
Ferdinand Magellan (Spring 1480 – April 27, 1521; Portuguese language: Fernão de Magalhães; Spanish language: Fernando/Hernando de Magallanes) was a Portugal List of sea explorers who sailed for Spain. He was the first to sail from Europe westwards to Asia, the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to lead an expedition for the purpose of circumnavigation the globe. Though Magellan himself died in the Philippines and never returned to Europe, 18 members of the crew and one ship of the fleet returned to Spain in 1522, having circumnavigated the globe. ==Birth and early years== Magellan was born in Sabrosa (near Vila Real, in the province of Trás-dos-Montes of north Portugal) or in Porto. The son of Pedro Rui de Magalhães, the mayor of the town, and Alda de Mesquita, Magellan had two siblings: his brother Diogo de Sousa, named after his grandmother, and his sister Isabel. Magellan's parents died when he was ten. At 12, Magellan became a page to King John II of Portugal and Queen Eleonora at the royal court at the capital of Lisbon, where his brother had gone two years before. Here, with his cousin Francisco Serrano, Magellan continued his education, becoming interested in geography and astronomy. Some speculate that he may even have been taught by Martin Behaim. In 1496, Magellan became a squire. At age 20, Magellan first went to sea. In 1505 he was sent to India to install Francisco de Almeida as a Portuguese viceroy there and establish military and naval bases along the way. It was here that Magellan would also first experience battle: when a local king refused to pay tribute, Almeida's party attacked, conquering the Muslim city of Kilwa in present-day Tanzania. Magellan next journeyed to the East Indies in 1506, taking part in expeditions to the Spice Islands. In 1510, Magellan was promoted to the rank of captain. However, after secretly sailing a ship east without permission, he lost his command and was forced to return to Portugal. In 1511, Magellan was sent to Morocco where he fought in the Battle of Azamor (August 28 and August 29, 1513) and received a severe knee wound while fighting against the Moorish-Moroccan stronghold. Although wounded and the recipient of several medals, Magellan was accused of illegal trade with the Islamic Moors. He had also been involved in conflict with Almeida: after Magellan took a leave of the army without permission, Almeida gave a poor report of the sailor to the Portuguese court. Several of the accusations were subsequently dropped, but Magellan fell into disfavor with Manuel I of Portugal , who refused to raise Magellan's pension. The King also told Magellan that he would have no further employment in his country's service after May 15, 1514. Magellan formally renounced his nationality and went to offer his services to the court of Spain, changing his name from "''Fernão de Magalhães''" to "''Fernando de Magallanes''." ==Plans for circumnavigation== Magellan reached Seville, the main port of Spain, on October 20, 1517, and from there went to Valladolid to see the teenaged king, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). With the help of Juan de Aranda, one of the three chief officials of Seville's India House, and of other friends, especially Diogo Barbosa, a Portuguese, Magellan became naturalized as a Spaniard. Acquiring great influence in Seville, he gained the ear of Charles and the powerful Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, bishop of Burgos and the persistent enemy of Christopher Columbus. Having brought the Portuguese cartographical knowledge to the Spanish court, Magellan pointed out that there would exist a passage from South America, which he thought to be the Rio de la Plata, to the Pacific Ocean, forming a large bay-like river delta. He decided to pioneer this route to reach the Moluccas (Spice Islands), the key to the strategic and tremendously lucrative spice trade. He allegedly declared himself ready to sail southwards to 75° to realize his project. Ruy Faleiro, an astronomer and Portuguese exile, aided him in his plan, and he found an invaluable financial ally in Christopher de Haro, a member of a great Antwerp (province) firm who had a grudge against the king of Portugal. On March 22, 1518, King Charles approved Magellan's plan and granted him generous funds. Under the contract, Magellan and Faleiro, as joint captains-general, would receive one-twentieth of all profits and they and their heirs would gain the government of any lands discovered, with the title of ''Adelantados''. Magellan took an oath of allegiance in the church of Santa María de la Victoria de Triana, giving money to the monks of the monastery so they would pray for his success. With the money that Magellan and Faleiro had received from the king, the pair obtained five ships: the ''Trinidad'' (tonnage 110, crew 55), the ''San Antonio'' (tonnage 120, crew 60), the ''Concepcion'' (tonnage 90, crew 45), the Victoria (ship) (tonnage 85, crew 42), and the ''Santiago'' (tonnage 75, crew 32). The ''Trinidad'' was Magellan's flagship, and besides Faleiro the captains for the other four were Juan de Cartegena, Gomez, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza, respectively. ==The journey== [[Image:AndalusAndMorocco.jpg|100px|thumb|left|The arrow points to the city of Sanlúcar de Barrameda on the delta of the Guadalquivir River, in Andalusia.]] On August 10, 1519, the fleet of five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and traveled south from the Guadalquivir River to San Lucar de Barrameda at the mouth of the rivers, where they remained more than five weeks. Spanish authorities were wary of the Portuguese admiral and almost prevented Magellan from sailing, but on September 20, Magellan set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with 270 men. ===The voyage=== Upon hearing of his departure, King Manuel ordered a naval detachment to pursue him, but Magellan eluded the Portuguese. After a brief stop at the Canary Islands, Magellan arrived at the Cape Verde Islands, where they set course for Cape St. Augustine in Brazil. On November 20, the equator was crossed; on December 6, the crew sighted Brazil. Since Brazil was Portuguese territory at the time, Magellan avoided it, and on December 13 anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro, where the weather and the natives were generally friendly. There the fleet was resupplied, but these good conditions caused them to delay. Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. The fleet reached Río de la Plata on January 10, 1520. It was already late in the season, however, and the southern winter struck while they were still on the Argentina coast. Magellan decided to spend the winter in Patagonia. On March 31, the crew established a settlement that they called Puerto San Julian. A mutiny involving three of the five ship captains broke out. It was unsuccessful, mainly because the crew remained loyal. Quesada and Mendoza were executed, and Cartagena and a priest were Marooning on the coast. [[Image:Strait of Magellan.jpeg|thumb|right|The Straits of Magellan cut through the southern tip of South America connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.]] On August 24, the journey resumed. Magellan, behind schedule, was impatient to make up for lost time, and set out again while the weather still posed problems. The ''Santiago'', sent down the coast on a scouting expedition, was wrecked in a sudden storm. All of its crewmembers survived and made it safely to shore. Two of them returned, overland, to inform Magellan of what had happened, and bring rescue to their comrades. After this experience, Magellan decided to wait for a few weeks more before again resuming the voyage. At 52° South latitude on October 21, 1520, the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded they had found the passage, because the waters were brine and deep inland. Four ships began an arduous passage through the 373-mile long passage that Magellan called the ''Estreito (Canal) de Todos los Santos'', or "All Saints' Channel," because All Saint's Day, November 1, occurred while the fleet traveled through it. Now, the strait is named the Strait of Magellan. Magellan first assigned ''Concepcion'' and ''San Antonio'' to explore the strait, but the latter, commanded by Gomez, deserted and returned to Spain. On November 28, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. Magellan named the waters the ''Mar Pacifico'' (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness. ====Death of Magellan==== Heading northwest, the crew reached the equator on February 13, 1521. On March 6, they reached the Marianas and on March 16, the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, with 150 crewmen left. Magellan was able to communicate with the native peoples because his Malay people interpreter could understand their language. They traded gifts with Rajah Kolambu of Limasawa Island, who guided them to Cebu, on April 7. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly to them, and even agreed to accept Christianity. Magellan died in the Philippines on April 27 in the Battle of Mactan against indigenous forces led by Lapu-Lapu. Antonio Pigafetta, a wealthy tourist who paid to be on the Magellan voyage, is the only extant eyewitness account of Magellan's death. He writes: :''"When morning came, forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two cross-bow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, [the natives] had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries... The musketeers and crossbow-men shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly... Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off."'' ===The circumnavigation=== Magellan had provided in his will that his Malay interpreter was to be freed upon his death. His interpreter, who was baptized ''Enrique'' (''Henry the Black'') in Malacca 1511, had been captured by Sumatran slavers from his home islands. Thus Enrique became the first man to circumnavigate the globe (in multiple voyages). Enrique was indentured by Magellan during his earlier voyages to Malacca, and was at his side during the battles in Africa, during Magellan's disgrace at the King's court in Portugal, and during Magellan's successful raising of a fleet. However, after Mactan, the remaining ship's masters refused to free Enrique. Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen. However, Antonio Pigafetta had been making notes about the language, and was apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. The casualties suffered in the Philippines left the expedition with too few men to sail the three remaining ships. Accordingly, on May 2, 1521, they abandoned ''Concepcion'', burning the ship to make sure it could not be used against them. The fleet, now reduced to ''Trinidad'' and ''Victoria'', fled westward to Palawan. They left that island on June 21, 1521, and were guided to Brunei, Borneo by Moro pilots, who could navigate the shallow seas. They anchored off the Brunei breakwater for 35 days, where the Venetian Pigafetta mentions the splendor of Rajah Siripada's court (gold, two pearls the size of hens' eggs, etc.). In addition, Brunei boasted tame elephants and armament of 62 cannon, more than 5 times the armament of Magellan's ships. Brunei disdained the cloves which were to prove more valuable than gold, upon the return to Spain. Pigafetta mentions some of the technology of the court, such as porcelain (which was not yet widely available in Europe), and spectacles (eye-glasses were only just becoming available in Europe). After reaching the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) November 6 1521, 115 crew were left. They managed to trade with the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan of Ternate, who was the ally of the Portuguese. The two remaining ships, laden with valuable spices, attempted to return to Spain by sailing west. As they left the Moluccas, however, the ''Trinidad'' was found to be taking on water. The crew tried to discover and repair the leak, but failed. They concluded that the ''Trinidad'' would need to spend considerable time being overhauled. The small ''Victoria'' was not large enough to accommodate all the surviving crewmembers. As a result, the ''Victoria'' with some of the crew sailed west for Spain. Several weeks later, the ''Trinidad'' left the Moluccas to attempt to return to Spain via the Pacific route. This attempt failed; the ship was captured by the Portuguese, and was eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control. The ''Victoria'' set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on December 21 1521. By May 6, 1522, the ''Victoria'', commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations. Twenty crewmen died of starvation before Elcano put in to the Cape Verde Islands, a Portuguese holding, where he abandoned 13 more crewmen July 9 in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and cinnamon). === The return=== On September 6, 1522, Juan Sebastián de Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's voyage and the last ship of the fleet, ''Victoria'', arrived in Spain, almost exactly three years after leaving. The expedition actually eked out a small profit, but the crew were not paid their full wages.
\ 18 men returned to Seville with the ''Victoria'' in 1522
Four crewmen of the original 55 on the ''Trinidad'' finally returned to Spain in 1525.
===The discoveries===
Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe and the first to navigate the strait in South America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The men among Magellan's expedition were also the first Europeans to observe the following:
*A 'camel without humps' — which could have been the llama, guanaco, vicuña, or alpaca.
