Esperanto - meaning of word
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Esperanto



Esperanto is the most widely spoken constructed language international auxiliary language. The name derives from ''D-ro Esperanto'' (Dr. Hopeful), the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof first published the language in 1887. Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy-to-learn and flexible language as a universal second language to foster international understanding. Although no recognized List of countries or well known organization has adopted the language officially, it has, since its publication, enjoyed continuous usage by a small but growing community. Today, Esperanto is employed in world travel, correspondence, cultural exchange, conventions, literature, and language instruction. There are even a thousand or so native Esperanto speakers. There is experimental evidence that studying Esperanto before another foreign language improves one's ability to learn that language, so much so that it takes less time to learn both than it would to learn just the second. This is because Esperanto has less of a "first foreign language hurdle" than ethnic languages do. == History == As a recently constructed language, Esperanto's history is short and relatively well-known. It was developed in the late 1870s and early 1880s by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof. After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into the language as well as writing original prose and verse, the Unua Libro was published in Warsaw in July 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first primarily in the Russian empire and eastern Europe, then in western Europe and the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and magazines, but in 1905 the first world congress of Esperanto speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Since then world congresses have been held on five continents, every year except during the two World Wars, and have been attended by as many as 6000 people. Esperanto is part of the state educational curriculum of several countries, but is not an official language of any. There were plans at the beginning of the 20th century to establish Moresnet as the world's first Esperanto state, and the short-lived artificial island micronation of Rose Island used Esperanto as its official language in 1968. Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit organization international organizations such as the ''Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda'', but most others are specifically Esperanto organizations. The largest of these, the World Esperanto Association, has an official consultative relationship with the United Nations and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Two religions, the Bahá'í Faith and Oomoto, encourage the use of Esperanto among their followers. == Linguistic properties == === Classification === As a constructed language, Esperanto is not genealogically related to any ethnic tongue. However, the phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and semantics are based on the western Indo-European languages. The phoneme is essentially Slavic languages, as is much of the semantics, while the vocabulary derives primarily from the Romance languages, with a lesser contribution from Germanic languages. Pragmatics and other aspects of the language not specified by Zamenhof's original documents were influenced by the native languages of early speakers, primarily Russian language, Polish language, German language, and French language. Linguistic typology, Esperanto has prepositions and a information flow that by default is ''Subject Verb Object'' and ''Adjective Noun''. New words are formed through extensive prefixing and suffixing. === Phonology === Esperanto has 22 consonants and 5 vowels. It does not have tone (linguistics). Stress (linguistics) is always on the second-last vowel, unless a final vowel ''o'' is Elision (which can occur in poetry). For example, ''familio'' (family) is , but ''famili’'' is . :''See also the Esperanto pronunciation.'' ==== Consonants ==== {| border=1 align=center cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="text-align:center; font-size: larger; border-collapse: collapse;" |- style="font-size: x-small;vertical-align:top;" ! ! colspan="2" | Bilabial consonant ! colspan="2" | Labiodental consonant ! colspan="2" | Alveolar consonant ! colspan="2" | Postalveolar consonant ! colspan="2" | Palatal consonant ! colspan="2" | Velar consonant ! colspan="2" | Glottal consonant |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | Plosive consonant | || | colspan="2" |   | || | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | || | colspan="2" |   |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | Nasal consonant |   || | colspan="2" |   |   || | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | Flap consonant | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |   || | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | Fricative consonant | colspan="2" |   | || | || | || | colspan="2" |   | ||   | ||   |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | Affricate consonant | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | ||   | || | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | Lateral consonant | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |   || | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | Approximant | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |   || | colspan="2" |   | colspan="2" |   |- |} The sound is usually alveolar flap ( in the International Phonetic Alphabet), but may be alveolar trill. The has a normative pronunciation like an English ''v'', but is frequently somewhere between a ''v'' and a ''w'' (IPA ), or occasionally as an English ''w'', depending on the language background of the speaker. A semivowel normally occurs only in diphthongs after the vowels and . It is in complementary distribution with , suggesting that these are variants of the same sound. Common (if debated) assimilation (linguistics) includes the pronunciation of /nk/ as , like English ''sink'', and /kz/ as , like the ''x'' in English ''example''. A large number of possible consonant clusters can occur, up to three in initial position and four in medial position (for example, in ''instrui'', to teach). Final clusters are uncommon except in foreign names, poetic elision of final ''o'', and a very few basic words such as ''cent'' (hundred) and ''post'' (after). ==== Vowels ==== Esperanto has the five vowels of Spanish language and Swahili language. There are no long or nasalized vowels. {| border=1 align=center cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:larger;" ! ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Front vowel ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Back vowel |- ! style="text-align: right;font-size: x-small;" | Close vowel | | |- ! style="text-align: right;font-size: x-small;" | Mid vowel | | |- ! style="text-align: right;font-size: x-small;" | Open vowel | colspan=2 | |} There are six falling diphthongs: , , , , , . With only five vowels, a good deal of variation is tolerated. For instance, commonly ranges from (French ''é'') to (French ''è''). The details often depend on the speaker's native language. A glottal stop may occur between adjacent vowels in some people's speech, especially when the two vowels are the same, as in ''heroo'' (hero) and ''praavo'' (great-grandfather). === Grammar === Esperanto words are Derivation (linguistics) by stringing together prefixes, roots, and suffixes. This is very regular, so that people can create new words as they speak and be understood. Compound (linguistics) words work the same as English ''birdsong'' vs. ''songbird''. The different Part of speech are marked by their own suffixes: all nouns end in ''-o'', all adjectives in ''-a'', adverbs in ''-e'', and verbs end in one of six Grammatical tense and Grammatical