
Genetics (from the Greek language genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. The word genetics was first applied to describe the study of inheritance and the science of variation by English scientist William Bateson in a letter to Adam Sedgewick, dated April 18, 1905. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and selective breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the DNA sequence of particular DNA molecules. Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins, which, in turn play a large role in influencing, although, in many instances, do not completely determine, the final phenotype of the organism. The phrase to code for is often used to mean a gene contains the instructions on how to build a particular protein, as in ''the gene codes for the protein''. Note that the "one gene, one protein" concept is now known to be simplistic. For example, a single gene may produce multiple products, depending on how its transcription (genetics) is regulated. ==History== It was not until 1865 that Gregor Mendel first traced inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they obeyed simple statistical rules. Although not all features show these patterns of Mendelian inheritance, his work acted as a proof that application of statistics to inheritance could be highly useful. Since that time many more complex forms of inheritance have been demonstrated. From his statistical analysis Mendel defined a concept that he described as an ''allele'', which was the fundamental unit of heredity. The term ''allele'' as Mendel used it is nearly synonymous with the term ''gene'', whilst the term ''allele'' now means a specific variant of a particular gene. The significance of Mendel's work was not understood until early in the twentieth century, after his death, when his research was re-discovered by other scientists working on similar problems. Mendel was unaware of the physical nature of the gene. We now know that genetic information is normally carried on DNA. (Certain viruses store their genetic information in RNA). Manipulation of DNA can in turn alter the inheritance and features of various organisms. ===Timeline of notable discoveries=== :1859 Charles Darwin publishes ''The Origin of Species'' :1865 Gregor Mendel's paper, ''Experiments on Plant Hybridization'' :1903 Chromosomes are discovered to be hereditary units :1905 British biologist William Bateson coins the term "genetics" in a letter to Adam Sedgwick :1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes :1913 Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome :1918 Ronald Fisher publishes ''On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance'' - the modern synthesis starts. :1913 Gene maps show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes :1927 Physical changes in genes are called mutations :1928 Frederick Griffith discovers a hereditary molecule that is transmissible between bacteria (see Griffiths experiment) :1931 Crossing over is the cause of recombination :1941 Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle show that genes code for proteins; see the original central dogma of genetics :1944 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty isolate DNA as the genetic material (at that time called transforming principle) :1950 Erwin Chargaff shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions, but that some general rules appear to hold (e.g., that the amount of adenine, A, tends to be equal to that of thymine, T). Barbara McClintock discovers transposons in maize :1952 The Hershey-Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and all other organisms) to be DNA :1953 DNA structure is resolved to be a double helix by James D. Watson and Francis Crick :1956 Jo Hin Tjio and Albert Levan established the correct chromosome number in humans to be 46 :1958 The Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrates that DNA is semiconservative replication :1961 The genetic code is arranged in triplets :1964 Howard Temin showed using RNA viruses that Watson's central dogma is not always true :1970 Restriction enzymes were discovered in studies of a bacterium, ''Haemophilius influenzae'', enabling scientists to cut and paste DNA :1977 DNA is sequencing for the first time by Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, and Allan Maxam working independently. Sanger's lab complete the entire genome of sequence of Bacteriophage Phi-X174 phage. :1983 Kary Banks Mullis discovers the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA :1989 The first human gene is sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui, it encodes the CFTR protein, defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis :1995 The genome of ''Haemophilus influenzae'' is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced :1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released :1998 The first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, ''C. elegans'' is released :2001 First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics. :2003 (14 April) Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genome sequenced to a 99.99% accuracy [http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/English/Actualites/Presse/HGP/HGP_press_release-140403.pdf] ==Areas of genetics== ===Classical genetics=== ''Main articles:'' Classical genetics, Mendelian inheritance Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of genetics that predate the advent of molecular biology. After the discovery of the genetic code and such tools of Clone (genetics) as restriction enzymes, the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechanistic understanding brought by molecular discoveries, but many remain intact and in use, such as Mendelian inheritance. Patterns of inheritence still remain a useful tool for the study of genetic diseases. ===Molecular genetics=== Molecular genetics builds upon the foundation of classical genetics but focuses on the structure and function of gene at a Molecule level. Molecular genetics employs the methods of both classical genetics (such as hybridization) and molecular biology. It is so-called to differentiate it from other sub fields of genetics such as ecological genetics and population genetics. An important area within molecular genetics is the use of molecular information to determine the patterns of descent, and therefore the correct scientific classification of organisms: this is called molecular systematics. The study of inherited features not strictly associated with changes in the DNA sequence is called epigenetics. Some take the view that life can be defined, in molecule terms, as the set of strategies which RNA polynucleotides have used and continue to use to perpetuate themselves. This definition grows out of work on the origin of life, specifically the RNA world hypothesis. ===Population, quantitative and ecological genetics=== ''Main articles:'' Population genetics, Quantitative genetics, Ecological genetics Population, quantitative and ecological genetics are all very closely related subfields and also build upon classical genetics (supplemented with modern molecular genetics). They are chiefly distinguished by a common theme of studying populations of organisms drawn from nature but differ somewhat in the choice of which aspect of the organism on which they focus. The foundational discipline is population genetics which studies the distribution of and change in allele frequency of genes under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and migration. It is the theory that attempts to explain such phenomena as adaptation (biology) and speciation. The related subfield of quantitative genetics, which builds on population genetics, aims to predict the response to selection given data on the phenotype and relationships of individuals. A more recent development of quantitative genetics is the analysis of quantitative trait loci. Traits that are under the influence of a large number of genes are known as quantitative traits, and their mapping to a location on the chromosome requires accurate phenotypic, pedigree and marker data from a large number of related individuals. Ecological genetics again builds upon the basic principles of population genetics but is more explicitly focused on ecology issues. While molecular genetics studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level, ecological genetics focuses on wild populations of organisms, and attempts to collect data on the ecological aspects of individuals as well as molecular markers from those individuals. ===Genomics=== A more recent development is the rise of genomics, which attempts the study of large-scale genetic patterns across the genome for (and in principle, all the DNA in) a given species. Genomics depends on the availabilty of whole genome sequences, and compuational tools developed in the field of bioinformatics for analysis of large set of data. ===Closely-related fields=== The science which grew out of the union of biochemistry and genetics is widely known as molecular biology. The term "genetics" is often widely conflated with the notion of genetic engineering, where the DNA of an organism is modified for some kind of practical end, but most research in genetics is aimed at understanding and explaining the effect of genes on phenotypes and in the role of genes in populations (see population genetics and ecological genetics), rather than genetic engineering. ==See also== * List of genetics-related topics ===Related topics=== *genetic screen *central dogma of molecular biology *gene regulatory network *List of publications in biology#Genetics *List of genetics research organizations *genetic counseling *genetic testing *List of geneticists & biochemists *Mitochondrial genetics ===Publications=== *''Genetics (journal)'' *''Journal of Genetics'' *''Annals of Human Genetics'' *''Heredity (journal)'' ==External links== ===Related publications=== *[http://www.nature.com/ng/ ''Nature Genetics''] *[http://www.nature.com/nrg/index.html ''Nature Reviews Genetics''] *[http://hmg.oupjournals.org/ ''Human Molecular Genetics''] *[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/home.html ''American Journal of Human Genetics''] *[http://www.nature.com/genomics/ ''Nature Genomics''] *[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/ ''European Journal of Human Genetics''] *[http://www.jpharmacogenetics.com/ ''Pharmacogenetics''] *''Journal of Medical Genetics'' *''Advanced Genetics'' *''Annual Reviews of Genetics'' *''[http://www.genesdev.org/ Genes and Development]'' *''[http://jhered.oupjournals.org/ Journal of Heredity]'' === Other === *[http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu Genetic Science Learning Center] *[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/genetics.shtml The Virtual Library on Genetics] *[http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/corporate/Library/letter.html Letter to Adam Sedgwick in 1905 from William Bateson] *[http://www.jbpub.com/connections Exploring the Way Life Works] Genetics Academic disciplines bn:জিনতত্ত্ব ms:Genetik simple:Genetics ta:மரபியல் th:พันธุศาสตร์ vi:Di truyền học