*A black 'goose' which had to be skinned instead of plucked — the penguin.
*Two of our closest galaxy, the Magellanic Clouds, visible from the Southern Hemisphere.
*The extent of the Earth — their voyage was '14,460 leagues' (or 69,000 km).
*The need for an International date line — That going round the earth westward was winning one day: upon their return they observed a mismatch of one day between their calendars and those who did not travel, even though they faithfully maintained their ship's log.
==References==
*Laurence Bergreen, ''Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe'', HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, ISBN 0066211735
==Further reading==
*For student readers
**W.D.Brownlee, ''The First Ships around the World'', (1977) Lerner Publications Co., Minneapolis ISBN 0-8225-1204-1
**Richard Humble, ''The Voyage of Magellan'', (1988) Franklin Watts, ISBN 0-531-10638-1
==See also==
*Military History of the Philippines
*History of the Philippines
*Spanish Empire
*Age of Exploration
*Henry the Black
==External links==
*Lists of crew members:
**[http://www.armada15001900.net/tripulantesmagallanes.htm 107 people]
**[http://olivetreegenealogy.com/ships/magship_vict.shtml The 18 arriving on ''Victoria'']
**[http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/museo_naval/sala8/personajes/personaje_13.htm A picture of the 1522 disembarkment with names of the 18]
1480 births
1521 deaths
Portuguese explorers
History of the Philippines
fa:فردیناند ماژلان
jv:Ferdinand Magellan
la:Ferdinandus Magellanus
ms:Ferdinand Magellan
This is a selected entry at Template:March 16 selected anniversaries (may be in HTML comment) == why do you keep reverting?!?!?!?!? == "He is also remembered as the first to circumnavigate the globe, although not in a single voyage: in an earlier voyage he sailed to Indonesia 1511, and in his last voyage he reached the same longitude from the opposite direction." when people talk about Magellan circumnavigating the globe they are generally refering to the "famous" expedition, for which the Magellan Strait is named. is it really necessary to make the above distinction (made twice in this artcile, i might add)? at least rephrase the above, which is poorly written. User:207.96.13.12 15:34, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC) ---- Are you sure he actually circumnavigated? I have heard that it was a servant (slave?) of his who was from (current) Indonesia and thus arrived to his homeland from the East, thus becoming the first man to circumnavigate the Earth. -- User:Error * its probably clearer to say ''the expedition he lead'' was the first to circumnavigate the globe. he died before reaching europe again, but the expedition (at least 18 of the orginal sailors), made it. see http://www.mariner.org/age/magellan.html == Enrique, 1st man to circumnavigate the globe? 1521 == Bergreen's book credits Magellan's servant, Enrique, as the first man to circumnavigate the globe. Ironically, Enrique was Malay. Enrique was captured from the Malay archipelagos by Sumatran slavers. Apparently, Magellan got to Malacca by 1509 or via d'Alburquerque's 1511 raid, which brought about the fall of the Sultanate of Malacca. Magellan purchased rights to Enrique in 1511, where he was apparently baptized. When Magellan was recalled to fight in Africa, Enrique was with him after 1511, apparently throughout Magellan's dismissal from the Portugese court, and up through the voyage around the world. The idea that Enrique is from the Philippines, from Cebu to be precise, was first asserted by Filipino historian Carlos Quirino based on a total misreading of Stefan Zweig's biography of Magellan. Zweig said that when Enrique spoke to the Mazauans somewhere in Mindanao he was for the first time understood and thus he knew he was back to his homelands. But Zweig, who explicitly identifies Enrique as Malayan, did not mean by that that Enrique was from the Philippines, only that he was where Malayan was spoken. As linguists have established Malayan was the trade lengua franca in Southeast Asia. Carlos Quirino, who is not a linguist, declared Enrique could not have been understood in Mazaua or Cebu or anywhere in the Philippines if he spoke Malayan. His linguistic dicta has not been challenged in the Philippines, for the simple reason that linguists do not find it in them to debate on a petty issue. So Bergreen's notion is based on a false and falsifying linguistic dicta of a non-linguist who was misled in his own mind by a misreading of Zweig. This tall tale has been given a big boost by Bergreen's book simply because of the tyranny of the printed word over ignorant minds. :Thank you for your clarification. I have removed the Filipino link for Enrique. User:169.207.115.56 10:56, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC) Although Magellan's will provided that Enrique was to be freed upon Magellan's death, the captains denied this action. Thus Enrique was freed only upon an uprising which killed almost 30 of the crew. There is no record of what really happened to him. The documents at the Casa de Contratacion has him killed together with the 30. It's not consistent with the fact that he was supposed to have been a conspirator in the massacre and there was no reason for the Cebuanos to kill him. What happened to him falls in the realm of speculation and wild imaginings. Some nationalities of the first men to circumnavigate the globe: *Malay *German *Italian (Antonio Pigafetta) *Greek *Spanish *Portugese *Basque (Juan Sebastian de Elcano) ''is Basque a nationality?'' Nationalities of others on the voyage who did not live to circumnavigate the globe: *British (Bristol) *Norway *Patagonia (the giants) *Indonesian Interesting, see http://www.1421.tv User:Stefan 11:08, Jan 3, 2004 (UTC) ---- To the anon whom I keep reverting: Wikipedia policy is to make headers lower case except for the first word and any names and places. Also, you keep making the References header one level too low. User:RickKUser talk:RickK 19:30, Jun 23, 2004 (UTC) == pic moved == moving pic. article looks better without, and is it neccesary? also, might be copyright violation? User:Marlowe 21:33, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC) Here is an image that might serve as a substitute for the Sanlucar map, if the copyright is still an issue for the Featured articles candidacy. User:Ancheta Wis 01:06, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) == Seals == I removed "''A 'seawolf', with the head of a calf — the Pinniped.''"