mood suffixes, such as present tense ''-as''. Grammatical number nouns end in ''-oj'' (pronounced "oy"), whereas direct objects end in ''-on''. Adjectives Grammatical_number#Effect_of_number_on_verbs_and_other_parts_of_speech with their nouns; their endings are plural ''-aj'' (pronounced "eye") and direct-object ''-an''. The six verb inflections are three tenses and three moods. They are present tense ''-as'', future tense ''-os'', past tense ''-is''; infinitives in ''-i'', a conditional mood in ''-us'', and a jussive mood in ''-u'' (used for wishes and commands). Verbs are not marked for person or number. Word order is comparatively free: adjectives may precede or follow nouns, and subjects, verbs and objects (marked by the suffix ''-n'') can occur in any order. However, the article (grammar) ''la'' (the) and the demonstratives almost always come before the noun, and a preposition ''must'' come before it. Similarly, the negative ''ne'' (not) and conjunctions such as ''kaj'' (both, and) and ''ke'' (that) must precede the phrase or clause they introduce. In copular (A = B) clauses, word order is just as important as it is in English clauses like ''people are dogs'' vs. ''dogs are people''. === Vocabulary === :''See the lists of Wiktionary:Category:Esperanto language and Wiktionary:Category:Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro at Wiktionary, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project.'' The core vocabulary of Esperanto was defined by ''Lingvo internacia'', published by Zamenhof in 1887. It comprised 900 root (linguistics)s, which could be expanded into the tens of thousands of words with prefixes, suffixes, and compounding. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Esperanto dictionary, ''Universala Vortaro'', with a larger set of roots. However, the rules of the language allowed speakers to borrow new roots as needed, recommending only that they look for the most international forms, and then derive related meanings from these. Since then, many words have been borrowed, primarily but not solely from the western European languages. Not all proposed borrowings catch on, but many do, especially technical and scientific terms. Terms for everyday use, on the other hand, are more likely to be derived from existing roots (for example ''komputilo'' (a computer) from ''komputi'' (to compute) plus the suffix ''-ilo''), or to be covered by extending the meanings of existing words (for example ''muso'' (a mouse), now also means a computer input device, as in English). There are frequent debates among Esperanto speakers about whether a particular borrowing is justified or whether the need can be met by deriving from or extending the meaning of existing words. In addition to the root words and the rules for combining them, a learner of Esperanto must learn some idiomatic compounds that are not entirely straight forward. For example, ''eldoni'', literally "to give out", means "to publish". However, such forms are modelled after usage in the ethnic European languages, ''eldoni'' from the German ''herausgeben''. Nevertheless, there are not nearly as many idiomatic or slang words in Esperanto as in ethnic languages, as these tend to make international communication difficult, working against Esperanto's main goal. === Writing system === Esperanto is written with a modified version of the Latin alphabet, including six letters with diacritics: c-circumflex, g-circumflex, h-circumflex, j-circumflex, s-circumflex and u-breve (that is, ''c, g, h, j, s'' circumflex, and ''u'' breve). The alphabet does not include the letters ''q, w, x, y'' except in unassimilated foreign names. The 28-letter alphabet is:
a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z.
 All letters are pronounced approximately as their lower-case equivalents in the International Phonetic Alphabet, with the exception of ''c'' and the accented letters: {| border=1 align=center cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;" ! Letter ! Pronunciation |- align="center" ! c | |- align="center" ! ĉ | |- align="center" ! ĝ | |- align="center" ! ĥ | |- align="center" ! ĵ | |- align="center" ! ŝ | |- align="center" | ŭ
(as ''aŭ, eŭ'') | |} Two ASCII-compatible writing conventions are used that substitute digraphs for the accented letters when the latter are inconvenient: an original ''h-convention'' and its modern equivalent, the ''x-convention''. The h-convention was motivated by the familiarity of such digraphs as ''ch'' and ''sh'', while x-convention was devised to enable simple automated conversion with the standard orthography, and because simple computer word-sorting programs alphabetize these digraphs correctly: ''cx'' after ''cu'', ''sx'' after ''sv''. === Useful phrases === Here are some useful Esperanto phrases, with IPA transcriptions: * Hello:   ''Saluton''   * What is your name?: ::''Kiel vi nomiĝas?''   ::''Kia estas via nomo?''   * My name is ... : ::''Mi nomiĝas ...''   ::''Mia nomo estas ...''   * How much?:   ''Kiom?''   * Here you are:   ''Jen''   * Do you speak Esperanto?:   ''Ĉu vi parolas Esperanton?''     * I don't understand:   ''Mi ne komprenas''   * I like this one: :: ''Mi ŝatas tiun-ĉi''   :: ''Ĉi tiu plaĉas al mi''   * Thank you:   ''Dankon''   * You're welcome:   ''Ne dankinde''   * Please:   ''Bonvolu''   * Here's to your health:   ''Je via sano''   * Bless you!/Gesundheit!:   ''Sanon!''   * Okay:   ''Bone''   * It is a nice day:   ''Estas bela tago''   * I love you:   ''Mi amas vin''   * Goodbye: ::''Ĝis la revido''   :: ''Ĝis!''   * Peace!/shalom/salaam:   ''Pacon''   == The Esperanto speaker community == === Geography and Demography === Esperanto speakers are more numerous in Europe and East Asia than in the Americas, Africa and Oceania, and more numerous in urban than in rural areas (#References). Esperanto is particularly prevalent in the northern and eastern countries of Europe; in China, Korea, Japan, and Iran within Asia; in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico in the Americas; and in Togo and Madagascar in Africa. An estimate of the number of Esperanto speakers was made by Sidney S. Culbert, a retired psychology professor of the University of Washington and a longtime Esperantist, who tracked down and tested all Esperanto speakers in sample areas of dozens of countries over a period of twenty years. Culbert concluded that between one and two million people speak Esperanto at ILR or Foreign Service Level language ability measures, "professionally proficient" (able to communicate moderately complex ideas without hesitation, and to follow speeches, radio broadcasts, etc.) (#References). Culbert's estimate was not made for Esperanto alone, but formed part of his listing of estimates for all languages of over 1 million speakers, published annually in the World Almanac. Since Culbert never published in detail about his sampling methodology, or intermediate results for particular countries and regions, it is difficult to gauge the accuracy of his results. In the Almanac, his estimates for numbers of language speakers were rounded to the nearest million, thus the number for Esperanto speakers is shown as 2 million. This latter figure appears in Ethnologue. Assuming that this figure is accurate, that means that about 0.03% of the world's population speaks the language. This falls short of Zamenhof's goal of a international auxiliary language, but it represents a level of popularity unmatched by any other constructed language. Ethnologue also states that there are 200 to 2000 native Esperanto speakers. Ziko Marcus Sikosek has challenged this figure of 1.6 million as exaggerated. Sikosek estimated that even if Esperanto speakers were evenly distributed, assuming one million Esperanto speakers worldwide would lead one to expect about 180 in the city of Cologne, Germany. Sikosek finds only 30 fluent speakers in that city, and similarly smaller than expected figures in several other places thought to have a larger-than-average