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Egypt{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة Ǧumhuriyat Miṣr al-ˁArabiyah |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="140px" | | align="center" width="140px" | |- | align="center" width="140px" | Flag of Egypt | align="center" width="140px" | Coat of Arms of Egypt |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | ''National motto: Bilady, Bilady, Bilady'' |- | align=center colspan=2 | |- | Official language | Arabic language |- | Other widely spoken languages | English language, French language |- | Capital and Largest City | Cairo |- | President of Egypt | Hosni Mubarak |- | Prime Minister of Egypt | Ahmed Nazif |- | Area - Total - % water | List of countries by area 1 E12 m2 0.6% |- | Population - Total (2003) - Population density | List of countries by population 74,718,797 75/km² |- | Independence - Granted -Total Independence | from the United Kingdom 28 February, 1922 18 June, 1953 |- | Currency | Egyptian Pound (LE/£E/EGP) |- | Time zone - in European Summer Time | Eastern European Time (Coordinated Universal Time+2) Eastern European Summer Time (Coordinated Universal Time+3) |- | National anthem | ''Bilady, Bilady, Bilady'' |- | Top-level domain | .eg |- | List of country calling codes | 20 |}The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic language: مصر, Romanization ''Miṣr'' or ''Maṣr'', in Egyptian Arabic) is a republic mostly located in North-Eastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km² Egypt includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of Southwest Asia), while the majority of the country is located in North Africa. It shares land borders with Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel to the northeast. It is bordered to the north and east by the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, respectively. The vast majority of Egypt's population inhabits the banks of the River Nile (about 40,000 km²). Large areas of land are part of the Sahara Desert and are sparsely inhabited. Egypt is famous for its Ancient Egypt and some of the world's most stunning ancient monuments, including the Giza_pyramid_complex, the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings; the southern city of Luxor contains a particularly large number of ancient artifacts. Today, Egypt is widely regarded as the main political and cultural centre of the Arab and Middle Eastern regions. == History == ''Main articles: History of Egypt'' Miṣr, the Arabic language and official name for Egypt, is of Semitic origin, and possibly means 'a country' or 'a state'. The name Egypt came via the Latin word ''Aegyptus'' derived from the ancient Greek word ''Αίγυπτος'' "aiguptos", which in turn is derived from the ancient Egyptian language phrase ''ḥwt-k3-ptḥ'' ("Hut ka Ptah"), the name of a temple of the god Ptah at Memphis, Egypt. For details see the article ''Copt''. The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom was founded circa 3200 BC by King Menes, and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty, known as the Thirtieth Dynasty, fell to the Iranns in 341 BC who dug the predecessor of the Suez canal and connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Later, Egypt fell to the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Persians again. It was the Muslim Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the seventh century changing Egypt into a linguistically "Arab" nation once and for all. Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern even after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub; however, the country also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, United Kingdom seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. Between 1924-1936 there existed a short-lived attempt to model Egypt's constitutional government after the European style of government; this was called Egypt's Liberal Experiment. In 1952 a popularly-supported military ''coup d'état'' forced King Farouk I, a constitutional monarch, to abdicate in support of his son King Ahmed Fouad II. Finally the Egyptian Republic was declared on 18 June 1953 with Gen. Mohamed Naguib as the first President of the Republic. After Naguib resigned in 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the real architect of the 1952 Revolution, assumed power as President and nationalized the Suez Canal leading to the 1956 Suez Crisis. Between 1958 and 1961 Egypt and Syria formed a union known as the United Arab Republic. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Egypt'' Egypt has been a republic since 18 June 1953. President Hosni Mubarak has been the President of Egypt since October 14 1981, following the assassination of former President Anwar Sadat on October 6 1981. President Mubarak is currently serving his fourth term in office. He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party (Egypt). Heads of government of Egypt Ahmed Nazif was sworn in as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004, following the resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office. Egypt operates under a Multi-party system semi-presidential system where the executive power is divided between the President and the Prime Minister. Egypt holds regular single-candidate presidential and multi-party parliamentary elections. The last presidential election was held in 1999 and the next one is scheduled to be held in October 2005. However, there is expressed concern from international human rights observers concerning freedom of speech and government interference in local elections. In late February 2005, President Hosni Mubarak announced on a surprise television broadcast that he has ordered the reform of the country's presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls in the coming election. For the first time in Egypt's history, the people will have a chance to elect their leader in a closely watched election. The President said his initiative came "out of my full conviction of the need to consolidate efforts for more freedom and democracy." However, the new law places draconian restrictions on the filing of presidential candidacies designed to pave the road for Mubarak's easy re-election. As a result most Egyptians are sceptical about the process of democratisation and the role of elections. One of Mubarak's major opponents is constantly winding up in jail, often for obscure politics-related charges. The Egyptian government has reputedly been notorious for corruption and bribery on a very large scale ever since Nasser, Sadat, Mubarak, and other members of the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council forced King Farouk I to abdicate during the Great Cairo Fire of 1952. Many Egyptians believe that the Revolutionary Command Council was responsible for the fire, used as part of their predetermined plot to overthrow Farouk. The permanent headquarters for the League of Arab States is located in Cairo. Egypt was the first Arab state to establish peace with the State of Israel after the signing of the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty after the Camp David Accords (1978)). == Governorates == ''Main article: Governorates of Egypt'' Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (''Muhafazat;'' singular – ''Muhafazah''): Great Sphinx of Giza, with the Pyramid of Khafre in the background.]][[Image:Cairo.jpg|thumb|right|Egypt's capital Cairo is the largest city in both Africa and the Middle East]][[Image:mosque2.jpg|thumb|right| Most Egyptians are Sunni Islam Muslims]][[Image:monastry3.jpg|thumb|right|Over six million Egyptians follow the Christianity faith as members of the Coptic Church]] Geography, population, history, military strength, and diplomatic expertise give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East. Cairo has been a crossroads of Arab commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural development. The League of Arab States headquarters is in Cairo. The Secretary General of the League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League. Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996. Egypt is on good terms with all of its neighbours, and was the first Arab nation to make peace with Israel. It has a territorial dispute with Sudan over the Hala'ib Triangle. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Egypt'' Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism; there are also more than 5 million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Gulf area like UAE, and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure, much financed from U.S. aid. Egypt is the second largest recipient of such funds from the United States after Israel. Economic conditions are starting to improve considerably after a period of stagnation due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government, as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. == Demographics == ''Main article: Demographics of Egypt'' Egypt is the most populous Arab country, at about 74,000,000 people. Nearly all the population is concentrated along the River Nile, notably Alexandria and Cairo, and along the Nile Delta and near the Suez Canal. Approximately 90% of the population