- northern Europe is stuffed with seals, so Magellan's sailors were certainly not the first Europeans to see them. Could it be a manatee? User:Markalexander100 09:26, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) == Enrique passage moved here == The following passage did not make any sense in the context of the article, so I moved it here.User:Marlowe 16:34, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC) ''Magellan's Malay interpreter, who was baptized ''Enrique'' in Malacca 1511, returned from enslavement by Sumatran slavers to his home islands (some of which were to become named the Philippines), making him the first man to circumnavigate the globe (in multiple voyages). The surviving ships' masters refused to free Enrique, but Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen. However, Antonio Pigafetta had been making notes about the language, and was apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. '' :Added the point that Magellan's will had provided that Enrique was to be freed upon Magellan's death. This provides the continuity in the paragraph and joins to the ''ships fleeing westward'' in the succeeding paragraph. User:Ancheta Wis 02:42, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) ::Pls feel free to edit the new article Henry the Black about Enrique.--User:Jondel 00:45, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC) ==Vandalism== I just clicked here and all the page had written was: "hi." Has this happened before on this page, or is it just some random schmuck??? User:D.E. Cottrell 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) A history of vandalism has occurred on this page, mostly large amounts of copy-pasted text to the effect of "DIE ADMINZ DIE" or something similarly catchy. Seems like it's been getting taken care of pretty fast due to the fact that it's today's featured article. - Matthew Cieplak (not logged in, sorry) 30 August, 10:54PM PST ==Circumnavigation== WOW! I didn't know there was soo much discussion here about the circumnavigation. I didn't think it was such a big deal. I created the Henry the Black page. I hope that not too much imbrolgios occur. In wikipedia spirit, pls feel free to edit the page. BTW Nestor Enriquez, supposedly his descendant, might be useful. Link at the bottom.--User:Jondel 00:13, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC) ==Hernando -> Fernando Magellan.== The original message I wanted to add until I saw the discussion above. Hi, if you click on the Spanish page it says Hernando. Regards--Jondel 00:01, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Requesting pictures == Hi all, this is a student talking so i'll keep the rest of my identity secret. I am posting this headline asking all people to put ''many'' extra images on the website. I am doing a project in school where I do an interveiw with Magellan, and I want good pictures to put in. I see that there are already very good ones, so keep up the good work! if you have any replies type in this discussion here. --User:207.62.246.1 23:10, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Ships and captains according to the 107 link == *Trinidad (tonnage 110, crew 55) Faleiro - Magellan's flagship *San Antonio (tonnage 120, crew 60) Juan de Cartegena *Concepcion (tonnage 90, crew 45) Gaspar de Quesada *Victoria (tonnage 85, crew 42) Luis de Mendoza (succeeded by Elcano) *Santiago (tonnage 75, crew 32) Juan Serrano This information was formerly in a table, and the names have been switched. The new 107 link seems to straighten out the names. User:Ancheta Wis 03:07, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==The ''Concepcion''== The article doesn't say exactly when the ''Concepcion'' was abandoned, but describes the event after the arrival in the Moluccas in November 1521. It also says that ''Concepcion'''s cargo of spices was transferred to the other two ships. Bergreen, however, in the book cited in the article, says that the surviving crew members burned ''Concepcion'' soon after the disastrous encounters in the Philippines, on May 2, 1521, at a time when the expedition had done some advantageous trading for gold but had not yet found any spices. Is this point unclear from the records? Is there any authority giving a later date than May 2 for the abandonment of ''Concepcion''? User:JamesMLane 08:46, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC) :No one has pointed to any authority for this version, so I'm changing it to conform to Bergreen's account. User:JamesMLane 11:47, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) ==Request for references== Hi, I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Wikipedia:Verifiability policy. Part of that is to make sure articles Wikipedia:Cite sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. Further reading is not the same thing as proper references. Further reading could list works about the topic that were not ever consulted by the page authors. If some of the works listed in the further reading section were used to add or check material in the article, please list them in a references section instead. The Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check has more information. Thank you, and please [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Taxman&action=edit§ion=new leave me a message] when you have added a few references to the article. - User:Taxman 19:58, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC) :I haven't edited this article much, but I made a couple changes based on what was in Bergreen's book, so I moved that book from "Further reading" into a new "References" section. User:JamesMLane 18:48, 5 May 2005 (UTC) == time zones 1522 == I arrive here fresh from reading "A World Lit Only by Fire" by Wm Manchester. Anchored off the Cape Verde Islands near the end of the voyage, the shore party disputed the local Portuguese' statement of the date as Thursday July 10, 1522; by Pigafetta's (ship's log keeper) reckoning the date was July 9, Wednesday. No one had thought about the loss of a day resulting from the westward circumnavigation, and evidently there was quite a tangle in resolving this problem,encountered for the first time in history. However, Manchester lapses, I'm sure, when he claims this phenomenon supports the Copernican theory. The same loss of a day would result from circumnavigating a stationary globe circuited daily by an orbiting sun. :Bergreen also reports this discrepancy, although I don't remember his account as conveying a sense of "quite a tangle" to resolve it. From the point of view of the people on land, there wouldn't be much of a problem. They knew what day it was, and weren't going to be too concerned if one ship shows up, with eighteen half-starved men who are a little vague about their origins, and their log is off by one day. I don't remember whether the crew figured it out at the time or if