concentration of Esperanto speakers. He also notes that there are a total of about 20,000 members of the various Esperanto organizations (other estimates are higher). Though there are undoubtedly many Esperanto speakers who are not members of any Esperanto organization, he thinks it unlikely that there are fifty times more speakers than organization members (#References). Others think such a ratio between members of the organized Esperanto movement and speakers of the language is not unlikely. In the absence of Dr. Culbert's detailed sampling data, or any other census data, it is impossible to state the number of speakers with certainty. === Culture === :''For a more detailed treatment of these topics, see the subarticles: Esperanto culture, Esperanto literature, and Esperanto music.'' Esperanto is often used to access an international culture, including a large corpus of original as well as translated Esperanto literature. There are over a hundred regularly published Esperanto magazine. Many speakers use the language for free travel throughout the world using the Pasporta Servo, or for international pen pals. Penpals are even possible for elementary school students, something that is far more difficult when using an ethnic language like English. To some extent there are also shared traditions in the Esperanto community, like Zamenhof Day. It is frequently criticised that "Esperanto has no culture". However, Esperanto is intentionally culturally neutral: It was intended to be a facilitator ''between'' cultures, not the carrier of any one culture. (See ''Esperanto as an international language''.) === Goals of the Esperanto movement === Zamenhof's intention was to create an easy-to-learn language to foster international understanding. It was to serve as an international auxiliary language, that is, as a universal second tongue, not to replace ethnic languages. This goal was widely shared among Esperanto speakers in the early decades of the movement. Later, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the culture that had grown up around it as ends in themselves, even if Esperanto is never adopted by the United Nations or other international organizations. Those Esperanto speakers who want to see Esperanto adopted officially or on a large scale worldwide are commonly called ''finvenkistoj'', from ''fina venko'', meaning "final victory". Those who focus on the intrinsic value of the language are commonly called ''raŭmistoj'', from Rauma, Finland, Finland, where a declaration on the near-term unlikelihood of the "fina venko" and the value of Esperanto culture was made at the International Youth Congress in 1980, although these categories are not mutually exclusive. == Esperanto and education == Relatively few schools teach Esperanto officially outside of China, Hungary, and Bulgaria; the majority of Esperanto speakers continue to learn the language through self-directed study or correspondence courses. Several Esperanto paper correspondence courses were early on adapted to email and taught by corps of volunteer instructors. In more recent years, teaching websites like ''lernu!'' have become popular. The Belgian Claude Piron, a psychologist at the University of Geneva and Chinese-English-Russian-Spanish translator for the United Nations, argued that it is easier to think clearly in Esperanto than in many ethnic languages. Several studies demonstrate that, at least for native European-language speakers, studying Esperanto before another foreign language speeds and improves learning the other language. This is presumably because learning subsequent foreign languages is easier than learning one's first, while the use of a grammatically simple and culturally flexible auxiliary language like Esperanto lessens the first-language learning hurdle. In one study (#References), a group of European high-school students studied Esperanto for one year, then French for three years, and ended up with a significantly better command of French than a control group, who studied French for all four years. Similar results were found when the second language was Japanese, or when the course of study was reduced to two years, of which six months was spent learning Esperanto. ''See Propedeutic value of Esperanto for other relevant studies.'' == Criticism and Modifications of Esperanto == :''For a more detailed treatment of these topics, see the subarticles: Esperantido and Esperanto as an international language''. Though Esperanto itself has changed relatively little since the publication of the ''Fundamento'', a number of reform projects have been proposed over the years, starting with Ido in 1907. Several later conlangs, such as Novial and Fasile, were based on Esperanto. Common criticisms of the language are that its vocabulary and grammar are too Western European; that its vocabulary, accented letters, and grammar are not Western European enough (a critique addressed by Ido and Interlingua); that it is sexist, artificial, or has failed to live up to expectations. == Further reading == ===See also=== *Esperanto language **Esperanto pronunciation **Esperanto orthography **Esperanto phonology **Esperanto vocabulary **Esperanto grammar *History of Esperanto **Proto-Esperanto **Esperantido **World Congress of Esperanto *Propedeutic value of Esperanto *Esperanto as an international language *Esperanto culture **Esperanto film **Esperanto flag **Esperanto library **Esperanto literature ***''Monato'' (a monthly world news magazine) **Esperanto music ***''La Espero'' (Esperanto anthem) **World Congress of Esperanto *Esperanto in English-language media *Wikimedia **:eo:Cxefpagxo (Wikipedia) **:eo:wikt:Cxefpagxo (Wiktionary) === References === * [http://katalogo.uea.org/index.php?inf=4006 ''Ludovikologia dokumentaro I''] Tokyo: Ludovikito, 1991. Facsimile reprints of the ''Unua Libro'' in Russian, Polish, French, German, English and Swedish, with the earliest Esperanto dictionaries for those languages. * [http://www.akademio-de-esperanto.org/fundamento/enhavo.php Fundamento de Esperanto]. HTML reprint of 1905 ''Fundamento'', from the Academy of Esperanto. * Auld, William. ''La Fenomeno Esperanto'' ("The Esperanto Phenomenon"). Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988. * Everson, Michael. [http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/esperanto.pdf The Alphabets of Europe: Esperanto {PDF}]. Evertype, 2001. * Harlow, Don. [http://www.webcom.com/~donh/eaccess/eaccess.book.html The Esperanto Book]. Self-published on the web (1995-96). * Sikosek, Ziko M. ''Esperanto Sen Mitoj'' ("Esperanto without Myths"). Second edition. Antwerp: Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, 2003. * John C. Wells. ''Lingvistikaj aspektoj de Esperanto'' ("Linguistic aspects of Esperanto"). Second edition. Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1989. * Williams, N. (1965) 'A language teaching experiment', ''Canadian Modern Language Review'' 22.1: 26-28 * Wolff, David T. [http://groups-beta.google.com/group/soc.culture.esperanto/browse_thread/thread/9dbd2f14213a811c/b155141ccf91c6cc?q=4jbo0b$g31@salvelinus.brooktrout.com&_done=%2Fgroups%3Fq%3D4jbo0b$g31@salvelinus.brooktrout.com%26&_doneTitle=Back+to+Search&&d#b155141ccf91c6cc Posting to soc.culture.esperanto of 27 March, 1996] quoting Dr. Sidney Culbert on his then unpublished research on the number of Esperanto speakers. === External links === ==== Information on Esperanto ==== * [http://www.uea.org/info/angle/an_ghisdatigo.html An Update on Esperanto] by the World Esperanto Association * [http://esperanto.net Esperanto.net: information in 57 languages] * [http://members.aol.com/sylvanz/gvcont.htm Esperanto: A Language for the Global Village] by Sylvan Zaft * [http://www.esperanto-chicago.org/key.htm A Key to the International Language] compiled by R. Kent Jones and Christopher Zervic * [http://www.homunculus.com/babel/aesperanto.html Blueprints for Babel: Esperanto] - Commentary and grammatical summary of Esperanto and Riismo, with