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:''For other members of the dog family, see Canidae.''
The Dog is a canidae carnivore mammal that has been domesticated for at least 14,000 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. For example, heights range from just a few inches (such as the Chihuahua (dog)) to nearly three feet (such as the Irish Wolfhound), and colors range from white to black with reds, grays, and browns also occurring in a tremendous variation of patterns. Dogs, like humans, are highly social animals and pack hunters; this similarity in their overall behavioral design accounts for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations. Dogs fill a variety of roles in human society. Working dogs of all kinds do traditional jobs such as sheepdog and new jobs such as Detection dog and Guide dog or Service dog. For dogs that do not do their traditional jobs, a wide range of dog sports provide the opportunity to exhibit their natural skills. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of dogs is as Pet. Dogs have lived with and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the sobriquet "man's best friend". ==Carnivore or omnivore== The classification as a carnivore is a conventional one and does not mean that a dog's diet should be restricted to meat alone. Unlike a true obligate carnivore, such as a cat, a dog is able to healthily digest a variety of foods including vegetables and grains, and in fact requires a large proportion of these in its diet. Wild canines typically get such nutrients from the stomach contents of their herbivorous prey, which they consume eagerly. Dogs can survive perfectly well on a reasonably carefully designed vegetarian diet, particularly if eggs and milk products are included (''i.e.'', not a vegan diet, although with even more attention this is also possible). On the other hand, dogs are evolved to tolerate a carnivorous diet much better than humans are, and are not susceptible to many of the metabolic ills stemming from overconsumption of such foods that civilization makes possible. In addition, the experience of extremely stressful conditions such as the Iditarod race, as well as scientific studies of similar conditions, suggest that under such extreme stress, high protein diets (which implies a lot of meat consumption) help prevent damage to muscle tissue. ==Terminology for dogs== [[Image:Shepador_Chewer.JPG|thumb|Puppies engage in teething on almost anything.]] ''Dog'', in common usage, refers to the domestic dog, ''Canis lupus familiaris'' (originally classified as ''Canis familiaris'' by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758, but reclassified as a subspecies of the wolf, ''Canis lupus'', by the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists in 1993). The word is sometimes used to refer collectively to any mammal belonging to the family Canidae (as in "the dog family"), such as wolf, fox and coyote. ''Dog'' is also a term used by breeders to specifically denote a male domestic dog. The female is known as a bitch. A young dog is called a puppy. The words pooch and poochie are generic, generally affectionate terms for a dog, as is doggy (sometimes ''doggie''), often used by children. Many additional terms are used for dogs that are not purebred; see Mixed-breed dog#Terms for mixed-breed dogs. Toy dogs are so called because of their small size; similarly for Lap dogs, with the additional connotation of an affectionate attachment between human and dog. ==Attributes== Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Within the range of extremes, dogs generally share attributes with their wild ancestors, the wolf. Dogs are predators and scavengers, possessing sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, holding, and tearing their food. Their legs are designed to propel them forward rapidly, leaping as necessary, to chase and overcome prey. Consequently, they have small, tight feet, walking on their front toes; their rear legs are fairly rigid and sturdy; the front legs are loose and flexible, with only muscle attaching them to the torso. Dogs are dichromats and thus, by human standards, color blind.#References and further reading, #References and further reading Because the lenses of dogs' eyes are flatter than humans', they cannot see as much detail; on the other hand, their eyes are more sensitive to light and motion than humans' eyes. Some breeds, particularly the best sighthounds, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 100° to 120° for humans), although broad-headed breeds with their eyes set forward have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.#References and further reading, #References and further reading Dogs detect sounds as low as the 20 to 70 Hertz frequency range (compared to 16 to 20 Hz for humans) and as high as 70,000 to 100,000 Hz (compared to 20,000 Hz for humans)#References and further reading, and in addition have a degree of ear mobility that helps them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. They can identify a sound's location much faster than can a human, and they can hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans can. Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket handkerchief (compared to 5 million over an area the size of a postage stamp for humans). Some breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren. Other than the oversimplified obvious, ''i.e.'' chemical compounds that affect chemical sensors in the nose, what a dog actually detects when he is scenting is not really understood; although once a matter of debate, it now seems to be well established that dogs can distinguish two different types of scents when trailing, an air scent from some person or thing that has recently passed by, as well as a ground scent that remains detectable for a much longer period. The characteristics and behavior of these two types of scent trail would seem, after some thought, to be quite different, the air scent being intermittent but perhaps less obscured by competing scents, whereas the ground scent would be relatively permanent with respect to careful and repetitive search by the dog, but would seem to be much more contaminated with other scents. In any event, it is established by those who train tracking dogs that it is impossible to teach the dog how to track any better than it does naturally; the object instead is to motivate it properly, and teach it to maintain focus on a single track and ignore any others that might otherwise seem of greater interest to an untrained dog. An intensive search for a scent, for instance searching a ship for contraband, can actually be very fatiguing for a dog, and it must be motivated to continue this hard work for a long period of time. All dogs have a tremendous capacity to learn complex social behavior and to interpret varied body language and sounds, and, like many predators, can react to and learn from novel situations. The requirements of coordinating complex social behavior requires that canines have the ability to sense and deliver a wide variety of cues via body language, more so than for even humans, who can use language for the same purpose. Physiologically, this correlates with such features as a large number of nerves innervating the facial muscles of dogs, allowing subtle control of a wide variety of facial expressions; in contrast to cats, for instance, who have many fewer nerves governing their facial muscles, resulting in a smaller repertoire or "vocabulary" of expressions. This ability to read and deliver nonverbal cues makes dogs expert at reading human beings, as well, often even more so than other humans are, who rely on language. Most dog owners have a large collection of stories about their dogs recognizing individuals by their footsteps outside the door, and so on. ===Dog coats, colors, and markings===
::''For a complete detailed list of dog colors and patterns, see Coat (dog)#Colours and patterns.''
Dogs exhibit a diverse array of Coat (conformation point) textures, colors, and markings, and a specialized vocabulary has evolved to describe them.
Originally, dogs all had dense fur with an undercoat and long muzzles and heads, although both of these features have been altered in some of the more extremely modified breeds, such as the Mexican Hairless and the English Bulldog.
One often refers to a specific dog first by coat color rather than by breed; for example, "a blue merle Australian Shepherd" or "a chocolate Labrador Retriever". Coat colors include:
*Black: Usually pure black but sometimes grizzled.
*Brown: From mahogany through very dark brown.
*Red: Reminiscent of reddish woods such as cherry or mahogany; also tawny, chestnut, orange, rusty, liver, and red-gold.
*Yellow: From pale cream to a deep yellowish-gold tan.
*Gold: From pale apricot to rich reddish-yellow.
*Gray: Pale to dark gray, including silver; can be mixed with other colors or various shades to create ''sandy pepper'', ''pepper'', ''grizzle'', ''blue-black gray'', or ''silver-fawn''.
*Blue: A dark metallic gray, often as a blue Merle (coat color in dogs) or speckled (with black).
*Sable: Black-tipped hairs; the background color can be gold, silver, gray, or tan.
*White: Distinct from albinism dogs.
[[Image:Dalmatian b 01.jpg|thumb|The Dalmatian's coat is one of the more widely recognized markings.]]
Coat patterns include:
*Two-color coats, such as Black and tan, red and white: Coat has both colors but in clearly defined and separated areas; usually the top and sides are darker and lower legs and underside are the lighter color.
*Tricolor: Consisting of three colors; usually black, tan, and white or liver, tan, and white.
*Brindle: A mixture of black with brown, tan, or gold; usually in a "tiger stripe" pattern.
*Harlequin: "Torn" patches of black on white.
*Merle: Marbled coat with darker patches and spots of the specified color.
*Particolor: Two-colored coat with the colors appearing in patches in roughly equal quantiles .
Coat textures vary tremendously, so that some coats make the dogs more cuddly and others make them impervious to cold water. Densely furred breeds such as most sled dogs and Spitz types can have up to 600 hairs per inch, while fine-haired breeds such as the Yorkshire Terrier can have as few as 100, and the "hairless" breeds such as the Mexican Hairless have none on parts of their bodies. The texture of the coat often depends on the distribution and the length of the two parts of a dog's coat, its thick, warm ''undercoat'' (or ''down'') and its, rougher somewhat weather-resistant outer coat (''topcoat''), also referred to as ''guard hairs''. Breeds with soft coats often have more or longer undercoat hairs than guard hairs; rough-textured coats often have more or longer guard hairs. Textures include:
[[Image:GermanWirehrPtr1 wb.jpg|thumb|right|The German Wirehaired Pointer's coat demonstrates a rough texture.]]
*Double-coated: Having a thick, warm, short ''undercoat'' (or ''down'') that is usually dense enough to resist penetration by water and a stronger, rougher weather-resistant outer coat (''topcoat''), also referred to as ''guard hairs''. Most other coat types are also double coated.
