
Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17 1600), a.k.a. Bruno Nolano or Bruno the Nolan was an Italy philosopher, astronomer, and occultist executed as a heresy, popularly regarded as a martyr to the cause of freedom of thought because his ideas went against church doctrine. ==Life== He was born named Filippo in Nola, in Campania, the son of Giovanni Bruno, a soldier. In 1565 he took the name Giordano on becoming a Dominican Order friar at the Monastery of Saint Domenico near Naples. In 1572 he was ordained a priest. He was interested in philosophy and was, like Ramon Llull, an expert on the art of memory; he wrote books on mnemonic technique, which Frances Yates contends may have been disguised Hermes Trismegistus tracts. The writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus were, in Bruno's time, recently rediscovered and at that time were thought to date uniformly to the earliest days of ancient Egypt. They are now believed to date mostly from about 300 A.D. and to be associated with Neoplatonism. Bruno embraced a sort of pantheism hylozoism, and not the Trinity. [[Image:GiordanoBrunomnemonic.gif|thumb|left|200px|Woodcut illustration of one of Giordano Bruno's mnemonic devices: in the spandrels are the four classical elements: earth, air fire, water]] Bruno was also heavily influenced by the ideas of Copernicus and by the newly rediscovered ideas of Plato. Other influences included Thomas Aquinas, Averroes, Duns Scotus, Marsilio Ficino, and Nicholas of Cusa. In 1576 he left Naples to avoid the attention of the Inquisition. He left Rome for the same reason and abandoned the Dominican order. He travelled to Geneva and briefly joined the Calvinism, before he was excommunication for his adherence to Copernicus and forced to leave for France. In 1579 he arrived in Toulouse, where he briefly had a teaching position. At this time, he began to gain fame for his prodigious memory. Bruno's feats of memory were apparently based, at least in part, on an elaborate system of mnemonics, but many of his contemporaries found it easier to attribute them to magical powers. For seven years, he enjoyed the protection of powerful French patrons, including Henry III of France. During this period, he published 20 books, including several on memory training, ''Cena de le Ceneri'' (''The Ash Wednesday Supper'', 1584), and ''De l'Infinito, Universo e Mondi'' (''On the Infinite Universe and Worlds'', 1584). In ''Cena de le Ceneri'' he defended the theories of Copernicus, albeit rather poorly. In ''De l'Infinito, Universo e Mondi'', he argued that the stars we see at night were just like our Sun, that the universe was infinity, with a "Plurality of Worlds", and that all were inhabited by intelligent beings (see the Drake equation). These two works are jointly known as his "Italian dialogues." In 1582, Bruno penned a play summarizing some of his cosmological positions, titled ''Il Candelaio'' ("The Torchbearer"). In 1583, he went to England with letters of recommendation from Henry III. He sought a teaching position at Oxford University, but appears to have given offense and was denied a position there (and elsewhere in England). There is some reason to believe that during this period he acted from 1583 to 1585 as a secret agent in the household of the French ambassador to England (M Castelnau). John Bossy's ''Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair'' (Yale UP, 2002), makes a case that Bruno is the previously unidentified 'Henry Fagot' whose reports to Francis Walsingham, Queen Elizabeth's spy master, have been found in surviving records of Walsingham's organization. Bruno's effectiveness and value as a spy is not clear now and may not have been then; Henry Fagot's spy career seems to have begun and ended in three years. In 1585 he returned to Paris. However, his 120 theses against Aristotle natural science and his pamphlet against the Roman Catholic mathematician Fabrizio Mordente soon put him in ill favor. In 1586, following a violent quarrel about "a scientific instrument", he left France for Germany. In Germany he failed to obtain a teaching position at Marburg, before obtaining permission to teach at Wittenberg, where he taught on Aristotle for two years. However, with a change of intellectual climate there, he was no longer welcome, and went in 1588 to Prague, where he obtained 300 talern from Rudolf II, but no teaching position. He went on to serve briefly as a professor in Helmstedt, but had to flee again when he was excommunicated by the Martin Lutherans, continuing the pattern of Bruno's gaining favor from lay authorities before falling foul of the ecclesiastics of whatever sect. 1591 found him in Frankfurt. Apparently, during the Frankfurt Book Fair, he received an invitation to Venice from one Zuane Mocenigo, who wished to be instructed in the art of memory, and also heard of a vacant chair in mathematics at Padua. With the death of the conservative Pope Sixtus V, Bruno apparently believed that the Inquisition might have lost some of its strength, and he concluded, erroneously, that it might now be safe to return to Italy. He went first to Padua, where he taught briefly, but the chair went instead to Galileo Galilei, so he continued on to Venice. He briefly functioned as a tutor to Mocenigo, who may have been disappointed that Bruno was merely teaching him a complex system of mnemonics rather than some form of magic. When Bruno attempted to leave Venice, Mocenigo denounced him to the Inquisition. He