glossary and links * [http://www.proz.com/topic/23774 From a Nobel Nominee who writes in Esperanto] ==== Dictionaries ==== * [http://www.fdicts.com/dictlist1.php?k1=27 All free Esperanto dictionaries] * [http://purl.org/NET/voko/revo/ Reta Vortaro], an Esperanto dictionary * [http://www.notam02.no/~hcholm/altlang/ht/Esperanto.html The Alternative Esperanto Dictionary] * [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Esperanto-english/ Esperanto – English Dictionary]: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] – the Rosetta Edition. ==== Esperanto courses ==== * [http://www.lernu.net/ Lernu.net] – see also Lernu! * [http://pacujo.net/esperanto/course/ Free Esperanto Course] – E-mail correspondence course * [http://www.cursodeesperanto.com.br Kurso de Esperanto] – Software and e-mail correspondence course (multilingual) * [http://www.esperanto-panorama.net/ Esperanto - Panorama] ==== Esperanto organizations ==== * [http://www.esperanto-gb.org Esperanto Association of Britain] * [http://www.esperanto.ca/kea/index.htm Canadian Esperanto Association] * [http://www.esperanto.org.au/ Australian Esperanto Association] * [http://www.esperanto.org.nz/ New Zealand Esperanto Association] * [http://www.esperanto-usa.org Esperanto League for North America] – US national organization * [http://www.uea.org Universal Esperanto Association] * [http://www.esperanto.gov.uca.cc UCA Special Commission on Esperanto Initiatives] * [http://www.forst.uni-muenchen.de/EXT/AIS/index.html Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San-Marino] - International Academy of the Sciences ==== Portal ==== * [http://gxangalo.com/ Ĝangalo - La mondo en Esperanto] - The World in Esperanto ====Criticism==== * [http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/ Learn Not to Speak Esperanto] by Justin B. Rye * [http://www.rickharrison.com/language/bloated.html Is Esperanto's Vocabulary Bloated?] Esperanto International auxiliary languages Constructed languages als:Esperanto fa:زبان اسپرانتو ga:Esperanto hi:एस्पेरान्तो jbo:esperant la:Esperanto li:Esperanto minnan:Sè-kài-gí ms:Bahasa Esperanto nds:Esperanto os:Эсперанто sq:Esperanto sw:Kiesperanto vo:Esperanto yi:עספּעראנטאָ

Esperanto



/Archive 1 /Archive 2 /Archive 3 /Archive 4 This was nominated as a WP:FAC by User:Raul654 in February 2005, and Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Esperanto. It's undergone considerable revision since then, so we'll probably nominate it again after requesting Wikipedia:Peer_review and doing further revision. --User:Jim Henry 16:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) It went through Wikipedia:Peer review/Esperanto in late February and early March, and improved a lot. Among the changes were removing some less relevant material to separate articles like Esperanto orthography and Esperanto in English-language media; please see the peer review page and the talk archives here for details. --User:Jim Henry | User talk:Jim Henry 19:42, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Minor question == Under History section: "As a constructed language, Esperanto's history is both short and well-known" By well-known do you mean widely known or well-documented? User:Espermike 07:00, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC) : I can't speak for the person who first wrote that, but to me it only makes sense if it means "well-documented". Maybe we should say it that way. --User:Jim Henry 10:07, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Opening paragraph (as of Feb.2005) == My comments: ''...which the Polish philologist L. L. Zamenhof...'' : I've never heard that Zamenhof was a ''philologist'', professionally at least. :: I've deleted the "Polish philologist" bit. If someone wants to know his complicated personal history they can click the link to L. L. Zamenhof. --User:Jim Henry 16:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) ''His intention was to create an easy-to-learn language, to serve ...'' : the comma after "language" is unnecessary and confusing at first glance. ''to serve as an international auxiliary language for global communication.'' : the phrase "for global communication" is redundant with "language." Language is for communication, no? Global is (roughly) redundant with "international." I would delete "for global communication." :: I've completely rewritten this sentence. --User:Jim Henry 18:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) ''Today Esperanto is used for many activities including travel, correspondence, cultural exchange, literature, and language instruction;'' : maybe add "periodicals" to this list? (i.e. magazines are a popular part of Esperanto as far as I know). Maybe add "congresses" (the various conventions) as well? ''it is the most widely used constructed language and even has some native speakers.'' : I don't know why but I don't like this sentence. It sounds like bragging. Mention the estimated speaker size instead? The "even has some native speakers" phrase is totally irrelevant to an introduction. It's sorta tacked on there at the end like, "and it comes with a kitchen sink too." :: Estimated speaker count is in the table, and we now have a whole section on how many speakers there probably are and how hard it is to be sure of the number. I don't think we need to get into that in the summary paragraph. --User:Jim Henry 16:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) : Just my opinion and someone please delete my comments when it becomes irrelevant to any future revisions of the main article. :: Haven't you noticed the "edit this page" link at the top of the article? — User:Timwi 13:35, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Irrelevancy == I think this paragraph is pretty irrelevant and should be deleted or perhaps moved elsewhere: :Ethnologue also states that Esperanto is a language of France [1] (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ESP). David Blunkett said in the British House of Commons: "My only regret is that I learned a language called Esperanto at school. It was a very good idea at the time, but it got me into certain difficulties at the age of 16 when I used it in Paris." [2] (http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010426/debtext/10426-03.htm), although he did not say whether he had been reading Ethnologue. If nobody objects in a few days, I will delete it. --User:Jim Henry 17:09, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) Done. --User:Jim Henry 16:08, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) User:Jeronimo had some other comments about things that seemed to him irrelevant; see Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Esperanto. --User:Jim Henry 16:41, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) I removed these links that seemed to me irrelevant: * [http://www.majstro.com/Web/Majstro/dict.php?gebrTaal=eng&bronTaal=epo&doelTaal=eng Majstro Multlingva Tradukvortaro]: An on-line translation dictionary that uses Esperanto as an auxiliary language * [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/c/c3/Radiopolonia_20nov2004.OGG Radio Polonia] Interview with female Chinese Esperantist, describing difficulties in learning Esperanto for those outside Europe (.OGG file; in Esperanto) * [http://starling.ws/gus_sonoj/#GUS-2-1 Trigamba Jochjo] Science fiction story, Threelegged Joe by Jack Vance, translated into Esperanto, recorded as audio in Ogg Vorbis format. The first is an interesting example of the use of Esperanto, but not especially relevant as information ''on'' Esperanto. The latter two, being in Esperanto, are unlikely to be useful to typical readers of this English-language article. --User:Jim Henry 17:57, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) I have removed these See Alsos that seemed of lesser importance (they're in Category:Esperanto so easy enough to find if one is looking) and a couple of Miscellaneous external links of doubtful relevance. It might be good to add