
Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigree chart. This involves collecting the names of relatives, both living and deceased, and establishing the relationships between them based on primary, secondary and/or circumstantial evidence or documentation, thus building up a cohesive family tree. Genealogy is sometimes also referred to as family history, although sometimes these terms are used distinctly: the former being the basic study of who is related to whom; the latter involving more "fleshing out" of the life histories of the individuals involved. ==Overview== Genealogists search written records, collect oral histories and preserve family stories to discover ancestors and living relatives. Genealogists also attempt to understand not just where and when people lived but also their lifestyle, biography, and motivations. This often requires — or leads to — knowledge of antique law, old political boundaries, immigration trends, and historical social conditions. Genealogists and family historians often join a Family History Society where novices can learn from more experienced researchers, and everyone benefits from shared knowledge. Even an unsuccessful search for ancestors leads to a better understanding of history. The search for living relatives often leads to Wiktionary:Family reunion, both of distant Wiktionary:Cousin and of disrupted families. Genealogists sometimes help reunite families separated by immigration, foster homes and adoption. The genealogist can help keep family traditions alive or reveal family secrets. In its original form, genealogy was mainly concerned with the ancestry of rulers and nobles, often arguing or demonstrating the legitimacy of claims to wealth and power. The term often overlapped with heraldry, in which the ancestry of royalty was reflected in the quarterings of their coat of arms. Many of the claimed ancestries are considered by modern scholars to be fabrications, especially the claims of kings and emperors who trace their ancestry to gods or the founders of their civilization. For example, the Anglo-Saxons chroniclers traced the ancestry of several English kings back to the god Woden (the English version of the Norse mythology god Odin). If these descents were true, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom would be a descendant of Woden, via the kings of Wessex. In fiction, it is common to give a character a complicated fictional genealogy to make his or her background more interesting. A picturesque one is the genealogy for Godwulf of Asgard. ==Modern research== Genealogical and historical societies are a great help to researchers piecing together their family history and placing it within its historical context. Some such societies focus on tracing the lineage of participants in one historical event. Among these in the United States are the Daughters of the American Revolution, The Society of Mayflower Descendants, and United Daughters of the Confederacy. Another type of society focuses on a particular geographical area rather than on particular individuals. Among these geographically oriented societies, the [http://www.newenglandancestors.org/ New England Historic Genealogical Society] founded in 1845 is the oldest in America. In addition to particular historical events and places, research efforts can focus on other types of relationships between people such as kinship to a particular group of people, such as a Scottish clan; to a particular surname such as in a one-name study, see [http://www.one-name.org/ Guild of One-Name Studies]; or to a particular person such as Jesse James. Theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) includes the practice of baptism for the dead, an ordinance where baptism is performed by living people for and in behalf of those who have died. Mormons believe that, in this manner, the living may assist their deceased relatives to progress in the next life, should they accept religious ordinances done in their behalf. In the last century, the LDS Church engaged on a large scale program of copying all available records that would be useful for genealogy, microfilming them and constructing an index, the International Genealogical Index (IGI). The IGI contains information submitted for vicarious ordinances by Mormon researchers, records obtained from contributors who are not members of the church or data taken from various birth or marriage records that Church members have microfilmed. The IGI contains hundreds of millions of records of individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900, primarily in the United States, Canada and Europe. By making so many resources available, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints has helped contribute to the increasing interest in genealogy over the last couple of decades. Information is available free or at a nominal cost through the internet, through the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, and worldwide at Family History Centers near local congregations. Individual genetic test results are being collected in various databases to match people descended from a relatively recent common ancestor, for example see [http://smgf.org/ Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation]. These tests identify either the male or female line. Some genetic tests are being used to place people within ancient ancestral groups, for example see [http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/ Genographic Project]. Participation in all such projects is, of course, voluntary. Genealogy has been claimed by some to be one of the most popular hobbies in America, second only to stamp or coin collecting. The hobby received a big boost in popularity in the late 1970s with the premiere of the television adaptation of Alex Haley's fictionalized account of his family line, ''Roots: The Saga of an American Family''. ===Sharing data among researchers=== Data sharing among genealogical researchers has grown to be a major use of the Internet. Since most #Software programs can output information about persons and their relationships in GEDCOM format, it can be shared with other genealogists by e-mail and Internet message boards, added to an online database, or converted into a family web site using online genealogical tools such as GED2HTML, PhpGedView, and [http://www.phpmyfamily.net Phpmyfamily]. Genealogical software also facilitate sharing of information on CD-ROMs and DVDs made on personal computers. One phenomenon over the last few years has been that of large genealogy-related databases going on-line, attracting a Flash Crowd, and having to suspend service within days to make hurried upgrades after collapsing under the unexpected magnitude of traffic load: this happened with [http://www.familysearch.org the Mormons' genealogy database] and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's [http://www.cwgc.org/cwgcinternet/search.aspx listing of war graves]. In 2002#January, the much-anticipated [http://www.census.pro.gov.uk/ British census for 1901] went online. Within minutes it was inaccessible because of server and network load, and it had to be taken offline. Later in the year, after upgrades had been made, it came back online. ===Volunteerism=== Volunteer efforts figure prominently in genealogy both as a source of enriching data sources and as a means to obtain information from geographically remote sources. For instance, there is an organization of >4500 researchers that share their time under the phrase and associated [http://www.raogk.org/ web site] "Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness". The volunteers have each agreed to field one request in their geographical area a month, which entitles them to draw upon the time in similar fashion from other group members. A request might take the form of "please check to see if my great-grandfather is buried in the cemetery near where you live", for instance. This group is one of many examples of researchers working on unrelated projects volunteering their time to other individuals on request. A very popular and useful way for genealogy amateurs to help each other is the creation of mailing lists. RootsWeb.com has hundreds of lists for different topics or regions. A member can send a request for help by e-mail to the list address, the mail is immediately distributed to all list members and anyone who can help will in turn mail a reply to the list. Not only can one get an answer very quickly - following the conversations is also very educating. Another form of volunteerism is records transcription. Usually this takes the form of transcribing information from a non-electronic paper source to electronic format for distribution. Another major type of transcription is the copying of information from cemetery tombstones and organization of this information online. A look at the [http://userdb.rootsweb.com/contributors.html Rootsweb User Database listing] provides an example of the broad range of such individual volunteer efforts. Among more formal volunteer transcription efforts are the databases of the [http://www.italiangen.org/ Italian Genealogical Group], and the [http://www.us-census.org/ USGenWeb Census Project] which matches volunteers with census transcription opportunities. ===Genetic Analysis=== With the discovery that a person's DNA contains information that has been passed down unchanged from our earliest ancestors, analysis of DNA is just beginning to be used for genealogical research. There are two markers of interest. One is the mitochondrial DNA which we all possess and which is passed down with only minor mutations through the female line. The other is the Y-chromosome, present only in males, which can indicate connections through the male line. Since we do not have the DNA of most of our ancestors, these methods are not useful to confirm who is descended from whom, but can determine in many cases the "closeness of kin" between two persons or two surnames, and to identify the region our ancestors came from. Genetic methods are also being used on a larger scale to trace human migratory patterns and determine, for example, when the first humans came to North America and how they got there. One major effort currently going on is the [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic Genography Project], a joint effort of National Geographic and IBM. ==Records in genealogical research== Records