adheres to Islam and the remainder to Christianity (primarily the Coptic Christianity denomination). The Egyptians are a fairly homogenous people. Mediterranean (such as Greek and Italian) and Arab influences appear in the North, and there are indigenous black populations in the South. Many theories has been proposed on the origins of the Egyptians, however none are conclusive, and the most widely accepted theory is that Egyptian society was the result of a mix of East African and Asiatic people who moved to the Nile Valley after the ice age. The bulk of Modern Egyptian society are heterogeneous but maintain cultural ties to the ancient Egyptian society which has always been regarded as rural and most populous compared to the neighbouring demographics. The Egyptian people spoke only languages from the Afro-Asiatic family (previously known as Hamito-semitic) == Geography == ''Main articles: Geography of Egypt'' Towns and cities include Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, Zagazig. Deserts: Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert oasis include: Bahariya Oasis, Dakhleh Oasis, Farafra Oasis, Kharga Oasis, Siwa Oasis. Egypt borders on Libya on the west, on Sudan on the south and on Israel on the northeast. It controls the Suez Canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: as a land bridge between Africa and Asia, and as a passage between the Mediterranian Sea and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Egypt'' The capital city, Cairo, is Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce of Egypt. Egypt also hosts two major religious institutions. Al-Azhar University, the oldest Islam institution for higher studies (founded around 970 CE) with its corresponding mosque Al-Azhar. The head of Al-Azhar is traditionally regarded as the supreme leader of Sunni Muslims all over the world. Egypt also has a strong Christian heritage as evidenced by the existence of the Coptic Christianity headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria, which has a following of approx. 50 million Christians worldwide (one of the famous Coptic Orthodox Churches is Saint Takla Haimanot Church in Alexandria http://www.St-Takla.org). Though considered a low-income country, Egypt has a thriving media and arts industry, with more than 30 satellite channels and more than 100 motion pictures produced a year. To bolster its media industry, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf states and Lebanon, it has built a large media city that it has promoted as the "Hollywood of the East". Egypt has the only opera house amongst Arab countries. Some famous Egyptians include: Gamal Abdel Nasser (former president), Boutros Boutros-Ghali (former Secretary General of the United Nations), Naguib Mahfouz (Nobel Prize-winning novelist), Umm Kulthum (singer), Omar Sharif (actor), Ahmed H. Zewail (Nobel Prize-winning chemist), Mohamed ElBaradei (Head of the International Atomic Energy Agency), Anwar Sadat (former president and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize), == See also == * List of famous Egyptian people * List of African writers (by country)#Egypt * Egyptian mythology * Islam in Egypt * Coptic Christianity * Music of Egypt * Military of Egypt * Communications in Egypt * Transportation in Egypt * List of Egypt-related topics * Egyptian pyramids ==External links== ===Government=== *[http://www.sis.gov.eg/ Egypt State Information Service] official government site *[http://www.presidency.gov.eg/ The Egyptian Presidency] *[http://www.parliament.gov.eg/EPA/en/Index.jsp The People Assembly of Egypt] *[http://www.shoura.gov.eg/ Egyptian Shoura Council] *[http://www.mcit.gov.eg/ Ministry of Communication and Information Technology] *[http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Arabic/News/Default.aspx?ph=5/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs] *[http://www.emoe.org/ Ministry of Education] *[http://www.mfti.gov.eg/ Ministry of Economy] *[http://www.emigration.gov.eg/ Ministry of Manpower and Emigration ] ===Politics=== *[http://www.ndp.org.eg/ National Democratic Party (NDP)] *[http://www.elghad.org/ El-Ghad Party] *[http://www.alwafd.org/front/index.php/ New-Wafd Party (NWP)] *[http://www.egyptiangreens.com/ Egyptian Greens] ===News=== *[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/ Al-Ahram Weekly] *[http://allafrica.com/egypt/ AllAfrica – ''Egypt''] news *[http://www.egypttoday.com/ Egypt Today] magazine *[http://story.news.yahoo.com/fc?cid=34&tmpl=fc&in=World&cat=Egypt Yahoo! News Full Coverage – ''Egypt''] headline links ===Overviews=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Egypt''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/eg.html CIA World Factbook – ''Egypt''] *[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/egtoc.html Library of Congress Country Study – ''Egypt''] data as of December 1990 ===Directories=== *[http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/egypt.htm Arab Gateway – ''Egypt''] *[http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065673/us559916 LookSmart – ''Egypt''] directory category *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Egypt/ Open Directory Project – ''Egypt''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Egypt.html University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center: ''Egypt''] directory category *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Egypt/ Yahoo! – ''Egypt''] directory category ===Education=== *[http://www.worldwide.edu/ci/egypt/index.html/ Study Destinations in Egypt] *[http://www.net.shams.edu.eg/ Ain Shams University] *[http://www.alex.edu.eg/ Alexandria University] *[http://www.aucegypt.edu/ American University in Cairo (AUC)] *[http://www.alazhar.org/ Azhar University] *[http://www.aast.edu/ Arab Academy for Sciences & Technology and Maritime Transport] *[http://www.bue-egypt.com/ British University in Egypt(BUE)] *[http://www.cairo.eun.eg/ Cairo University] *[http://www.cacegypt.org/ Cairo American College (CAC)] *[http://www.guc.edu.eg/ German University in Cairo (GUC)] *[http://www.miuegypt.com/ Misr International University (MIU)] *[http://www.msa.eun.eg/ Modern University for Sciences and Technology (MSA)] ===Tourism=== * ===Other=== *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/egypt_pol97.jpg Map] from the University of Texas *[http://ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/Egypt Egypt Photo Galleries] Pictures from a visit to Egypt in December 2004 Egypt Arab League Middle Eastern countries African Union member states bs:Egipat fa:مصر ga:An Éigipt gd:An Eiphit la:Aegyptus lv:Ēģipte ht:Egypt ms:Mesir nds:Ägypten simple:Egypt th:ประเทศอียิปต์ zh-min-nan:Ai-ki̍p EgyptHey, I really think this article is written badly. "Every green plant is watered by the nile" sounds really stupid. And that one picture of people with the caption "egyptians are one of the most diverse peoples in the middle east" sounds stupid. Its probably some guy who wanted to post a picture of his friends in wikipedia. : Please feel free to improve the article. This is a wiki, after all. -- User:Gyrofrog User_talk:Gyrofrog 21:53, 6 May 2005 (UTC) I nuked the "diverse people" picture and replaced it with the Sphinx. --User:Isewell 02:57, 14 May 2005 (UTC) ==Ayman Nour== Err.. I don't know how active this page is, but I made a stubby article on Ayman Nour. It would be cool if more knowledgable parties than myself took a look and filled it out a bit? User:Graft 16:59, 8 May 2005 (UTC) wtf why is ther no egypt info $%#@heads ==Full name lost in recent rounds of vandalism== In recent bank-and-forth vandalism and reverts, we appear to have lost ''al-ˁArabiyah'' from the sidebar and the adjective "Arab" from "Arab Republic of Egypt". I'm assuming that was vandal-doings (think I'd have seen something in the papers if Egypt had changed its name) so I'm putting it back. Perhaps someone who watches this article a bit more closely than I do could check it for other inconsistencies over the past month or so? Thanks, User:Hajor 23:12, 19 May 2005 (UTC) == audio link == It certainly is spam, have a look at the sheer bulk of the anon's contribs. It might be a useful link despite that, but it should at least go in the external links. However, I don't think it's an appropriate link. It's an interview with an author who wrote about egypt. That's about as tangential as it gets. The external links are supposed to provide additional information about egypt that are relevant yet not contained in this article, which I don't think the interview counts as. The fact that it's audio instead of text doesn't help either in my opinion. Wikipedia:External links --User:Weyes(User talk:Weyes) 07:26, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC) :It's an interesting interview on an interesting work, about interesting discoveries. But point taken. User:El C 18:48, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) EgyptEgypt African countries Middle Eastern countries Mediterranean North Africa Arab League ka:კატეგორია:ეგვიპტე EgyptAl Minufiyah | Al Minya | Cairo | Al Qalyubiyah | Al Wadi al Jadid | Ash Sharqiyah Governorate As Suways | Aswan | Asyut | Bani Suwayf | Bur Sa'id | Dumyat | Janub Sina' | Kafr ash Shaykh | Matruh | Qina | Shamal Sina' | Suhaj |} See other meanings of words starting from letter: EEA | EB | EC | ED | EF | EG | EH | EI | EJ | EK | EL | EM | EN | EO | EP | ER | ES | ET | EU | EW | EX | EY | EZ |Words begining with Egypt: Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt's_Canal_Zone Egypt's_Liberal_Experiment Egypt,_AR Egypt,_Arkansas Egypt,_Arkansas Egypt,_Buckinghamshire Egypt-Libya_Campaign Egypt-stub Egypt/Communications Egypt/Culture Egypt/Economy Egypt/Geography Egypt/Government Egypt/History Egypt/Military Egypt/People Egypt/Temp/discuss_this_page Egypt/Transnational_issues Egypt/Transportation Egypt/Transportation EgyptAir Egyptair EgyptAir_Flight_648 EgyptAir_Flight_990 EgyptAir_Flight_990 Egyptair_Flight_990 Egypte Egyptian Egyptian-Israeli_Peace_Treaty Egyptian-Wahhabi_War Egyptians Egyptian_actors Egyptian_Air_Force Egyptian_Arabic Egyptian_Arabic Egyptian_Arabic_language Egyptian_archaeologists Egyptian_archers Egyptian_Army Egyptian_battleships Egyptian_Book_of_the_Dead Egyptian_book_of_the_dead Egyptian_burial_ritual Egyptian_burial_rituals Egyptian_burial_rituals_and_protocol Egyptian_burial_rituals_and_protocol Egyptian_burial_rituals_and_protocols Egyptian_calendar Egyptian_calendar Egyptian_Campaign Egyptian_cheeses Egyptian_chronology Egyptian_chronology Egyptian_concept_of_the_individual Egyptian_cuisine Egyptian_culture Egyptian_deities Egyptian_demons Egyptian_Dynasty_list Egyptian_Dynasty_list Egyptian_explorers Egyptian_football Egyptian_footballers Egyptian_Football_Association Egyptian_football_clubs Egyptian_fraction Egyptian_fraction Egyptian_fractions Egyptian_Ful_Beans Egyptian_goddesses Egyptian_goddess_of_fertility Egyptian_gods Egyptian_God_Cards Egyptian_God_Cards Egyptian_Goose Egyptian_goose Egyptian_heads_of_state Egyptian_hieroglyph Egyptian_hieroglyph Egyptian_hieroglyphics Egyptian_hieroglyphic_writing Egyptian_hieroglyphs Egyptian_hieroglyphs Egyptian_hip_hop Egyptian_hip_hop Egyptian_history Egyptian_history Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad Egyptian_Language Egyptian_language Egyptian_language Egyptian_languages Egyptian_languages Egyptian_languages Egyptian_lotus Egyptian_Lover Egyptian_Lover Egyptian_mathematicians Egyptian_mathematics Egyptian_mathematics Egyptian_Mau Egyptian_Mau Egyptian_Mau_cat Egyptian_Mau_cat Egyptian_media Egyptian_military Egyptian_multiplication Egyptian_Museum Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin Egyptian_music Egyptian_music Egyptian_Mythology Egyptian_mythology Egyptian_mythology Egyptian_mythology Egyptian_mythology_topics Egyptian_newspapers Egyptian_Nightjar Egyptian_nightjar Egyptian_number Egyptian_numbers Egyptian_numeral Egyptian_numeral Egyptian_numerals Egyptian_numerals Egyptian_occupation_of_Gaza_Strip Egyptian_occupation_of_Palestine Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip Egyptian_Onion Egyptian_onion Egyptian_people Egyptian_people_by_occupation Egyptian_pharaohs Egyptian_Plover Egyptian_plover Egyptian_politicians Egyptian_Pound Egyptian_pound Egyptian_President Egyptian_Prime_Ministers Egyptian_Ptolemies Egyptian_pyramid Egyptian_pyramid Egyptian_Pyramids Egyptian_pyramids Egyptian_pyramids Egyptian_Rat-Screw Egyptian_Rat-screw Egyptian_Ratscrew Egyptian_Ratscrew Egyptian_ratscrew Egyptian_Rat_Fuck Egyptian_Rat_Screw Egyptian_Rat_Screw Egyptian_religion Egyptian_Revival Egyptian_revival Egyptian_Rhapsody Egyptian_rhapsody Egyptian_sail_frigates Egyptian_Sand_Sea Egyptian_scientists Egyptian_script Egyptian_soul Egyptian_Sphinx Egyptian_sport Egyptian_sportspeople Egyptian_stick_fencing Egyptian_Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities Egyptian_Theater Egyptian_Theatre Egyptian_Vulture Egyptian_Vulture Egyptian_vulture Egyptian_War Egyptian_war Egyptian_War_(card_game) Egyptian_war_(card_game) Egyptian_wildcat Egyptian_writers Egyptologist Egyptologist Egyptologists Egyptologists Egyptology Egyptology Egypts_Liberal_Experiment Egyptus Egypt_(disambiguation) Egypt_Abydos Egypt_Air Egypt_Air_Force Egypt_Alexandria Egypt_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics Egypt_at_the_2004_Summer_Games Egypt_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics Egypt_Exploration_Fund Egypt_Exploration_Society Egypt_FA Egypt_fa Egypt_infobox Egypt_in_the_European_Imagination Egypt_in_the_European_imagination Egypt_Lake-Leto,_FL Egypt_Lake-Leto,_Florida Egypt_Memphis Egypt_national_football_team Egypt_of_History_3rd_Dynasty Egypt_Province Egypt_Thebes Egypt_under_Mehemet_Ali_and_his_successors Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors |
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