a more detailed paragraph about things of this kind to the Culture section of this article, or the Esperanto culture article, rather than just these See Also links. --User:Jim Henry 21:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) *Esperanto services **Amikeca Reto — friendship network **Esperanto Pen Pal Service **Pasporta Servo — hospitality network **Esperanto Antauen — Esperanto company *[http://www.lorem-ipsum.info/_esperanto Generator for Esperanto typographical filler text] *[http://www.cantr.net The first online role-playing game in Esperanto] == NPOV on the "five reasons for its strength" == At [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Esperanto], User:Plek comments that :I think this article has some serious NPOV issues. It reads like an Esperanto manifesto, especially the list headed by "More generally, there are five primary reasons for its strength". I think there's some justice to what he says, though I'm not sure offhand how best to rephrase this section. Comments? --User:Jim Henry 17:09, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) After further comments from Plek on the Featured Article Candidacy page, I cut this: # Re-thinking it all: Zamenhof started developing his constructed language early, and he had done an enormous amount of work by the time he left for university. When he returned home in 1881, as the legend goes, he found that his father had burned all his notes and work. Thus Zamenhof was forced to begin again, but this time he had the advantage of all that he had learned in his first attempt. He commented later in a letter to Nikolai Borovko, "I worked for six years perfecting and testing the language, even though it had seemed to me in 1878 that the language was already completely ready." # Tapping innate structures: Zamenhof based his language on a regularized version of natural languages, rather than building a totally novel and abstract structure (an approach used by some others). Not only are the word roots generally from natural languages, the overall structure mimics natural languages. This approach means that Esperanto can exploit desirable features from naturally evolved languages. # Delay before publication: When Zamenhof was ready to publish his language, the Czarist censors would not allow it. Stymied, he spent his time in translating works (such as parts of the Bible and William Shakespeare) into Esperanto. This enforced delay led to continuing refinement and improvement before the language was presented to the world. # Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists: Many developers of constructed languages are possessive of their brain-children and reject any attempt by others to contribute or have a significant role in the development of the language. Zamenhof declared that "Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists" and moved to the background once the language was published, allowing others to share in the early development of the language. # Stability: Constructed languages are often hindered from developing a speaker community by continual tinkering, with the constant changes making the language impossible to learn and use. Zamenhof, in contrast, published his ''Fundamento de Esperanto'' and established it as an unchanging foundation. This gave Esperanto a stability of structure and grammar similar to that which natural languages possess by virtue of their great body of literature and speakers. Thus one could learn Esperanto without having it move from underfoot. I rewrote part of it, hopefully in a more neutral way, and moved some of the historical detail to Esperanto history. If you think some of this should go back in, please rewrite it in a more NPOV manner and put it in a new section (the stuff about "Tapping innate structures", "exploiting desirable features", etc. doesn't belong here in the "Language evolution" section). Some of the stuff I moved to Esperanto history needs better sourcing; some can be sourced from Zamenhof's letter to Borovko, and I added a reference to it in that article, but others (his father burning his papers? the censors not allowing publication at first?) I could not quickly find a reference to back up. Will re-read bits of ''La Fenomeno Esperanto'' and other sources to see what I can find. --User:Jim Henry 15:28, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Chaplin film? == In the section on Esperanto in the mainstream media, I wonder why the Charlie Chaplin film "the grand dictator" isn't mentioned. (It might be that this is not the English name - in German it is "Der grosse Diktator".) A number of the shop signs in the ghetto are in E-o. - User:Ar 16:10, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC) Sure, go ahead and add it. Make sure it is in the article on Esperanto film as well. Since we have a separate article on Esperanto film, let's avoid letting the mainstream media section get too long and detailed. I think adding the Chaplin film here (since it's one of the earliest, maybe the very earliest) and deleting some of the less important examples (while making sure they're listed in other relevant articles) would be a good thing. --User:Jim Henry 16:12, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Namesake == The Namesake section mentioning the asteroid named for Esperanto is irrelevant here, as User:Jeronimo pointed out at Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Esperanto. There is a whole book (''Monumente pri Esperanto'') about things named for Esperanto or Dr. Zamenhof; but none of them are relevant in an encyclopedia article on Esperanto. If no one objects in a couple of days, I will delete this section. --User:Jim Henry 16:41, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) : I don't quite see why it would be "irrelevant in an encyclopedia article". — User:Timwi 20:09, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) :: Do you want to list other things named for Esperanto, maybe in another article Things named for Esperanto or Esperanto namesakes? To me, it makes sense for the article on the asteroid to link here, but not much sense the other way around. The fact that there is an asteroid named for Esperanto seemed to Jeronimo irrelevant to this article, and on reflection I agree with him. Mentioning the asteroid by itself in a tiny section just looks silly; either we should beef up the section with more namesakes, or move it to another article, or delete it. Personally, I think improving the namesakes section (or writing a namesakes article) is a lot lower priority than improving the cursory treatment of Esperanto history and remedying the total lack of any section in this article on Esperanto culture, literature, music, etc. --User:Jim Henry :: I've removed the text. If you really think it belongs, please expand it with additional material into a new article and put it in Category:Esperanto. --User:Jim Henry 20:56, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) The minor planet 1421 Esperanto is named in honor of the language. It was discovered on March 18, 1936 by Yrjö Väisälä. * Schmadel, Lutz D. ''Dictionary of Minor Planet Names'' (2nd ed.). Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993. == Englishesque phonetic transcription == In Wikipedia:Peer_review/Esperanto, User:Mark Dingemanse suggested getting rid of the rough transcriptions (e.g. [choo vee pah-ROH-lahss ess-peh-RAHN-tohn?]) now that we have IPA transcriptions. I'll do that in a few days if no one objects. --User:Jim Henry 17:43, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Size of the article == After adding material as recommended by the FAC objectors and peer reviewers, the article is now over 35KB. Any suggestions about which sections could most profitably be abridged or spun off into separate articles? IMO, the Esperanto in mainstream media section is the most easily dispensible - we might move the whole section into a see also article. The section on Writing system could probably stand to lose some or all of the extended discussion of ASCII transcriptions, Latin-3, Unicode, and locales. --User:Jim Henry 22:58, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC) == vowel vs. syllable == Sorry, I really think we should stick to saying Esperanto stress is on the penultimate ''vowel'', not syllable. Of course, it's the vowel that defines the syllable, but saying that the stress is on the penultimate syllable causes people to make mistakes with words like ''familio'', which they expect to be trisyllabic [fa.'mi.ljo] based on analogy with the Romance source languages. More recent Esperanto grammars often avoid this problem by saying "next-to-last vowel", and I've heard several people express appreciation as to how clear that is. User:Kwamikagami 23:22, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) : OK, that makes sense. --User:Jim Henry | User talk:Jim Henry 19:42, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC) == number of speakers == I've changed the figure to the best guess on Vikipedio, [http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombro_de_Esperanto-parolantoj]. The Vikipedia article reports a ''guestimate'' that there are 1000 native speakers, 10,000 native-like speakers, 100,000 fluent speakers, a million conversant with the language, and 10 million who've studied a bit of the basics, so a best guess would be 100,000 to one million speakers, depending on your definition of a "speaker". --User:Kwamikagami 19:47, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC) :P.S. Sorry for repeating the info at the link here, but I don't know if everyone reading this page will be literate in Esperanto! User:Kwamikagami : I'm not sure I fully trust Dr. Culbert's figures, but they seem to have more solid methodology behind them than Dr. Lindstedt's guesstimate. --User:Jim Henry | User talk:Jim Henry 15:03, 12 May 2005 (UTC) == edit == Removed the bit about E especially helping with IndoEuropean languages. Yes, Italian would be quite easy because of the shared vocab, but I doubt the ''improvement'' of learning time of Russian or Persian would be much greater than, say, Japanese. I found Japanese to be rather easy after picking up Esperanto. And I had studied Spanish for years without much to show for it, so it wasn't just the second-language effect: when I learned a new construction in Japanese, I translated into E, and that made me comfortable enough with it to think directly in Japanese, rather than going through English as I would've done otherwise. The one relevant section of the propedeutic article seems to support this position. --User:Kwamikagami 10:42, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Final consonant clusters == :Final clusters are uncommon except in learned vocabulary, foreign names, and poetic elision of final o. Can someone point out an instances of learnéd vocabulary which have final consonant clusters? (Not a final cluster in the root - you don't have to look at technical vocabulary to find that - but a final cluster in the actual word.) --User:Jim Henry | User talk:Jim Henry 15:01, 12 May 2005 (UTC) :Sorry, that was sloppy. Just corrected it. User:Kwamikagami 22:18, 2005 May 12 (UTC) :P.S. If anyone recalls any such words besides ''cent'', my 'correction' needs to be corrected, and they should be added to the phonotactics section of Esperanto phonology. == United Citizens Alliance == since this seems an almost non-existant organisation whose article is being considered for deletion, i dont think the reference should remain especially since it seem to indicate that this is a large organisation, and significant to the language. --User:vierstein :Agreed. In fact, I remember it being removed before. User:Kwamikagami 20:09, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC) ::I removed it before, when it was more widespread. The re-added stuff seemed less problematic to me, but it doesn't matter much to me either way. :::When I last checked, the UCA didn't even have their web site up. The refs in this article struck me as more of an ad than anything else. SAT's also pretty minor, but at least they've been around since the twenties, so we know they're a real organization. For all I know, UCA's one person sitting in front of their computer. User:Kwamikagami 21:30, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC) == new template: subarticleof == I have replaced a few substituted instances of the template {{Template:Main}} by {{Template:seesubarticle}}. This because the accompanying template {{Template:seemain}} was hopelessly confusing with Main. I have placed the accompanying template {{Template:subarticleof}} on the according subarticles. For feedback and suggestions please visit Template talk:seesubarticle and Template talk:subarticleof. Thanks --User:MarSch 11:34, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Target Audience == I'm sorry, but this seems to be a classic case of somebody 'getting in first' and writing an entry to show how clever THEY are...not to inform. I cite 'alveolar trill', labiodental fricative', 'allophones', agglutinative', 'morpheme', 'deictic' and 'propeduetic'. None of this was mentioned (or necessary) when I learned Esperanto. Esperanto is supposed to be simple and accessible to all; what chance has the language got if nobody can even understand its description in their mother tongue?. Chris R, UK :You have a good point. On the other hand, the articles aren't designed to teach people Esperanto (that would be in Wikibooks), and our audience may include people who know the basics of the language, but want to learn more about the details. We could probably do a better job of making the main article more accessible, rather than just short, and saving the technobabble for the subarticles. In the end, though, the same problem will arise. Maybe a disclaimer just under the intro, directing would-be learners to good teaching websites? User:Kwamikagami 09:32, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC) ::I've started editing out the technical terminology. Hopefully it should read a little better now for the non-linguist, but it needs another pass or two. User:Kwamikagami 08:47, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC) Thank-you Kwami. The entry now reads much better; It is more "user-friendly", and so clear and simple that even I can understand it :-). Chris R, UK == Growing community? == IMO, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esperanto&curid=9248&diff=0&oldid=0 this recent revert] is appropriate if and only if evidence is cited of the community's growth. Comments? - User:PhilipR 18:50, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) :I mostly reverted it because the text that replaced it, "a small number of people", made it sound like the extent of Esperanto was 5 people in a basement somewhere. Perhaps "a relatively small community" would be better? User:DenisMoskowitz 20:20, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC) ::That sounds like weasle wording. What's "relatively"? Relative to English? to Interlingua? Almost anything we say is going to sound POV to someone. At a million people, more or less, the community is pretty small. The evidence is out there that the number has been growing or holding steady, depending on the vagaries of the era. Right now I believe it's growing. It's not an impressive rate of growth, but I think it's important to mention it, to correct the common impression that no one speaks Esperanto anymore. The language was very much in the public eye in the past, and people interpret the current lack of publicity to mean a lack of speakers, as if the language were moribund. I believe that was the motivation for the original wording: not (necessarily) as propaganda, but to correct a common misperception. Philip is right, we should be able to substantiate the claim. But the phrase "a small but growing community" is accurate and entirely appropriate to the goals of an encyclopedia. User:Kwamikagami 