of persons who were neither royalty nor nobility began to be taken by governments in order to keep track of their citizens. (In most of Europe, for example, this started to take place in the 16th century.) As more of the population began to be recorded, there were sufficient records to follow a family using the paper trail they left behind. As each person lived his or her life, the major events were documented with a license, permit or report which was sent to a local, regional or national office or archive. A genealogist locates copies of these records, wherever they have been stored, and rearranges the information about each person to discover family relationships and recreate a timeline of each person's life once again. Records that are used in genealogy research include: * Adoption records * Baptism or christening records * Biographies and biographical profiles (as in Who's Who, etc.) * Birth certificate * Cemetery records and tombstones * Census records * City directories and telephone directory * Daughters of the American Revolution records * Death records * Diary, personal letters and family Bibles * Emigration, immigration and naturalization records * Real property and Homestead (law) records, deeds * Marriage license and divorce records * Health care records * Armed force records * Newspaper columns * Obituary * Occupation records * Oral history * Passports * Photographs * School and alumni association records * Passenger ship passenger lists * Social Security records * Tax records * Voter registration records * Will (law) and probate records In most cultures, the name of a person includes in one way or another the family to which he or she belongs. This is called the ''family name'', or ''surname''. It is often also called the ''last name'' because, for most speakers of English language, the family name comes after the given name (or names). However, this is not the case in other cultures, e.g. Chinese. Patronymics is a naming system which allows identification of an individual based on the father's name. Many cultures used patronymics before surnames were adopted or came into use. The Dutch in New York, for example, used the patronymic system of names until 1687 when the advent of English rule mandated surname usage. Understanding patronymics is necessary if your ancestors used this system. A beginner tutorial on the patronymic system, with examples, can be found in the article "Dutch Patronymics in New York in the 1600s" at [http://olivetreegenealogy.com/nn/pat.shtml Olive Tree Genealogy] == Reliability of sources == Experience shows that genealogical facts can be unreliable. The top five, in order of decreasing reliability, are: ===Place Names=== Normally the most accurate because it is long lasting, and apart from rare occasions is rarely wrong. Things to look out for include variable spellings by partially literate scribes, small places of the same name in neighbouring counties (e.g. the name of the village of Brocton occurs six times in the border area between the English counties of Shropshire and Staffordshire), old county borders (outlying and detached areas belonging to one county with another county, particularly in C17th-C19th England), and incorrect county on census returns. The place where the ancestor recalls growing up may not be the place of birth or where the records are eventually found. Many families have been historically very mobile. A good set of detailed maps (such as the British Ordnance Survey (OS) maps) and use the OS [http://www.old-maps.co.uk/ Old Map] website. Old records may contain references to Middle Age villages that have ceased to exist due to disease or famine. In general, there is a good likelihood that the place (parish) of a birth for a girl is the place she marries (unless 'sent abroad' as a servant), and that the place of residence for a man is where he is buried; certainly a neighbouring parish. Useful references: maps (online), gazetteer (place name dictionary), census returns, birth, death & marriage records, Domesday Book. ===Occupations=== Can be partly right. Many unskilled ancestors had a variety of jobs depending on the season and local trade requirements. Occasionally skilled trades pass from father to son. Census returns may contain some embellishment from Labourer to Mason, or from journeyman to Master craftsman. Workmen no longer fit for their primary trade often have less glamorous jobs later in life. Look out for old or unfamiliar local occupations that may cause confusion if poorly legible - an ostler (a keeper of horses) and a hostler (an innkeeper) can be confused. For example, someone who has a perplexing description "ironer of rabbit burrows" turns out an ironer (profession) in the Bristol district named Rabbit Burrows. Several trades have regional preferences, for e.g. shoemaker or cordwainer, and many apparently obscure jobs are part of a larger trade community such as watchmaking, framework knitting or gunmaking. References: trade directories, census returns, birth, death & marriage records. ===Surnames=== At least correct if viewed phonetically! Some surnames can be spelled a multitude of way by partially illiterate ancestors or scribes. The further you go back, the more bizarre the variations you encounter. Some names become interchangeable between married and maiden names, and previous husbands' names. Some family names are not always obvious (examples include MORDECAI interchangeable with MORT). Confusion can result from using step-parents or adopted parents names, as well as a woman using her lover's name. Common-law marriages were still common in Victorian times in England, even though this type of legally recognised informal marriage was abolished in 1753, so records of a marriage simply may not exist. References: trade directories, census returns, birth, death & marriage records. ===First Names=== One of the most confusing aspects of research for a wide range of reasons. Nicknames are very common - Beth, Lizzie or Betty is common for Elizabeth, which can be confused with Eliza. Patty has been used as a diminutive form for Martha. There is Amy used for Alice, Nancy/Ann, and Polly used for a number of girls names including Mary Ann and Elizabeth. While the girls names are the most confusing, boys names can also interchange: Jack, John & Jonathan, Joseph & Josiah, Edward & Edwin, etc. The use of middle names is more common than you may think - very often names appear back to front on a wide range of documents. The same name can also be given to several children, often the result of an earlier child dying young, however this is not always the case! You may conclude that there is both a John senior (i.e. "elder") and John junior (i.e. "younger") alive at the same time (not to be confused with the use of Sr. and Jr. as - usually - referring to father and son). It is also common to confuse relatives (father and son, nephew & uncle, etc.) and family groups - you will find a period in time where everyone seems to be a child of a couple named William & Mary or Samuel & Ann, with several couples of the name living in the district you're researching, all with children named with the most popular names of the times! The sex of some names is not always clear - examples include Treasure (male) or a Frances (actually male - "Francis") marrying Eli (actually female - "Elly"). ===Dates=== The general rule is to never trust a date! Accurate dates of birth may be given for modern registrations and in a few church records at baptism. Family Bibles may be a help, but can be written from memory long after the event - beware of the same ink and handwriting for all entries; a sure sign the dates were written at the same time and therefore will be less reliable. Women will commonly reduce their age on marriage, and perhaps those under "full age" may increase their age upon marriage or joining the armed forces. Census returns are notoriously unreliable, particularly when looking for a date for a husband's death - if the woman is at home while the husband is away, she could be given as Head of household or assumed a widow. The 1841 census in the UK is rounded down to the next lower multiple of five years. Dates around birth may be confused between birth and baptism. Some families wait 3-5 years before baptising children, and adult baptisms are not unheard of. Both birth and marriage dates can be adjusted to cover for pre-wedding pregnancies. It is very common for the first child to be born before or within a few months of a marriage and sometimes baptised in the mother's name, later adopting the father's name after the parents' marriage. The father's name can be used even if no marriage has occurred. In 1752 the date of the new year was changed in England. Before 1752 the new year started on the 25th March, in 1752 this was changed to the 1st January. This was part of the transition to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. Many other European countries had already made the change, and by 1751 there was an 11 day discrepancy between the date in England and the date in other European countries. The date continued to be recorded as usual in 1752 until 2nd September 1752, the following day became 14th September 1752. Dates that were recorded in the older system can be shown by "double dating". For example; Original date: 24th of March 1750 Modern date: 24th March 1751 Double dating: 24th March 1750/51 NOTE The above may be true for British genealogical records but does in no way apply to records in other countries. A notable exception is the Nordic countries, especially Sweden, which have very detailed and mostly accurate records in the form of church records from the 18th century onwards. But there, as in any historical research, a critical review of all information and an assessment of the reliability of each source is required. ==The "maximum relationship"== One of the aims in professional genealogy circles has been to determine the maximum degree of separation which currently exists between all people in the world. That is to say, how many generations back is the first common ancestor that the two most distantly related people on earth share. Latest models, taking into account sexual differentiation, monogamy and realistic migration patterns suggest that the Most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all humans probably lived 75-150 generations or 2000-4000 