace and Westminster Abbey. ==Early life== Born at the Palace of Placentia at Greenwich, Henry was the third child of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. Only three of Henry's six siblings, Arthur, Prince of Wales (the Prince of Wales), Margaret Tudor and Mary Tudor (queen consort of France), survived infancy. His father had become King through conquest, but solidified his hold by marrying Elizabeth, the sister of Edward V of England. In 1493, the young Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1494, he was created Duke of York. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, though still a child. In 1501, he attended the wedding of his elder brother Arthur and Catherine of Aragon, who were at the time only about fifteen and sixteen years old, respectively. The two were sent to spend time in Wales, as was customary for the heir-apparent and his wife, but Arthur caught an infection and died. Consequently, at the age of eleven, Henry, Duke of York found himself heir-apparent to the Throne. Soon thereafter, he was created Prince of Wales. Henry VII was still eager to maintain the marital alliance between England and Spain through a marriage between Henry, Prince of Wales and Catherine. Since the Prince of Wales sought to marry his brother's widow, he first had to obtain a dispensation from the Pope. Catherine maintained that her first marriage was never consummated; if she were correct, no papal dispensation would have been necessary. Nonetheless, both the English and Spanish parties agreed on the necessity of a papal dispensation for the removal of all doubts regarding the legitimacy of the marriage. Due to the impatience of Catherine's mother, Queen Isabella of Castile, the Pope hastily granted his dispensation in a papal bull. Thus, fourteen months after her husband's death, Catherine found herself engaged to the Prince of Wales. By 1505, however, Henry VII lost interest in an alliance with Spain, and the young Prince of Wales was forced to declare that his betrothal had been arranged without his assent. ==Early reign== Henry ascended the throne in 1509 upon his father's death. Catherine's father, the Aragon King Ferdinand II of Aragon, sought to control England through his daughter, and consequently insisted on her marriage to the new English King. Henry wed Catherine of Aragon about nine weeks after his accession on June 11 1509 at Greenwich, despite the concerns of Pope Julius II and William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, regarding the marriage's validity. They were both coronation at Westminster Abbey on 24 June 1509. Queen Catherine's first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage in 1510. She gave birth to a son, Henry, on 1 January 1511, but he only lived until February 22. For two years after Henry's accession, Richard Fox, the Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal, and William Warham controlled matters of state. From 1511 onwards, however, power was held by the ecclesiastic Thomas Cardinal Wolsey. In 1511, Henry joined the Catholic League (Italian), a body of European rulers opposed to the French King Louis XII of France. The League also included such European rulers as Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II, with whom Henry also signed the Treaty of Westminster (1511). Henry personally joined the English Army as they crossed the English Channel into France, and took part in sieges and battles. In 1514, however, Ferdinand left the alliance, and the other parties made peace with the French. Irritation towards Spain led to discussion of a divorce with Queen Catherine. However, upon the accession of the French King Francis I of France in 1515, England and France grew antagonistic, and Henry reconciled with Ferdinand. In 1516, Queen Catherine gave birth to a girl, Mary I of England, encouraging Henry that he could still have a male heir despite his wife's previous failed pregnancies (one stillbirth, one miscarriage and two short-lived infants). Ferdinand died in 1516, to be succeeded by his grandson (Queen Catherine's nephew) Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. By October 1518, Wolsey had engineered the Papacy-led Treaty of London to resemble an English triumph of foreign diplomacy, placing England at the centre of a new European alliance with the ostensible aim of repelling Moorish invasions through Spain (This being the original intention of the Pope). In 1519, when Maximilian also died, Wolsey, who was by that time a Cardinal (Catholicism), secretly proposed Henry as a candidate for the post of Holy Roman Emperor, though supporting the French King Francis in public. In the end, however, the prince-electors settled on Charles. The subsequent rivalry between Francis and Charles allowed Henry to act as a mediator between them. Henry came to hold the balance of power in Europe. Both Francis and Charles sought Henry's favour, the former in a dazzling and spectacular manner at the Field of Cloth of Gold, and the latter more solemnly at Kent. After 1521, however, England's influence in Europe began to wane. Henry entered into an alliance with Charles V, and Francis I was quickly defeated. Charles' reliance on Henry subsided, as did England's power in Europe. It is interesting to note that Henry's interest in European affairs extended to the attack on Luther's German revolution. In 1521, he dedicated his Defence of the Seven Sacraments, which earned him the title of "Defender of the Faith". ==The King's Great Matter== Henry VIII's accession was the first peaceful one England had witnessed in many years; however, the new Tudor dynasty's legitimacy could yet be tested. The English people seemed distrustful of female rulers, and Henry felt that only a male heir could secure the throne. Although Queen Catherine had been pregnant at least seven times (for the last time in 1518), only one child, the Princess Mary, had survived beyond infancy. Henry had previously been happy with mistresses, including Mary Boleyn and Elizabeth Blount, with whom he had had a bastard son, Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset. In 1526, when it became clear that Queen Catherine could have no further children, he began to pursue Mary Boleyn's sister, Anne Boleyn. Although it was almost