the mystery wasn't resolved until they returned to Spain. User:JamesMLane 19:34, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan (Spring 1480 – April 27, 1521; Portuguese language: Fernão de Magalhães; Spanish language: Fernando/Hernando de Magallanes) was a Portugal List of sea explorers who sailed for Spain. He was the first to sail from Europe westwards to Asia, the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to lead an expedition for the purpose of circumnavigation the globe. Though Magellan himself died in the Philippines and never returned to Europe, 18 members of the crew and one ship of the fleet returned to Spain in 1522, having circumnavigated the globe. ==Birth and early years== Magellan was born in Sabrosa (near Vila Real, in the province of Trás-dos-Montes of north Portugal) or in Porto. The son of Pedro Rui de Magalhães, the mayor of the town, and Alda de Mesquita, Magellan had two siblings: his brother Diogo de Sousa, named after his grandmother, and his sister Isabel. Magellan's parents died when he was ten. At 12, Magellan became a page to King John II of Portugal and Queen Eleonora at the royal court at the capital of Lisbon, where his brother had gone two years before. Here, with his cousin Francisco Serrano, Magellan continued his education, becoming interested in geography and astronomy. Some speculate that he may even have been taught by Martin Behaim. In 1496, Magellan became a squire. At age 20, Magellan first went to sea. In 1505 he was sent to India to install Francisco de Almeida as a Portuguese viceroy there and establish military and naval bases along the way. It was here that Magellan would also first experience battle: when a local king refused to pay tribute, Almeida's party attacked, conquering the Muslim city of Kilwa in present-day Tanzania. Magellan next journeyed to the East Indies in 1506, taking part in expeditions to the Spice Islands. In 1510, Magellan was promoted to the rank of captain. However, after secretly sailing a ship east without permission, he lost his command and was forced to return to Portugal. In 1511, Magellan was sent to Morocco where he fought in the Battle of Azamor (August 28 and August 29, 1513) and received a severe knee wound while fighting against the Moorish-Moroccan stronghold. Although wounded and the recipient of several medals, Magellan was accused of illegal trade with the Islamic Moors. He had also been involved in conflict with Almeida: after Magellan took a leave of the army without permission, Almeida gave a poor report of the sailor to the Portuguese court. Several of the accusations were subsequently dropped, but Magellan fell into disfavor with Manuel I of Portugal , who refused to raise Magellan's pension. The King also told Magellan that he would have no further employment in his country's service after May 15, 1514. Magellan formally renounced his nationality and went to offer his services to the court of Spain, changing his name from "''Fernão de Magalhães''" to "''Fernando de Magallanes''." ==Plans for circumnavigation== Magellan reached Seville, the main port of Spain, on October 20, 1517, and from there went to Valladolid to see the teenaged king, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). With the help of Juan de Aranda, one of the three chief officials of Seville's India House, and of other friends, especially Diogo Barbosa, a Portuguese, Magellan became naturalized as a Spaniard. Acquiring great influence in Seville, he gained the ear of Charles and the powerful Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, bishop of Burgos and the persistent enemy of Christopher Columbus. Having brought the Portuguese cartographical knowledge to the Spanish court, Magellan pointed out that there would exist a passage from South America, which he thought to be the Rio de la Plata, to the Pacific Ocean, forming a large bay-like river delta. He decided to pioneer this route to reach the Moluccas (Spice Islands), the key to the strategic and tremendously lucrative spice trade. He allegedly declared himself ready to sail southwards to 75° to realize his project. Ruy Faleiro, an astronomer and Portuguese exile, aided him in his plan, and he found an invaluable financial ally in Christopher de Haro, a member of a great Antwerp (province) firm who had a grudge against the king of Portugal. On March 22, 1518, King Charles approved Magellan's plan and granted him generous funds. Under the contract, Magellan and Faleiro, as joint captains-general, would receive one-twentieth of all profits and they and their heirs would gain the government of any lands discovered, with the title of ''Adelantados''. Magellan took an oath of allegiance in the church of Santa María de la Victoria de Triana, giving money to the monks of the monastery so they would pray for his success. With the money that Magellan and Faleiro had received from the king, the pair obtained five ships: the ''Trinidad'' (tonnage 110, crew 55), the ''San Antonio'' (tonnage 120, crew 60), the ''Concepcion'' (tonnage 90, crew 45), the Victoria (ship) (tonnage 85, crew 42), and the ''Santiago'' (tonnage 75, crew 32). The ''Trinidad'' was Magellan's flagship, and besides Faleiro the captains for the other four were Juan de Cartegena, Gomez, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza, respectively. ==The journey== [[Image:AndalusAndMorocco.jpg|100px|thumb|left|The arrow points to the city of Sanlúcar de Barrameda on the delta of the Guadalquivir River, in Andalusia.]] On August 10, 1519, the fleet of five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and traveled south from the Guadalquivir River to San Lucar de Barrameda at the mouth of the rivers, where they remained more than five weeks. Spanish authorities were wary of the Portuguese admiral and almost prevented Magellan from sailing, but on September 20, Magellan set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with 270 men. ===The voyage=== Upon hearing of his departure, King Manuel ordered a naval detachment to pursue him, but Magellan eluded the Portuguese. After a brief stop at the Canary Islands, Magellan arrived at the Cape Verde Islands, where they set course for Cape St. Augustine in Brazil. On November 20, the equator was crossed; on December 6, the crew sighted Brazil. Since Brazil was Portuguese territory at the time, Magellan avoided it, and on December 13 anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro, where the weather and the natives were generally friendly. There the fleet was resupplied, but these good conditions caused them to delay. Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. The fleet reached Río de la Plata on January 10, 1520. It was already late in the season, however, and the southern winter struck while they were still on the Argentina coast. Magellan decided to spend the winter in Patagonia. On March 31, the crew established a settlement that they called Puerto San Julian. A mutiny involving three of the five ship captains broke out. It was unsuccessful, mainly because the crew remained loyal. Quesada and Mendoza were executed, and Cartagena and a priest were Marooning on the coast. [[Image:Strait of Magellan.jpeg|thumb|right|The Straits of Magellan cut through the southern tip of South America connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.]] On August 24, the journey resumed. Magellan, behind schedule, was impatient to make up for lost time, and set out again while the weather still posed problems. The ''Santiago'', sent down the coast on a scouting expedition, was wrecked in a sudden storm. All of its crewmembers survived and made it safely to shore. Two of them returned, overland, to inform Magellan of what had happened, and bring rescue to their comrades. After this experience, Magellan decided to wait for a few weeks more before again resuming the voyage. At 52° South latitude on October 21, 1520, the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded they had found the passage, because the waters were brine and deep inland. Four ships began an arduous passage through the 373-mile long passage that Magellan called the ''Estreito (Canal) de Todos los Santos'', or "All Saints' Channel," because All Saint's Day, November 1, occurred while the fleet traveled through it. Now, the strait is named the Strait of Magellan. Magellan first assigned ''Concepcion'' and ''San Antonio'' to explore the strait, but the latter, commanded by Gomez, deserted and returned to Spain. On November 28, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. Magellan named the waters the ''Mar Pacifico'' (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness. ====Death of Magellan==== Heading northwest, the crew reached the equator on February 13, 1521. On March 6, they reached the Marianas and on March 16, the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, with 150 crewmen left. Magellan was able to communicate with the native peoples because his Malay people interpreter could understand their language. They traded gifts with Rajah Kolambu of Limasawa Island, who guided them to Cebu, on April 7. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly to them, and even agreed to accept Christianity. Magellan died in the Philippines on April 27 in the Battle of Mactan against indigenous forces led by Lapu-Lapu. Antonio Pigafetta, a wealthy tourist who paid to be on the Magellan voyage, is the only extant eyewitness account of Magellan's death. He writes: :''"When morning came, forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two cross-bow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, [the natives] had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries... The musketeers and crossbow-men shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly... Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off."'' ===The circumnavigation=== Magellan had provided in his will that his Malay interpreter was to be freed upon his death. His interpreter, who was baptized ''Enrique'' (''Henry the Black'') in Malacca 1511, had been captured by Sumatran slavers from his home islands. Thus Enrique became the first man to circumnavigate the globe (in multiple voyages). Enrique was indentured by Magellan during his earlier voyages to Malacca, and was at his side during the battles in Africa, during Magellan's disgrace at the King's court in Portugal, and during Magellan's successful raising of a fleet. However, after Mactan, the remaining ship's masters refused to free Enrique. Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen. However, Antonio Pigafetta had been making notes about the language, and was apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. The casualties suffered in the Philippines left the expedition with too few men to sail the three remaining ships. Accordingly, on May 2, 1521, they abandoned ''Concepcion'', burning the ship to make sure it could not be used against them. The fleet, now reduced to ''Trinidad'' and ''Victoria'', fled westward to Palawan. They left that island on June 21, 1521, and were guided to Brunei, Borneo by Moro pilots, who could navigate the shallow seas. They anchored off the Brunei breakwater for 35 days, where the Venetian Pigafetta mentions the splendor of Rajah Siripada's court (gold, two pearls the size of hens' eggs, etc.). In addition, Brunei boasted tame elephants and armament of 62 cannon, more than 5 times the armament of Magellan's ships. Brunei disdained the cloves which were to prove more valuable than gold, upon the return to Spain. Pigafetta mentions some of the technology of the court, such as porcelain (which was not yet widely available in Europe), and spectacles (eye-glasses were only just becoming available in Europe). After reaching the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) November 6 1521, 115 crew were left. They managed to trade with the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan of Ternate, who was the ally of the Portuguese. The two remaining ships, laden with valuable spices, attempted to return to Spain by sailing west. As they left the Moluccas, however, the ''Trinidad'' was found to be taking on water. The crew tried to discover and repair the leak, but failed. They concluded that the ''Trinidad'' would need to spend considerable time being overhauled. The small ''Victoria'' was not large enough to accommodate all the surviving crewmembers. As a result, the ''Victoria'' with some of the crew sailed west for Spain. Several weeks later, the ''Trinidad'' left the Moluccas to attempt to return to Spain via the Pacific route. This attempt failed; the ship was captured by the Portuguese, and was eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control. The ''Victoria'' set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on December 21 1521. By May 6, 1522, the ''Victoria'', commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations. Twenty crewmen died of starvation before Elcano put in to the Cape Verde Islands, a Portuguese holding, where he abandoned 13 more crewmen July 9 in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and cinnamon). === The return=== On September 6, 1522, Juan Sebastián de Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's voyage and the last ship of the fleet, ''Victoria'', arrived in Spain, almost exactly three years after leaving. The expedition actually eked out a small profit, but the crew were not paid their full wages.
