#REDIRECT Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of Male ejaculation. There are various underlying causes, many of which are medically reversible. Due to its personal nature, the subject has been taboo for a long period of time, and is the stuff of many urban legends. Since the 1930s, folk remedies have been advertised widely for the condition. The introduction of sildenafil (Viagra®) in the 1990s caused a second wave of public attention, propelled in part by heavy advertising. The Latin term ''impotentia coeundi'' describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina. It is now mostly replaced by more precise terms. ==Medical symptoms== Erectile dysfunction is characterised by the inability to maintain erection. Normal erections during sleep and in the early morning suggest a psychogenic cause, while loss of these erections may signify underlying disease, often cardiovascular in origin. Other things leading to erectile dysfunction are diabetes mellitus (causing neuropathy) or hypogonadism (decreased testosterone levels due to disease affecting the testicles or the pituitary gland). ==Medical diagnosis== There are no formal tests to diagnose erectile dysfunction. Some blood tests are generally done to exclude underlying disease, such as diabetes, hypogonadism and prolactinoma. ==Clinical tests used to diagnose ED== ===Duplex ultrasound=== Duplex ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of artherosclerosis, and scarring or calcification of erectile tissue. Injecting prostaglandin, a hormone-like stimulator produced in the body, induces erection. Ultrasound is then used to see vascular dilation and measure penile blood pressure. Measurements are compared to those taken when the penis is flaccid. ===Penile nerves function=== Tests such as the bulbocavernosus reflex test are used to determine if there is sufficient nerve sensation in the penis. The physician squeezes the glans (head) of the penis, which immediately causes the anus to contract if nerve function is normal. A physician measures the latency between squeeze and contraction by observing the anal sphincter or by feeling it with a gloved finger inserted past the anus. Specific nerve tests are used in patients with suspected nerve damage as a result of diabetes or nerve disease. ===Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)=== It is normal for a man to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement (REM). Their absence may indicate a problem with nerve function or blood supply in the penis. There are two methods for measuring changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal erection: snap gauge and strain gauge. ===Penile biothesiometry=== This test uses electromagnetic vibration to evaluate sensitivity and nerve function in the glands and shaft of the penis. A decreased perception of vibration may indicate nerve damage in the pelvic area, which can lead to impotence. ==Pathophysiology== Penile erection is managed by two different mechanisms. The first one is the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft. The second is the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic stimuli. The former uses the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter uses the limbic system of the brain. In both conditions an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), which causes the relaxation of smooth muscles of corpora cavernosa (the main erectile tissue of penis), and subsequently penile erection. Additionally, adequate levels of testosterone (produced by the testes) and an intact pituitary gland are required for the development of a healthy male erectile system. As can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems. A few causes of impotence may be iatrogenic (medically caused). Various antihypertensives (medications intended to control arterial hypertension) and some drugs that modify central nervous system response may inhibit erection by denying blood supply or by altering nerve activity. Surgical intervention for a number of different conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. ==Treatment== Treatment depends on the cause. Testosterone supplements may be used for cases with hormonal deficiency. However, usually the cause is lack of adequate penile blood supply as a result of age-dependent damage of inner walls of blood vessels. Previously, medical substances (e.g. apomorphine) were directly injected into the erectile tissue of penile shaft to treat impotence. In some cases refractory to the medical treatment, a penile implant (penile prosthesis) could be advised. After the discovery of orally active agents that increase the efficacy of NO, which dilates the blood vessels of corpora cavernosa, more conservative methods started to be used. ===PDE5 Inhibitors=== The prescription Phosphodiesterase inhibitors sildenafil (Viagra®), vardenafil (Levitra®) and tadalafil (Cialis®) are prescription drugs which are taken orally. They work by blocking the action of PDE5, which causes Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate to degrade. cGMP causes the smooth muscle of the arteries in the penis to relax, allowing the corpus cavernosum to fill with blood. ===PT-141=== The experimental drug PT-141 does not act on the vascular system like the former compounds but increases sexual desire and drive in male as well as female. It is applied as a nasal spray PT-141 and works by activation of melanocortin receptor (biochemistry)s in the brain. It is awaiting FDA approval. ===Ginseng=== A double-blind study appears to show evidence that ginseng is better than placebo: see the ginseng article for links and more details. ===Enzyte=== Enzyte is a product