
#REDIRECT German reunification
German reunification (''Deutsche Wiedervereinigung'') took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR - in English often called "East Germany") were incorporated into West Germany ("West Germany") (FRG). After the GDR's first free elections on 18 March 1990, negotiations between the GDR and FRG culminated in a Unification Treaty, whilst negotiations between the GDR and FRG and the four occupying powers produced the so-called "Two Plus Four Treaty" granting full independence to a reunified German state. The reunified Germany remained a member of the European Community (later European Union) and NATO. The term "reunification" is used in contrast with the German Empire of Germany in 1871. == Background == After the end of World War II in Europe, Germany had been divided into four occupation zones. The old capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was itself subdivided into four occupation zones. Although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern Germany together in the borders from 1937, the advent of Cold War tension caused the France, Britain and United States zones to be formed into the West Germany (including West Berlin) while the Soviet Union zone formed the German Democratic Republic (including East Berlin) in 1949 with several eastern parts of the country being annexed to the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union. The FRG and the GDR made competing claims to be the legitimate legal successors of the 1945 German state. A first proposal for German reunification was advanced by Josef Stalin in 1952 under terms similar to those later adopted for Austria (see Austrian State Treaty). It called for the creation of a neutral Germany with an eastern border on the Oder-Neisse line and all allied troops removed within the year. The West German government under Konrad Adenauer favored closer integration with western Europe and asked that the reunification be negotiated with the provision that there be internationally monitored elections throughout Germany. This condition was rejected by the Soviets. Also, Stalin had offered reunification of whole of Germany (in the borders of 1937) under condition that Germany joined the Warsaw Pact (Eastern Bloc). The government of the GDR made it illegal for its citizens to leave the country, and built the GDR border system (of which the Berlin Wall was a part) in 1961 to prevent them from doing so. The democracy government of the Federal Republic of Germany and its NATO allies at first did not recognize the German Democratic Republic or the People's Republic of Poland, per the Hallstein Doctrine. In the 1970s, this gave way to the warming of relations known as Ostpolitik. ==The end of the division ("Wende")== By the mid-1980s, the prospect of German reunification was widely regarded within both Germanies as a distant hope, unattainable as long as communists ruled Eastern Europe. This hope was suddenly placed within reach by political changes within the Soviet Union. In August 1989, Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria and in September more than 13,000 East Germans escaped to the West through Hungary. Mass demonstrations against the East German regime began in late 1989, most prominently the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig. Faced with civil unrest, East German leader Erich Honecker was forced to resign in October, 1989. The travel restrictions for East Germans were removed by the new government on November 9, 1989, and many people immediately went to the Wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through. On March 18, 1990 the first and only free elections in the history of the GDR were held, producing a government whose major mandate was to negotiate an end to itself and its state. As one East German ideologist noted in 1989, "Poland would remain Poland even if communism fell, but without communism East Germany has no reason to exist." Under Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière, East Germany negotiated with West Germany, Great Britain, France, the USA and the Soviet Union the preconditions for a German reunification. Parallel to this, negotiations between the East and West German governments led to the signing on 18 May of an agreement for an intermediate step, an Economic, Social and Currency Union, which entered into force on 1 July. On 23 August the East German Parliament (Volkskammer) approved the proposed 3 October accession to the FRG. The German "Einigungsvertrag" (Unification Treaty) was signed on August 31, 1990 by representatives of the FRG and GDR. On September 12, 1990 the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany (Two Plus Four Treaty) was signed and officially reestablished the sovereignty of both German states. Germany was officially reunified on October 3, 1990, when the five reestablished federal states (Bundesland) of East Germany formally joined the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), choosing one of two options implemented in the West German constitution (Grundgesetz). As the new founded German states formally joined the Federal Republic, the area in which the ''Grundgesetz'' (basic law) served as constitution was simply extended. The other choice would have been for East Germany to join as a whole along the lines of a formal union between two German states that then would have had to, amongst other things, create a new constitution for the new founded country. Though the option chosen clearly was simpler, it is and has been responsible for sentiments in the East of being "occupied" or "annexed" by the old Federal Republic. To facilitate this process and to reassure other countries, the FRG made some changes to the "Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" (constitution). Article 146 was amended so that Article 23 of the current constitution could be used for reunification. Then once the five "reestablished federal states" in East Germany had joined, the Basic Law was amended again to indicate that there were no other parts of Germany, which existed outside of the unified territory, that had not acceded. But the constitution can be amended again at some future date and it still permits the adoption of another constitution by the German people at some time in the future. ==Effects of reunification== The cost of reunification has been a heavy burden to the German economy and has contributed to Germany's slowed economic growth in recent years. The costs of reunification are estimated to amount to over 1.5 trillion Euro (statement of Freie Universität Berlin) (1.9 trillion U.S. Dollars). This is more than the national debt of the German state [http://www.steuerzahler.de/]. The primary cause of this was the severe weakness of the East German economy, especially vis-à-vis the West German economy, combined with a (politically motivated) conversion rates from East German Mark to the Deutschmark that did not reflect this economical reality, resulting in a very sudden (usually fatal) loss of competitiveness of East German industries. Today, there are already special transfers of more than 100 billion euros every year to rebuild the eastern part of Germany. During the 1980s, the capitalist economy of West Germany had prospered while the communist economy of East Germany had declined. Providing goods and services to East Germany strained the resources of West Germany. Money-losing industries formerly supported by the East German government had to be privatized. Since unification, hundreds of thousands of former East Germans have continued to migrate to western Germany to find well-paying jobs. ==External links== * [http://samvak.tripod.com/pp167.html The lessons of German reunification] German history nds:Verenigung vun Düütschland
''An event mentioned in this article is an Template:October 3 selected anniversaries''. ---- "After the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four occupation zones with areas east of the Oder-Neisse line placed under Polish administration." is this passage historically correct or is this an example of newspeak of German expellees/revisionists ? User:Kpjas :It's a strongly biased diction at least, emphasizing on Poland and ignoring other territorial losses (The Alsace, Saarland, parts that are part of the Sovjet Union). ::Alsace was French pre-WWII. ---- :''A debate took place if this unification of the GDR and FRG should be named Unification or Re-unification. Even though it was a unification in the sense that these two states only came into existence as military occupied countries in 1945 and as such had never been united, it was decided to call it Re-unification, because it includes two sections of the country of Germany, which in 1945 was split in three. '' Where has this been debated? The two countries both came from the German Reich, they were one country before 1945. Can you provide any evidence for your statement? -- User:JeLuF :Also German was split into more than three pieces. See above. User:Rmhermen 08:13 Aug 23, 2002 (PDT) ::Well the Germany of 1945 was split into 3 pieces, two of which became the 4 occupation zones. today only this parts are considered to be Germany. But there is this third part (eastern of Oder-Neiße) that until then was part of Germany. The FRG (West Germany) saw its self as the direct inheritor of the previously United German Nation, but its constitution stated that it did not govern all the nation. When East Germany (GDR) and West Germany wished to unite the question was should the Germans have a new constitution to achieve confederation of the two parts or should the GDR re-unite with the FRG using the clauses in the FRG's constitution to do so. It was decided to speed up the process to use the latter. Hence it was legaly a reunification and not a confederation leading to a new union. Part of the process was to modify FRG constitution to say that all of the German nation was now united. So the legal constitutional question of "is all of Germany united?" is YES because the German constitution say that it is. Here are two references to debate should be named Unification or Re-unification: *http://www.intellectbooks.com/europa/number3/blacksel.htm *http://www.juris.duq.edu/spring2002/constitutional.htm :'' Kohl's use of the word "confederation," rather than "reunification," was strategic. No politician at that moment publicly wanted to talk about reunification. Political support for the Kohl strategy was high, but after a few weeks, the groundswell that dared utter "reunification" was high enough such that the careful strategy of confederation was no longer needed. :''The final determination of which tool to use in completing the accession of the territory of the former GDR into the FRG was decided by the Unification Treaty of August 31, 1990, which detailed the required "amendments to the Basic Law Resulting from accession."61 The language of the Unification Treaty made clear that the option laid out in Article 23 would see Germany through the unification process.62 A constitution would not be drafted in accordance with Article 146, but amendments would be made to the existing Basic Law in accordance with the amendment provisions of Article 79. These amendments, constituting the thirty-sixth amendment to the Basic Law,63 dealt with issues such as the former GDR's debt,64 the "transition period for discrepancies between old East German Law and the Basic Law,"65 the updating of Article 146 and the repeal of Article 23 which had allowed \"other parts of Germany to accede to the Federal Republic.