Once a page is protected, can it become unprotected? This page still needs a bit of work. # Genomics is not applied genetics. I have no idea of how anyone could have that impression. The genome is all of the genetic material of an organism. It is all of the individual genes, including how they are connected and how they interact with each other. It is as abstract (if not more so) than traditional genetic analysis. # This page should link to epigenetic inheritance
User:AdamRetchless Unprotected. There is no reason why it should have been protected and was probably done on accident. --User:Maveric149 ---- User:Mjanich, thanks for adding all the new information to this article, but please search for and use internal wikilinks if they exist. Wikipedia is supposed to be a self-contained encyclopedia. External links are fine, but internal links are better if they exist (e.g. ''New Scientist''). Also, if they ''should'' exist, i.e. are encyclopedia-worthy or otherwise notable, creating a link to an empty page creates an incentive for somebody to create a page on that subject! Thanks. --User:Lexor 08:54, 4 Nov 2003 (UTC) == Timeline == "1945 - Genes code for one protein" Does this refer to George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum's experiments? I was about to change the timeline to "George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum show that genes code . . ." but the main publication of their findings was 1941. Is the date wrong or is this timeline refering to someone else? User:Sayeth 17:36, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC) :According to [http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/History_of_Genetics EvoWiki: History of Genetics] (based on the timeline in P.J. Russel's iGenetics textbook) you're right, and 1945 is wrong. --User:Steinsky 18:43, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) ::Thanks, I corrected the article to reflect this. User:Sayeth 22:18, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC) The timeline also mentions 1997 as the first genome sequencing . Bioinformatics mentions 1984. Frederick Sanger first sequenced the Phi-X174 Phage as the first sequenced genome in 1977 according to http://dorakmt.tripod.com/genetics/notes01.html. User:Adenosine 02:50, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC) :ok no one is replying to this, i really hope someone can give me the basis for the statement that 1997 was the first sequenced genome, it should be 1977 User:Adenosine 09:00, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC) ::I can find no evidence for the 1997 claim: the first eukaryote sequence (yeast) was published in 1996, but I can confirm that Sanger sequenced øX174 in 1977 (though I don't know if the definition of "genome" includes phages. User:Steinsky User talk:Steinsky 12:15, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::: To keep with 'wikipedian' consistency, we nee to consider viruses as having genome . I know many people might argue that viruses are not alive and there for their nucleic acid is not a 'genome'. But i argue that they carry inheritable genetic information and must be included. Unless anyone has arguement with me, I'll change the date to reflect Frederick Sanger's monumental achievment. User:Adenosine 07:43, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC) *Sequencing the phage genome would have been difficult at the time, and this was the first DNA sequence generated, so that should definately be included. The the first prokaryote (Haemophilus influenzae 1995) and first eukaryote with a sequenced genome (yeast, 1996 [http://record.wustl.edu/archive/1996/05-02-96/1616.html]), first multicellualr eukartote (''C.elegans'', 1998 [http://www.genome.wustl.edu/projects/celegans/]), should also be included, this site [http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/course/projects/final-4/] would be a good source for other sequencing milestones. --User:Petaholmes 08:00, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Paleogenetics == Should paleogenetics be added to the "Subfields of genetics" box? —User:Vespristiano 01:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
#REDIRECT Template:Genetics-footer
#REDIRECT Template:Genetics-footer
Genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and selective breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the DNA sequence of particular DNA molecules. Biology vi:Category:Di truyền học
I have split out many of the articles into one of the subcategories, :Category:Classical genetics or :Category:Molecular genetics. My rationale for the split is this: if the article clearly refers to techniques or concepts well developed before the discovery of the structure of DNA, then it should be in the former (e.g. Mendelian inheritance), if it is a technique or concept that was primarily developed after, then it goes in the latter (e.g. transgenic or reverse genetics). For concepts that are not unambiguously assignable to either category, or generalize across both fields, or overview articles involving ''both'' classical and molecular techniques/concepts/traditions (e.g cytogenetics and epigenetics) then leave it in the the current category :Category:Genetics. --User:Lexor|User talk:Lexor 07:00, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Genetics:
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics-footer
Genetics-footer
Genetics_(journal)
Genetics_and_sexual_orientation
Genetics_and_sexual_orientation
Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species
Genetics_experiments
Genetics_of_humans
Genetics_of_Shyness
Genetics_or_genomics_research_institutions
Genetics_top
Genetics_top
Genetics