that has been advertised by saturation coverage on television channels such as Court-TV. However, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) has filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) about Enzyte for deceptive advertising. It is manufactured by Berkeley Nutritionals, which is alleged to be the subject of an investigation by the Attorney General of Ohio and the defendant in class-action lawsuits. Enzyte is a supplement that claims to increase the frequency of erections of the male penis or libido. Commercials for Enzyte are shown regularly on television. These commercials feature a man named Bob who never stops smiling, apparently because he had taken Enzyte and improved the size of his sex organs. The commercials are riddled with symbolic Phallic symbol imagery, e.g. golf clubs, remarkably tall glasses of iced tea, and a hose spraying barely a trickle of water (carried by someone who doesn't use Enzyte). The effectiveness of Enzyte is in dispute. Some medical professionals in fact advise against taking Enzyte, saying that it can lead to damage. The Center for Science in the Public Interest have urged the Federal Trade Commission to disallow further television advertising for Enzyte due to a lack of proper studies supporting claims. Enzyte maker Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals, Inc., is currently under a class action lawsuit for false advertising. Enzyte is said to contain: ''Puncture Vine''; Yohimbe Extract; Niacin; Epimedium; ''oat''; Zinc Oxide; Maca; Muira Pauma; ''Ginkgo biloba''; L-Arginine; Saw Palmetto. Other ingredients: gelatin, rice bran, oat fiber, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide. ==History== Dr. John R. Brinkley began a fad for finding cures for male impotence during the 1930s. He used the medium of radio to achieve the same kind of advertising boom to treat the same kind of symptoms. In the 1930s the American radio airwaves were bombarded with such advertising, first from domestic stations and then upon action by the American Medical Association the media blitz was shifted to superpower Mexican border-blasters. ==References== * Cheitlin MD, Hutter AM Jr, Brindis RG, Ganz P, Kaul S, Russell RO Jr, Zusman RM. ''ACC/AHA expert consensus document. Use of sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with cardiovascular disease. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association.'' J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Jan;33(1):273-82. [http://www.acc.org/clinical/consensus/viagra.htm Fulltext]. PMID 9935041. ==External sources== * PDE5 inhibitors: ** [http://www.viagra.com/ Home Page for Viagra] and [http://www.pfizer.com/download/uspi_viagra.pdf prescribing information] (PDF) **[http://www.levitra.com/ Official Levitra website] ** [http://www.pfizer.com/ Pfizer Pharmaceutical (Company website)] - manufacturer of Viagra; ** [http://www.fda.gov/cder/consumerinfo/viagra/ FDA Web Site for Viagra Consumer Information] ** [http://www.usrf.org/breakingnews/bn_111202_viagra/bn_111202_viagra.html Viagra Misunderstood] Article describing what Viagra feels like *[http://www.fda.gov/cder/consumerinfo/druginfo/levitra.htm FDA's Consumer Information] *[http://www.mgsglaw.com/enzyte.html Enzyte Company website] *[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/23/health/webmd/main645232.shtml Enzyte investigation reported on CBS-TV news site] *[http://www.mediprimer.com/Andrology/impotence/ Erectile Dysfunction Primer] Sexual and gender identity disorders Urology Sexual health Non-sexuality
Impotence can have physical or psychological causes. This article talks entirely about the former and completely ignores the latter. --User:Raul654 04:31, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC) Well, it is easier to face a physical reason than a psy one Raul. User:Anthere Once again removing "Traumatic Masturbatory Syndrome" spam. TMS is not important enough to mention in an article on impotence: it's a discarded medical concept. Please don't re-add this nonsense here. - User:Nunh-huh 23:18, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC) :Doug is on the loose again. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 07:52, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Major unilateral changes== You know, there are better ways to expand this article than padding it with cut-and-pasted treatment drug articles. A summary of treatments and history (which would involve actual writing and research) might be one way to go. --User:Calton 06:28, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) User:MPLX has, unprompted, decided that the articles/stubs on Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Cialis), Tadalafil (Levitra), and Enzyte should all be merged and redirected here. I think that the four articles deserve separate articles, and cannibalizing their content here is mere padding (I am biting my lip, resisting several obvious jokes). Opinions? --User:Calton 09:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) ==Additional text== The other day I was working on an article about the advertising campaigns of John R. Brinkley in the 1930s on the Mexican border-blasters and this brought to mind the barrage of commercials now going on TV from 4 manufacturers who all in one way or another are aiming at the male impotence market. So I checked to see what had been written to date and found 4 disconnected stubs and this article about impotence. I have not changed any text merely added text to date and removed my own duplicated comments that I have previously added to the stubs. I do not intend to add a lot more to this article but instead of creating 4 stubs and a bit of