*Single-coated: Lacking an undercoat.
*Smooth-coated: "Smooth" to the eye and touch.
*Wire-haired: Also called ''broken-coated''. The harsh outer guard hairs are prominent, providing excellent weather protection for hunting dogs such as the Border Terrier or Wirehaired Pointing Griffon.
*Long-haired: Hair longer than an inch or so.
*Short-haired: Hair around an inch or so long.
*Cording coat: for example, see Puli
===Ears===
[[Image:Basset hound.jpg|thumb|The Basset Hound's ears are extremely long ''drop'' ears.]]
Dogs ears come in a variety of sizes, shapes, lengths, position on the head, and amount and type of droop. Every variation has a term, including:
*Bat ear: Erect, broad next to the head and rounded at the tip.
*Button ear: A smaller ear where the tip folds forward nearly to the skull, forming a V, such as the Jack Russell Terrier.
*Cropped ear: Shaped by cutting; see docking.
*Drop ear: An ear that folds and droops close to the head, such as most scent hounds'. Also called a ''pendant'' ear.
*Natural: Like a wolf's.
*Prick ear: Erect and pointed; also called ''pricked'' or ''erect''.
*Rose ear: A very small drop ear that folds back; typical of many sight hounds and the English Bulldog.
*Semiprick ear: A prick ear where the tip just begins to fold forward, such as with the Rough Collie.
===Tails===
[[Image:Basenji 600.jpg|thumb|The Basenji's tail is tightly curled.]]
As with ears, tails come in a tremendous variety of shapes, lengths, amount of fur, and tailset (positions). Among them:
*Corkscrew: Short and twisted, such as a Pug
*Docked: Shortened by surgery or other method, usually two or three days after birth; see docking
*Odd: Twisted, but not short. Uncommon. Tibetan Terriers have odd tails.
*Saber: Carried in a slight curve like that of a saber
*Sickle: Carried out and up in a semicircle like a sickle
*Squirrel: Carried high and towards the head, often with the tip curving even further towards the head.
*Wheel: Carried up and over the back in a broad curve, resembling a wheel.
==Anatomy==
Like most predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching, holding, and tearing.
The dog's ancestral skeleton provided the ability to run and leap. Although selective breeding has changed the appearance of many breeds, all dogs retain the basic ingredients from their distant ancestors. Dogs have disconnected shoulder bones (absent the collar bone of the human skeleton) that allow a greater stride length for running and leaping. They walk on four toes, front and back, and most have vestigial dewclaws on their front legs.
The dog's ancestor was about the size of a Dingo, and its skeleton took about 10 months to mature. Today's toy dog breeds have skeletons that mature in only a few months, while giant breeds such as the Mastiffs take 16 to 18 months for the skeleton to mature. Dwarfism has affected the proportions of some breeds' skeleton, as in the Basset Hound.
==Ancestry and history of domestication==
Molecular systematics indicate that the domestic dog is descended from a wolf-like ancestor, and dogs and wolves can still interbreed. The domestication of the dog probably occurred at least 14,000 years ago, and perhaps long before that. There is archaeology evidence of dog remains, showing the characteristic morphological differences from wolves, from at least 14,000 years ago, while wolf remains have been found in association with hominid remains that are at least 400,000 years old. The molecular genetic data suggest that the domestic lineage separated from modern wolves around 150,000 years ago (Vilà et al, 1997). In the early 2000s, [http://www.amonline.net.au/archive.cfm?id=716 some research] indicated that domestication in fact had already begun to occur as early as 100,000 years ago.
Dogs were, and are, valued for their aid in hunting. Dog burials at the Mesolithic cemetery of Svaerdborg in Denmark indicate that, in ancient Europe, dogs were valued companions.
===Wolf ancestors===
Some evidence suggests that several varieties of ancient wolves contributed to the domestic dog, with deliberate or unintentional interbreeding taking traits from one or more of the ancestral wolf lines. Although all wolves belong to the species ''Canis lupus'', there are (or were) many subspecies that had evolved somewhat distinctive appearance, social structure, and other traits. For example, the Japanese wolf, which became extinct in the early 20th century, was much smaller than most wolves, generally had a gray coat with reddish underbelly, and possibly had a more solitary hunting habit; the North American wolf, which still exists in limited ranges, is much larger than many wolf subspecies, displays many coat colors from nearly white through solid black, and exhibits a complex social structure involving highly formulaic dominance and submission rituals.