\"66 Article 146 now included language signifying that the Basic Law was valid for the \"entire German nation following the achievement of the unity and freedom of Germany\"67 and still permits the adoption of a constitution by the German people at some future time. The text of Article 23 changed to indicate that there were no other parts of Germany, which existed outside of the unified territory, that had not acceded. User:Philip Baird Shearer 13:45, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) ---- Having said the above about reunification I am going to change the phrase "''reunification of East Germany and West Germany''" to "''reunification of Germany from its constituent parts of of East Germany and West Germany''" because East Germany and West Germany were not reunified Germany was just as it had been unified before but using different collections of lands of Germany. ==four powers== In Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany "the four powers terminated their rights and responsibilities relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole. United Germany is to have full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs." was needed because of the document signed by the Control Council back in 1945 (see The_end_of_World_War_II_in_Europe) User:Philip Baird Shearer 13:45, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Stop the POV == "By the mid-1980s, the prospect of German reunification was widely regarded within both Germanies as a distant hope, unattainable as long as communists ruled Eastern Europe." or capitalists Western one, don't you think? :No for three reasons: #The West Germany electorate ruled the Western one and they could have elected a government which would have united with the eastern block, They never did. Would the rest of the west have put tanks onto the streets to stop it (a reverse of 1954)? #West Germany is not a capatalist state -- with laws enforcing things like the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufsichtsrat Aufsichtsrat] (supervisory board) and the structure of the financial markets which large bond marked and relativly small stock market. Look at the fuss in Geamany when ever there is the threat of a hostile takeover. # Proof is in the pudding. Reunification happened as soon as the communists "stopped ruling Eastern Europe", your so called "capitalists" still rule, so it is not a POV it is a statment of fact. User:Philip Baird Shearer 10:38, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC) ---- ''The "''Effects of Reunification''" section talks only about the effects it had on Germany. What about the effects it had on the occupying nations, especially the Soviet Union?'' The reunification of Germany was a blow the the Soviet Union's power, in three ways. 1. The collapse of the East German government caused doubt that the USSR could take care of the nations it occupies. Other bloc nations worried that their economies andgovernments would collapse under Soviet rule. 2. The reunificationof Germany under capitalist rule gave hope of breaking free from Soviet oppression to other bloc nations. 3. The reunification of Germany cause doubt of Soviet control, because the USSR had opposed the reunification, but it happened anyway. This doubt caused some satellite states to wish to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. == Once again: Reunification/Confederation == Digging deep into my memory, the proposed alternative does not cover all aspects of the problem. To my mind, there should be a totally new article called "German Union" or at least "German Unification", and a reference at this entry with an explanation of the following. There is a famous quote of Germany's Foreign Minister at the time of the Union, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, in which he corrects a TV commentator who talks about "Germany's reunification". Genscher insists on the term "German Union", because Re-Unification was a revisionist term in the post-war years referring to all the pre-war parts. For obvious reasons - relationship to France and Poland - and less obvious reasons - a German-Polish treaty from the 1970s acknowledging the western border of Poland, Genscher wanted to avoid and to prevent the term "reunification". Officially, therefore, the term was never used by German politicians to describe the event of 1990. :The German article is under "reunification" (''Deutsche Wiedervereinigung''), though it notes this historical issue. In practice, "die Wende" (the change) is often used as a synonym. User:Rd232 12:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Expropriation-related issues == I did a Google search on : Expropriation Germany reunification. Two hits included * http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=358 * http://www.tech4peace.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=4230 My hazy recollection is that a significant number of expropriations by the DDR were disallowed after reunification, under legal theories i was not clear about. (DDR was not set up in violation of agreements with the Western Allies? BRD had simply incurred no obligation respect DDR's enactments & thus free to substitute what BRD practice would have produced?) This was true even tho IIRC all expropriations during the period from spring 1945 until creation of the DDR were deemed legitimate exercises of Soviet occupation authority. I had not been aware of the distinction made, in the hits i found, between expropriation of property by DDR * that previously the Nazi party government had (formally or defacto) expropriated and turned over to their supportes, and * productive capital (farmland and factories?) that had not previously been expropriated.