Genetics (from the Greek language genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. The word genetics was first applied to describe the study of inheritance and the science of variation by English scientist William Bateson in a letter to Adam Sedgewick, dated April 18, 1905. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and selective breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the DNA sequence of particular DNA molecules. Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins, which, in turn play a large role in influencing, although, in many instances, do not completely determine, the final phenotype of the organism. The phrase to code for is often used to mean a gene contains the instructions on how to build a particular protein, as in ''the gene codes for the protein''. Note that the "one gene, one protein" concept is now known to be simplistic. For example, a single gene may produce multiple products, depending on how its transcription (genetics) is regulated. ==History== It was not until 1865 that Gregor Mendel first traced inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they obeyed simple statistical rules. Although not all features show these patterns of Mendelian inheritance, his work acted as a proof that application of statistics to inheritance could be highly useful. Since that time many more complex forms of inheritance have been demonstrated. From his statistical analysis Mendel defined a concept that he described as an ''allele'', which was the fundamental unit of heredity. The term ''allele'' as Mendel used it is nearly synonymous with the term ''gene'', whilst the term ''allele'' now means a specific variant of a particular gene. The significance of Mendel's work was not understood until early in the twentieth century, after his death, when his research was re-discovered by other scientists working on similar problems. Mendel was unaware of the physical nature of the gene. We now know that genetic information is normally carried on DNA. (Certain viruses store their genetic information in RNA). Manipulation of DNA can in turn alter the inheritance and features of various organisms. ===Timeline of notable discoveries=== :1859 Charles Darwin publishes ''The Origin of Species'' :1865 Gregor Mendel's paper, ''Experiments on Plant Hybridization'' :1903 Chromosomes are discovered to be hereditary units :1905 British biologist William Bateson coins the term "genetics" in a letter to Adam Sedgwick :1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes :1913 Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome :1918 Ronald Fisher publishes ''On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance'' - the modern synthesis starts. :1913 Gene maps show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes :1927 Physical changes in genes are called mutations :1928 Frederick Griffith discovers a hereditary molecule that is transmissible between bacteria (see Griffiths experiment) :1931 Crossing over is the cause of recombination :1941 Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle show that genes code for proteins; see the original central dogma of genetics :1944 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty isolate DNA as the genetic material (at that time called transforming principle) :1950 Erwin Chargaff shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions, but that some general rules appear to hold (e.g., that the amount of adenine, A, tends to be equal to that of thymine, T). Barbara McClintock discovers transposons in maize :1952 The Hershey-Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and all other organisms) to be DNA :1953 DNA structure is resolved to be a double helix by James D. Watson and Francis Crick :1956 Jo Hin Tjio and Albert Levan established the correct chromosome number in humans to be 46 :1958 The Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrates that DNA is semiconservative replication :1961 The genetic code is arranged in triplets :1964 Howard Temin showed using RNA viruses that Watson's central dogma is not always true :1970 Restriction enzymes were discovered in studies of a bacterium, ''Haemophilius influenzae'', enabling scientists to cut and paste DNA :1977 DNA is sequencing for the first time by Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, and Allan Maxam working independently. Sanger's lab complete the entire genome of sequence of Bacteriophage Phi-X174 phage. :1983 Kary Banks Mullis discovers the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA :1989 The first human gene is sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui, it encodes the CFTR protein, defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis :1995 The genome of ''Haemophilus influenzae'' is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced :1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released :1998 The first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, ''C. elegans'' is released :2001 First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics. :2003 (14 April) Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genome sequenced to a 99.99% accuracy [http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/English/Actualites/Presse/HGP/HGP_press_release-140403.pdf] ==Areas of genetics== ===Classical genetics=== ''Main articles:'' Classical genetics, Mendelian inheritance Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of genetics that predate the advent of molecular biology. After the discovery of the genetic code and such tools of Clone (genetics) as restriction enzymes, the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechanistic understanding brought by molecular discoveries, but many remain intact and in use, such as Mendelian