| Name | Rating |
| Juan Sebastian de Elcano, from Getaria | Master |
| Francisco Albo, from Axio | Pilot |
| Miguel de Rhodes | Pilot |
| Juan de Acurio, from Bermeo | Pilot |
| Antonio Lombardo (Pigafetta), from Vicenza | Supernumerary |
| Martín de Judicibus, from Genoa | Chief Steward |
| Hernando de Bustamante, from Alcántara | Mariner |
| Nicholas the Greek, from Naples | Mariner |
| Miguel Sánchez, from Rhodes | Mariner |
| Antonio Hernandez Colmenero, from Huelva | Mariner |
| Francisco Rodrigues, Portuguese from Seville | Mariner |
| Juan Rodríguez, from Huelva | Mariner |
| Diego Carmena | Mariner |
| Hans of Aachen | Gunner |
| Juan de Arratia, from Bilbao | Able Seaman |
| Vasco Gomez Gallego ''the Portuguese'', from Bayona | Able Seaman |
| Juan de Santandrés, from Cueto | Apprentice Seaman |
| Juan de Zubileta, from Barakaldo | Page |
Ferdinand Magellan
This is a selected entry at Template:March 16 selected anniversaries (may be in HTML comment) == why do you keep reverting?!?!?!?!? == "He is also remembered as the first to circumnavigate the globe, although not in a single voyage: in an earlier voyage he sailed to Indonesia 1511, and in his last voyage he reached the same longitude from the opposite direction." when people talk about Magellan circumnavigating the globe they are generally refering to the "famous" expedition, for which the Magellan Strait is named. is it really necessary to make the above distinction (made twice in this artcile, i might add)? at least rephrase the above, which is poorly written. User:207.96.13.12 15:34, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC) ---- Are you sure he actually circumnavigated? I have heard that it was a servant (slave?) of his who was from (current) Indonesia and thus arrived to his homeland from the East, thus becoming the first man to circumnavigate the Earth. -- User:Error * its probably clearer to say ''the expedition he lead'' was the first to circumnavigate the globe. he died before reaching europe again, but the expedition (at least 18 of the orginal sailors), made it. see http://www.mariner.org/age/magellan.html == Enrique, 1st man to circumnavigate the globe? 1521 == Bergreen's book credits Magellan's servant, Enrique, as the first man to circumnavigate the globe. Ironically, Enrique was Malay. Enrique was captured from the Malay archipelagos by Sumatran slavers. Apparently, Magellan got to Malacca by 1509 or via d'Alburquerque's 1511 raid, which brought about the fall of the Sultanate of Malacca. Magellan purchased rights to Enrique in 1511, where he was apparently baptized. When Magellan was recalled to fight in Africa, Enrique was with him after 1511, apparently throughout Magellan's dismissal from the Portugese court, and up through the voyage around the world. The idea that Enrique is from the Philippines, from Cebu to be precise, was first asserted by Filipino historian Carlos Quirino based on a total misreading of Stefan Zweig's biography of Magellan. Zweig said that when Enrique spoke to the Mazauans somewhere in Mindanao he was for the first time understood and thus he knew he was back to his homelands. But Zweig, who explicitly identifies Enrique as Malayan, did not mean by that that Enrique was from the Philippines, only that he was where Malayan was spoken. As linguists have established Malayan was the trade lengua franca in Southeast Asia. Carlos Quirino, who is not a linguist, declared Enrique could not have been understood in Mazaua or Cebu or anywhere in the Philippines if he spoke Malayan. His linguistic dicta has not been challenged in the Philippines, for the simple reason that linguists do not find it in them to debate on a petty issue. So Bergreen's notion is based on a false and falsifying linguistic dicta of a non-linguist who was misled in his own mind by a misreading of Zweig. This tall tale has been given a big boost by Bergreen's book simply because of the tyranny of the printed word over ignorant minds. :Thank you for your clarification. I have removed the Filipino link for Enrique. User:169.207.115.56 10:56, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC) Although Magellan's will provided that Enrique was to be freed upon Magellan's death, the captains denied this action. Thus Enrique was freed only upon an uprising which killed almost 30 of the crew. There is no record of what really happened to him. The documents at the Casa de Contratacion has him killed together with the 30. It's not consistent with the fact that he was supposed to have been a conspirator in the massacre and there was no reason for the Cebuanos to kill him. What happened to him falls in the realm of speculation and wild imaginings. Some nationalities of the first men to circumnavigate the globe: *Malay *German *Italian (Antonio Pigafetta) *Greek *Spanish *Portugese *Basque (Juan Sebastian de Elcano) ''is Basque a nationality?'' Nationalities of others on the voyage who did not live to circumnavigate the globe: *British (Bristol) *Norway *Patagonia (the giants) *Indonesian Interesting, see http://www.1421.tv User:Stefan 11:08, Jan 3, 2004 (UTC) ---- To the anon whom I keep reverting: Wikipedia policy is to make headers lower case except for the first word and any names and places. Also, you keep making the References header one level too low. User:RickKUser talk:RickK 19:30, Jun 23, 2004 (UTC) == pic moved == moving pic. article looks better without, and is it neccesary? also, might be copyright violation? User:Marlowe 21:33, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC) Here is an image that might serve as a substitute for the Sanlucar map, if the copyright is still an issue for the Featured articles candidacy. User:Ancheta Wis 01:06, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) == Seals == I removed "''A 'seawolf', with the head of a calf — the Pinniped.''"- northern Europe is stuffed with seals, so Magellan's sailors were certainly not the first Europeans to see them. Could it be a manatee? User:Markalexander100 09:26, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) == Enrique passage moved here == The following passage did not make any sense in the context of the article, so I moved it here.User:Marlowe 16:34, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC) ''Magellan's Malay interpreter, who was baptized ''Enrique'' in Malacca 1511, returned from enslavement by Sumatran slavers to his home islands (some of which were to become named the Philippines), making him the first man to circumnavigate the globe (in multiple voyages). The surviving ships' masters refused to free Enrique, but Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen. However, Antonio Pigafetta had been making notes about the language, and was apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. '' :Added the point that Magellan's will had provided that Enrique was to be freed upon Magellan's death. This provides the continuity in the paragraph and joins to the ''ships fleeing westward'' in the succeeding paragraph. User:Ancheta Wis 02:42, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) ::Pls feel free to edit the new article Henry the Black about Enrique.