years ago. Moreover, the MRCA is likely to have lived somewhere in Southeast Asia (increasing the likelihood of his or her descendents reaching the remote islands of the Pacific), is equally likely to be a man or woman, and is not characterized by an unusually large number of children. These models also show that while a large group (indeed all humans) share recent common ancestors, a given person is likely to share the vast majority of his or her genes with a very small local group. (See [http://tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Papers/Rohde-MRCA-two.pdf Rohde's On the Common Ancestors of All Living Humans]) == Software == Below is a list of computer software (listed alphabetically) which helps genealogists gather and structure the information related to genealogy. Lists of software in this category have been compiled elsewhere, such as the [http://www.cyndislist.com/software.htm Software & Computers category @ Cyndi's List], the [http://dmoz.org/Society/Genealogy/Products_and_Services/Software/ Society:Genealogy:Products and Services:Software category @ Open Directory], and [http://dmoz.org/Society/Genealogy/Products_and_Services/Software/ Business and Economy:Shopping and Services:History:Genealogy:Software category @ Yahoo Directory]. === Windows === * [http://www.ancestralauthor.com/ Ancestral Author] * [http://www.ancquest.com/ Ancestral Quest] * [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/BROTHERS_KEEPER/ Brother's Keeper] * [http://www.family-historian.co.uk/ Family Historian] (aimed primarily at UK Genealogists) * [http://www.matterware.com/ Family Matters 97] ~ Shareware based on Microsoft Access 97; still being developed as of 2004 after launch in 1994 * [http://www.familytreemaker.com/ Family Tree Maker] * [http://www.genbox.com/ Genbox Family History] * [http://www.legacyfamilytree.com/ Legacy Family Tree] * [http://www.whollygenes.com/ The Master Genealogist] * [http://www.familysearch.org/ Personal Ancestral File] * [http://www.rootsmagic.com/ RootsMagic] (from the creator of the now defunct Family Origins) * [http://winfamily.com/ WinFamily] === Macintosh === * [http://www.geditcom.com GEDitCOM] * [http://www.onlymac.de/html/stammbaum4en.html Mac Family Tree] * [http://www.leisterpro.com/ Reunion] * [http://www.macgenealogy.org/ MacGenealogy.org]: Site covering genealogy software and news for Macintosh users. === Linux === * [http://genes.sourceforge.net/ Genes] * [http://gramps.sourceforge.net/ Gramps] * [http://lifelines.sourceforge.net/ LifeLines] === Webserving (available for multiple operating systems) === * [http://cristal.inria.fr/~ddr/GeneWeb/ GeneWeb]: Site for acquiring software that can be installed on a webserver, in which case Common Gateway Interface mode can be invoked, or on a local PC, in which case it functions as its own webserver. The software is free and has been developed by a group of individuals that appear to be otherwise unaffiliated. GeneWeb is distinguished by the implementation of unique consanguinity and relationship algorithms. {site visited 2005-01-27} * PhpGedView * [http://www.phpmyfamily.net/ phpmyfamily]: Site for acquiring software that can be installed on a webserver for building and hosting a genealogy website. The software is free and development is hosted on [http://Sourceforge.net SourceForge.net]. Current prerequisites are PHP and MySQL. {site visited 2005-01-27} * [http://www.lythgoes.net/genealogy/software.php The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding©] ("TNG"): A powerful way to manage and display your genealogy data on the Internet, all without generating a single page of HTML. Instead, your information is stored in MySQL database tables and dynamically displayed in attractive fashion with PHP (a scripting language). === Java (cross-platform) === * [http://arbre.sourceforge.net/ @rbre - open 3D genealogy (Java-X3D-P2P)]: Site for acquiring software. This is a GEDCOM file viewer, relying on other software to produce a GEDCOM file. At an early stage of development, @rbre provides a unique 3D visualization of family trees. The main webpage is only available in French, but Babel Fish translations to English and German are available. {site visited 2005-01-27} * [http://geneapro.sourceforge.net/ GeneaPro]- based on the [https://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ngsgentech/projects/Gdm/Gdm.htm GenTech Genealogical Data Model.] Geneapro is a multi-user, cross-platform Genealogy database program. Currently in alpha planning stage and not suitable for normal use. Written in Java using the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP), Hibernate persistance, and SQL/JDBC databases (HSQLDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL). {site visited 2005-02-14} === Web-based === * [http://www.comanchelodge.com/chickamauga-cherokee.html A Free Cherokee Indian Genealogy Resource] * [http://www.geneanet.org/ Geneanet Genealogical Database Network] - A free multilingual service allowing you to upload your family tree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-02-14} * [http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igmuser.cgi Rootsweb Worldconnect] - A free (english only) service allowing you to upload your family tree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-02-14} * [http://www.tribalpages.com/ TribalPages - Free online genealogy website] - to build and store your family tree online, upload photographs and upload your familytree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-05-16} ==References== # The mythological origin of English kings is related in a number of derivative sources, such as [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/492164 The Scyldings], an article at [http://www.ancientworlds.net/ Ancient Worlds]. In this article one primary source cited is the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". The following passage appears in the entry for A.D. 449: "Their leaders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa; who were the sons of Wihtgils; Wihtgils was the son of Witta, Witta of Wecta, Wecta of Woden. From this Woden arose all our royal kindred, and that of the Southumbrians also." In this context "royal kindred" refers to English kings. Reference: [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Anglo/part1.html The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Part 1: A.D. 1 - 748], part of [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/ The Online Medieval & Classical Library]. Retrieved 2005 Mar 11. # [http://www.newenglandancestors.org/ Homepage for the New England Historic Genealogical Society]. Retrieved 2005-02-05. # [http://www.raogk.org/ Homepage for "Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness"]. Retrieved 2005-02-06. ==External links== ''Referring to many of the links in this section'' ===General=== * [http://www.scotlandroyalty.org/ Scotland Royalty - Free Royal Genealogy Resource & Archives] * [http://www.familysearch.org/ Family Search--The LDS Church's online geneological database--World's largest online database] * [http://www.familysearch.org/paf LDS Personal Ancestral File] * [http://www.academic-genealogy.com/ Genealogy and Family History Internet Web Directory] * [http://www.familyforest.com/ Family Forest-Digital Resource for Ancestral History, Descendant and Ancestor Series eBooks, and "A People-Centered Approach To History"] * [http://www.cyndislist.com/ Cyndi's List - A categorized directory of tens of thousands of genealogy web sites] * [http://rootsweb.com/ RootsWeb.com - free genealogy site with 324 million names] * [http://www.blue-blood.co.uk Ancestry of notable people] * [http://heritagequestmagazine.com/ Heritage Quest Magazine - Website of the oldest and largest popular genealogy magazine] * [http://www.gendir.com/village/ A genealogy message board] * [http://genealogy.about.com/ About Genealogy - Tutorials, Links and Surname Meanings] * [http://phpgedview.sourceforge.net/ PhpGedView Online genealogy viewer] * [http://www.genealogyblog.com/ GenealogyBlog - A continuously updated website dealing with family history related news, websites, and products] * [http://www.search.vanee.org/ An interactive directory of categorized genealogy search engines.] * [http://www.genealogybuff.com/ GenealogyBuff.com - a surname tool and library of data files.] * [http://www.genealogytoday.com/ GenealogyToday.com - lookups, search tools, original articles and unique databases] * [http://www.wikitree.org/ WikiTree.Org] - freely-edited family tree of all human beings. * [http://www.geocities.com/bx_huang Genealogy of the Chinese Huang Clan] - Traces the origin and history of the Chinese Huang Clan. ===United Kingdom=== ''prior content has been moved to Wikibooks:Genealogy:_UK; feel free to contribute new content to this section or contribute directly to the Wikibooks:Genealogy'' User:Ceyockey 18:16, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC) ===United States of America=== ''prior content has been moved to Wikibooks:Genealogy:_US; feel free to contribute new content to this section or contribute directly to the Wikibooks:Genealogy'' User:Ceyockey 18:19, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC) ===Australia=== * [http://www.gsv.org.au The Genealogical Society of Victoria Inc.] * [http://www.vicgum.asn.au Victorian GUM Inc.] * [http://www.tasfhs.org Tasmanian Family History Society Inc.] ===Denmark=== * [http://www.genealogi.dk/index_us.htm The Society for Danish Genealogy and Biography] * [http://www.dis-danmark.dk/dis-english.asp DIS Danmark] ===Finland=== * [http://www.genealogia.fi/indexe.htm The Genealogical Society of Finland] ===Ireland=== * [http://www.ireland.com/ancestor/ Irish Ancestors] ===Israel=== * [http://www.isragen.org.il The Israel Genealogical Society] ===Malta=== * [http://www.maltagenealogy.com/ Maltese migration research] ===Sweden=== * [http://www.sweggate.com/ SweGGate = Sweden Genealogy Gate] * [http://www.genealogi.se/roots/ Swedish Roots] * [http://www.genline.com/ Swedish Church Records - Genline] ===Switzerland=== * [http://www.eye.ch/swissgen/ Swiss Genealogy on the Internet] ===Miscellaneous=== * [http://calmenno.org/grandma/index.htm The GRANDMA Project, 713,132 people of German-Russian Mennonite Ancestry] * [http://www.gen-gen.ch Société Genevoise de Généalogie - 160'000 people from Switzerland, France, Italy and the rest of the world linked together] Genealogy Kinship and descent