The Indian or Asian wolf probably led to the development of more breeds of dogs than other subspecies. Many of today's wild dogs, such as the dingo, the dhole and pariah dogs, are descended from this wolf, along with sighthounds such as the Greyhound. [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s728909.htm Recent genetic evidence] shows that most modern dog breeds are related to Asian canines, contradicting earlier hypotheses that the dog, like humans, had evolved originally in Africa. The Asian wolf also likely interbred with descendants of the European wolf to create the Mastiffs—the Tibetan Mastiff being an example of a very ancient breed—leading eventually to the development of such diverse breeds as the Pug, the St. Bernard (dog), and the Bloodhound.
The European wolf, in turn, may have contributed many of its attributes to the Spitz dog types, most terriers, and many of today's sheepdogs. The Chinese wolf is a probably ancestor to the Pekingese and toy spaniels, although it is also probable that descendants of the Chinese and European wolves encountered each other over the millennia, contributing to many of the oriental toy dog breeds.
The North American wolf is a direct ancestor to most, if not all, of the North American northern sled dog types; this mixing and crossing still goes on today with dogs living in the Arctic where the attributes of the wolf that enable it to survive in a hostile environment are still valued. Additionally, accidental crossbreeding occurs simply because dogs and wolves live in the same environment. The general reproductive isolation which is required to define dogs and wolves as separate species is purely a result of lack of opportunity, stemming from a general mutual unfamiliarity, suspicion, mistrust, and fear.
The single phenotype characteristic that seems to separate dogs from wolves is the sickle tail—dogs who have tails all have an upward curve in the tail, whereas wolves' tails hang straight—the "brush tail"—similar to that of a fox.
===Speed of domestication===
Current research indicates that domestication, or the attributes of a domesticated animal, [http://www.amsci.org/amsci/articles/99articles/Trut.html#26879 can occur much more quickly] than previously believed, even within a human generation or two with determined selective breeding. It is also now generally believed that initial domestication was not attained deliberately by human intervention but through natural selection: wild canines who scavenged around human habitation received more food than their more skittish counterparts; those who attacked people or their children were probably killed or driven away, while those more tolerant animals survived, and so on.
===Neoteny in the rapid evolution of diverse dog breeds===
This rapid evolution of dogs from wolves is an example of neoteny or paedomorphism. As with many species, the young of wolves are more social and less dominant than adults; therefore, the selection for these characteristics, whether deliberate or inadvertent, is more likely to result in a simple retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood than to generate a complex of independent new changes in behavior. This is true of many domesticated animals, including human beings themselves, who have many characteristics similar to young bonobo. This paedomorphic selection naturally results in a retention of juvenile physical characteristics as well. Compared to wolves, many adult dog breeds retain such juvenile characteristics as soft fuzzy fur, round torsos, large heads and eyes, ears that hang down rather than stand erect, etc.; characteristics which are shared by most juvenile mammals, and therefore generally elicit some degree of protective and nurturing behavior cross-species from most adult mammals, including humans, who term such characteristics "cute" or "appealing".
The example of canine neoteny goes even further, in that the various breeds are differently neotenized according to the type of behavior that was selected.
* Breeds that guard flocks, such as the various sheepdog breeds, retain the most juvenile characteristics: they stay close to home with their foster "litter" (which might include a flock of sheep) rather than going out hunting, they have almost no predatory behavior (which would be disastrous in the vicinity of such a natural prey stimulus as sheep), they respond to perceived threats with a lot of vocalization and attempts to alert and engage the dominant individuals in their "pack" (''i.e.'' humans) whenever possible, engaging in actual combat only as a last resort. In addition, they retain very juvenile physical characteristics such as round bodies and heads, soft coats, ears that hang down, and so on, which do not elicit fear responses from the sheep in the way that an appearance similar to that of an adult wolf would. (Compare to the physical appearance of the border collie, a sheep herding dog, whose physical configuration is closer to that of an adult wild canine and who therefore has a greater capacity to frighten sheep into a desired pattern of movement, along with the more adult aggressive temperament to do so).
* Breeds that are hunting dogs—that is, pointers, setters, spaniels, retrievers, etc.—have an intermediate degree of paedomorphism; they are at the point where they share in the pack's hunting behavior, but are still in a junior role, not participating in the actual attack. They identify potential prey and freeze into immobility, for instance, but refrain from then stalking the prey as an adult predator would do next; this results in the "pointing" behavior for which such dogs are bred. Similarly, they seize dead or wounded prey and bring it back to the "pack", even though they did not attack it themselves, that is, "retrieving" behavior. Their physical characteristics are closer to that of the mature wild canine than the sheepdog breeds, but they typically do not have erect ears, etc.