--User:Jondel 00:45, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC) ==Vandalism== I just clicked here and all the page had written was: "hi." Has this happened before on this page, or is it just some random schmuck??? User:D.E. Cottrell 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) A history of vandalism has occurred on this page, mostly large amounts of copy-pasted text to the effect of "DIE ADMINZ DIE" or something similarly catchy. Seems like it's been getting taken care of pretty fast due to the fact that it's today's featured article. - Matthew Cieplak (not logged in, sorry) 30 August, 10:54PM PST ==Circumnavigation== WOW! I didn't know there was soo much discussion here about the circumnavigation. I didn't think it was such a big deal. I created the Henry the Black page. I hope that not too much imbrolgios occur. In wikipedia spirit, pls feel free to edit the page. BTW Nestor Enriquez, supposedly his descendant, might be useful. Link at the bottom.--User:Jondel 00:13, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC) ==Hernando -> Fernando Magellan.== The original message I wanted to add until I saw the discussion above. Hi, if you click on the Spanish page it says Hernando. Regards--Jondel 00:01, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Requesting pictures == Hi all, this is a student talking so i'll keep the rest of my identity secret. I am posting this headline asking all people to put ''many'' extra images on the website. I am doing a project in school where I do an interveiw with Magellan, and I want good pictures to put in. I see that there are already very good ones, so keep up the good work! if you have any replies type in this discussion here. --User:207.62.246.1 23:10, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Ships and captains according to the 107 link == *Trinidad (tonnage 110, crew 55) Faleiro - Magellan's flagship *San Antonio (tonnage 120, crew 60) Juan de Cartegena *Concepcion (tonnage 90, crew 45) Gaspar de Quesada *Victoria (tonnage 85, crew 42) Luis de Mendoza (succeeded by Elcano) *Santiago (tonnage 75, crew 32) Juan Serrano This information was formerly in a table, and the names have been switched. The new 107 link seems to straighten out the names. User:Ancheta Wis 03:07, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==The ''Concepcion''== The article doesn't say exactly when the ''Concepcion'' was abandoned, but describes the event after the arrival in the Moluccas in November 1521. It also says that ''Concepcion'''s cargo of spices was transferred to the other two ships. Bergreen, however, in the book cited in the article, says that the surviving crew members burned ''Concepcion'' soon after the disastrous encounters in the Philippines, on May 2, 1521, at a time when the expedition had done some advantageous trading for gold but had not yet found any spices. Is this point unclear from the records? Is there any authority giving a later date than May 2 for the abandonment of ''Concepcion''? User:JamesMLane 08:46, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC) :No one has pointed to any authority for this version, so I'm changing it to conform to Bergreen's account. User:JamesMLane 11:47, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) ==Request for references== Hi, I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Wikipedia:Verifiability policy. Part of that is to make sure articles Wikipedia:Cite sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. Further reading is not the same thing as proper references. Further reading could list works about the topic that were not ever consulted by the page authors. If some of the works listed in the further reading section were used to add or check material in the article, please list them in a references section instead. The Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check has more information. Thank you, and please [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Taxman&action=edit§ion=new leave me a message] when you have added a few references to the article. - User:Taxman 19:58, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC) :I haven't edited this article much, but I made a couple changes based on what was in Bergreen's book, so I moved that book from "Further reading" into a new "References" section. User:JamesMLane 18:48, 5 May 2005 (UTC) == time zones 1522 == I arrive here fresh from reading "A World Lit Only by Fire" by Wm Manchester. Anchored off the Cape Verde Islands near the end of the voyage, the shore party disputed the local Portuguese' statement of the date as Thursday July 10, 1522; by Pigafetta's (ship's log keeper) reckoning the date was July 9, Wednesday. No one had thought about the loss of a day resulting from the westward circumnavigation, and evidently there was quite a tangle in resolving this problem,encountered for the first time in history. However, Manchester lapses, I'm sure, when he claims this phenomenon supports the Copernican theory. The same loss of a day would result from circumnavigating a stationary globe circuited daily by an orbiting sun. :Bergreen also reports this discrepancy, although I don't remember his account as conveying a sense of "quite a tangle" to resolve it. From the point of view of the people on land, there wouldn't be much of a problem. They knew what day it was, and weren't going to be too concerned if one ship shows up, with eighteen half-starved men who are a little vague about their origins, and their log is off by one day. I don't remember whether the crew figured it out at the time or if the mystery wasn't resolved until they returned to Spain. User:JamesMLane 19:34, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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FA | FB | FC | FD | FE | FG | FH | FI | FJ | FK | FL | FM | FN | FO | FP | FR | FS | FT | FU | FW | FX | FY | FZ |Words begining with Ferdinand_Magellan:
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