article it would be better to create one good article. If anyone has a better idea about any of this please feel free to add your own copy. User:MPLX 06:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) I object completely to this method of improvement. Those "4 disconnected stubs", as you characterize them, were Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Cialis), Tadalafil (Levitra), and Enzyte -- and none (especially [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Sildenafil Sildenafil]) are disconnected. Perhaps you should have checked before blanking their content and directing to Impotence. --User:Calton 09:16, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Aphrodisiac == Astonishingly I continue to be hounded by an Administrator who has deleted the recipe I placed for an Aphrodisiac. Aphrodisiacs are aimed at the psychological element of ED and include such herbs as Yohimbe and Celery. There are commercial treatments available too :"X-cite is an enhanced herbal viagra alternative for women. It contains several natural aphrodisiacs which work together to heighten sexual desire and improve sexual performance. " [http://www.healthyherb.co.uk/xcite.asp] User:The Number 13:39, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) :: This link to a commercial site is not to advertise the product but to show the link between aphrodisiacs and improved sexual performance. Previously my editing was deleted by someone who seems to think there is no such link. There are many many products on the market that claim to improve ED by acting as an aphrodisiac. AFAIK there is no 'viagra alternative or even viagra, that has been shown to work on women. User:The Number 17:38, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Move! == The name of this text should be Erectile dysfunction instead of Impotence, since impotence means more than erectile dysfunction. While "Impotentia coeundi" means an erectile dysfunction, there are other impotentias with other meanings. User:Stern 09:57, 20 May 2005 (UTC) *Agree User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 12:46, 20 May 2005 (UTC) *Agree --User:Clawed 05:21, 25 May 2005 (UTC) *Agree. User:Violetriga User_talk:violetriga 21:04, 29 May 2005 (UTC) User:Violetriga User_talk:violetriga 21:04, 29 May 2005 (UTC) ==Clinical Tests Text== The text concerning clinical tests comes from [http://www.mediprimer.com/Andrology/impotence/ MediPrimer:ED Primer]. As the copyright holder of that website, I authorize the use of this text under the GFDL as part of Wikipedia. User:Yashka78 19:26, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Words begining with Erectile_dysfunction:
Erectile_Dysfunction
Erectile_dysfunction
Erectile_dysfunction
Erectile_dysfunction_drugs
Erectile Dysfunction
#REDIRECT Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of Male ejaculation. There are various underlying causes, many of which are medically reversible. Due to its personal nature, the subject has been taboo for a long period of time, and is the stuff of many urban legends. Since the 1930s, folk remedies have been advertised widely for the condition. The introduction of sildenafil (Viagra®) in the 1990s caused a second wave of public attention, propelled in part by heavy advertising. The Latin term ''impotentia coeundi'' describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina. It is now mostly replaced by more precise terms. ==Medical symptoms== Erectile dysfunction is characterised by the inability to maintain erection. Normal erections during sleep and in the early morning suggest a psychogenic cause, while loss of these erections may signify underlying disease, often cardiovascular in origin. Other things leading to erectile dysfunction are diabetes mellitus (causing neuropathy) or hypogonadism (decreased testosterone levels due to disease affecting the testicles or the pituitary gland). ==Medical diagnosis== There are no formal tests to diagnose erectile dysfunction. Some blood tests are generally done to exclude underlying disease, such as diabetes, hypogonadism and prolactinoma. ==Clinical tests used to diagnose ED== ===Duplex ultrasound=== Duplex ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of artherosclerosis, and scarring or calcification of erectile tissue. Injecting prostaglandin, a hormone-like stimulator produced in the body, induces erection. Ultrasound is then used to see vascular dilation and measure penile blood pressure. Measurements are compared to those taken when the penis is flaccid. ===Penile nerves function=== Tests such as the bulbocavernosus reflex test are used to determine if there is sufficient nerve sensation in the penis. The physician squeezes the glans (head) of the penis, which immediately causes the anus to contract if nerve function is normal. A physician measures the latency between squeeze and contraction by observing the anal sphincter or by feeling it with a gloved finger inserted past the anus. Specific nerve tests are used in patients with suspected nerve damage as a result of diabetes or nerve disease. ===Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)=== It is normal for a man to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement (REM). Their absence may indicate a problem with nerve function or blood supply in the penis. There are two methods for measuring changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal erection: snap gauge and strain gauge. ===Penile biothesiometry=== This test uses electromagnetic vibration to evaluate sensitivity and nerve function in the glands and shaft of the penis. A decreased perception of vibration may indicate nerve damage in the pelvic area, which can