* Scenthounds maintain an intermediate body type and behavior pattern that causes them to actually pursue prey by tracking their scent, but tend to refrain from actual individual attacks in favor of vocally summoning the pack leaders (in this case, humans) to do the job. This contrasts with sighthounds, who pursue and attack perceived prey on sight, and who maintain the mature canine body type with erect ears, lean bodies, and adult coats.
* Terriers similarly have adult aggressive behavior, famously coupled with a lack of juvenile submission, and display correspondingly adult physical features such as erect ears, although many breeds have also been selected for size and sometimes achondroplasia to enable them to pursue prey in their burrows.
* The least paedomorphic behavior pattern may be that of the basenji, bred in Africa to hunt alongside humans almost on a peer basis; this breed is often described as highly independent, neither needing nor appreciating a great deal of human attention or nurturing, often described as "catlike" in its behavior. It too has the body plan of an adult canine predator.
Of course, dogs in general possess a signifcant ability to modify their behavior according to experience, including adapting to the behavior of their "pack leaders"—again, humans. This allows them to be trained to behave in a way that is not specifically the most natural to their breed; nevertheless, the accumulated experience of thousands of years shows that some combinations of nature and nurture are quite daunting, for instance, training whippets to guard flocks of sheep.
==Interactions between dogs and humans==
The relationship between dogs and humans is ancient. Dogs serve humans in many ways.
===Dogs as working partners===
There are service dogs, guard dogs, hunting dogs, and herding dogs. Dogs have served as Seeing Eye for the blindness, as commandos, and have flown into outer space (see Laika). Most modern working dogs are put in positions which capitalize on their sensory or strength and endurance advantages over normal humans.
For example, a new and particularly effective role of working dogs is that of the drug- or bomb-sniffing dog. All canines have olfactory sensitivity thousands or millions of times more sensitive than humans. This allows them to pick up on the subtle smells of distinctive chemicals, such as cannabis (drug) or plastic explosive. Airport security frequently tours concourses and baggage areas with a dog trained to respond to such chemicals.
Police dog police units typically feature a long-term human-canine team, in which the dog is trained to home in on the scents of particular people, and to facilitate their arrest once located. Most criminals find being wrestled to the ground by an aggressive dog much more frightening than being tackled by a human. Such dogs are also frequently used to find missing persons, especially in the wilderness.
Several cities in Italy are experimenting with working dogs as rescue swimmers. In this situation, a strong and well-trained dog is equipped with flotation devices and dropped in the water near a floundering swimmer. The swimmer then grabs onto the dog, and the animal tows the swimmer to shore.
The Newfoundland (dog) has long been used for water rescue, not only on shore, but from fishing boats as well.
Dogs are commonly used as search and rescue workers in cases of disasters. The St. Bernard (dog) has been historically used for such purposes in Europe in the case of avalanche. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks attacks in New York, rescue dogs were brought in to search for survivors in the rubble. Some of the dogs became so disturbed at being unable to find any survivors that people had to be "planted" for the dogs to find so that they did not become depressed at their failure.
===Dogs as hunting/sporting partners===
Many people compete with their dogs in a variety of dog sports, including dog agility, flyball, and many others. This often strengthens the bond between human and dog, since they must trust one another in a variety of environments and must learn how the other works and thinks.
Setters in particular have a long history as upland gun dogs. They have a native ability to discover and "hold" upland game birds; to freeze them momentarily on the ground with their silent, elongated pointing stance. Once the hunter approaches, at his command they will flush the birds to fly and for the hunter to shoot at.
As water dogs, the retrievers are unsurpassed. They can spend long hours in a duck blind and, after the hunter has fired at multiple ducks or geese, they can visually spot and remember the location of downed birds. At command, they dive into the icy water, swim out and retrieve the birds one by one. They can follow hand, verbal, and whistle commands at great distance as the hunter directs them to the downed bird. They typically have large, gentle muzzles to mitigate any potential damage to the game.
When trained, beagles are particularly adept at chasing through thick briars and brush to chase rabbits. Many hound breeds are excellent at treeing raccoons during hunting season.
Hunters with dogs report the satisfaction that the dogs seem to exhibit. Excitement is evident as they see the hunters load weapons, take to the field, and begin the hunt.
===Dogs as pets===
[[Image:Nap006b.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A 9 year old English Collie cross. Some say Mixed-breed dog make the best pets]]
Relationships between humans and dogs are often characterized by strong emotional bonds. Consequently, dogs are popular as pets and companions, independent of any utilitarian considerations. Many dog owners consider having unconditional acceptance from a friend who is always happy to see them to be quite utilitarian, particularly if the dog also leads them to regular exercise. Empirically, dogs are quite dependent on human companionship and may suffer poor health in its absence.