IMO this is worth discussion under impacts of reunification. Perhaps it is adequately covered in ?
--User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 03:37, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC) :It's not even mentioned there, but should be. The legality of the original 1945-49 expropriations ("Land reform") is a mystery, as is the non-return of property expropriated in eastern Europe. (The scale of the Soviet Zone expropriation is not in doubt: anyone with more than 100 hectares of land had to give it all up, as did anyone who was a "nazi and war criminal" (a criterion not always consistently applied); the total was 14,000 businesses and 3.3m hectares land.) On 30 March 2005 the case of a group of people claiming inadequate compensation for this was dismissed by the European Court of Human Rights (partly because the Convention was not established until 1950), upholding a German Constitutional Court decision. (Christian Gottschalk, ''Stuttgarter Zeitung'', 31 March 2005, "Straßburger Richter ziehen einen Schlussstrich; Regelungen zu sowjetischen Enteignungen werden bestätigt".) :In addition, there is the issue of the "black" expropriation (political colour of the CDU, the governing party in 1992 when the relevant law was passed). Perhaps 70,000 GDR citizens had property expropriated by a 1992 govt decision to reverse a March 1990 law meaning some recipients of property expropriated 1945-49 (or their descendants) lost that property without compensation. (Bizarrely, those employed in agriculture or forestry were allowed to keep the property.) This decision was declared illegal by the European Court of Human Rights in January 2004 (but the German govt appealed and I don't know the current status of the case), because of the lack of compensation. Defeat could cost the German government one to ten billion euros. [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1095369,00.html] :: You say ::: The legality of the original 1945-49 expropriations ("Land reform") is a mystery :: but i assumed that was the least troublesome legal issue. INALB by virtue of the German unconditional surrender, IMO the SU incurred the obligation to put an economy back in motion, and the power to do so, i.e. de facto sovereignty over the occupied territory; that power includes the authority to make irreversible changes of ownership, since the ability only to make ''temporary'' changes makes you ineffective in light of how individuals and organizations need to trust in non-reversal of the conditions the substitute sovereign promises them, before they can be induced to carry out economic activities that are necessary for the fulfillment of the occupier's responsibilities. I don't think i am significantly oversimplifying when i say that this is just a more subtle version of this principle: ::* if the occupier can't convince farmers that the currency the occupier issues will be honored when sovereighty is restored, ::* the urban populace is likely to starve en masse, and ::* any farmer who's used to getting even one thing they ''need'' from the a different ''village'' (let alone a city) will soon be close to disaster. :: I assume research would show that this is basic international law, that goes back probably at least as far as the Renaissance. ::--User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 20:05, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with German_reunification:
German_Reunification
German_reunification
German_reunification
German Reunification
#REDIRECT German reunification
German reunification
German reunification (''Deutsche Wiedervereinigung'') took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR - in English often called "East Germany") were incorporated into West Germany ("West Germany") (FRG). After the GDR's first free elections on 18 March 1990, negotiations between the GDR and FRG culminated in a Unification Treaty, whilst negotiations between the GDR and FRG and the four occupying powers produced the so-called "Two Plus Four Treaty" granting full independence to a reunified German state. The reunified Germany remained a member of the European Community (later European Union) and NATO. The term "reunification" is used in contrast with the German Empire of Germany in 1871. == Background == After the end of World War II in Europe, Germany had been divided into four occupation zones. The old capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was itself subdivided into four occupation zones. Although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern Germany together in the borders from 1937, the advent of Cold War tension caused the France, Britain and United States zones to be formed into the West Germany (including West Berlin) while the Soviet Union zone formed the German Democratic Republic (including East Berlin) in 1949 with several eastern parts of the country being annexed to the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union. The FRG and the GDR made competing claims to be the legitimate legal successors of the 1945 German state. A first proposal for German reunification was advanced by Josef Stalin in 1952 under terms similar to those later adopted for Austria (see Austrian State