Does the etymology belong here? It is pretty cryptic. Also, can we just copy text like that verbatim from Miriam Webster even though we give them credit? -User:Frecklefoot ----- I'm not sure if this is relevant to this article, but somewhere in the Wikipedia, there should be an explanation about what a "first cousin, twice removed" is and all that. I know someone explained it to me once, and it made sense at the time, but I can't even begin to remember what it was. User:Tokerboy : That would be nice. Any suggestions on where to put it (article title, section in Genealogy)? -User:Frecklefoot :I'm thinking in a section devoted to it in Family. I'll go add the basic familial relationships in English, and hopefully you/others can add more. User:Tokerboy ----- Hello all. i am new to the wikiworld. excuse me in advance if this question is not appropriate for this page. i do a great deal of my genealogy, and i realize that wiki would be the perfect environment to lay out my family tree. Do wiki-genealogy sites exist? Or is it possible to download wikisoftware to my server or harddrive so i can get cracking at laying it all out? - -kingturtle User:Kingturtle 21:53 Mar 9, 2003 (UTC) *Someone has tried that; I looked at the site the other day; not successful yet. There are other ways of building a family tree cooperatively - try MyFamily.com User:Robin Patterson 20:05, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Related pages == I see it's a while since anyone discussed this article. I noticed little linking between it and others such as Family and Kinship; maybe they have developed independently? Now that we have Wikipedia:Category, there's a chance to link better; but is kinship a subcategory of genealogy or vice versa? - User:Robin Patterson 20:05, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC) I would say that a Family is an element or unit of Kinship, and Genealogy is the study of Kinship, so they would each be subcategories of Kinship. User:GUllman 20:44, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC) :I would agree with this relationship (Genealogy child of Kinship). I'd also suggest that the processes mentioned by Agendum below be placed as items under a Genealogy Category (for instance, Headstone Rubbing child of Genealogy). ~ Courtland (14 Jan 2005 by Ceyockey) I'd like also to amplify the article to describe a little about the processes involved in genealogical research - and link it to family history (although that may merit a separate page) User:Agendum 00:03, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Darwin -- Wedgwood family == I have created what is in effect a genealogical entry for the members of this family. How do we categorise it? We could also do with a family tree and a little tidy if anyone's interested in this stuff, I'd like to get a second opinion on the article as a whole. User:Duncharris|User talk:duncharris 00:27, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) Just my two cents: NEHGS - "The oldest genealogical society in the country", (mentioned twice in the text) should be "in the US". After all, this is en.wikipedia.org not us.wikipedia.org This Darwin-Whatshisface entry should be removed. This is an encyclopidia, man! The "Maximum Relationship" is probably nonsense. Parts of the human population have most probably split 100.000 years ago. Just take a look at this: http://www.mitomap.org/mitomap/WorldMigrations.pdf : Agreed. The claim that ''everyone living as of (and before) the year 500 AD is a direct ancestor of everyone living today'' is simply ridiculous (consider failed lines or geographically isolated populations that split much longer ago) and puts the entire concept in an unfavorable light. At the very least the writer has misunderstood the implications of the result. -- User:Schnolle 19:26, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC) : Mitochondria trace only female descent and thus predict a much older divergence than male+female descent trees. -- User:Xerxes314 21:33, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC) :: So, what are you saying? That the youngest common ancestor is a man? I might be naive, but men and women tend to migrate simultaneously. And it seems the australian population had no contact to the asian continent for tens of thousands of years - thus the relationship of an aboriginee to me (european) would require going back at least that period of time - as I do not have australian ancestors in modern time. ::: No, I mean for example, you have 4 grandparents, but you're only mitochondrially related to one of them: your mother's mother. For great-grandparents, it's 8-to-1. Generally, your total number of ancestors blows up exponentially with number of generations, but your number of mitochondrial ancestors is linear. Of course, there will be a lot of overlap in the total number of ancestors, so it's not precisely 2^n, but it's much much larger. That's why the most recent common ancestor is much more recent than the most recent mitochondrial ancestor. -- User:Xerxes314 19:15, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC) ::::The Pedigree collapse you refer to, is of course misinterpreted. The only thing you can actually read out of that, is the degree of inbreeding within a geogrphicall limited area. (Lile austrlia, or a seven sea island or whatever. Theoretchically, the chances to be related to a pharao increases the more fare back you go, but its never a must, only a possibilty. Mathematics can not be used like that. But to give an average picture about inbreeding factor, it gives an indication. User:Dan Koehl 03:58, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) And... just btw: Great Britain is part of Europe, or at least used to. It might be the US' 51st state if you look at Blair and recent history. == Modern Research == What do you think about addition of a line to the tail end of the "modern research" section reading something like ... "Furthermore, with the advent of large online databases whose content is continuously increasing through the efforts of many volunteers, the pursuit of basic genealogy research can be taken farther on a smaller budget than had been possible in the past." Would anyone know of some evidence backing this impression up, such as a survey of new and seasoned genealogy researchers? ~ Courtland (14 Jan 2005 by user Ceyockey) == Conversion of External Links to Wikipedia Articles == It would be great if many of the External Links were converted to internal wikilinks, pointing to articles about the referenced resources. Then many of the links could be dropped in favor of a Category. User:Ceyockey 06:50, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC) In fact may of the external links seem to be advertising. They do not all have to be replaced - some can be deleted. --User:Henrygb 20:55, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Which particular ones are you referring to? User:Ceyockey 23:32, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC) I did not see any external links that looked like advertising. To advertise would suggest a commercial pay site was promoted with promotional language. I added sites such as USGenWeb, GenealogyBuff.com and Obituary Central, which are well-known, pertinent, and relevent resources. User:Cribbswh 21:15, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Try looking at Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not. Including "Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files" and "Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base". But this article is becoming a how to do genealogy with a computer or on the internet, with link after link to computer programs and external sites. --User:Henrygb 23:57, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC) :I concede. Just wanted to expand the article by pointing to additional resources for each state. However, I'll not press the issue further. User:Cribbswh 00:44, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::Anyone have an opinion on the value of the commercial website http://www.familyforest.com? Someone has been adding links to that site in various articles. The links mostly state that someone famous is the "Half 21st cousin 3 times removed" of someone else famous. [http://www.familyforest.com/Kerry_Bush_Cousins.html] I've removed most of them, except for the one on this page and the one that I moved to Albert II, Prince of Monaco. Should those go too? -User:Willmcw 05:55, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC) ::: This article is favorite for spammers. One possible solution is to use the same "elimination" technique as in Game or Real estate (see source). It worked on these. User:Pavel Vozenilek 18:32, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::::You are probably right. Plenty of articles have "external links" sections that get filled with commercial sites with little redeeming value to readers. In many cases, the small amount of useful information could be moved into an article on Wikipedia. -User:Willmcw 18:39, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC) ==Maximum relationship== I deleted content from this section. The deleted content made preposterous conclusions based on faulty logic. We can include such faulty logic if attributed, but not as original research. I also wonder if anybody here can tell me the purpose of this section of the article. I noticed a discussion on this matter months ago, but I failed to pay attention to what was being said. Sorry. If it's about Most Recent Common Ancestor, that is a horse of a different color than Maximum Possible Relationship Distance. Do we need two sections? User:Hawstom 22:52, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC) ==Pedigree Only?== Is there a reason why "genealogy," in the first paragraph, is limited to finding pedigrees? Certainly most LDS research is of this nature, but there are a lot of people who start with a known person and work forward, finding all his/her descendants. And some of us have probably had to work both directions at the same time occasionally. ==Commonwealth War Graves Commission Website== New to the wiki. Saw the link for the above website was wrong. This is the correct one: http://www.cwgc.org/cwgcinternet/search.aspx
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Genealogy
Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigree chart. This involves collecting the names of relatives, both living and deceased, and establishing the relationships between them based on primary, secondary and/or circumstantial evidence or documentation, thus building up a cohesive family tree. Genealogy is sometimes also referred to as family history, although sometimes these terms are used distinctly: the former being the basic study of who is related to whom; the latter involving more "fleshing out" of the life histories of the individuals involved. ==Overview== Genealogists search written records, collect oral histories and preserve family stories to discover ancestors and living relatives. Genealogists also attempt to understand not just where and when people lived but also their lifestyle, biography, and motivations. This often requires — or leads to — knowledge of antique law, old political boundaries, immigration trends, and historical social conditions. Genealogists and family historians often join a Family History Society where novices can learn from more experienced researchers, and everyone benefits from shared knowledge. Even an unsuccessful search for ancestors leads to a better understanding of history. The search for living relatives often leads to Wiktionary:Family reunion, both of distant Wiktionary:Cousin and of disrupted families. Genealogists sometimes help reunite families separated by immigration, foster homes and adoption. The genealogist can help keep family traditions alive or reveal family secrets. In its original form, genealogy was mainly concerned with the ancestry of rulers and nobles, often arguing or demonstrating the legitimacy of claims to wealth and power. The term often overlapped with heraldry, in which the ancestry of royalty was reflected in the quarterings of their coat of arms. Many of the claimed ancestries are considered by modern scholars to be fabrications, especially the claims of kings and emperors who trace their ancestry to gods or the founders of their civilization. For example, the Anglo-Saxons chroniclers traced the ancestry of several English kings back to the god Woden (the English version of the Norse mythology god Odin). If these descents were true, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom would be a descendant of Woden, via the kings of Wessex. In fiction, it is common to give a character a complicated fictional genealogy to make his or her background more interesting. A picturesque one is the genealogy for Godwulf of Asgard. ==Modern research== Genealogical and historical societies are a great help to researchers piecing together their family history and placing it within its historical context. Some such societies focus on tracing the lineage of participants in one historical event. Among these in the United States are the Daughters of the American Revolution, The Society of Mayflower Descendants, and United Daughters of the Confederacy. Another type of society focuses on a particular geographical area rather than on particular individuals. Among these geographically oriented societies, the [http://www.newenglandancestors.org/ New England Historic Genealogical Society] founded in 1845 is the oldest in America. In addition to particular historical events and places, research efforts can focus on other types of relationships between people such as kinship to a particular group of people, such as a Scottish clan; to a particular surname such as in a one-name study, see [http://www.one-name.org/ Guild of One-Name Studies]; or to a particular person such as Jesse James. Theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) includes the practice of baptism for the dead, an ordinance where baptism is performed by living people for and in behalf of those who have died. Mormons believe that, in this manner, the living may assist their deceased relatives to progress in the next life, should they accept religious ordinances done in their behalf. In the last century, the LDS Church engaged on a large scale program of copying all available records that would be useful for genealogy, microfilming them and constructing an index, the International Genealogical Index (IGI). The IGI contains information submitted for vicarious ordinances by Mormon researchers, records obtained from contributors who are not members of the church or data taken from various birth or marriage records that Church members have microfilmed. The IGI contains hundreds of millions of records of individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900, primarily in the United States, Canada and Europe. By making so many resources available, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints has helped contribute to the increasing interest in genealogy over the last couple of decades. Information is available free or at a nominal cost through the internet, through the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, and worldwide at Family History Centers near local congregations. Individual genetic test results are being collected in various databases to match people descended from a relatively recent common ancestor, for example see [http://smgf.org/ Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation]. These tests identify either the male or female line. Some genetic tests are being used to place people within ancient ancestral groups, for example see [http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/ Genographic Project]. Participation in all such projects is, of course, voluntary. Genealogy has been claimed by some to be one of the most popular hobbies in America, second only to stamp or coin collecting. The hobby received a big boost in popularity in the late 1970s with the premiere of the television adaptation of Alex Haley's fictionalized account of his family line, ''Roots: The Saga of an American Family''. ===Sharing data among researchers=== Data sharing among genealogical researchers has grown to be a major use of the Internet. Since most #Software programs can output information about persons and their relationships in GEDCOM format, it can be shared with other genealogists by e-mail and Internet message boards, added to an online database, or converted into a family web site using online genealogical tools such as GED2HTML, PhpGedView, and [http://www.phpmyfamily.net Phpmyfamily]. Genealogical software also facilitate sharing of information on CD-ROMs and DVDs made on personal computers. One phenomenon over the last few years has been that of large genealogy-related databases going on-line, attracting a Flash Crowd, and having to suspend service within days to make hurried upgrades after collapsing under the unexpected magnitude of traffic load: this happened with [http://www.familysearch.org the Mormons' genealogy database] and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's [http://www.cwgc.org/cwgcinternet/search.aspx listing of war graves]. In 2002#January, the much-anticipated [http://www.census.pro.gov.uk/ British census for 1901] went online. Within minutes it was inaccessible because of server and network load, and it had to be taken offline. Later in the year, after upgrades had been made, it came back online. ===Volunteerism=== Volunteer efforts figure prominently in genealogy both as a source of enriching data sources and as a means to obtain information from geographically remote sources. For instance, there is an organization of >4500 researchers that share their time under the phrase and associated [http://www.raogk.org/ web site] "Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness". The volunteers have each agreed to field one request in their geographical area a month, which entitles them to draw upon the time in similar fashion from other group members. A request might take the form of "please check to see if my great-grandfather is buried in the cemetery near where you live", for instance. This group is one of many examples of researchers working on unrelated projects volunteering their time to other individuals on request. A very popular and useful way for genealogy amateurs to help each other is the creation of mailing lists. RootsWeb.com has hundreds of lists for different topics or regions. A member can send a request for help by e-mail to the list address, the mail is immediately distributed to all list members and anyone who can help will in turn mail a reply to the list. Not only can one get an answer very quickly - following the conversations is also very educating. Another form of volunteerism is records transcription. Usually this takes the form of transcribing information from a non-electronic paper source to electronic format for distribution. Another major type of transcription is the copying of information from cemetery tombstones and organization of this information online. A look at the [http://userdb.rootsweb.com/contributors.html Rootsweb User Database listing] provides an example of the broad range of such individual volunteer efforts. Among more formal volunteer transcription efforts are the databases of the [http://www.italiangen.org/ Italian Genealogical Group], and the [http://www.us-census.org/ USGenWeb Census Project] which matches volunteers with census transcription opportunities. ===Genetic Analysis=== With the discovery that a person's DNA contains information that has been passed down unchanged from our earliest ancestors, analysis of DNA is just beginning to be used for genealogical research. There are two markers of interest. One is the mitochondrial DNA which we all possess and which is passed down with only minor mutations through the female line. The other is the Y-chromosome, present only in males, which can indicate connections through the male line. Since we do not have the DNA of most of our ancestors, these methods are not useful to confirm who is descended from whom, but can determine in many cases the "closeness of kin" between two persons or two surnames, and to identify the region our ancestors came from. Genetic methods are also being used on a larger scale to trace human migratory patterns and determine, for example, when the first humans came to North America and how they got there. One major effort currently going on is the [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic Genography Project], a joint effort of National Geographic and IBM. ==Records in genealogical research== Records