inheritance. Patterns of inheritence still remain a useful tool for the study of genetic diseases. ===Molecular genetics=== Molecular genetics builds upon the foundation of classical genetics but focuses on the structure and function of gene at a Molecule level. Molecular genetics employs the methods of both classical genetics (such as hybridization) and molecular biology. It is so-called to differentiate it from other sub fields of genetics such as ecological genetics and population genetics. An important area within molecular genetics is the use of molecular information to determine the patterns of descent, and therefore the correct scientific classification of organisms: this is called molecular systematics. The study of inherited features not strictly associated with changes in the DNA sequence is called epigenetics. Some take the view that life can be defined, in molecule terms, as the set of strategies which RNA polynucleotides have used and continue to use to perpetuate themselves. This definition grows out of work on the origin of life, specifically the RNA world hypothesis. ===Population, quantitative and ecological genetics=== ''Main articles:'' Population genetics, Quantitative genetics, Ecological genetics Population, quantitative and ecological genetics are all very closely related subfields and also build upon classical genetics (supplemented with modern molecular genetics). They are chiefly distinguished by a common theme of studying populations of organisms drawn from nature but differ somewhat in the choice of which aspect of the organism on which they focus. The foundational discipline is population genetics which studies the distribution of and change in allele frequency of genes under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and migration. It is the theory that attempts to explain such phenomena as adaptation (biology) and speciation. The related subfield of quantitative genetics, which builds on population genetics, aims to predict the response to selection given data on the phenotype and relationships of individuals. A more recent development of quantitative genetics is the analysis of quantitative trait loci. Traits that are under the influence of a large number of genes are known as quantitative traits, and their mapping to a location on the chromosome requires accurate phenotypic, pedigree and marker data from a large number of related individuals. Ecological genetics again builds upon the basic principles of population genetics but is more explicitly focused on ecology issues. While molecular genetics studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level, ecological genetics focuses on wild populations of organisms, and attempts to collect data on the ecological aspects of individuals as well as molecular markers from those individuals. ===Genomics=== A more recent development is the rise of genomics, which attempts the study of large-scale genetic patterns across the genome for (and in principle, all the DNA in) a given species. Genomics depends on the availabilty of whole genome sequences, and compuational tools developed in the field of bioinformatics for analysis of large set of data. ===Closely-related fields=== The science which grew out of the union of biochemistry and genetics is widely known as molecular biology. The term "genetics" is often widely conflated with the notion of genetic engineering, where the DNA of an organism is modified for some kind of practical end, but most research in genetics is aimed at understanding and explaining the effect of genes on phenotypes and in the role of genes in populations (see population genetics and ecological genetics), rather than genetic engineering. ==See also== * List of genetics-related topics ===Related topics=== *genetic screen *central dogma of molecular biology *gene regulatory network *List of publications in biology#Genetics *List of genetics research organizations *genetic counseling *genetic testing *List of geneticists & biochemists *Mitochondrial genetics ===Publications=== *''Genetics (journal)'' *''Journal of Genetics'' *''Annals of Human Genetics'' *''Heredity (journal)'' ==External links== ===Related publications=== *[http://www.nature.com/ng/ ''Nature Genetics''] *[http://www.nature.com/nrg/index.html ''Nature Reviews Genetics''] *[http://hmg.oupjournals.org/ ''Human Molecular Genetics''] *[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/home.html ''American Journal of Human Genetics''] *[http://www.nature.com/genomics/ ''Nature Genomics''] *[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/ ''European Journal of Human Genetics''] *[http://www.jpharmacogenetics.com/ ''Pharmacogenetics''] *''Journal of Medical Genetics'' *''Advanced Genetics'' *''Annual Reviews of Genetics'' *''[http://www.genesdev.org/ Genes and Development]'' *''[http://jhered.oupjournals.org/ Journal of Heredity]'' === Other === *[http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu Genetic Science Learning Center] *[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/genetics.shtml The Virtual Library on Genetics] *[http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/corporate/Library/letter.html Letter to Adam Sedgwick in 1905 from William Bateson] *[http://www.jbpub.com/connections Exploring the Way Life Works] Genetics Academic disciplines bn:জিনতত্ত্ব ms:Genetik simple:Genetics ta:மரபியல் th:พันธุศาสตร์ vi:Di truyền học
Genetics
Once a page is protected, can it become unprotected? This page still needs a bit of work. # Genomics is not applied genetics. I have no idea of how anyone could have that impression. The genome is all of the genetic material of an organism. It is all of the individual genes, including how they are connected and how they interact with each other. It is as abstract (if not more so) than traditional genetic analysis. # This page should link to epigenetic inheritance