certainly Henry's desire for a male heir that made him determined to divorce Catherine, he was very infatuated with Anne, despite her child-bearing inexperience and famously plain looks. Henry's long and arduous attempt to end his marriage to Queen Catherine became known as "The King's Great Matter". Cardinal Wolsey and William Warham quietly began an inquiry into the validity of her marriage to Henry. Queen Catherine, however, testified that her marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales had never been consummated, and that there was therefore no impediment to her subsequent marriage to Henry. The inquiry could proceed no further, and was dropped. Without informing Cardinal Wolsey, Henry directly appealed to the Holy See. He sent his secretary William Knight (royal servant) to Rome to argue that Julius II's Bull was obtained by trickery, and consequently void. In addition, he requested Pope Clement VII to grant a dispensation allowing him to marry any woman, even in the first degree of affinity; such a dispensation was necessary because Henry had previously had intercourse with Anne Boleyn's sister Mary. Knight found that Pope Clement VII was practically the prisoner of the Emperor Charles V. He had difficulty gaining access to the Pope, and when he finally did, he could accomplish little. Clement VII did not agree to annul the marriage, but he did grant the desired dispensation, probably presuming that the dispensation would be of no effect as long as Henry remained married to Catherine. Being advised of the King's predicament, Cardinal Wolsey sent Stephen Gardiner and Edward Fox to Rome. Perhaps fearing Queen Catherine's nephew, Charles V, Pope Clement VII initially demurred. Fox was sent back with a commission authorising the commencement of proceedings, but the restrictions imposed made it practically meaningless. Gardiner strove for a "decretal commission", which decided the points of law beforehand, and left only questions of fact to be decided. Clement VII was persuaded to accept Gardiner's proposal, and permitted Cardinal Wolsey and Lorenzo Cardinal Campeggio to try the case jointly. His decretal commission was issued in secret; it was not to be shown to anybody, and was to always remain in Cardinal Campeggio's possession. Points of law were already settled in the commission; the Papal Bull authorising Henry's marriage to Catherine was to be declared void if the grounds alleged therein were false. For instance, the Bull would be void if it falsely asserted that the marriage was absolutely necessary to maintain the Anglo-Spanish alliance. Cardinal Campeggio arrived in England in 1528. Proceedings, however, were brought to a halt when the Spanish produced a second document allegedly granting the necessary dispensation. It was asserted that, a few months before he had granted papal dispensation in a public Bull, Pope Julius II had secretly granted the same in a private Brief sent to Spain. The decretal commission, however, only made mention of the Bull; it did not authorise Cardinal Campeggio and Cardinal Wolsey to determine the validity of the Brief. For eight months, the parties wrangled over the authenticity of the Brief. Meanwhile, Queen Catherine appealed to her nephew, Charles V, who pressured the Pope into recalling Cardinal Campeggio to Rome in 1529. Angered with Cardinal Wolsey for the delay, Henry stripped him of his wealth and power. He was charged with ''pr�munire'' — undermining the King's authority by agreeing to represent the Pope — but died on his way to trial. With Cardinal Wolsey fell other powerful ecclesiastics in England; laymen were appointed to offices such as those of Lord Chancellor and Lord Privy Seal, which were formerly confined to clergymen. Power then passed to Thomas More (the new Lord Chancellor), Thomas Cranmer (the Archbishop of Canterbury), and Thomas Cromwell (the Chancellor of the Exchequer). On 25 January 1533, Cranmer participated in the wedding of Henry and Anne Boleyn. In May, Cranmer pronounced Henry's marriage to Catherine void, and shortly thereafter declared the marriage to Anne valid. The Princess Mary was deemed illegitimate, and was replaced as heiress-presumptive by Queen Anne's new daughter, the Elizabeth I of England. Catherine lost the title "Queen", and became the Dowager Princess of Wales; Mary was no longer a "Princess", but a mere "Lady". The Dowager Princess of Wales would die of cancer in 1536. Sir Thomas More, who had left office in 1532, accepted that Parliament could make Anne Queen, but refused to acknowledge its religious authority. Instead, he held that the Pope remained the head of the Church. As a result, he was charged with high treason, and beheaded in 1535. In order to reward his support, the Roman Catholic Church later made him a saint. ==Religious upheaval== The Pope responded to these events by excommunication Henry in July 1533. Considerable religious upheaval followed. Urged by Thomas Cromwell, Parliament passed several Acts that sealed the breach with Rome in the spring of 1534. The Statute in Restraint of Appeals prohibited appeals from English ecclesiastical courts to the Pope. It also prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect Bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England"; the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as such. The Pope was denied sources of revenue such as Peter's Pence. Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne with the English Act of Succession. Catherine's daughter, the Lady Mary, was declared illegitimate, and Anne's issue were declared next in the line of succession. All adults were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions; those who refused to do so were liable to imprisonment for life. The publisher or printer of any literature alleging that Henry's marriage to Anne was invalid was automatically guilty of high treason, and could be punished by death. Opposition to Henry's religious policies was quickly suppressed. Several dissenting monks were tortured and executed. Cromwell, for whom was created the post of "Vicegerent in Spirituals", was authorised to visit monasteries, ostensibly to ensure that they followed royal instructions, but in reality to assess their wealth. In 1536, an Act of Parliament allowed Henry to seize the possessions of the lesser monasteries (those with annual incomes of �200 or less). In 1536, Queen Anne began to lose Henry's favour. After the Princess Elizabeth's birth, Queen Anne had two pregnancies that ended in either miscarriage or stillbirth. Henry VIII, meanwhile, had begun to turn his attentions to another lady of his court, Jane Seymour. Perhaps encouraged by Thomas Cromwell, Henry had Anne arrested on charges of using witchcraft to trap Henry into marrying her, of having adulterous relationships with five other men, of incest with her brother George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, of injuring the King and of conspiring to kill him, which amounted to treason; the charges were most likely fabricated. The court trying the case was presided over by Anne's own uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. In May 1536, the Court condemned Anne and her brother to death, either by execution by burning or by decapitation, whichever the King pleased. The other four men Queen Anne had allegedly been involved with were to be Drawing and quartering. Lord Rochford was beheaded soon after the trial ended; the four others implicated had their sentences commuted from hanging, drawing and quartering to decapitation. Anne was also beheaded soon thereafter. Her marriage to Henry was annulled shortly before her execution. Hence, since Anne was officially not married to Henry, neither she nor the five men already executed could have committed adultery. This subtle point, however, was conveniently ignored. ==Birth of a Prince== Only days after Anne's execution in 1536, Henry married Jane Seymour. The English Act of Succession declared Henry's children by Queen Jane to be next in the line of succession, and declared both the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth illegitimate, excluding them. The King was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will (law). Jane gave birth to a son, the Edward VI of England, in 1537, and died two weeks thereafter. She was the only wife he mourned. ==Major Acts== At about the same time as his marriage to Jane Seymour, Henry granted his assent to the Acts of Union 1536-1543, which formally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one nation. The Act provided for the sole use of English in official proceedings in Wales, inconveniencing the numerous speakers of the Welsh language. Henry continued with his persecution of his religious opponents. In 1536, an uprising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in northern England. To appease the rebellious Roman Catholics, Henry agreed to allow Parliament to address their concerns. Furthermore, he agreed to grant a general pardon to all those involved. He kept neither promise, and a second uprising occurred in 1537. As a result, the leaders of the rebellion were convicted of treason and executed. In 1538, Henry sanctioned the destruction of shrines to Roman Catholic Saints. In 1539, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. As a reward for his role, Thomas Cromwell was created Earl of Essex. Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. The Lord Spiritual, as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known, were for the first time outnumbered by the Peerage. ==Later years== [[Image:Anne_of_Cleves_(Hans_Holbein).jpg|right|thumbnail|Henry was shown the above picture of Anne of Cleves.]] Henry's only surviving son, the Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall, was not a healthy child. Therefore, Henry desired to marry once again to ensure that a male could succeed him. Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex suggested Anne of Cleves, the sister of the Protestant Duchy of Cleves, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England. Hans Holbein the Younger was despatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the King. After regarding Holbein's flattering portrayal, and urged by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers, Henry agreed to wed Anne. On Anne's arrival in England, Henry is said to have found her utterly unattractive, privately calling her a "Flanders Mare". Nevertheless, he married her on 6 January 1540. Soon thereafter, however, Henry desired to end the marriage, not only because of his personal feelings but also because of political considerations. The Duke of Cleves had become engaged in a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor, with whom Henry had no desire to quarrel. Queen Anne was intelligent enough not to impede Henry's quest for an annulment. She testified that her marriage was never consummated. The marriage was subsequently annulled on the grounds that Anne had previously been contracted to marry another European nobleman. She received the title of "The King's Sister", and was granted Hever Castle, the former residence of Anne Boleyn's family. The Earl of Essex, meanwhile, fell out of favour for his role in arranging the marriage, and was subsequently attainder and beheaded. The office of Vicegerent in Spirituals, which had been specifically created for him, was not filled, and still remains vacant. On 28 July 1540 (the same day Lord Essex was executed) Henry married the young Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin. Soon after her marriage, however, Queen Catherine may have had an affair with the courtier Thomas Culpeper. She also employed Francis Dereham, who was previously informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. Thomas Cranmer, who was opposed to the powerful Catholic Howard family, brought evidence of Queen Catherine's activities to the King's notice. Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, he allowed Cranmer to conduct an investigation, which resulted in Queen Catherine's implication. When questioned, the Queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Queen Catherine's relationship with Thomas Culpeper. In December 1541, Culpeper and Dereham were executed. Catherine was condemned not by a trial, but by an Act of Attainder passed by Parliament. The Act recited the evidence against the Queen, and Henry would have been obliged to listen to the entire text before granting the Royal Assent. Because "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in the King's presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom", a special clause permitting Commissioners to grant the Royal Assent on the King's behalf was inserted in the Act. This method of granting the Royal Assent had never been used before, but, in later reigns, it came to replace the traditional personal appearance of the Sovereign in Parliament. Catherine's marriage was annulled shortly before her execution. As was the case with Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard could not have technically been guilty of adultery, as the marriage was officially null and void from the beginning. Again, this point was ignored, and Catherine was executed on 13 February 1542. She was only about eighteen years old at the time. Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr, in 1543. She argued with Henry over religion; she was a Protestant, but Henry remained a Catholic. This behaviour almost led to her undoing, but she saved herself by a show of submissiveness. She helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth. In 1544, an Act of Parliament put them back in the line of succession after the Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall, though they were still deemed illegitimate. The same Act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will. ==Death and succession== Later in life, Henry was grossly overweight, with a waist measurement of 54 inches (137 cm), and possibly suffered from gout. The well known theory that he suffered from syphilis was first promoted approximately 100 years after his death. Henry's increased size dates from a jousting accident in 1536. He suffered a thigh wound which not only prevented him from taking exercise, but also gradually became ulcerated and may have indirectly led to his death, which occurred on 28 January 1547 at the Palace of Whitehall. Henry VIII was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor in Windsor Castle, next to his wife Jane Seymour. Within a little more than a decade after his death, all three of his children sat on the English throne. A mnemonic for the fates of Henry's wives is "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived". An alternative version is "King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded". The doggerel, however, may be misleading. Firstly, Henry was never divorced from any of his wives; rather, his marriages to them were annulled. Secondly, four marriages — not two — ended in annulments. The marriages to Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard were annulled shortly before their executions. Under the English Act of Succession 1544, Henry's only surviving son, Edward, inherited the Crown, becoming Edward VI. Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England. Since Edward was only nine years old at the time, he could not exercise actual power. Henry's will designated sixteen executors to serve on a council of regency until Edward reached the age of eighteen. The executors chose Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Jane Seymour's elder brother, to be Lord Protector of the Realm. They required, however, that Lord Hertford "not do any act but with the advice and consent of the rest of the co-executors". Nonetheless, Lord Hertford seized power to become the sole Regent. He was overthrown by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and executed for treason. The Duke of Northumberland, however, did not make himself Lord Protector; instead, he urged Edward to declare his majority before becoming eighteen years old, thereby transgressing Henry VIII's will. Under the Act of Succession 1544 and under Henry VIII's will, Edward was to be succeeded (in default of his issue) by Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, the Mary I of England. If the Lady Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded by his daughter by Anne Boleyn, the Lady Elizabeth. Finally, if the Lady Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be followed by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor (queen consort of France), Earl of Suffolk. Edward VI and his advisors, however, had different designs. As he lay on his deathbed, Edward created a will that purported to contradict the provisions of Henry's will. The Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth were excluded from the line of succession as illegitimate. Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk (daughter of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk) was laid aside because Edward feared that her husband Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk might claim the Crown for himself. Edward finally settled on the Lady Jane Grey, the daughter of the Duchess of Suffolk and the daughter-in-law of the powerful Duke of Northumberland. Upon Edward's decease in 1553, the Lady Jane was proclaimed Queen. Under the law, however, she should not have succeeded; an Act of Parliament specifically permitted Henry to devise the Crown in his will, but no similar legislation had been passed for Edward. With this justification, Mary deposed and executed Jane, taking the Crown for herself. When Mary I died without issue in 1558, she was succeeded by her sister Elizabeth. Elizabeth I did not marry or name an heir, causing a succession crisis. To prevent the Scottish from becoming the dynastic family of Europe, Elizabeth I ordered the execution of Mary I of Scotland to try to prevent her from taking the throne. Under Henry VIII's will, Elizabeth was supposed to be succeeded by the heir of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk (the Lady Anne Stanley). Elizabeth was actually succeeded, however, by James I of England. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was already a powerful ruler in Scotland, and was Elizabeth's closest living relative. He argued that his hereditary right to succeed was greater than the Statutory law of Lady Anne. James was sufficiently powerful, and his opponents weak; thus, his succession faced little opposition. James VI became James I, the first House of Stuart King of England. ==Legacy== In modern times, Henry VIII has become one of the most popular historical kings of the English monarchy. This is mainly based on the common perception of his larger than life character as an over-eating, womanising ''bon vivant'', which in turn is based on somewhat exaggerated or apocryphal stories of his life. In 2002, Henry VIII placed 40th in a BBC-sponsored poll on the 100 Greatest Britons. Henry VIII was the subject of William Shakespeare's historical play, ''Henry VIII (play)''. The play, however, has never been one of Shakespeare's more popular plays. Curiously, it was ''Henry VIII'' that was playing on June 29 1613 when the Globe Theatre burnt down. There have been many films about Henry and his court. Two that bear mention are ''The Private Life of Henry VIII'' (1933 in film), starring Charles Laughton, whose performance earned him an Academy Award for Best Actor, and ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'' (1972 in television), starring Keith Michell. Richard Burton was nominated for an Academy Award for his Henry opposite Genevieve Bujold's Anne Boleyn in ''Anne of the Thousand Days'' (1969 in film). Henry, played by Robert Shaw, also appears as one of the main characters in the multiple-Academy Award-winning movie about Thomas More, ''A Man for All Seasons'' (1966 in film), based upon Robert Bolt's play of the same name. Henry was almost certainly the inspiration for the title of the popular song "''I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am''" (1911 in music), recorded by Harry Champion and later by Herman's Hermits; the actual song, however, is about a man named Henry whose wife has been married to seven different individuals, all named Henry. An episode of the 1960s American situation comedy ''Bewitched'' had Samantha Stevens staving off a lustful Henry's intentions to make her his next wife. Sid James played Henry in the movie ''Carry On films'' (1970 in film), which portrayed the relationship between the King and two fictitious wives ("Marie of Normandy" and "Bettina", a mistress). In 1973 in music, Rick Wakeman released a rock concept album on ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'', his first solo album after splitting from Yes (band). Henry's life was the subject of a famous but inaccurate ''The Simpsons'' television episode in 2004 in television, in which Homer Simpson played the King. ==Style and arms== Henry VIII was the first English monarch to regularly use the style "Majesty", though the alternatives "Highness" and "Grace" were also used from time to time. Several changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, List of monarchs of England, English Kings of France and Lord of Ireland". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding a book by Henry attacking Martin Luther and defending Roman Catholic Church, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Fidei Defensor and Lord of Ireland". After the breach with Rome, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament declared that it remained valid. In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of Church of Ireland". In 1542, Henry changed the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" after being advised that many Irish ethnicity regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign. Henry's motto was ''Coure Loyall'' (true heart) and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word 'loyall'. His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis. Henry VIII's heraldry were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV of England: ''Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England)''. ==Issue==
{| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" |- bgcolor=cccccc !Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes |- |colspan=4|''By Catherine of Aragon'' (married June 11 1509 annulled 1533; she died January 6 1536) |- | ''Miscarried daughter'' || January 31 1510 || January 31 1510|| |- |Henry, Duke of Cornwall||1 January 1511||22 February 1511|| |- |''Unnamed son''||November 1513||November 1513|| |- |''Henry, Duke of Cornwall''||December 1514||December 1514|| |- |Mary I of England||18 February 1516||13 September 1558||married 1554, Philip II of Spain; no issue |- |''Unnamed child'' || November 10 1518 || November 10 1518 || |- |colspan=4|''By Anne Boleyn'' (married January 25 1533 annulled 1536; she was executed May 19 1536) |- |Elizabeth I of England||7 September 1533||24 March 1603|| never married, no issue |- | Henry Tudor || 1534 || 1534 || |- |''Unnamed son''||29 January 1536||29 January 1536|| |- |colspan=4|''By Jane Seymour'' (married May 20 1536; she died October 25 1537) |- |Edward VI of England||12 October 1537||6 July 1553|| |- |colspan=4|''By Anne of Cleves'' (married January 6 1540 annulled 1540; she died July 17 1557) |- |colspan=4|no issue |- |colspan=4|''By Catherine Howard'' (married July 28 1540 annulled 1541; she was executed February 13 1542) |- |colspan=4|no issue |- |colspan=4|''By Catherine Parr'' (married July 12 1543; he died January 28 1547; she remarried and died September 5 1548) |- |colspan=4|no issue |- bgcolor=cccccc !Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes |- |colspan=4|''By Elizabeth Blount'' |- |Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset||15 June 1519||18 June 1536||illegitimate; married 1533, the Lady Mary Howard; no issue |- |colspan=4|''By The Lady Mary Boleyn'' |- |Catherine Carey||c. 1524 ||15 January 1568||reputed illegitimate; married Sir Francis Knollys; had issue |- |Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon||4 March 1526 ||23 July 1596||reputed illegitimate; married 1545, Ann Morgan; had issue |- |colspan=4|''By Mary Berkeley'' |- |Thomas Stucley||c. 1525||August 4 1578||reputed illegitimate; married Anne Curtis; no known issue |- |John Perrott||c. 1527||September 1592||reputed illegitimate; married (1) Ann Cheyney and (2) Jane Pruet; had issue |- |colspan=4|''By Joan Dyngley'' |- |Etheldreda Malte||c. 1529||aft. 1555|| reputed illegitimate; married 1546–1548 to John Harrington; no known issue |} * ''Note: Of Henry VIII's reputedly illegitimate children, only the Duke of Richmond and Somerset was formally acknowledged by the King. The paternity of his other alleged illegitimate children is not fully established.'' ==See also== *List of British monarchs *Church of England *Annulment *Divorce *Protestant Reformation *English Kings of France *Erasmus' Correspondents ==References== * Bowle, John. (1964). ''Henry VIII: A Study of Power in Action'' Boston: Little, Brown. *[http://tudorhistory.org/wives/ Eakins, L. E. (2004). "The Six Wives of Henry VIII".] *"Henry VIII". (1911). ''Encyclop�dia Britannica,'' 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press. *[http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/tudor.htm Jokinen, A. (2004). "Henry VIII (1491–1547)".] *[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/sixwives/ Public Broadcasting Service. (2003). "The Six Wives of Henry VIII".] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07222a.htm Thurston, H. (1910). "Henry VIII". ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. (Vol. VII). New York: Robert Appleton Company.] *[http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/vallieres.htm Vallieres, S. (1999). "Tudor Succession Problems"] * Weir, Alison; ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'' (Bodley Head, London, 1991) * Bryant, M. (2001). ''Private Lives'' London: Cassell ==External links== *[http://www.tudor-portraits.com Buehler, Edward. (2004). "Tudor and Elizabethan Portraits".] *[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/aboutHenryVIII.htm Castelli, Jorge H. (2004). "Henry VIII".] *[http://www.archsoc.com/games/Henry.html Stevens, Garry. (2003). "Henry VIII: Intrigue in the Tudor Court".] *[http://members.ozemail.com.au/~tperrott/sirjohn.htm Perrott, Terry. (2004). "Sir John Perrott".] 1491 births 1547 deaths Heirs to the English & British thrones English monarchs Earls Marshal Knights of the Garter Knights of the Golden Fleece History of Wales Tudor Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports Dukes in the Peerage of England kw:Henry VIII a Bow Sows la:Henricus VIII (rex Anglicus)

Henry VIII of England

I think we owe it to the world to have the doggerel with names at the head of the 'marriages' paragraph. :divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived. :Catherine, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour; Ann of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and then that last one whose name I can't ever remember. See what a service this would be! --MichaelTinkler Catherine Parr I believe is the one missing -- SimonP :Close, but I think she was the Katherine with a K I'm partial to the fuller version: King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded. Although I've alway found it a bit confusing, because Anne of Cleves survived him, too, and even survived C/Katherine Parr, the one who "survived" him by about a year. Did you realize there was one year (1536) in which he had three wives? Catherine of Aragon died, so the coast was finally clear for him to ditch Anne Boleyn, and he married Jane Seymour immediately. isis Can somebody please fix that bottom table so it isn't so wide? -- User:Zoe :I think it's fixed now. -- User:Notheruser 04:03 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC) Actually it was Katherine Howard and Catherine Parr. I love the doggerel but like so much about Henry VIII, it isn't quite accurate. The myths: # '''Henry left the Catholic Church and was England's first protestant monarch.''' ''Wrong: Henry left ROMAN Catholicism but still saw himself as an english Catholic, whose had a funeral Mass, etc. His son, Edward VI went the final step, breaking with Catholicism completely and becoming the first protestant monarch.''

# '''Henry ''divorced'' some of his wives.''' ''Wrong: What Henry got was an annulment, ie a declaration that there was not,, and never had been, any valid marriage. A divorce is the termination of a valid marriage. Henry's marriages were ruled non-marriages, automatically making his children by them illegitimate (though as king he could and did regularly change their status to legitimate!)''

# Henry was divorced (or rather had annulments) from two of his wives. ''Wrong: He was divorced/annulled from FOUR of his wives, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Anne of Cleves and Katherine Howard. In the case of Boleyn and Howard, the annulment came only hours before their execution. Of course, no-one bothered to point out that if the marriages never existed, then Boleyn and Howard couldn't have committed adultery (the reason for their executions) as neither had been married to the King ever and so could sleep with whomever they chose. In reality, Henry executed two of his non-wives for not committing adultery against their non-existent husband. Oh dear!'' Who says history isn't fun sometimes! User:Jtdirl But why are we using the mnemonics in the first place if they're wrong?? --User:Susurrus 00:02, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC) ---- Did Henry write "Greensleeves"? After some headscratching, I figured out that 3C1R meant third cousin once removed, but even though I am a fine south Georgia boy with a well-documented family, I be danged if that table really says much to me. 7th cousin! Anybody reading this might be my seventh cousin. All those dukes and earls and nabobs are related anyway, aren't they? Were these cousinships politically significant? The only cousins mentioned in the article are Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn. The matrix needs some explanation. User:Ortolan88 05:03 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC) :It appears that Henry did indeed write Greensleeves. He was a genuinely multi-talented man - intellectually brilliant, a very good composer, writer, poet. Someone who knows more than I do should add "Greensleeves" and other talents to the article, not to mention a bit of help on the matrix. User:Ortolan88 "Coronated"? I've heard of carbonated, so by analogy this must mean having a crown forced in under pressure. PML. NOT AGAIN! Who the hell keeps putting this word into articles? I've removed it I don't know how many times and it still keeps re-apprearing. Well spotted, PML. I thought I'd got all of this silly word! User:Jtdirl 00:19 Apr 14, 2003 (UTC) ---- I removed the over-lengthy and difficult to follow table. It really seems out of place in this article. Maybe it could be put into another article appropriately titled if anyone cares enough. Here's the removed text. User:Daniel Quinlan 08:06, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC) The Henry VIII and his wives' relationship matrix:

relationships	Henry VIII	Catherine of Aragon	Anne Boleyn	Jane Seymour	Anne of Cleves	Katherine Howard	Catherine Parr