was arrested May 22, 1592, and tried before being extradited for trial in Rome in 1593. In Rome he was imprisoned in the Castel Sant' Angelo for six years before he was tried. He tried in vain to obtain an audience with Pope Clement VIII, hoping to make peace with the Church through a partial recantation. His trial, when it finally occurred was overseen by the inquisitor, Cardinal Bellarmine, who demanded a full recantation, which Bruno refused. Consequently, he was declared a heresy and handed over to secular authorities on January 8 1600 and burned at the stake on February 17 1600 in Campo de' Fiori, a popular Roman square. As a demonstration of mercy, the clerical authorities placed a bag of gunpowder around his neck before they set the fire, to spare Bruno, bringing his suffering to an end quickly. The authorities also nailed his tongue to his jaw to stop him from speaking. Since 1889, there has been a monument to Bruno on the site of his execution. Although the actual charge against Bruno was docetism, adherence to the doctrine that Jesus did not actually have a physical body and that his physical presence was an illusion, the world of science has long claimed Bruno as a martyr. Like Galileo Galilei, his Copernicus was a factor in his heresy trial. Unlike Galileo, some of his theological beliefs were also a factor. Also, unlike Galileo, he refused to renounce his beliefs. At his trial, he said: ''Perhaps you, my judges, pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it.'' All his works were placed on the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' in 1603. Four hundred years after his execution, official expression of "profound sorrow" and acknowledgement of error at Bruno's condemnation to death was made, during the papacy of Pope John Paul II. ==The cosmology of Bruno's time== In the second half of the 16th century, the theories of Copernicus began diffusing through Europe. Although Bruno did not wholly embrace Copernicus's preference for mathematics over speculation, he advocated the Copernican view that the earth was not the center of the universe, and extrapolated some consequences which may seem like common sense in the 21st century, but which were radical departures from the cosmology of the time. According to Bruno, Copernicus's theories contradicted the view of a celestial sphere, immutable, incorruptible, and superior to the terrestrial region. Bruno went beyond the heliocentric model to envision a universe which, like that of Plotinus in the 3rd century, or like Blaise Pascal's nearly a century after Bruno, had its center everywhere and its circumference nowhere. Few astronomy of Bruno's generation accepted even Copernicus's heliocentric model. Among those who did were the Germany Michael Maestlin (1550-1631), and Cristoph Rothmann and the England Thomas Digges, author of ''A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes'' (''sic''). Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) were younger, so they do not figure at this time. Bruno himself was not an astronomer, but one of the first to embrace Copernicanism as a world view, rejecting geocentrism. In works published between 1584 and 1591, Bruno enthusiastically supported Copernicanism. According to Aristotle and Plato, the universe was a finite sphere. Its ultimate limit was the ''primum mobile'', whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a transcendental God, not part of the universe, a motionless prime mover and first cause. The fixed stars were part of this celestial sphere, all at the same fixed distance from the immobile earth at the center of the sphere. Ptolemy had numbered these at 1,022, grouped into 48 constellations. The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere. Copernicus conserved the idea of planets fixed to solid spheres, but considered the apparent motion of the stars to be an actual motion of the earth; he also preserved the notion of an immobile center, but it was the Sun rather than the Earth. He expressed no opinion as to whether the stars were at a uniform distance on a fixed sphere or scattered through an infinite universe. ==Bruno's cosmology== Bruno believed, as is now universally accepted, that the Earth revolves and that the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens is an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth around its axis. He also saw no reason to believe that the stellar region was finite, or that all stars were equidistant from a single center of the universe. In these respects, his views were similar to those of Thomas Digges in his ''A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes'' (1576). However, Digges considered the infinite region beyond the stars to be the home of God, the angels, and of the holiness. He conserved the Ptolemaic notion of the planetary spheres, considered Earth the only possible realm of life and death, and a unique place of imperfection and change, compared against the perfect and changeless heavens. In 1584, Bruno published two important philosophical dialogues, in which he argued against the planetary spheres. (Two years later, Rothmann did the same in 1586, as did Tycho Brahe in 1587.) Bruno's infinite universe was filled with a substance -- a "pure air", aether, or ''spiritus'' -- that offered no resistance to the heavenly bodies which, in Bruno's view, rather than being fixed, moved under their own impetus. Most dramatically, he completely abandoned the idea of a hierarchy universe. The Earth