Some research demonstrates that dogs are able to convey a depth of emotion not seen to the same extent in any other animal; this is purportedly due to their closely-knit development with modern man, and the survival-benefits of such communication as dogs became more dependent on humans for sustenance.
Nevertheless, it is often unwise to anthropomorphize the responses of dogs. Despite understandably positive interpretations by dog owners, it is questionable whether these animals are truly capable of feeling emotions on a human level. More research is needed to determine the dog intelligence, and the motivations behind their responses to their masters.
===Dogs as food===
''Main article: Taboo meat''
In some places dogs are raised for their meat, causing friction with people who keep dogs as pets. In times of great stress, such as when the Vikings of Greenland starved to death at the start of the Little Ice Age (14th century - 19th century), humans have been known to eat their pets.
==Dog society==
''Main article: Dog society''
Dogs thrive in small social groups or pack (canine)s which, from their viewpoint, includes humans.
==Dog breeds==
There are numerous dog breeds, List of dog breeds being recognized by various kennel clubs worldwide. As all dog breeds have been derived from mixed-breed dog populations, the term "purebred" has meaning only with respect to a certain number of generations. Moreover, many dogs, especially outside the United States and Western Europe, belong to no recognized breed.
A few basic :Category:Dog types have evolved gradually during the domesticated dog's relationship with man over the last 10,000 or more years, but most modern breeds are of relatively recent derivation. Many of these are the product of a deliberate process of artificial selection. Because of this, some breeds are highly specialized, and there is extraordinary morphological diversity across different breeds. Despite these differences, dogs are able to distinguish dogs from other kinds of animal.
The definition of a dog breed is a matter of some controversy. Some groups use a definition that ultimately requires extreme in-breeding to qualify. Dogs that are bred in this manner often end up with severe health problems. Other reorganizations define a breed more loosely, such that an individual may be considered of one breed as long as, say, three of its grandparents were of that breed. These considerations come into play among breeders who enter their dogs in dog shows. Purebred dogs frequently suffer from serious inherited health and/or behavioral problems. This is by no means true of the majority of purebred dogs, and the same problems can occur in populations of mixed breed dogs. Even prize-winning purebred dogs are sometimes possessed of crippling Genetic disorders due to inbreeding.
In February 2004, the Canine Studies Institute in Aurora, Ohio, managed to arrange all breeds of dog into ten categories, according to Darwinian evolutionary principles. [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_medical/story.jsp?story=491197]
The behavior and appearance of a dog of a particular breed can be predicted fairly accurately, while mixed-breed dogs show a broader range of innovative appearance and behavior.
[[Image:Shuky404.jpg|thumb|right|A mixed-breed dog.]]
''Mixed-breed dogs'' are dogs that do not belong to specific breeds, being mixtures of two or more. Mixed breeds, or dogs with no purebred ancestry, are not inherently "better" or "worse" than purebred dogs as companions, pets, working dogs, or competitors in dog sports. Sometimes mixed-breed dogs are deliberately bred, for example, the Cockapoo, a mixture of Cocker Spaniel and Miniature Poodle. Such deliberate crosses may display hybrid vigor and other desirable traits, but can also lack one or more of the desired traits of their parents, such as temperament or a particular color or coat. However, without genetic testing of the parents, the crosses can sometimes end up inheriting genetic defects that occur in both parental breeds. Deliberately crossing two or more breeds is also a manner of establishing new breeds.
==Dog reproduction==
As with most domesticated species, one of the first and strongest effects seen from selective breeding is, logically enough, selection for cooperation with the breeding process as directed by humans. In dogs, this takes the form of abolition of the pair bonding seen in wild canines, as well as the ability of female domestic dogs to come into estrus (also called ''in season'' or ''in heat'') at any time of the year and usually twice a year; unlike undomesticated canine species where the females typically come into once season a year, usually in late winter, and bear one litter of young. Most bitches come into season for the first time between 6 and 12 months, although some larger breeds delay until as late as 2 years. Like most mammals, the age that a bitch first comes into season is mostly a function of her current body weight as a proportion of her body weight when fully mature, rather than age, with the different maturation rates of the various sizes of dogs accounting for this variation in age of first season. The amount of time between cycles varies greatly among different dogs, but a given dog's cycle tends to be consistent through her life. Dogs bear their litters roughly 9 weeks after insemination.