lead to impotence. ==Pathophysiology== Penile erection is managed by two different mechanisms. The first one is the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft. The second is the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic stimuli. The former uses the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter uses the limbic system of the brain. In both conditions an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), which causes the relaxation of smooth muscles of corpora cavernosa (the main erectile tissue of penis), and subsequently penile erection. Additionally, adequate levels of testosterone (produced by the testes) and an intact pituitary gland are required for the development of a healthy male erectile system. As can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems. A few causes of impotence may be iatrogenic (medically caused). Various antihypertensives (medications intended to control arterial hypertension) and some drugs that modify central nervous system response may inhibit erection by denying blood supply or by altering nerve activity. Surgical intervention for a number of different conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. ==Treatment== Treatment depends on the cause. Testosterone supplements may be used for cases with hormonal deficiency. However, usually the cause is lack of adequate penile blood supply as a result of age-dependent damage of inner walls of blood vessels. Previously, medical substances (e.g. apomorphine) were directly injected into the erectile tissue of penile shaft to treat impotence. In some cases refractory to the medical treatment, a penile implant (penile prosthesis) could be advised. After the discovery of orally active agents that increase the efficacy of NO, which dilates the blood vessels of corpora cavernosa, more conservative methods started to be used. ===PDE5 Inhibitors=== The prescription Phosphodiesterase inhibitors sildenafil (Viagra®), vardenafil (Levitra®) and tadalafil (Cialis®) are prescription drugs which are taken orally. They work by blocking the action of PDE5, which causes Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate to degrade. cGMP causes the smooth muscle of the arteries in the penis to relax, allowing the corpus cavernosum to fill with blood. ===PT-141=== The experimental drug PT-141 does not act on the vascular system like the former compounds but increases sexual desire and drive in male as well as female. It is applied as a nasal spray PT-141 and works by activation of melanocortin receptor (biochemistry)s in the brain. It is awaiting FDA approval. ===Ginseng=== A double-blind study appears to show evidence that ginseng is better than placebo: see the ginseng article for links and more details. ===Enzyte=== Enzyte is a product that has been advertised by saturation coverage on television channels such as Court-TV. However, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) has filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) about Enzyte for deceptive advertising. It is manufactured by Berkeley Nutritionals, which is alleged to be the subject of an investigation by the Attorney General of Ohio and the defendant in class-action lawsuits. Enzyte is a supplement that claims to increase the frequency of erections of the male penis or libido. Commercials for Enzyte are shown regularly on television. These commercials feature a man named Bob who never stops smiling, apparently because he had taken Enzyte and improved the size of his sex organs. The commercials are riddled with symbolic Phallic symbol imagery, e.g. golf clubs, remarkably tall glasses of iced tea, and a hose spraying barely a trickle of water (carried by someone who doesn't use Enzyte). The effectiveness of Enzyte is in dispute. Some medical professionals in fact advise against taking Enzyte, saying that it can lead to damage. The Center for Science in the Public Interest have urged the Federal Trade Commission to disallow further television advertising for Enzyte due to a lack of proper studies supporting claims. Enzyte maker Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals, Inc., is currently under a class action lawsuit for false advertising. Enzyte is said to contain: ''Puncture Vine''; Yohimbe Extract; Niacin; Epimedium; ''oat''; Zinc Oxide; Maca; Muira Pauma; ''Ginkgo biloba''; L-Arginine; Saw Palmetto. Other ingredients: gelatin, rice bran, oat fiber, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide. ==History== Dr. John R. Brinkley began a fad for finding cures for male impotence during the 1930s. He used the medium of radio to achieve the same kind of advertising boom to treat the same kind of symptoms. In the 1930s the American radio airwaves were bombarded with such advertising, first from domestic stations and then upon action by the American Medical Association the media blitz was shifted to superpower Mexican border-blasters. ==References== * Cheitlin MD, Hutter AM Jr, Brindis RG, Ganz P, Kaul S, Russell RO Jr, Zusman RM. ''ACC/AHA expert consensus document. Use of sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with cardiovascular disease. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association.'' J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Jan;33(1):273-82. [http://www.acc.org/clinical/consensus/viagra.htm Fulltext]. PMID 9935041. ==External sources== * PDE5 inhibitors: ** [http://www.viagra.com/ Home Page for Viagra] and [http://www.pfizer.com/download/uspi_viagra.pdf prescribing information] (PDF) **[http://www.levitra.com/ Official Levitra website] ** [http://www.pfizer.com/ Pfizer Pharmaceutical (Company website)] - manufacturer of Viagra; ** [http://www.fda.gov/cder/consumerinfo/viagra/ FDA Web Site for Viagra Consumer Information] ** [http://www.usrf.org/breakingnews/bn_111202_viagra/bn_111202_viagra.html Viagra Misunderstood] Article describing what Viagra feels like *[http://www.fda.gov/cder/consumerinfo/druginfo/levitra.htm FDA's Consumer Information] *[http://www.mgsglaw.com/enzyte.html Enzyte Company website] *[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/23/health/webmd/main645232.shtml Enzyte investigation reported on CBS-TV news site] *[http://www.mediprimer.com/Andrology/impotence/ Erectile Dysfunction Primer] Sexual and gender identity disorders Urology Sexual health Non-sexuality