was just one more heavenly body, as was the Sun. God had no particular relation to one part of the infinite universe more than any other. God, according to Bruno, was precisely as present on Earth as in the Heavens, an immanent God rather than a remote heavenly deity. Bruno also affirmed that the universe was homogeneity, made up everywhere of the four elements (water, earth, fire, and air), rather than having the stars be composed of a separate quintessence. Essentially, the same physical laws would operate everywhere, although the use of that term is anachronistic. Space and time were both conceived as infinite. There was no room in his stable and permanent universe for the Christianity notions of divine Creation (theology) and Last Judgement. Under this model, the Sun was simply one more star, and the stars all suns, each with its own planets. Bruno saw a solar system of a sun/star with planets as the fundamental unit of the universe. According to Bruno, infinite God necessarily created an infinite universe, formed of an infinite number of solar systems, separated by vast regions full of Aether, because empty space could not exist. (Bruno did not arrive at the concept of a galaxy.) Comets were part of a ''synodus ex mundis'' of stars, and not -- as other authors sustained at the time -- ephemeral creations, divine instruments, or heavenly messengers. Each comet was a world, a permanent celestial body, formed of the four elements. Bruno's cosmology is marked by infinitude, homogeneity, and isotropy, with planetary systems distributed evenly throughout. Matter follows an active animism principle: it is intelligence (trait) and discontinuous in structure, made up of discrete atoms. This animism (and a corresponding disdain for mathematics as a means to understanding) is the most dramatic respect in which Bruno's cosmology differs from what today passes for a common-sense picture of the universe. ==Trivia== * At a time when fear of witchcraft and sorcery was spreading among the European peoples, Bruno put himself at grave risk for daring to suggest that what people thought were witches were nothing more than psychologically-disturbed old women, harmless on the whole. This brave declaration was made all the more remarkable by the fact that witches and their defenders were often summarily lynched. == References == *''Eros and Magic in the Renaissance'', Ioan P. Couliano, ISBN 0226123154. *''Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition'', Frances Yates, ISBN 0226950077 ---- The 20-km diameter Impact crater Giordano Bruno (crater), named in Bruno's honor, is located on the moon at 103° east lunar longitude, 36° north lunar latitude. In 1926 the Theosophical Broadcasting Station Pty Ltd, owned by interests associated with the local branch of Theosophical Society Adyar, was granted a radio broadcating licence in Sydney, Australia. The station's call sign, "2GB" was chosen to honour the Italian philosopher who was much admired by Theosophists. Although the ownership of the station subsequently passed to strictly commercial interests the call sign is retained. DominicansHeretics Italian astrologersItalian philosophers Natives of Campania 1548 births1600 deaths
==Questions== I remember him claiming that the universe is infinite, filled with an infinite number of stars just like our sun. Did he actually claim that infinitely worlds with intelligences existed? : Yes. Remember, though, that he considered matter itself to be intelligent. -- User:Jmabel 21:57, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) Also, in the last paragraph: ''It is claimed that he was burned for his Copernicanism and stated at his trial "Perhaps you, my judges, pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it", but this is uncertain, since his theological beliefs were sufficiently unorthodox. '' What is uncertain? That he said this to his judges, or that he was burned for his Copernicanism, or both? What he was burned for should be readily accessible from the trial documents, which survived. --AxelBoldt ::Well, there's also the allegation by a very prominent historian of the English Renaissance (John Bossy, ''Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair'') that Bruno was deeply involved in the Tudor efforts to suppress the Catholic Church in England - he was working in the French embassy in London as tutor to the ambassador's son. Bossy claims that Bruno's handwriting is recognizeable in letters to the secret service of the day informing on British priests. Bossy's book was not overwhelmingly positively received. His theology was certainly unorthodox - notice that he was condemned from multiple directions - so it ''may'' not have been "science", but "theology" that got him in the end. --MichaelTinkler, who had resolved to stay out of the post-medieval period. I think he doesn't even have much science to show for and he certainly wasn't a scientist; I'm sure many of his philosophical/theological theses were considered heretical. --AxelBoldt :::The final impulse to Bruno's trial was made by Roberto Bellarmino, the same one that is found later in relation with Galileo. He made the final accusation with 12 points, one of them, I think, was related to his copernicanism. I think the documents where it says exactly why was it burned do not survive,though.-:AN == how many trials? == The text is also confusing on another point: was he tried in Venice, then tried in Rome? If both trials are worth mentioning, then we might as well be clear on this point. ==Moved from Wikipedia:Translation into English== *Article: :ca:Bruno, Giordano *Corresponding English-language article: Giordano Bruno *Worth doing because: Material to incorporate into English-language article * Originally Requested by: User:Jmabel 22:17, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC) *Status: in progress User:Jmabel 22:17, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC) *Other notes:I haven't had a chance to read the Catalan article closely, but it looks like it's accurate, as far as it goes, and is more extensive than the English-language article. If no one picks this up soon, I'll do it myself. -- User:Jmabel 22:17, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)