[[Image:CatahoulaLitter wb.jpg|thumb|right|Catahoula Leopard Dog nursing litter of puppies]]
An average litter consists of about six puppies, especially for breeds that have not strayed too far from their wild ancestors. However, litters of many more or only one or two puppies are also common. Some breeds have a tendency to produce very large litters. Since a mother can provide milk for only a few of those puppies, humans must assist in the care and feeding when the litter exceeds eight or so.
Some breeds have been developed to emphasize certain physical traits beyond the point at which they can safely bear litters on their own. For example, the Bulldog often requires artificial insemination and almost always requires cesarean section for giving birth.
Puppies often have characteristics that do not last beyond early puppyhood. For example, eyes are often blue when they first open but change to other colors as the puppy matures. As another example, Kerry Blue Terrier puppies have black coats when they are born and their distinctive "blue" color appears gradually as the puppy nears maturity. The ears of erect-eared breeds such as the German Shepherd Dog are softly folded at birth but straighten as the puppy grows; in cases where they fail to straighten on their own, owners sometimes opt for surgical intervention.
Dog experts advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies, which are often abandoned. Abandoned dogs who go feral are particularly dangerous; they lack the skills of wild canines at survival in the wild, as well as the genetic and learned fear of humans that keeps wild canines away from humans and their possessions, so they form predatory packs that attack livestock and occasionally also prove dangerous to humans. The overpopulation of unwanted dogs is so great that almost all dogs who end up in animal shelters are euthanized due to lack of space and resources. Spaying and neutering can also help prevent hormone-driven diseases such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. Contrary to myth, it is not required for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before neutering; these myths are responsible for numerous unnecessary health problems and unwanted puppies. Attempts by owners to carry on some particular admirable qualities of their dogs by breeding them usually fail. Dogs of mixed breed do not "breed true"; ''i.e.'', with a mixed breed dog the offspring may not carry characteristics found in a parent, or even shared by both parents. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, even with purebreed dogs sold as pets the offspring may not have the subtle best qualities of the parents; it may be necessary to go back to the high quality breeding stock and reproduce the original mating as closely as possible to reproduce the desired characteristics very closely. Of course, most owners who let their dogs reproduce will feel the offspring are superior; however, realistically speaking, the natural sentimental bias makes it just as likely that they would feel the same way about any dog they acquired, from the pound or elsewhere.
==Dangers==
[[image:doggroundhog.jpg|thumb|This Labrador Retriever could pose a threat to this groundhog, however the breed is not known for its aggressiveness.]]
As evidenced by their attacks on other creatures, both wild and domestic, dogs can be aggressive predators. Their sharp teeth and powerful jaws can inflict serious injuries; their sharp claws have powerful muscles behind them. Scratches from dogs are easily infected. Even without aggressive intent, by just acting boisterous, a dog of adequate size can knock a person down, with the risk of serious injury. It has been observed that any dog should be regarded as the equivalent of a child, who happens to be armed with a deadly weapon. Formal and informal training, selective breeding, and society's response to a dog who proves dangerous combine to reduce the overall physical threat from dogs to a very low level; however, although confrontations between man and dog ordinarily stop well short of harm, improperly managed confrontations can lead to severe injury from even the most well-tempered dog, much as almost any human could be incited to violence given sufficiently serious provocation.
Contrary to myth, barking dogs can bite a person who fails to recognize the warning. Likewise, a wagging tail indicates an excited state, which is not always a result of "happy" excitation; a wagging dog is not equivalent to a purring cat. A highly disturbed dog may sometimes emit confusing or misleading signals, much as the development of anger or an aggressive mood in a human being may not always be externally obvious.