Treaty). It called for the creation of a neutral Germany with an eastern border on the Oder-Neisse line and all allied troops removed within the year. The West German government under Konrad Adenauer favored closer integration with western Europe and asked that the reunification be negotiated with the provision that there be internationally monitored elections throughout Germany. This condition was rejected by the Soviets. Also, Stalin had offered reunification of whole of Germany (in the borders of 1937) under condition that Germany joined the Warsaw Pact (Eastern Bloc). The government of the GDR made it illegal for its citizens to leave the country, and built the GDR border system (of which the Berlin Wall was a part) in 1961 to prevent them from doing so. The democracy government of the Federal Republic of Germany and its NATO allies at first did not recognize the German Democratic Republic or the People's Republic of Poland, per the Hallstein Doctrine. In the 1970s, this gave way to the warming of relations known as Ostpolitik. ==The end of the division ("Wende")== By the mid-1980s, the prospect of German reunification was widely regarded within both Germanies as a distant hope, unattainable as long as communists ruled Eastern Europe. This hope was suddenly placed within reach by political changes within the Soviet Union. In August 1989, Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria and in September more than 13,000 East Germans escaped to the West through Hungary. Mass demonstrations against the East German regime began in late 1989, most prominently the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig. Faced with civil unrest, East German leader Erich Honecker was forced to resign in October, 1989. The travel restrictions for East Germans were removed by the new government on November 9, 1989, and many people immediately went to the Wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through. On March 18, 1990 the first and only free elections in the history of the GDR were held, producing a government whose major mandate was to negotiate an end to itself and its state. As one East German ideologist noted in 1989, "Poland would remain Poland even if communism fell, but without communism East Germany has no reason to exist." Under Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière, East Germany negotiated with West Germany, Great Britain, France, the USA and the Soviet Union the preconditions for a German reunification. Parallel to this, negotiations between the East and West German governments led to the signing on 18 May of an agreement for an intermediate step, an Economic, Social and Currency Union, which entered into force on 1 July. On 23 August the East German Parliament (Volkskammer) approved the proposed 3 October accession to the FRG. The German "Einigungsvertrag" (Unification Treaty) was signed on August 31, 1990 by representatives of the FRG and GDR. On September 12, 1990 the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany (Two Plus Four Treaty) was signed and officially reestablished the sovereignty of both German states. Germany was officially reunified on October 3, 1990, when the five reestablished federal states (Bundesland) of East Germany formally joined the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), choosing one of two options implemented in the West German constitution (Grundgesetz). As the new founded German states formally joined the Federal Republic, the area in which the ''Grundgesetz'' (basic law) served as constitution was simply extended. The other choice would have been for East Germany to join as a whole along the lines of a formal union between two German states that then would have had to, amongst other things, create a new constitution for the new founded country. Though the option chosen clearly was simpler, it is and has been responsible for sentiments in the East of being "occupied" or "annexed" by the old Federal Republic. To facilitate this process and to reassure other countries, the FRG made some changes to the "Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" (constitution). Article 146 was amended so that Article 23 of the current constitution could be used for reunification. Then once the five "reestablished federal states" in East Germany had joined, the Basic Law was amended again to indicate that there were no other parts of Germany, which existed outside of the unified territory, that had not acceded. But the constitution can be amended again at some future date and it still permits the adoption of another constitution by the German people at some time in the future. ==Effects of reunification== The cost of reunification has been a heavy burden to the German economy and has contributed to Germany's slowed economic growth in recent years. The costs of reunification are estimated to amount to over 1.5 trillion Euro (statement of Freie Universität Berlin) (1.9 trillion U.S. Dollars). This is more than the national debt of the German state [http://www.steuerzahler.de/]. The primary cause of this was the severe weakness of the East German economy, especially vis-à-vis the West German economy, combined with a (politically motivated) conversion rates