It looks like no one else is picking it up, so I'll try. -- User:Jmabel 18:17, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC) Done -- User:Jmabel 05:45, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) *Article: :de:Bruno, Giordano *Corresponding English-language article: Giordano Bruno *Worth doing because: Material to incorporate into English-language article * Originally Requested by: User:Jmabel 18:24, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC) *Status: All relevant material translated and incorporated. -- User:Jmabel 19:34, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) *Other notes: Far more biographical material than the English-language article. -- User:Jmabel 18:24, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Looking at the German-language article...== The German-language article says that Bruno was forced to leave Rome in 1576 not because of religious matters but because of ''"einer (falschen) Mordanklage"'', "a (trumped-up) murder charge". Does anyone know a source for this? If true, I'd like to put it in the article, but I'm not sure I believe it. -- User:Jmabel 21:57, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) The English-language article has Bruno handed by the Inquisition to the secular authorities January 8, 1600, the German article says February 8. Does anyone have a source for this? -- User:Jmabel 19:38, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) I think both are coming from Britannica. It says that he was unjustly accused of murder. And it was on February 8th, 1600, the death penalty was read to him. User:Aknxy 22:12, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC) ==Hermes Trismegistus== The article mentions Hermes Trismegistus, but (1) only vaguely hints at the connection between his writings and Neoplatonism and (2) doesn't remark on the fact that in Bruno's time these writings were thought to be very ancient, but they are now thought to date from about 300AD. I would think this worth mentioning. Does anyone disagree? -- User:Jmabel 21:57, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) : No one having weighed in for 2 weeks, I will do this. -- User:Jmabel 19:39, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) == "astrologer, and magician" == Recent anon edit adds "astrologer, and magician" to the lead paragraph. He definitely was an astrologer, like most people in his times with a reasonable knowledge of celestial mechanics. Not sure it's worth mention in the lead paragraph though. But magician? Can someone clarify what they mean by that in this context? Presumably not a conjuror... I'm pretty inclined to delete this, but since it's probably not a highly visible article, I'm first raising the matter here for comment and I'll leave it for at least a couple of days. -- User:Jmabel 06:16, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC) Britannica.com writes "philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and occultist". Occultist would be better instead of magician. User:Aknxy 22:07, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC) I can live with that. -- User:Jmabel 03:33, Sep 24, 2004 (UTC) ==Restored== I restored this text: ''As a demonstration of mercy, the clerical authorities placed a bag of gunpowder around his neck before they set the fire, to spare Bruno, bringing his suffering to an end quickly.'' Although it seems strange to us, what matters is what it meant to them at the time. For an example, see [http://hri.shef.ac.uk/foxe/single/book11/11_1570_1937.html this example from Foxe's Book of Martyrs]. User:PRiis 15:10, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC) == "...his scientific ideas..." == I have edited the lead paragraph for style and at least for now left "...because his scientific ideas went against church doctrine," but I think that is at least a bit misleading. I'm pretty familiar with Bruno's writing and with writing about him, and his was not a particularly scientific temperament. His cosmological speculations paralleled the science of his time, but he was rather anti-mathematical. I don't see him as even as much a "scientist" as P. D. Ouspensky, to whom I don't think we'd apply that word. It is true that many in the world of science have tried to claim him as a martyr, but that doesn't mean that they were legitimate in doing so. Comments? -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 07:57, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC) : Seeing Bruno as a martyr to science is certainly a Whiggish interpretation. I think it's misleading, and, depending on how you define "science," quite anachronistic. Bruno reached all his conclusions by pure speculation. User:PRiis 15:32, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Giordano Bruno
Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17 1600), a.k.a. Bruno Nolano or Bruno the Nolan was an Italy philosopher, astronomer, and occultist executed as a heresy, popularly regarded as a martyr to the cause of freedom of thought because his ideas went against church doctrine. ==Life== He was born named Filippo in Nola, in Campania, the son of Giovanni Bruno, a soldier. In 1565 he took the name Giordano on becoming a Dominican Order friar at the Monastery of Saint Domenico near Naples. In 1572 he was ordained a priest. He was interested in philosophy and was, like Ramon Llull, an expert on the art of memory; he wrote books on mnemonic technique, which Frances Yates contends may have been disguised Hermes Trismegistus tracts. The writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus were, in Bruno's time, recently rediscovered and at that time were thought to date uniformly to the earliest days of ancient Egypt. They are now believed to date mostly from about 300 A.D. and to be associated with Neoplatonism. Bruno embraced a sort of pantheism hylozoism, and not the Trinity. [[Image:GiordanoBrunomnemonic.gif|thumb|left|200px|Woodcut illustration of one of Giordano Bruno's mnemonic devices: in the spandrels are the four classical elements: earth, air fire, water]] Bruno was also heavily influenced by the ideas of Copernicus and by the newly rediscovered ideas of Plato. Other influences included Thomas Aquinas, Averroes, Duns Scotus, Marsilio Ficino, and Nicholas of Cusa. In 1576 he left Naples to avoid the attention of the Inquisition. He left Rome for the same reason and abandoned the Dominican order. He travelled to Geneva and briefly joined the Calvinism, before he was excommunication for his adherence to Copernicus and forced to leave for France. In 1579 he arrived in Toulouse, where he briefly had a teaching position. At this time, he began to gain fame for his prodigious memory. Bruno's feats of memory were apparently based, at least in part, on an elaborate system of mnemonics, but many of his contemporaries found it easier to attribute them to magical powers. For seven years, he enjoyed the protection of powerful French patrons, including Henry III of France. During this period, he published 20 books, including several on memory training, ''Cena de le Ceneri'' (''The Ash Wednesday Supper'', 1584), and ''De l'Infinito, Universo e Mondi'' (''On the Infinite Universe and Worlds'', 1584). In ''Cena de le Ceneri'' he defended the theories of Copernicus, albeit rather poorly. In ''De l'Infinito, Universo e Mondi'', he argued that the stars we see at night were just like our Sun, that the universe was infinity, with a "Plurality of Worlds", and that all were inhabited by intelligent beings (see the Drake equation). These two works are jointly known as his "Italian dialogues." In 1582, Bruno penned a play summarizing some of his cosmological positions, titled ''Il Candelaio'' ("The Torchbearer"). In 1583, he went to England with letters of recommendation from Henry III. He sought a teaching position at Oxford University, but appears to have given offense and was denied a position there (and elsewhere in England). There is some reason to believe that during this period he acted from 1583 to 1585 as a secret agent in the household of the French ambassador to England (M Castelnau). John Bossy's ''Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair'' (Yale UP, 2002), makes a case that Bruno is the previously unidentified 'Henry Fagot' whose reports to Francis Walsingham, Queen Elizabeth's spy master, have been found in surviving records of Walsingham's organization. Bruno's effectiveness and value as a spy is not clear now and may not have been then; Henry Fagot's spy career seems to have begun and ended in three years. In 1585 he returned to Paris. However, his 120 theses against Aristotle natural science and his pamphlet against the Roman Catholic mathematician Fabrizio Mordente soon put him in ill favor. In 1586, following a violent quarrel about "a scientific instrument", he left France for Germany. In Germany he failed to obtain a teaching position at Marburg, before obtaining permission to teach at Wittenberg, where he taught on Aristotle for two years. However, with a change of intellectual climate there, he was no longer welcome, and went in 1588 to Prague, where he obtained 300 talern from Rudolf II, but no teaching position. He went on to serve briefly as a professor in Helmstedt, but had to flee again when he was excommunicated by the Martin Lutherans, continuing the pattern of Bruno's gaining favor from lay authorities before falling foul of the ecclesiastics of whatever sect. 1591 found him in Frankfurt. Apparently, during the Frankfurt Book Fair, he received an invitation to Venice from one Zuane Mocenigo, who wished to be instructed in the art of memory, and also heard of a vacant chair in mathematics at Padua. With the death of the conservative Pope Sixtus V, Bruno apparently believed that the Inquisition might have lost some of its strength, and he concluded, erroneously, that it might now be safe to return to Italy. He went first to Padua, where he taught briefly, but the chair went instead to Galileo Galilei, so he continued on to Venice. He briefly functioned as a tutor to Mocenigo, who may have been disappointed that Bruno was merely teaching him a complex system of mnemonics rather than some form of magic. When Bruno attempted to leave Venice, Mocenigo denounced him