Henry VIII	self	half 3C1R	5C1R	5C	5C	5C1R	3C1R
Catherine of Aragon	half 3C1R	self	6C1R	4C3R	5C1R	6C1R	half 3C2R
Anne Boleyn	5C1R	6C1R	self	half 2C	8C1R	1C	4C1R
Jane Seymour	5C	4C3R	half 2C	self	7C1R	half 2C	5C1R
Anne of Cleves	5C	5C1R	8C1R	7C1R	self	8C1R	7C
Katherine Howard	5C1R	6C1R	1C	half 2C	8C1R	self	6C
Catherine Parr	3C1R	half 3C2R	4C1R	5C1R	7C	6C	self

''Key:'' C = cousin; R = removed; Example: 2C1R = 2nd cousin once removed ''(See "Cousin" on Wikipedia page Family for further explanation)'' ---- == divorce from Catherine ? == It surprises me to read in this article that Henry received a divorce from Catherine, not an annulment ? -- ll == Henry viii '"created" the need for Ecumenism == TIS A SHAME ALL THE DEATHS, ALL THE BLOODSHEDDINGS, ALL THE CIVIL UNREST BETWEEN THE PRODS AND THE PAPES( AS THEY SAY IN IRELAND).LETS GET WITH THE 21ST CENTURY,SHALL WE! THERE ARE STILL ROMAN CLERGY WHO DIVIDE THE FAITHFULL OVER THEIR ABSURD cracker-god, eucharist,lords supper ,,what ever you wish to call it. people need each other ,the world needs peace. I SAY,, AS I HAVE OFTEN ,, GIVE THE DAMN HOST TO EVERYONE,,if it has what they say it has,, then it can only help not hurt a non believer,,as penicillin helps all folks who are ill,,whether they think it will help them or not ... == Syphilis? == From the article: "The legend that Henry suffered from syphilis is incorrect, since none of the children suffered from any symptoms of the disease, nor did any of his wives." But the article on Edward VI states that he suffered from syphilis, passed on by his father. Which is correct? --User:Glengarry 05:05, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC) :Neither. Syphilis is a guess, nothing more. It's not "incorrect," as it's not disproven, nor can it be said with certainty that both Henry VIII and Edward VI suffered from it (and it's certainly incorrect to say a son "catches" syphilis from his father, unless they have a rather peculiar relations: congenital syphilis is acquired from one's mother, who may or may not have acquired syphilis from one's father.) -User:Nunh-huh 05:26, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC) A book I read recently (--will try to track it down and list as source) noted that the syphilis story emerged about a hundred years after Henry's death. Made that notation in the article. The story was not current during his life or the lives of his children. This book countered syphilis as a cause of death by asserting that the recorded symptoms during Henry's last years suggest congestive heart failure, secondary to adult onset diabetes. User:WBardwin 00:24, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Length of Article: == The succession section is lengthy and could probably be condensed into a strong paragraph, with links to Henry's children. This would give a little more room for persons and details relating to Henry's reign, like Sir Thomas More. User:WBardwin 00:58, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Illegitimate issue == Reverted the deletion of the list of illegitimate issue by Lord Emsworth. At least until he explains what the reason they "do not relate to Henry" is. 1)Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset was recognised by Henry himself and the article about him reports Fitzroy was regarded as a possible heir for the throne before his untimely death. 2)Both Careys have been suggested as his children. The list marks them as "alleged illegitimates" and names their other candidate father. Not inconsistent with other cases of disputed identity of the father such as Nero Claudius Drusus. So if the Careys were Henry's Children than that would make them both first cousins and half siblings to Elizabeth I 3)Thomas Stuckley, John Perrott and Etheldreda Malte have all been reputed to be his illegitimate children and are marked as such. The other candidate father for Etheldreda is already listed. Again I do not see a violation of NPOV by mentioning their names and what is known about them. The addition of potential links to their names is actualy rather standard. This allows for articles to be created, provided that someone is actually up to the job, but does not necessarily dictate that they should. Lord Emsworth, could you list your objections in the discussion page rather than your edit summary? That way they would be more clear. User: Dimadick The "Issue" table was meant by me to include only legitimate issue, as can be seen on all other British monarch pages that have it. The notes, moreover are meant to be brief, listing if the individual married and had issue (the table is meant to be a genalogical aid relating to royal succession, etc.). The table need not include an excessive amount of biographical detail, such as the posts in which the individual served, etc.: this information is better reserved for the articles themselves. The illegitimate children do not in any way cloud the issue of royal succession, or otherwise relate to Henry; it is unnecessary for the article on Henry to encompass their biographies, as it in effect does with such a table. As to the links, I will not object to their inclusion. -- User:Lord Emsworth 16:07, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) The listing of "Issue" might leed to the assumption of completeness. I thought about retitling the subsection to "Legitimate Issue" and creating a different subsection for the illegitimates but I thought it would look rather ridiculous. Most English Monarchs do not have particularly well-known issue. With the possible exception of Charles II of England whose article already mentions the most notable of his fourteen recognised illegitimates. However the illegitimates attributed to Henry had careers of their own: 1)The details on Henry Carey are already on his own article. I tried to flesh it out sometime ago as it mostly consisted of the current subsection about Hunsdon House. 