of persons who were neither royalty nor nobility began to be taken by governments in order to keep track of their citizens. (In most of Europe, for example, this started to take place in the 16th century.) As more of the population began to be recorded, there were sufficient records to follow a family using the paper trail they left behind. As each person lived his or her life, the major events were documented with a license, permit or report which was sent to a local, regional or national office or archive. A genealogist locates copies of these records, wherever they have been stored, and rearranges the information about each person to discover family relationships and recreate a timeline of each person's life once again. Records that are used in genealogy research include: * Adoption records * Baptism or christening records * Biographies and biographical profiles (as in Who's Who, etc.) * Birth certificate * Cemetery records and tombstones * Census records * City directories and telephone directory * Daughters of the American Revolution records * Death records * Diary, personal letters and family Bibles * Emigration, immigration and naturalization records * Real property and Homestead (law) records, deeds * Marriage license and divorce records * Health care records * Armed force records * Newspaper columns * Obituary * Occupation records * Oral history * Passports * Photographs * School and alumni association records * Passenger ship passenger lists * Social Security records * Tax records * Voter registration records * Will (law) and probate records In most cultures, the name of a person includes in one way or another the family to which he or she belongs. This is called the ''family name'', or ''surname''. It is often also called the ''last name'' because, for most speakers of English language, the family name comes after the given name (or names). However, this is not the case in other cultures, e.g. Chinese. Patronymics is a naming system which allows identification of an individual based on the father's name. Many cultures used patronymics before surnames were adopted or came into use. The Dutch in New York, for example, used the patronymic system of names until 1687 when the advent of English rule mandated surname usage. Understanding patronymics is necessary if your ancestors used this system. A beginner tutorial on the patronymic system, with examples, can be found in the article "Dutch Patronymics in New York in the 1600s" at [http://olivetreegenealogy.com/nn/pat.shtml Olive Tree Genealogy] == Reliability of sources == Experience shows that genealogical facts can be unreliable. The top five, in order of decreasing reliability, are: ===Place Names=== Normally the most accurate because it is long lasting, and apart from rare occasions is rarely wrong. Things to look out for include variable spellings by partially literate scribes, small places of the same name in neighbouring counties (e.g. the name of the village of Brocton occurs six times in the border area between the English counties of Shropshire and Staffordshire), old county borders (outlying and detached areas belonging to one county with another county, particularly in C17th-C19th England), and incorrect county on census returns. The place where the ancestor recalls growing up may not be the place of birth or where the records are eventually found. Many families have been historically very mobile. A good set of detailed maps (such as the British Ordnance Survey (OS) maps) and use the OS [http://www.old-maps.co.uk/ Old Map] website. Old records may contain references to Middle Age villages that have ceased to exist due to disease or famine. In general, there is a good likelihood that the place (parish) of a birth for a girl is the place she marries (unless 'sent abroad' as a servant), and that the place of residence for a man is where he is buried; certainly a neighbouring parish. Useful references: maps (online), gazetteer (place name dictionary), census returns, birth, death & marriage records, Domesday Book. ===Occupations=== Can be partly right. Many unskilled ancestors had a variety of jobs depending on the season and local trade requirements. Occasionally skilled trades pass from father to son. Census returns may contain some embellishment from Labourer to Mason, or from journeyman to Master craftsman. Workmen no longer fit for their primary trade often have less glamorous jobs later in life. Look out for old or unfamiliar local occupations that may cause confusion if poorly legible - an ostler (a keeper of horses) and a hostler (an innkeeper) can be confused. For example, someone who has a perplexing description "ironer of rabbit burrows" turns out an ironer (profession) in the Bristol district named Rabbit Burrows. Several trades have regional preferences, for e.g. shoemaker or cordwainer, and many apparently obscure jobs are part of a larger trade community such as watchmaking, framework knitting or gunmaking. References: trade directories, census returns, birth, death & marriage records. ===Surnames=== At least correct if viewed phonetically! Some surnames can be spelled a multitude of way by partially illiterate ancestors or scribes. The further you go back, the more bizarre the variations you encounter. Some names become interchangeable between married and maiden names, and previous husbands' names. Some family names are not always obvious (examples include MORDECAI interchangeable with MORT). Confusion can result from using step-parents or adopted parents names, as well as a woman using her lover's name. Common-law marriages were still common in Victorian times in England, even though this type of legally recognised informal marriage was abolished in 1753, so records of a marriage simply may not exist. References: trade directories, census returns, birth, death & marriage records. ===First Names=== One of the most confusing aspects of research for a wide range of reasons. Nicknames are very common - Beth, Lizzie or Betty is common for Elizabeth, which can be confused with Eliza. Patty has been used as a diminutive form for Martha. There is Amy used for Alice, Nancy/Ann, and Polly used for a number of girls names including Mary Ann and Elizabeth. While the girls names are the most confusing, boys names can also interchange: Jack, John & Jonathan, Joseph & Josiah, Edward & Edwin, etc. The use of middle names is more common than you may think - very often names appear back to front on a wide range of documents. The same name can also be given to several children, often the result of an earlier child dying young, however this is not always the case! You may conclude that there is both a John senior (i.e. "elder") and John junior (i.e. "younger") alive at the same time (not to be confused with the use of Sr. and Jr. as - usually - referring to father and son). It is also common to confuse relatives (father and son, nephew & uncle, etc.) and family groups - you will find a period in time where everyone seems to be a child of a couple named William & Mary or Samuel & Ann, with several couples of the name living in the district you're researching, all with children named with the most popular names of the times! The sex of some names is not always clear - examples include Treasure (male) or a Frances (actually male - "Francis") marrying Eli (actually female - "Elly"). ===Dates=== The general rule is to never trust a date! Accurate dates of birth may be given for modern registrations and in a few church records at baptism. Family Bibles may be a help, but can be written from memory long after the event - beware of the same ink and handwriting for all entries; a sure sign the dates were written at the same time and therefore will be less reliable. Women will commonly reduce their age on marriage, and perhaps those under "full age" may increase their age upon marriage or joining the armed forces. Census returns are notoriously unreliable, particularly when looking for a date for a husband's death - if the woman is at home while the husband is away, she could be given as Head of household or assumed a widow. The 1841 census in the UK is rounded down to the next lower multiple of five years. Dates around birth may be confused between birth and baptism. Some families wait 3-5 years before baptising children, and adult baptisms are not unheard of. Both birth and marriage dates can be adjusted to cover for pre-wedding pregnancies. It is very common for the first child to be born before or within a few months of a marriage and sometimes baptised in the mother's name, later adopting the father's name after the parents' marriage. The father's name can be used even if no marriage has occurred. In 1752 the date of the new year was changed in England. Before 1752 the new year started on the 25th March, in 1752 this was changed to the 1st January. This was part of the transition to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. Many other European countries had already made the change, and by 1751 there was an 11 day discrepancy between the date in England and the date in other European countries. The date continued to be recorded as usual in 1752 until 2nd September 1752, the following day became 14th September 1752. Dates that were recorded in the older system can be shown by "double dating". For example; Original date: 24th of March 1750 Modern date: 24th March 1751 Double dating: 24th March 1750/51 NOTE The above may be true for British genealogical records but does in no way apply to records in other countries. A notable exception is the Nordic countries, especially Sweden, which have very detailed and mostly accurate records in the form of church records from the 18th century onwards. But there, as in any historical research, a critical review of all information and an assessment of the reliability of each source is required. ==The "maximum relationship"== One of the aims in professional genealogy circles has been to determine the maximum degree of separation which currently exists between all people in the world. That is to say, how many generations back is the first common ancestor that the two most distantly related people on earth share. Latest models, taking into account sexual differentiation, monogamy and realistic migration patterns suggest that the Most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all humans probably lived 75-150 generations or 2000-4000 years