User:AdamRetchless Unprotected. There is no reason why it should have been protected and was probably done on accident. --User:Maveric149 ---- User:Mjanich, thanks for adding all the new information to this article, but please search for and use internal wikilinks if they exist. Wikipedia is supposed to be a self-contained encyclopedia. External links are fine, but internal links are better if they exist (e.g. ''New Scientist''). Also, if they ''should'' exist, i.e. are encyclopedia-worthy or otherwise notable, creating a link to an empty page creates an incentive for somebody to create a page on that subject! Thanks. --User:Lexor 08:54, 4 Nov 2003 (UTC) == Timeline == "1945 - Genes code for one protein" Does this refer to George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum's experiments? I was about to change the timeline to "George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum show that genes code . . ." but the main publication of their findings was 1941. Is the date wrong or is this timeline refering to someone else? User:Sayeth 17:36, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC) :According to [http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/History_of_Genetics EvoWiki: History of Genetics] (based on the timeline in P.J. Russel's iGenetics textbook) you're right, and 1945 is wrong. --User:Steinsky 18:43, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) ::Thanks, I corrected the article to reflect this. User:Sayeth 22:18, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC) The timeline also mentions 1997 as the first genome sequencing . Bioinformatics mentions 1984. Frederick Sanger first sequenced the Phi-X174 Phage as the first sequenced genome in 1977 according to http://dorakmt.tripod.com/genetics/notes01.html. User:Adenosine 02:50, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC) :ok no one is replying to this, i really hope someone can give me the basis for the statement that 1997 was the first sequenced genome, it should be 1977 User:Adenosine 09:00, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC) ::I can find no evidence for the 1997 claim: the first eukaryote sequence (yeast) was published in 1996, but I can confirm that Sanger sequenced øX174 in 1977 (though I don't know if the definition of "genome" includes phages. User:Steinsky User talk:Steinsky 12:15, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::: To keep with 'wikipedian' consistency, we nee to consider viruses as having genome . I know many people might argue that viruses are not alive and there for their nucleic acid is not a 'genome'. But i argue that they carry inheritable genetic information and must be included. Unless anyone has arguement with me, I'll change the date to reflect Frederick Sanger's monumental achievment. User:Adenosine 07:43, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC) *Sequencing the phage genome would have been difficult at the time, and this was the first DNA sequence generated, so that should definately be included. The the first prokaryote (Haemophilus influenzae 1995) and first eukaryote with a sequenced genome (yeast, 1996 [http://record.wustl.edu/archive/1996/05-02-96/1616.html]), first multicellualr eukartote (''C.elegans'', 1998 [http://www.genome.wustl.edu/projects/celegans/]), should also be included, this site [http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/course/projects/final-4/] would be a good source for other sequencing milestones. --User:Petaholmes 08:00, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Paleogenetics == Should paleogenetics be added to the "Subfields of genetics" box? —User:Vespristiano 01:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Genetics
#REDIRECT Template:Genetics-footer
Genetics
#REDIRECT Template:Genetics-footer
Genetics
Genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and selective breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the DNA sequence of particular DNA molecules. Biology vi:Category:Di truyền học
Genetics
I have split out many of the articles into one of the subcategories, :Category:Classical genetics or :Category:Molecular genetics. My rationale for the split is this: if the article clearly refers to techniques or concepts well developed before the discovery of the structure of DNA, then it should be in the former (e.g. Mendelian inheritance), if it is a technique or concept that was primarily developed after, then it goes in the latter (e.g. transgenic or reverse genetics). For concepts that are not unambiguously assignable to either category, or generalize across both fields, or overview articles involving ''both'' classical and molecular techniques/concepts/traditions (e.g cytogenetics and epigenetics) then leave it in the the current category :Category:Genetics. --User:Lexor|User talk:Lexor 07:00, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
G
GA | GB | GC | GD | GE | GF | GH | GI | GJ | GK | GL | GM | GN | GO | GP | GR | GS | GT | GU | GW | GX | GY | GZ |Words begining with Genetics:
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics-footer
Genetics-footer
Genetics_(journal)
Genetics_and_sexual_orientation
Genetics_and_sexual_orientation
Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species
Genetics_experiments
Genetics_of_humans
Genetics_of_Shyness
Genetics_or_genomics_research_institutions
Genetics_top
Genetics_top
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