2)Catherine Carey was reportedly a female favorite to Elizabeth I and has had some notable descedants. Including among others daughter Lettice Knollys, grandson Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex and fifth generation descedant Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland. 3)Thomas Stuckley has quite a reputation of his own. See for example: *[http://www.pgil-eirdata.org/html/pgil_datasets/authors/s/Stuckley,T/life.htm A short page about him with surplisingly long references] *[http://6.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STUCLEY_OR_STUKELY_THOMAS.htm The article about him on the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica] *[http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/Stucley.html The article about him on the 2000 Columbia Encyclopedia] *[http://www.capricornbooks.ca/si/12858.html A presentation of a 1956 biography about him, 240 pages long] 4)John Perrott was a rather notable political figure, For details on his administration in Ireland see the following text by Thomas D'Arcy McGee: [http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/resources/english/etext-project/history/ireland/book-8chapter7.html A Popular History of Ireland, Book 8] 5)Etheldreda had no known descedants. But her inheritance seems to have turned the Harringtons to a particularly wealthy family. Though they are probably better known for Sir John Harrington being a founder of the Virginia Company. He is for example mentioned twenty-first in the "Third Virginia Charter" of 1612. See: http://www.fightthebias.com/Resources/Hist_Docs/third_virginia_charter.htm "Inappropriate to list alleged illegitimate children" Their parentage is disputed but not completely rejected (though this is probably for lack of evidence either way). Mentioning the alternative father should leave enough doubt for the claim rather than propagating or rejecting it. By the way the 1911 Brittanica lists Thomas Stuckley as a son of Sir Hugh Stucley of Affeton who was married to Jane Pollard rather than Mary Berkeley. See: [http://web.ukonline.co.uk/nigel.battysmith/Database/D0024/I682.html Sir Hugh Stucley Of Affeton Kt] John Perrott has also been attributed to the otherwise unknown Sir Thomas Perrott of Istington and Haroldston, husband of Mary Berkeley. "The notes are meant to be brief, listing the individual's marriage and stating if he or she had issue. They are not supposed to include an excessive amount of biographical details." Which is understandable in the cases of Mary I, Elizabeth I, Edward VI who already have extensive articles to themselves and are generaly known. But I would argue that the rest would need some introduction. The external links are only appropriate as sources for the list. I will see what I can do in listing the author, date, title. By the way, why is the text by Garry Stevens listed as being from 2004? The page itself claims to have no updates or modidications since July, 2003. User: Dimadick The text of your original reply was modified while I was preparing my response. "The illegitimate children do not in any way cloud the issue of royal succession, or otherwise relate to Henry". They clearly relate to him as possible issue and further portray a King who had several mistresses in addition to his famous six wives. Thus provide background information. The illegitimates naturaly do not affect succession. William the Bastard was a very rare case of a bastard succeeding his father to a throne. But I do not see why a geneological table must necessarrily reflect issues of succession only. Not every descedant of a Monarch is eligible for a throne at any point but this is not a reason for them to be dismissed. We list for examples the children of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Sophie Chotek though neither of the three ever had right to the Austrian throne. User: Dimadick :Having considered your reply, I will not object to the inclusion of the illegitimate children. But I request that the notes section be made brief, listing only: 1. that the child is illegitimate (or allegedly illegitimate) 2. if the child married, whom he or she married, and if he or she did or did not have further issue. Further details should be contained in the article on the individual in question itself. (If necessary, I will create articles for these people). I hope that this proposal will be acceptable. -- User:Lord Emsworth 22:22, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Henry, Prince of Wales == I noted that his first son is listed as Henry, Prince of Wales. Having died before completing two months are you certain Henry wasn't only a Duke of Cornwall? User: Dimadick :He does not seem to be listed on Prince of Wales, so I presume you are correct. Thanks for pointing this out. -- User:Lord Emsworth 22:52, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) True but there have been Princes Of Wales who were created less than 2 months after they became heir apparent (like Richard II). Maybe the person who edited the Prince of Wales article forgot to put him in. ==Culpeper and Dereham's execution date== This is given as 1 December 1541. [http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&q=1541+executed+dereham&meta= This] suggests we may be a few dates out. Could someone familiar with this part of history check this, and check the Culpeper and Dereham articles? Cheers, User:Jguk 21:37, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC) :Gregorian calendar versus Julian calendar? (There is no consistency between the Google results either - they agree on December 1541, but give the date at the 8th, 1st, 10th, 18th...) -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 13:39, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) Gregorian calendar started being used from 1582 onwards. The dates of the executions should be in the Julian calendar. User:Dimadick ==Arms== Was Henry the first to use the lion supporter for his arms? User:Astrotrain 22:33, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC) == Thomas More == Surely Sir Thomas More should be mentioned? The mention of Sir Thomas More makes a mockery of the process the Catholic Church uses in determining sainthood. If no one else wants to revise the language, I'll take a stab at it anon. Current text: "In order to reward his support, the Roman Catholic Church later made him a saint."

Henry viii of england

#REDIRECT Henry VIII of England

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