ago. Moreover, the MRCA is likely to have lived somewhere in Southeast Asia (increasing the likelihood of his or her descendents reaching the remote islands of the Pacific), is equally likely to be a man or woman, and is not characterized by an unusually large number of children. These models also show that while a large group (indeed all humans) share recent common ancestors, a given person is likely to share the vast majority of his or her genes with a very small local group. (See [http://tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Papers/Rohde-MRCA-two.pdf Rohde's On the Common Ancestors of All Living Humans]) == Software == Below is a list of computer software (listed alphabetically) which helps genealogists gather and structure the information related to genealogy. Lists of software in this category have been compiled elsewhere, such as the [http://www.cyndislist.com/software.htm Software & Computers category @ Cyndi's List], the [http://dmoz.org/Society/Genealogy/Products_and_Services/Software/ Society:Genealogy:Products and Services:Software category @ Open Directory], and [http://dmoz.org/Society/Genealogy/Products_and_Services/Software/ Business and Economy:Shopping and Services:History:Genealogy:Software category @ Yahoo Directory]. === Windows === * [http://www.ancestralauthor.com/ Ancestral Author] * [http://www.ancquest.com/ Ancestral Quest] * [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/BROTHERS_KEEPER/ Brother's Keeper] * [http://www.family-historian.co.uk/ Family Historian] (aimed primarily at UK Genealogists) * [http://www.matterware.com/ Family Matters 97] ~ Shareware based on Microsoft Access 97; still being developed as of 2004 after launch in 1994 * [http://www.familytreemaker.com/ Family Tree Maker] * [http://www.genbox.com/ Genbox Family History] * [http://www.legacyfamilytree.com/ Legacy Family Tree] * [http://www.whollygenes.com/ The Master Genealogist] * [http://www.familysearch.org/ Personal Ancestral File] * [http://www.rootsmagic.com/ RootsMagic] (from the creator of the now defunct Family Origins) * [http://winfamily.com/ WinFamily] === Macintosh === * [http://www.geditcom.com GEDitCOM] * [http://www.onlymac.de/html/stammbaum4en.html Mac Family Tree] * [http://www.leisterpro.com/ Reunion] * [http://www.macgenealogy.org/ MacGenealogy.org]: Site covering genealogy software and news for Macintosh users. === Linux === * [http://genes.sourceforge.net/ Genes] * [http://gramps.sourceforge.net/ Gramps] * [http://lifelines.sourceforge.net/ LifeLines] === Webserving (available for multiple operating systems) === * [http://cristal.inria.fr/~ddr/GeneWeb/ GeneWeb]: Site for acquiring software that can be installed on a webserver, in which case Common Gateway Interface mode can be invoked, or on a local PC, in which case it functions as its own webserver. The software is free and has been developed by a group of individuals that appear to be otherwise unaffiliated. GeneWeb is distinguished by the implementation of unique consanguinity and relationship algorithms. {site visited 2005-01-27} * PhpGedView * [http://www.phpmyfamily.net/ phpmyfamily]: Site for acquiring software that can be installed on a webserver for building and hosting a genealogy website. The software is free and development is hosted on [http://Sourceforge.net SourceForge.net]. Current prerequisites are PHP and MySQL. {site visited 2005-01-27} * [http://www.lythgoes.net/genealogy/software.php The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding©] ("TNG"): A powerful way to manage and display your genealogy data on the Internet, all without generating a single page of HTML. Instead, your information is stored in MySQL database tables and dynamically displayed in attractive fashion with PHP (a scripting language). === Java (cross-platform) === * [http://arbre.sourceforge.net/ @rbre - open 3D genealogy (Java-X3D-P2P)]: Site for acquiring software. This is a GEDCOM file viewer, relying on other software to produce a GEDCOM file. At an early stage of development, @rbre provides a unique 3D visualization of family trees. The main webpage is only available in French, but Babel Fish translations to English and German are available. {site visited 2005-01-27} * [http://geneapro.sourceforge.net/ GeneaPro]- based on the [https://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ngsgentech/projects/Gdm/Gdm.htm GenTech Genealogical Data Model.] Geneapro is a multi-user, cross-platform Genealogy database program. Currently in alpha planning stage and not suitable for normal use. Written in Java using the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP), Hibernate persistance, and SQL/JDBC databases (HSQLDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL). {site visited 2005-02-14} === Web-based === * [http://www.comanchelodge.com/chickamauga-cherokee.html A Free Cherokee Indian Genealogy Resource] * [http://www.geneanet.org/ Geneanet Genealogical Database Network] - A free multilingual service allowing you to upload your family tree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-02-14} * [http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igmuser.cgi Rootsweb Worldconnect] - A free (english only) service allowing you to upload your family tree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-02-14} * [http://www.tribalpages.com/ TribalPages - Free online genealogy website] - to build and store your family tree online, upload photographs and upload your familytree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-05-16} ==References== # The mythological origin of English kings is related in a number of derivative sources, such as [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/492164 The Scyldings], an article at [http://www.ancientworlds.net/ Ancient Worlds]. In this article one primary source cited is the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". The following passage appears in the entry for A.D. 449: "Their leaders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa; who were the sons of Wihtgils; Wihtgils was the son of Witta, Witta of Wecta, Wecta of Woden. From this Woden arose all our royal kindred, and that of the Southumbrians also." In this context "royal kindred" refers to English kings. Reference: [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Anglo/part1.html The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Part 1: A.D. 1 - 748], part of [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/ The Online Medieval & Classical Library]. Retrieved 2005 Mar 11. # [http://www.newenglandancestors.org/ Homepage for the New England Historic Genealogical Society]. Retrieved 2005-02-05. # [http://www.raogk.org/ Homepage for "Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness"]. Retrieved 2005-02-06. ==External links== ''Referring to many of the links in this section'' ===General=== * [http://www.scotlandroyalty.org/ Scotland Royalty - Free Royal Genealogy Resource & Archives] * [http://www.familysearch.org/ Family Search--The LDS Church's online geneological database--World's largest online database] * [http://www.familysearch.org/paf LDS Personal Ancestral File] * [http://www.academic-genealogy.com/ Genealogy and Family History Internet Web Directory] * [http://www.familyforest.com/ Family Forest-Digital Resource for Ancestral History, Descendant and Ancestor Series eBooks, and "A People-Centered Approach To History"] * [http://www.cyndislist.com/ Cyndi's List - A categorized directory of tens of thousands of genealogy web sites] * [http://rootsweb.com/ RootsWeb.com - free genealogy site with 324 million names] * [http://www.blue-blood.co.uk Ancestry of notable people] * [http://heritagequestmagazine.com/ Heritage Quest Magazine - Website of the oldest and largest popular genealogy magazine] * [http://www.gendir.com/village/ A genealogy message board] * [http://genealogy.about.com/ About Genealogy - Tutorials, Links and Surname Meanings] * [http://phpgedview.sourceforge.net/ PhpGedView Online genealogy viewer] * [http://www.genealogyblog.com/ GenealogyBlog - A continuously updated website dealing with family history related news, websites, and products] * [http://www.search.vanee.org/ An interactive directory of categorized genealogy search engines.] * [http://www.genealogybuff.com/ GenealogyBuff.com - a surname tool and library of data files.] * [http://www.genealogytoday.com/ GenealogyToday.com - lookups, search tools, original articles and unique databases] * [http://www.wikitree.org/ WikiTree.Org] - freely-edited family tree of all human beings. * [http://www.geocities.com/bx_huang Genealogy of the Chinese Huang Clan] - Traces the origin and history of the Chinese Huang Clan. ===United Kingdom=== ''prior content has been moved to Wikibooks:Genealogy:_UK; feel free to contribute new content to this section or contribute directly to the Wikibooks:Genealogy'' User:Ceyockey 18:16, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC) ===United States of America=== ''prior content has been moved to Wikibooks:Genealogy:_US; feel free to contribute new content to this section or contribute directly to the Wikibooks:Genealogy'' User:Ceyockey 18:19, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC) ===Australia=== * [http://www.gsv.org.au The Genealogical Society of Victoria Inc.] * [http://www.vicgum.asn.au Victorian GUM Inc.] * [http://www.tasfhs.org Tasmanian Family History Society Inc.] ===Denmark=== * [http://www.genealogi.dk/index_us.htm The Society for Danish Genealogy and Biography] * [http://www.dis-danmark.dk/dis-english.asp DIS Danmark] ===Finland=== * [http://www.genealogia.fi/indexe.htm The Genealogical Society of Finland] ===Ireland=== * [http://www.ireland.com/ancestor/ Irish Ancestors] ===Israel=== * [http://www.isragen.org.il The Israel Genealogical Society] ===Malta=== * [http://www.maltagenealogy.com/ Maltese migration research] ===Sweden=== * [http://www.sweggate.com/ SweGGate = Sweden Genealogy Gate] * [http://www.genealogi.se/roots/ Swedish Roots] * [http://www.genline.com/ Swedish Church Records - Genline] ===Switzerland=== * [http://www.eye.ch/swissgen/ Swiss Genealogy on the Internet] ===Miscellaneous=== * [http://calmenno.org/grandma/index.htm The GRANDMA Project, 713,132 people of German-Russian Mennonite Ancestry] * [http://www.gen-gen.ch Société Genevoise de Généalogie - 160'000 people from Switzerland, France, Italy and the rest of the world linked together] Genealogy Kinship and descent