to the Inquisition. He was arrested May 22, 1592, and tried before being extradited for trial in Rome in 1593. In Rome he was imprisoned in the Castel Sant' Angelo for six years before he was tried. He tried in vain to obtain an audience with Pope Clement VIII, hoping to make peace with the Church through a partial recantation. His trial, when it finally occurred was overseen by the inquisitor, Cardinal Bellarmine, who demanded a full recantation, which Bruno refused. Consequently, he was declared a heresy and handed over to secular authorities on January 8 1600 and burned at the stake on February 17 1600 in Campo de' Fiori, a popular Roman square. As a demonstration of mercy, the clerical authorities placed a bag of gunpowder around his neck before they set the fire, to spare Bruno, bringing his suffering to an end quickly. The authorities also nailed his tongue to his jaw to stop him from speaking. Since 1889, there has been a monument to Bruno on the site of his execution. Although the actual charge against Bruno was docetism, adherence to the doctrine that Jesus did not actually have a physical body and that his physical presence was an illusion, the world of science has long claimed Bruno as a martyr. Like Galileo Galilei, his Copernicus was a factor in his heresy trial. Unlike Galileo, some of his theological beliefs were also a factor. Also, unlike Galileo, he refused to renounce his beliefs. At his trial, he said: ''Perhaps you, my judges, pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it.'' All his works were placed on the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' in 1603. Four hundred years after his execution, official expression of "profound sorrow" and acknowledgement of error at Bruno's condemnation to death was made, during the papacy of Pope John Paul II. ==The cosmology of Bruno's time== In the second half of the 16th century, the theories of Copernicus began diffusing through Europe. Although Bruno did not wholly embrace Copernicus's preference for mathematics over speculation, he advocated the Copernican view that the earth was not the center of the universe, and extrapolated some consequences which may seem like common sense in the 21st century, but which were radical departures from the cosmology of the time. According to Bruno, Copernicus's theories contradicted the view of a celestial sphere, immutable, incorruptible, and superior to the terrestrial region. Bruno went beyond the heliocentric model to envision a universe which, like that of Plotinus in the 3rd century, or like Blaise Pascal's nearly a century after Bruno, had its center everywhere and its circumference nowhere. Few astronomy of Bruno's generation accepted even Copernicus's heliocentric model. Among those who did were the Germany Michael Maestlin (1550-1631), and Cristoph Rothmann and the England Thomas Digges, author of ''A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes'' (''sic''). Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) were younger, so they do not figure at this time. Bruno himself was not an astronomer, but one of the first to embrace Copernicanism as a world view, rejecting geocentrism. In works published between 1584 and 1591, Bruno enthusiastically supported Copernicanism. According to Aristotle and Plato, the universe was a finite sphere. Its ultimate limit was the ''primum mobile'', whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a transcendental God, not part of the universe, a motionless prime mover and first cause. The fixed stars were part of this celestial sphere, all at the same fixed distance from the immobile earth at the center of the sphere. Ptolemy had numbered these at 1,022, grouped into 48 constellations. The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere. Copernicus conserved the idea of planets fixed to solid spheres, but considered the apparent motion of the stars to be an actual motion of the earth; he also preserved the notion of an immobile center, but it was the Sun rather than the Earth. He expressed no opinion as to whether the stars were at a uniform distance on a fixed sphere or scattered through an infinite universe. ==Bruno's cosmology== Bruno believed, as is now universally accepted, that the Earth revolves and that the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens is an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth around its axis. He also saw no reason to believe that the stellar region was finite, or that all stars were equidistant from a single center of the universe. In these respects, his views were similar to those of Thomas Digges in his ''A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes'' (1576). However, Digges considered the infinite region beyond the stars to be the home of God, the angels, and of the holiness. He conserved the Ptolemaic notion of the planetary spheres, considered Earth the only possible realm of life and death, and a unique place of imperfection and change, compared against the perfect and changeless heavens. In 1584, Bruno published two important philosophical dialogues, in which he argued against the planetary spheres. (Two years later, Rothmann did the same in 1586, as did Tycho Brahe in 1587.) Bruno's infinite universe was filled with a substance -- a "pure air", aether, or ''spiritus'' -- that offered no resistance to the heavenly bodies which, in Bruno's view, rather than being fixed, moved under their own impetus. Most dramatically, he completely abandoned the idea of a hierarchy