21:52, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC) :::I'm starting to wonder. The E community has definitely grown, but how has it grown compared to world population? The Kongreso attendance numbers haven't gone up all that much, despite the fact that transportation is so much quicker and cheaper now. Does anyone have an idea? User:Kwamikagami 08:52, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC) == A critique addressed by Ido == I took that bit out as Ido isn't the only IAL that addresses this. I'm an Idist myself but there's no need to add a cheap advertisement in the middle of everything. The main differences that Ido addressed were the diacritical marks, the -n object marker, and word formation. There was no cry of "this language isn't European enough, let's change it." :Oh. I just reverted that. (I don't give a lot of consideration to anonymous edits.) Wasn't meant as an ad for Ido, just that Ido is the only Esperanto reform that ever went anywhere. Change it to Interlingua if you like. My point was that a lot of the criticisms are diametrically opposed, so that it's impossible to satisfy everyone. User:Kwamikagami 23:56, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC) Did you now? Now I'm not anonmymous - I'm the largest contributor to the Ido Wiktionary and one of the largest to our Wikipedia. This is the article to reference when comparing the two: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/chefaj.html And you will notice a complete lack of decrying Esperanto for its un-Europeanness. User:Mithridates 05:30, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC) PS if you are going to stick with the 'not European enough' line then Ido should be changed to Interlingua, but you can keep the reference to Ido if you reference the diacritical marks, as Ido was the first language reform to address that in 1907. Oh, sorry if I sounded grumpy when I wrote that. I had just woken up. *^^* User:Mithridates 06:35, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Sure. I'm up too late, so I can relate. (I did puzzle over the "did you now?", but then decided not to worry about it -- I mean, I had just reverted you without bothering to read the talk page!) Let's see, we just had an edit conflict, so you're giving me a chance to make sure I wan't being grumpy ... :My impression from the early Ido documents is that one of the criticisms leveled at Eo was that it was too Slavic and too Germanic. I wouldn't expect anyone to say that today, but it seemed a popular theme around 1910. The 'improvements in clarity' cited at your link tend to replace Slavic semantics with Romance or English semantics - of course, if you're more familiar with the Western languages, their logic will seem clearer. (Shouldn't have said "not ''European'' enough". My bad.) As for your link being "the article" to reference, it's a little one-sided, don't you think? Not saying it's wrong, just that I could come up with a similar list of the advantages E has over Ido. (One-to-one orthography, easy-to-learn proforms, better accommodates aspectual distinctions, fewer roots for non-Europeans to memorize, many of the reformed words like ''skolo'' and ''tarda'' are in Eo too, just nobody cares to use them, yadda yadda yadda.) A good reference article would have both, so the reader could decide for themself. And, of course, propaganda tailored for today's audience will differ from the motivations of the Ido committee. :Anyway, take out the Ido ref if you like. It doesn't matter too much what the exemplar is. User:Kwamikagami 07:32, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC) Oh, that article? Yeah, it's completely one-sided and I wouldn't dare try to put it in the article; I just put it in there in case you hadn't seen it before, as it addresses what Idists consider to be the most important of the reforms. I think if they had to choose only a few of the changes they decided on that they would take out the diacritic characters first, then the -n ending, and then the plurals after that. Everything else seems to have been pretty minor to me. Of course, Esperantists of old had to write in the diacriticals by hand after typing out pages on a typewriter and things are a lot easier now with just a simple download. I'll take another look at the paragraph tonight and make a change; you can tell me what you think of it and I'm sure things will be just fine. ^^ User:Mithridates 08:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC) Okay, I added a bit about the diacritical marks. Pretty much the same as what I wrote in the paragraph above, and I ended it with a remark that the problem has been largely minimized by the downloadable fonts - or should I have said IME or something of the sort? I assume Macs and Linux systems also have their own software for that as well. For me, I downloaded that 'Ek!' button and everything was just fine afterwards. User:Mithridates 09:17, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC) :The paragraph's fine, but the level of detail is more appropriate for the Espo criticism article. (Like many sections, it had grown to the point of being unwieldy in the main article, and was moved. Otherwise the main article would be a good twenty pages long.) The section here is more of an abstract: 'People don't like A, B, and C, have proposed several reforms, for more, read [this].' I've slowly been expanding the debates on the various criticisms, but haven't gotten to the script yet. Your paragraph would make a good addition. I can move it over later, or you can if you like. :Frankly, I don't see how it matters how you write the language. The accusative, agreement, ubiquitous diphthongs, derivation vs. borrowing, those are substantial issues that actually affect the language. But the orthography? It just seems so superficial to make such a big deal out of it. Just use digraphs - who cares? And whether the grammatical endings are familiar or not - you get used to them so quickly, it's hard for me to see how it matters whether the jussive is ''-u'' or ''-ez'' (except that ''-ez'' will come out as [es] for much of the world...). I need to take a closer look at Ido derivation - I have the feeling that under the surface it's just as arbitrary as Espo. But that's where the meat is. User:Kwamikagami 09:56, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC) I'm not sure why they changed it to -ez either. I noticed quite a few romance languages with Wikipedias here that have the -u ending so it's definately not unnatural. It's hard to say - I'm definately grateful to Esperanto for creating the 1.5 - 2 million population that believes in an IAL enough to study a whole new language. I think if the population of Es, Io and Ia were the same that I would choose Interlingua as I like how it looks a bit better, but doing so would invalidate all the effort the Esperantists have put into the movement and that would be a shame. I do think the diacritical marks to be the most important issue though, and the reason is because the vast majority of people are lazy and anything that makes a language less attractive looking, even if it makes sense, can turn people off. Word derivation: I think the biggest problem Idists had with the -a turning into -o and then back into -a again is that you get a situation where the original -o is a noun, then tne -a is an adjective based on the noun, but then by turning the -a adjective into an -o again you have a noun written the same as the original word but based on the adjective instead, giving it a different meaning. I remember some minor things as well when they used Esperanto in real life like trying to shout at somebody that they have to turn maldextre instead of dextre, but from a distance it's hard to make out anything but the -extre sound at the end so they changed it to sinistre because otherwise it could cause confusion. Then there were some problems with a lot of the pronouns sounding the same over the phone, especially ni and