Erectile dysfunction
Impotence can have physical or psychological causes. This article talks entirely about the former and completely ignores the latter. --User:Raul654 04:31, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC) Well, it is easier to face a physical reason than a psy one Raul. User:Anthere Once again removing "Traumatic Masturbatory Syndrome" spam. TMS is not important enough to mention in an article on impotence: it's a discarded medical concept. Please don't re-add this nonsense here. - User:Nunh-huh 23:18, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC) :Doug is on the loose again. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 07:52, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Major unilateral changes== You know, there are better ways to expand this article than padding it with cut-and-pasted treatment drug articles. A summary of treatments and history (which would involve actual writing and research) might be one way to go. --User:Calton 06:28, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) User:MPLX has, unprompted, decided that the articles/stubs on Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Cialis), Tadalafil (Levitra), and Enzyte should all be merged and redirected here. I think that the four articles deserve separate articles, and cannibalizing their content here is mere padding (I am biting my lip, resisting several obvious jokes). Opinions? --User:Calton 09:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) ==Additional text== The other day I was working on an article about the advertising campaigns of John R. Brinkley in the 1930s on the Mexican border-blasters and this brought to mind the barrage of commercials now going on TV from 4 manufacturers who all in one way or another are aiming at the male impotence market. So I checked to see what had been written to date and found 4 disconnected stubs and this article about impotence. I have not changed any text merely added text to date and removed my own duplicated comments that I have previously added to the stubs. I do not intend to add a lot more to this article but instead of creating 4 stubs and a bit of article it would be better to create one good article. If anyone has a better idea about any of this please feel free to add your own copy. User:MPLX 06:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) I object completely to this method of improvement. Those "4 disconnected stubs", as you characterize them, were Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Cialis), Tadalafil (Levitra), and Enzyte -- and none (especially [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Sildenafil Sildenafil]) are disconnected. Perhaps you should have checked before blanking their content and directing to Impotence. --User:Calton 09:16, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Aphrodisiac == Astonishingly I continue to be hounded by an Administrator who has deleted the recipe I placed for an Aphrodisiac. Aphrodisiacs are aimed at the psychological element of ED and include such herbs as Yohimbe and Celery. There are commercial treatments available too :"X-cite is an enhanced herbal viagra alternative for women. It contains several natural aphrodisiacs which work together to heighten sexual desire and improve sexual performance. " [http://www.healthyherb.co.uk/xcite.asp] User:The Number 13:39, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) :: This link to a commercial site is not to advertise the product but to show the link between aphrodisiacs and improved sexual performance. Previously my editing was deleted by someone who seems to think there is no such link. There are many many products on the market that claim to improve ED by acting as an aphrodisiac. AFAIK there is no 'viagra alternative or even viagra, that has been shown to work on women. User:The Number 17:38, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Move! == The name of this text should be Erectile dysfunction instead of Impotence, since impotence means more than erectile dysfunction. While "Impotentia coeundi" means an erectile dysfunction, there are other impotentias with other meanings. User:Stern 09:57, 20 May 2005 (UTC) *Agree User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 12:46, 20 May 2005 (UTC) *Agree --User:Clawed 05:21, 25 May 2005 (UTC) *Agree. User:Violetriga User_talk:violetriga 21:04, 29 May 2005 (UTC) User:Violetriga User_talk:violetriga 21:04, 29 May 2005 (UTC) ==Clinical Tests Text== The text concerning clinical tests comes from [http://www.mediprimer.com/Andrology/impotence/ MediPrimer:ED Primer]. As the copyright holder of that website, I authorize the use of this text under the GFDL as part of Wikipedia. User:Yashka78 19:26, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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EA | EB | EC | ED | EF | EG | EH | EI | EJ | EK | EL | EM | EN | EO | EP | ER | ES | ET | EU | EW | EX | EY | EZ |Words begining with Erectile_dysfunction:
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