from East German Mark to the Deutschmark that did not reflect this economical reality, resulting in a very sudden (usually fatal) loss of competitiveness of East German industries. Today, there are already special transfers of more than 100 billion euros every year to rebuild the eastern part of Germany. During the 1980s, the capitalist economy of West Germany had prospered while the communist economy of East Germany had declined. Providing goods and services to East Germany strained the resources of West Germany. Money-losing industries formerly supported by the East German government had to be privatized. Since unification, hundreds of thousands of former East Germans have continued to migrate to western Germany to find well-paying jobs. ==External links== * [http://samvak.tripod.com/pp167.html The lessons of German reunification] German history nds:Verenigung vun Düütschland
German reunification
''An event mentioned in this article is an Template:October 3 selected anniversaries''. ---- "After the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four occupation zones with areas east of the Oder-Neisse line placed under Polish administration." is this passage historically correct or is this an example of newspeak of German expellees/revisionists ? User:Kpjas :It's a strongly biased diction at least, emphasizing on Poland and ignoring other territorial losses (The Alsace, Saarland, parts that are part of the Sovjet Union). ::Alsace was French pre-WWII. ---- :''A debate took place if this unification of the GDR and FRG should be named Unification or Re-unification. Even though it was a unification in the sense that these two states only came into existence as military occupied countries in 1945 and as such had never been united, it was decided to call it Re-unification, because it includes two sections of the country of Germany, which in 1945 was split in three. '' Where has this been debated? The two countries both came from the German Reich, they were one country before 1945. Can you provide any evidence for your statement? -- User:JeLuF :Also German was split into more than three pieces. See above. User:Rmhermen 08:13 Aug 23, 2002 (PDT) ::Well the Germany of 1945 was split into 3 pieces, two of which became the 4 occupation zones. today only this parts are considered to be Germany. But there is this third part (eastern of Oder-Neiße) that until then was part of Germany. The FRG (West Germany) saw its self as the direct inheritor of the previously United German Nation, but its constitution stated that it did not govern all the nation. When East Germany (GDR) and West Germany wished to unite the question was should the Germans have a new constitution to achieve confederation of the two parts or should the GDR re-unite with the FRG using the clauses in the FRG's constitution to do so. It was decided to speed up the process to use the latter. Hence it was legaly a reunification and not a confederation leading to a new union. Part of the process was to modify FRG constitution to say that all of the German nation was now united. So the legal constitutional question of "is all of Germany united?" is YES because the German constitution say that it is. Here are two references to debate should be named Unification or Re-unification: *http://www.intellectbooks.com/europa/number3/blacksel.htm *http://www.juris.duq.edu/spring2002/constitutional.htm :'' Kohl's use of the word "confederation," rather than "reunification," was strategic. No politician at that moment publicly wanted to talk about reunification. Political support for the Kohl strategy was high, but after a few weeks, the groundswell that dared utter "reunification" was high enough such that the careful strategy of confederation was no longer needed. :''The final determination of which tool to use in completing the accession of the territory of the former GDR into the FRG was decided by the Unification Treaty of August 31, 1990, which detailed the required "amendments to the Basic Law Resulting from accession."61 The language of the Unification Treaty made clear that the option laid out in Article 23 would see Germany through the unification process.62 A constitution would not be drafted in accordance with Article 146, but amendments would be made to the existing Basic Law in accordance with the amendment provisions of Article 79. These amendments, constituting the thirty-sixth amendment to the Basic Law,63 dealt with issues such as the former GDR's debt,64 the "transition period for discrepancies between old East German Law and the Basic Law,"65 the updating of Article 146 and the repeal of Article 23 which had allowed \"other parts of Germany to accede to the Federal Republic.