Genealogy
Does the etymology belong here? It is pretty cryptic. Also, can we just copy text like that verbatim from Miriam Webster even though we give them credit? -User:Frecklefoot ----- I'm not sure if this is relevant to this article, but somewhere in the Wikipedia, there should be an explanation about what a "first cousin, twice removed" is and all that. I know someone explained it to me once, and it made sense at the time, but I can't even begin to remember what it was. User:Tokerboy : That would be nice. Any suggestions on where to put it (article title, section in Genealogy)? -User:Frecklefoot :I'm thinking in a section devoted to it in Family. I'll go add the basic familial relationships in English, and hopefully you/others can add more. User:Tokerboy ----- Hello all. i am new to the wikiworld. excuse me in advance if this question is not appropriate for this page. i do a great deal of my genealogy, and i realize that wiki would be the perfect environment to lay out my family tree. Do wiki-genealogy sites exist? Or is it possible to download wikisoftware to my server or harddrive so i can get cracking at laying it all out? - -kingturtle User:Kingturtle 21:53 Mar 9, 2003 (UTC) *Someone has tried that; I looked at the site the other day; not successful yet. There are other ways of building a family tree cooperatively - try MyFamily.com User:Robin Patterson 20:05, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Related pages == I see it's a while since anyone discussed this article. I noticed little linking between it and others such as Family and Kinship; maybe they have developed independently? Now that we have Wikipedia:Category, there's a chance to link better; but is kinship a subcategory of genealogy or vice versa? - User:Robin Patterson 20:05, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC) I would say that a Family is an element or unit of Kinship, and Genealogy is the study of Kinship, so they would each be subcategories of Kinship. User:GUllman 20:44, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC) :I would agree with this relationship (Genealogy child of Kinship). I'd also suggest that the processes mentioned by Agendum below be placed as items under a Genealogy Category (for instance, Headstone Rubbing child of Genealogy). ~ Courtland (14 Jan 2005 by Ceyockey) I'd like also to amplify the article to describe a little about the processes involved in genealogical research - and link it to family history (although that may merit a separate page) User:Agendum 00:03, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Darwin -- Wedgwood family == I have created what is in effect a genealogical entry for the members of this family. How do we categorise it? We could also do with a family tree and a little tidy if anyone's interested in this stuff, I'd like to get a second opinion on the article as a whole. User:Duncharris|User talk:duncharris 00:27, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) Just my two cents: NEHGS - "The oldest genealogical society in the country", (mentioned twice in the text) should be "in the US". After all, this is en.wikipedia.org not us.wikipedia.org This Darwin-Whatshisface entry should be removed. This is an encyclopidia, man! The "Maximum Relationship" is probably nonsense. Parts of the human population have most probably split 100.000 years ago. Just take a look at this: http://www.mitomap.org/mitomap/WorldMigrations.pdf : Agreed. The claim that ''everyone living as of (and before) the year 500 AD is a direct ancestor of everyone living today'' is simply ridiculous (consider failed lines or geographically isolated populations that split much longer ago) and puts the entire concept in an unfavorable light. At the very least the writer has misunderstood the implications of the result. -- User:Schnolle 19:26, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC) : Mitochondria trace only female descent and thus predict a much older divergence than male+female descent trees. -- User:Xerxes314 21:33, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC) :: So, what are you saying? That the youngest common ancestor is a man? I might be naive, but men and women tend to migrate simultaneously. And it seems the australian population had no contact to the asian continent for tens of thousands of years - thus the relationship of an aboriginee to me (european) would require going back at least that period of time - as I do not have australian ancestors in modern time. ::: No, I mean for example, you have 4 grandparents, but you're only mitochondrially related to one of them: your mother's mother. For great-grandparents, it's 8-to-1. Generally, your total number of ancestors blows up exponentially with number of generations, but your number of mitochondrial ancestors is linear. Of course, there will be a lot of overlap in the total number of ancestors, so it's not precisely 2^n, but it's much much larger. That's why the most recent common ancestor is much more recent than the most recent mitochondrial ancestor. -- User:Xerxes314 19:15, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC) ::::The Pedigree collapse you refer to, is of course misinterpreted. The only thing you can actually read out of that, is the degree of inbreeding within a geogrphicall limited area. (Lile austrlia, or a seven sea island or whatever. Theoretchically, the chances to be related to a pharao increases the more fare back you go, but its never a must, only a possibilty. Mathematics can not be used like that. But to give an average picture about inbreeding factor, it gives an indication. User:Dan Koehl 03:58, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) And... just btw: Great Britain is part of Europe, or at least used to. It might be the US' 51st state if you look at Blair and recent history. == Modern Research == What do you think about addition of a line to the tail end of the "modern research" section reading something like ... "Furthermore, with the advent of large online databases whose content is continuously increasing through the efforts of many volunteers, the pursuit of basic genealogy research can be taken farther on a smaller budget than had been possible in the past." Would anyone know of some evidence backing this impression up, such as a survey of new and seasoned genealogy researchers? ~ Courtland (14 Jan 2005 by user Ceyockey) == Conversion of External Links to Wikipedia Articles == It would be great if many of the External Links were converted to internal wikilinks, pointing to articles about the referenced resources. Then many of the links could be dropped in favor of a Category. User:Ceyockey 06:50, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC) In fact may of the external links seem to be advertising. They do not all have to be replaced - some can be deleted. --User:Henrygb 20:55, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Which particular ones are you referring to? User:Ceyockey 23:32, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC) I did not see any external links that looked like advertising. To advertise would suggest a commercial pay site was promoted with promotional language. I added sites such as USGenWeb, GenealogyBuff.com and Obituary Central, which are well-known, pertinent, and relevent resources. User:Cribbswh 21:15, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Try looking at Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not. Including "Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files" and "Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base". But this article is becoming a how to do genealogy with a computer or on the internet, with link after link to computer programs and external sites. --User:Henrygb 23:57, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC) :I concede. Just wanted to expand the article by pointing to additional resources for each state. However, I'll not press the issue further. User:Cribbswh 00:44, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::Anyone have an opinion on the value of the commercial website http://www.familyforest.com? Someone has been adding links to that site in various articles. The links mostly state that someone famous is the "Half 21st cousin 3 times removed" of someone else famous. [http://www.familyforest.com/Kerry_Bush_Cousins.html] I've removed most of them, except for the one on this page and the one that I moved to Albert II, Prince of Monaco. Should those go too? -User:Willmcw 05:55, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC) ::: This article is favorite for spammers. One possible solution is to use the same "elimination" technique as in Game or Real estate (see source). It worked on these. User:Pavel Vozenilek 18:32, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::::You are probably right. Plenty of articles have "external links" sections that get filled with commercial sites with little redeeming value to readers. In many cases, the small amount of useful information could be moved into an article on Wikipedia. -User:Willmcw 18:39, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC) ==Maximum relationship== I deleted content from this section. The deleted content made preposterous conclusions based on faulty logic. We can include such faulty logic if attributed, but not as original research. I also wonder if anybody here can tell me the purpose of this section of the article. I noticed a discussion on this matter months ago, but I failed to pay attention to what was being said. Sorry. If it's about Most Recent Common Ancestor, that is a horse of a different color than Maximum Possible Relationship Distance. Do we need two sections? User:Hawstom 22:52, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC) ==Pedigree Only?== Is there a reason why "genealogy," in the first paragraph, is limited to finding pedigrees? Certainly most LDS research is of this nature, but there are a lot of people who start with a known person and work forward, finding all his/her descendants. And some of us have probably had to work both directions at the same time occasionally. ==Commonwealth War Graves Commission Website== New to the wiki. Saw the link for the above website was wrong. This is the correct one: http://www.cwgc.org/cwgcinternet/search.aspx
Genealogy
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