mi. But whatever, nothing's perfect. Korean and Japanese don't make any differentiation between the word 'smile' and 'laugh', and I know that if an IAL were to do that they would get laughed out of town, whereas if a cool Asian language does it it's 'deep'. Ha. ^^ User:211.58.237.50 14:38, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Okay, I just moved your paragraph over to Esperanto as an international language and integrated it into what was there. I also put in a more obvious reference to the alphabet in the main article. :As for the jussive ''-u'', I've wondered whether replacing it had anything to do with it being the one specifically Semitic morpheme in the language. As for ''sinistre'', E has a word ''live'', but no one bothers to use it. Perhaps if enough people get lost they'll start to. ''Ses - sep'' bothers me, because context won't disambiguate numerals. However, ''mi - ni'' is almost never a problem in actual conversation, because the referent is almost always easily deductable. Over the phone, I'll ''ask'' you about "us" and ''tell'' you about "me", so it's easy to keep track - which is why you don't need a pronoun at all in a language like Japanese. And if it is confused and someone asks ''kiu?'', it's easy enough to use circumlocutions like ''vi k mi'' or ''nur mi mem''. (This is much less of a problem that English ''he - she'' with people who pronounce them the same.) As for the suffix ''-ala'', that's available in E now too, although it's almost never required. The only use of it I can think of is ''varmala'' for 'thermal'. Traditionally, tho, people just used a different root, like ''termala''. (Is that what you meant? You use the very common suffix ''-eco'' to go from noun to adjective and back to noun again.) User:Kwamikagami 00:42, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC) == Would this picture have any relevance to the article? == I have yet to find a section where this photo could fit, shouldn't there be something about media coverage of Esperanto? Here is the picture: What do you guys think? User:Revolución 02:23, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Well, there's the E in English media article, as well as the E culture articles. Either might be appropriate. But do you have a copyright release? Otherwise this ain't goin' nowhere. User:Kwamikagami 03:17, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC) :: why do we have to be so agitated about copyright? Nobody is claiming this is their work, of course at the bottom of the image you can see it says ''Newsweek''. User:Revolución 04:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::If Newsweek doesn't release the copyright, then posting the image could be illegal, just as if you started duplicating their magazine. Wikipedia doesn't want to get into that. I've included images that I've found on the web, where the originating web site said they were free to distribute for educational purposes, and still had to remove them from my articles. The upside to not using proprietary material is that no one will be able to claim they own Wikipedia and sue for ownership. User:Kwamikagami 05:34, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC) :::: For crying out loud, it's ONE PAGE from an August 2003 issue from a week in that month. Considering that there are 52 weeks in a year, and that the issue was published almost 2 years ago, I don't think Newsweek will care. User:Revolución 15:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::: Your frustration is understandable, but it does seem to be misdirected. Neither kwami nor Wikipedia are responsible for international copyright law. While my undestanding is that "fair use" does allow some latitude for interpretation in the US, obviously Wikipedia doesn't have the army of lawyers needed to get involved in copyright disputes. -- User:PhilipR 15:23, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::::If they really don't care, you might be able to email them & have them release it. User:Kwamikagami 17:41, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC) :One of the reasons is to allow a quite free use of copies of Wikipedia. We don't want to burden secondary copies with the trouble of ascertain the legality of contents. --User:Error 22:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Five vowels like Spanish, Swahili and Japanese? == Anybody realize that /u/ doesn't normally occur in the Japanese language? (And when it does, very sporadically, only in certain dialects, and always as an allophone), what in Japanese transliteration is spelled comes a lot closer to Russian (tl.) . So are we claiming Esperanto contains this Japanese/Russian vowel, the unrounded u? :Oops, that's been corrected before, but has slipped back in. User:Kwamikagami 02:33, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC) :(Actually, it didn't say it had the vowels ''of'' Japanese, just that it had 5 vowels, which is also true of Japanese. Should be clearer.)

Esperanto



I am a retired primary school headteacher living in the Lincolnshire countryside near Grimsby. Interests - languages (French & Esperanto), long-distance cycling, amateur radio, computing and generally enjoying my garden and the countryside. To date I have contributed more articles in Esperanto than I have in English.

Esperanto



Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --User:Maveric149 Bonvenon al Vikipedio! Ne forgesu, ke vi povas ankaŭ provizii esperantlingvajn versiojn de viaj artikoloj ĉe http://eo.wikipedia.org/ kaj Wikipedia:Interlanguage links. --User:Brion VIBBER 18:39 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC) I figured we had an esperanto speaker somewhere in Lincolnshire when I spotted a Cleethorpes article on eo: ... BTW, you can put intelanguage links on user pages too, to connect you different language homepages. - User:Tarquin 16:41 May 5, 2003 (UTC) You should be aware that the information you put on your user page is enough to personally identify you. With five minutes' web searching and no insider information, I was able to find that your phone number is 0x4x2 x4x8x6. (Edit summary left blank to avoid drawing attention to this in Recent Changes.) P.S. this was purely from English-language information sources. Sub kiu nomo vi aperas en la esperanto-vikipedio ? Arno_Lagrange">User:ArnoLagrange 17:16, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Esperanto



International auxiliary languages

See other meanings of words starting from letter:

E

EA | EB | EC | ED | EF | EG | EH | EI | EJ | EK | EL | EM | EN | EO | EP | ER | ES | ET | EU | EW | EX | EY | EZ |

Words begining with Esperanto:

Esperanto
Esperanto
Esperanto
Esperanto
Esperanto
Esperanto/Archive_1
Esperanto/Archive_2
Esperanto/Archive_3
Esperanto/Archive_4
Esperanto16
EsperantoLanguage
Esperantomobilo
Esperanto_(car)
Esperanto_(language)
Esperanto_alphabet
Esperanto_Antauen
Esperanto_AntaÅ­en
Esperanto_Association_of_Britain
Esperanto_as_an_international_language
Esperanto_as_an_international_language
Esperanto_community
Esperanto_Culture
Esperanto_culture
Esperanto_culture
Esperanto_etymology
Esperanto_film
Esperanto_films
Esperanto_flag
Esperanto_flag
Esperanto_Grammar
Esperanto_Grammar
Esperanto_grammar
Esperanto_grammar
Esperanto_History
Esperanto_History
Esperanto_history
Esperanto_history
Esperanto_II
Esperanto_in_English-language_media
Esperanto_in_English-language_media
Esperanto_language
Esperanto_language
Esperanto_language_links
Esperanto_libraries
Esperanto_library
Esperanto_literature
Esperanto_literature
Esperanto_literature
Esperanto_movement
Esperanto_music
Esperanto_music
Esperanto_music
Esperanto_orthography
Esperanto_orthography
Esperanto_penpal_service
Esperanto_Pen_Pal_Service
Esperanto_pen_pal_service
Esperanto_phonology
Esperanto_phonology
Esperanto_pronunciation
Esperanto_pronunciation
Esperanto_spelling
Esperanto_vocabulary
Esperanto_vocabulary
Esperanto_Wikipedia
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