\"66 Article 146 now included language signifying that the Basic Law was valid for the \"entire German nation following the achievement of the unity and freedom of Germany\"67 and still permits the adoption of a constitution by the German people at some future time. The text of Article 23 changed to indicate that there were no other parts of Germany, which existed outside of the unified territory, that had not acceded. User:Philip Baird Shearer 13:45, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) ---- Having said the above about reunification I am going to change the phrase "''reunification of East Germany and West Germany''" to "''reunification of Germany from its constituent parts of of East Germany and West Germany''" because East Germany and West Germany were not reunified Germany was just as it had been unified before but using different collections of lands of Germany. ==four powers== In Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany "the four powers terminated their rights and responsibilities relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole. United Germany is to have full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs." was needed because of the document signed by the Control Council back in 1945 (see The_end_of_World_War_II_in_Europe) User:Philip Baird Shearer 13:45, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Stop the POV == "By the mid-1980s, the prospect of German reunification was widely regarded within both Germanies as a distant hope, unattainable as long as communists ruled Eastern Europe." or capitalists Western one, don't you think? :No for three reasons: #The West Germany electorate ruled the Western one and they could have elected a government which would have united with the eastern block, They never did. Would the rest of the west have put tanks onto the streets to stop it (a reverse of 1954)? #West Germany is not a capatalist state -- with laws enforcing things like the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufsichtsrat Aufsichtsrat] (supervisory board) and the structure of the financial markets which large bond marked and relativly small stock market. Look at the fuss in Geamany when ever there is the threat of a hostile takeover. # Proof is in the pudding. Reunification happened as soon as the communists "stopped ruling Eastern Europe", your so called "capitalists" still rule, so it is not a POV it is a statment of fact. User:Philip Baird Shearer 10:38, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC) ---- ''The "''Effects of Reunification''" section talks only about the effects it had on Germany. What about the effects it had on the occupying nations, especially the Soviet Union?'' The reunification of Germany was a blow the the Soviet Union's power, in three ways. 1. The collapse of the East German government caused doubt that the USSR could take care of the nations it occupies. Other bloc nations worried that their economies andgovernments would collapse under Soviet rule. 2. The reunificationof Germany under capitalist rule gave hope of breaking free from Soviet oppression to other bloc nations. 3. The reunification of Germany cause doubt of Soviet control, because the USSR had opposed the reunification, but it happened anyway. This doubt caused some satellite states to wish to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. == Once again: Reunification/Confederation == Digging deep into my memory, the proposed alternative does not cover all aspects of the problem. To my mind, there should be a totally new article called "German Union" or at least "German Unification", and a reference at this entry with an explanation of the following. There is a famous quote of Germany's Foreign Minister at the time of the Union, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, in which he corrects a TV commentator who talks about "Germany's reunification". Genscher insists on the term "German Union", because Re-Unification was a revisionist term in the post-war years referring to all the pre-war parts. For obvious reasons - relationship to France and Poland - and less obvious reasons - a German-Polish treaty from the 1970s acknowledging the western border of Poland, Genscher wanted to avoid and to prevent the term "reunification". Officially, therefore, the term was never used by German politicians to describe the event of 1990. :The German article is under "reunification" (''Deutsche Wiedervereinigung''), though it notes this historical issue. In practice, "die Wende" (the change) is often used as a synonym. User:Rd232 12:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Expropriation-related issues == I did a Google search on : Expropriation Germany reunification. Two hits included * http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=358 * http://www.tech4peace.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=4230 My hazy recollection is that a significant number of expropriations by the DDR were disallowed after reunification, under legal theories i was not clear about. (DDR was not set up in violation of agreements with the Western Allies? BRD had simply incurred no obligation respect DDR's enactments & thus free to substitute what BRD practice would have produced?) This was true even tho IIRC all expropriations during the period from spring 1945 until creation of the DDR were deemed legitimate exercises of Soviet occupation authority. I had not been aware of the distinction made, in the hits i found, between expropriation of property by DDR * that previously the Nazi party government had (formally or defacto) expropriated and turned over to their supportes, and * productive capital (farmland and factories?) that had not previously been expropriated.