universe. The Earth was just one more heavenly body, as was the Sun. God had no particular relation to one part of the infinite universe more than any other. God, according to Bruno, was precisely as present on Earth as in the Heavens, an immanent God rather than a remote heavenly deity. Bruno also affirmed that the universe was homogeneity, made up everywhere of the four elements (water, earth, fire, and air), rather than having the stars be composed of a separate quintessence. Essentially, the same physical laws would operate everywhere, although the use of that term is anachronistic. Space and time were both conceived as infinite. There was no room in his stable and permanent universe for the Christianity notions of divine Creation (theology) and Last Judgement. Under this model, the Sun was simply one more star, and the stars all suns, each with its own planets. Bruno saw a solar system of a sun/star with planets as the fundamental unit of the universe. According to Bruno, infinite God necessarily created an infinite universe, formed of an infinite number of solar systems, separated by vast regions full of Aether, because empty space could not exist. (Bruno did not arrive at the concept of a galaxy.) Comets were part of a ''synodus ex mundis'' of stars, and not -- as other authors sustained at the time -- ephemeral creations, divine instruments, or heavenly messengers. Each comet was a world, a permanent celestial body, formed of the four elements. Bruno's cosmology is marked by infinitude, homogeneity, and isotropy, with planetary systems distributed evenly throughout. Matter follows an active animism principle: it is intelligence (trait) and discontinuous in structure, made up of discrete atoms. This animism (and a corresponding disdain for mathematics as a means to understanding) is the most dramatic respect in which Bruno's cosmology differs from what today passes for a common-sense picture of the universe. ==Trivia== * At a time when fear of witchcraft and sorcery was spreading among the European peoples, Bruno put himself at grave risk for daring to suggest that what people thought were witches were nothing more than psychologically-disturbed old women, harmless on the whole. This brave declaration was made all the more remarkable by the fact that witches and their defenders were often summarily lynched. == References == *''Eros and Magic in the Renaissance'', Ioan P. Couliano, ISBN 0226123154. *''Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition'', Frances Yates, ISBN 0226950077 ---- The 20-km diameter Impact crater Giordano Bruno (crater), named in Bruno's honor, is located on the moon at 103° east lunar longitude, 36° north lunar latitude. In 1926 the Theosophical Broadcasting Station Pty Ltd, owned by interests associated with the local branch of Theosophical Society Adyar, was granted a radio broadcating licence in Sydney, Australia. The station's call sign, "2GB" was chosen to honour the Italian philosopher who was much admired by Theosophists. Although the ownership of the station subsequently passed to strictly commercial interests the call sign is retained. DominicansHeretics Italian astrologersItalian philosophers Natives of Campania 1548 births1600 deaths
Giordano Bruno
==Questions== I remember him claiming that the universe is infinite, filled with an infinite number of stars just like our sun. Did he actually claim that infinitely worlds with intelligences existed? : Yes. Remember, though, that he considered matter itself to be intelligent. -- User:Jmabel 21:57, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) Also, in the last paragraph: ''It is claimed that he was burned for his Copernicanism and stated at his trial "Perhaps you, my judges, pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it", but this is uncertain, since his theological beliefs were sufficiently unorthodox. '' What is uncertain? That he said this to his judges, or that he was burned for his Copernicanism, or both? What he was burned for should be readily accessible from the trial documents, which survived. --AxelBoldt ::Well, there's also the allegation by a very prominent historian of the English Renaissance (John Bossy, ''Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair'') that Bruno was deeply involved in the Tudor efforts to suppress the Catholic Church in England - he was working in the French embassy in London as tutor to the ambassador's son. Bossy claims that Bruno's handwriting is recognizeable in letters to the secret service of the day informing on British priests. Bossy's book was not overwhelmingly positively received. His theology was certainly unorthodox - notice that he was condemned from multiple directions - so it ''may'' not have been "science", but "theology" that got him in the end. --MichaelTinkler, who had resolved to stay out of the post-medieval period. I think he doesn't even have much science to show for and he certainly wasn't a scientist; I'm sure many of his philosophical/theological theses were considered heretical. --AxelBoldt :::The final impulse to Bruno's trial was made by Roberto Bellarmino, the same one that is found later in relation with Galileo. He made the final accusation with 12 points, one of them, I think, was related to his copernicanism. I think the documents where it says exactly why was it burned do not survive,though.-:AN == how many trials? == The text is also confusing on another point: was he tried in Venice, then tried in Rome? If both trials are worth mentioning, then we might as well be clear on this point. ==Moved from Wikipedia:Translation into English== *Article: :ca:Bruno, Giordano *Corresponding English-language article: Giordano Bruno *Worth doing because: Material to incorporate into English-language article * Originally Requested by: User:Jmabel 22:17, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC) *Status: in progress User:Jmabel 22:17, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC) *Other notes:
It looks like no one else is picking it up, so I'll try. -- User:Jmabel 18:17, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC) Done -- User:Jmabel 05:45, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) *Article: :de:Bruno, Giordano *Corresponding English-language article: Giordano Bruno *Worth doing because: Material to incorporate into English-language article * Originally Requested by: User:Jmabel 18:24, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC) *Status: All relevant material translated and incorporated. -- User:Jmabel 19:34, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) *Other notes: Far more biographical material than the English-language article. -- User:Jmabel 18:24, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Looking at the German-language article...== The German-language article says that Bruno was forced to leave Rome in 1576 not because of religious matters but because of ''"einer (falschen) Mordanklage"'', "a (trumped-up) murder charge". Does anyone know a source for this? If true, I'd like to put it in the article, but I'm not sure I believe it. -- User:Jmabel 21:57, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) The English-language article has Bruno handed by the Inquisition to the secular authorities January 8, 1600, the German article says February 8. Does anyone have a source for this? -- User:Jmabel 19:38, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) I think both are coming from Britannica. It says that he was unjustly accused of murder. And it was on February 8th, 1600, the death penalty was read to him. User:Aknxy 22:12, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC) ==Hermes Trismegistus== The article mentions Hermes Trismegistus, but (1) only vaguely hints at the connection between his writings and Neoplatonism and (2) doesn't remark on the fact that in Bruno's time these writings were thought to be very ancient, but they are now thought to date from about 300AD. I would think this worth mentioning. Does anyone disagree? -- User:Jmabel 21:57, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC) : No one having weighed in for 2 weeks, I will do this. -- User:Jmabel 19:39, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) == "astrologer, and magician" == Recent anon edit adds "astrologer, and magician" to the lead paragraph. He definitely was an astrologer, like most people in his times with a reasonable knowledge of celestial mechanics. Not sure it's worth mention in the lead paragraph though. But magician? Can someone clarify what they mean by that in this context? Presumably not a conjuror... I'm pretty inclined to delete this, but since it's probably not a highly visible article, I'm first raising the matter here for comment and I'll leave it for at least a couple of days. -- User:Jmabel 06:16, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC) Britannica.com writes "philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and occultist". Occultist would be better instead of magician. User:Aknxy 22:07, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC) I can live with that. -- User:Jmabel 03:33, Sep 24, 2004 (UTC) ==Restored== I restored this text: ''As a demonstration of mercy, the clerical authorities placed a bag of gunpowder around his neck before they set the fire, to spare Bruno, bringing his suffering to an end quickly.'' Although it seems strange to us, what matters is what it meant to them at the time. For an example, see [http://hri.shef.ac.uk/foxe/single/book11/11_1570_1937.html this example from Foxe's Book of Martyrs]. User:PRiis 15:10, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC) == "...his scientific ideas..." == I have edited the lead paragraph for style and at least for now left "...because his scientific ideas went against church doctrine," but I think that is at least a bit misleading. I'm pretty familiar with Bruno's writing and with writing about him, and his was not a particularly scientific temperament. His cosmological speculations paralleled the science of his time, but he was rather anti-mathematical. I don't see him as even as much a "scientist" as P. D. Ouspensky, to whom I don't think we'd apply that word. It is true that many in the world of science have tried to claim him as a martyr, but that doesn't mean that they were legitimate in doing so. Comments? -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 07:57, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC) : Seeing Bruno as a martyr to science is certainly a Whiggish interpretation. I think it's misleading, and, depending on how you define "science," quite anachronistic. Bruno reached all his conclusions by pure speculation. User:PRiis 15:32, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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GA | GB | GC | GD | GE | GF | GH | GI | GJ | GK | GL | GM | GN | GO | GP | GR | GS | GT | GU | GW | GX | GY | GZ |Words begining with Giordano_Bruno:
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