IMO this is worth discussion under impacts of reunification. Perhaps it is adequately covered in ?
--User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 03:37, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC) :It's not even mentioned there, but should be. The legality of the original 1945-49 expropriations ("Land reform") is a mystery, as is the non-return of property expropriated in eastern Europe. (The scale of the Soviet Zone expropriation is not in doubt: anyone with more than 100 hectares of land had to give it all up, as did anyone who was a "nazi and war criminal" (a criterion not always consistently applied); the total was 14,000 businesses and 3.3m hectares land.) On 30 March 2005 the case of a group of people claiming inadequate compensation for this was dismissed by the European Court of Human Rights (partly because the Convention was not established until 1950), upholding a German Constitutional Court decision. (Christian Gottschalk, ''Stuttgarter Zeitung'', 31 March 2005, "Straßburger Richter ziehen einen Schlussstrich; Regelungen zu sowjetischen Enteignungen werden bestätigt".) :In addition, there is the issue of the "black" expropriation (political colour of the CDU, the governing party in 1992 when the relevant law was passed). Perhaps 70,000 GDR citizens had property expropriated by a 1992 govt decision to reverse a March 1990 law meaning some recipients of property expropriated 1945-49 (or their descendants) lost that property without compensation. (Bizarrely, those employed in agriculture or forestry were allowed to keep the property.) This decision was declared illegal by the European Court of Human Rights in January 2004 (but the German govt appealed and I don't know the current status of the case), because of the lack of compensation. Defeat could cost the German government one to ten billion euros. [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1095369,00.html] :: You say ::: The legality of the original 1945-49 expropriations ("Land reform") is a mystery :: but i assumed that was the least troublesome legal issue. INALB by virtue of the German unconditional surrender, IMO the SU incurred the obligation to put an economy back in motion, and the power to do so, i.e. de facto sovereignty over the occupied territory; that power includes the authority to make irreversible changes of ownership, since the ability only to make ''temporary'' changes makes you ineffective in light of how individuals and organizations need to trust in non-reversal of the conditions the substitute sovereign promises them, before they can be induced to carry out economic activities that are necessary for the fulfillment of the occupier's responsibilities. I don't think i am significantly oversimplifying when i say that this is just a more subtle version of this principle: ::* if the occupier can't convince farmers that the currency the occupier issues will be honored when sovereighty is restored, ::* the urban populace is likely to starve en masse, and ::* any farmer who's used to getting even one thing they ''need'' from the a different ''village'' (let alone a city) will soon be close to disaster. :: I assume research would show that this is basic international law, that goes back probably at least as far as the Renaissance. ::--User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 20:05, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
G
GA | GB | GC | GD | GE | GF | GH | GI | GJ | GK | GL | GM | GN | GO | GP | GR | GS | GT | GU | GW | GX | GY | GZ |Words begining with German_reunification:
German_Reunification
German_reunification
German_reunification
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