===Human behavior as provocations===
Some human behavior (especially people unfamiliar with dogs) can potentially evoke a predatory or aggressive response from a dog. These include (but are not limited to):
*Attacking a dog or its companions, canine or human, or acting in a manner that the dog perceives as an attack (for example, a sudden enthusiastic hug)
*Attempting to take food away from a dog, or moving towards a dog's food or between a dog and its food, even inadvertently
*Threatening a puppy in the presence of an adult dog, especially its mother
*Looking a dog directly in the eyes, especially when on the same level of the dog (such as small children), especially a dog who is not familiar with you
*Approaching a sick or injured dog. Note that older dogs, like people, often seem to become "cranky" as they accumulate aches and pains, and develop a tendency to become "snappish"
*Related to the previous point, failure to recognize a dog showing signs of insecurity or fear and continuing whatever behavior is causing the dog's anxiety to increase, until "fear biting" occurs. Again, an older or chronically infirm dog is liable to develop feelings of vulnerability and anxiety, and therefore become less tolerant and more aggressive
*Running away from a dog: the chase-and-catch instinct inherited from wolves is not fully lost, and most dogs can outrun and overtake the average human. Similarly, the natural instinct to jerk one's hands upwards away from an inquisitive dog often elicits in the dog a strong impulse to grab and hold, or at least to investigate, resulting in the dog jumping on the person and thrusting its head towards the raised hands
*Ignoring "Beware of Dog" signs: trained attack dogs, unlike most dogs, may attack an intruder without warning
*Startling a resting or sleeping dog
==="Sudden" aggressiveness===
It is also of note that, rarely, some dogs with no prior signs of aggressiveness or any exposure to stimuli that might generate aggression seem to suddenly develop a physically aggressive streak. The first such attack is often dismissed as a fluke (triggered by one of the factors above, for instance) in view of the dog's benign history, but when a few unprovoked attacks occur within a relatively short span of time, the dog is generally recognized as dangerous. Similarly, some dogs seem, for no apparent reason, to become unreasoningly aggressive when triggered by a particular stimulus, for instance a touch on a specific region of the body which does not seem to be painful (distinct from the more understandable reaction when a painful area is stimulated), even though nothing in the dog's history would have trained it to react in such a fashion. While we cannot understand what is happening from the dog's point of view, the existence of such behaviors in a few dogs is sometimes considered in reference to the question of whether criminal, antisocial, violent, or other pathological behavior in human beings can sometimes be innate.
===Background for aggression===
Although most dogs are not inherently aggressive (unless they are feral, trained to attack intruders, threatened, or provoked), it is important to remember that they are predatory by nature and instinct is something that never disappears. This is not to say that all of the above behaviors will always result in injury. In fact, dog experts advocate acclimating a puppy to provocative situations such as removal of its food or sudden movements by a stranger when its behavior can be controlled to train it to restrain its aggressive impulses even more thoroughly, so that later in life, similar situations can be dealt with without danger; for instance if the dog is found eating something dangerous, or is wounded and needs to be transported for medical attention.
Small children are especially prone to provoking dogs, in part because their size and movements suggest similarities to prey that dogs instinctively attack, rather than adult humans to whom the dog has learned to submit. Also, young children may well unintentionally provoke the dog (pulling on ears or tails is common, as is surprising a sleeping dog) because they do not know any better. Because of a dog's pack instincts, more dominant dogs may view children or even adults as rivals rather than as superiors, and attempt to establish dominance by physical means; any examples of such behavior, no matter how tentative, should be extremely firmly discouraged as early as possible, to deliver to the dog the message that all humans are to be regarded as superiors. To avoid potential conflicts, even reliably well-behaved children and dogs should not be allowed to interact in the absence of adult supervision until both have absolutely demonstrated their ability to always behave appropriately towards each other, no matter what the situation.
Dogs with strong chase instincts may also fixate on specific stimuli, such as a fast-moving, brightly colored running or cycling shoe, as a prey object, and not recognize the whole picture as a human being; this is probably operative in the majority of cases of otherwise nonaggressive dogs chasing cyclists and runners. In these cases, if the individual stops, to the dog it is as if its prey suddenly disappears and is replaced by a human, and it immediately loses interest. Of course, this should not be confused with cases of actual aggressive dogs who might take the opportunity to attack. Similarly, while most dogs who bark aggressively at strangers, particularly when not on "their" territory, will flee if the stranger "calls its bluff" and replies with a mock aggressive move, there is always the danger of the occasional dog who will stand its ground and further escalate the situation.
==Miscellaneous facts==
===Treats===
[[Image:AdaRowlands.jpg|thumb|right|A brown short-haired mixed-breed dog.]]
Many dogs consider anything given them directly by hand to be a treat, even the food they are accustomed to at meal time. Special dog treats are not necessary for such animals. Care should also be taken to avoid dropping small but inedible objects (such as marbles, coins, engagement rings, etc.) around such dogs.
If a dog has something valuable (rings, money, irreplaceable items), a treat should be used to "barter" with the dog to retrieve the stolen item. Chasing a dog will encourage play behavior, which may cause the item to be swallowed or destroyed.
===Dogs and the Zodiac===
The Dog is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits. See: Dog (Zodiac).
Sirius, the Dog Star, is the brightest star in the night sky.
===Dogs and temperature regulation===
A common misconception is that dogs do not perspiration. Primarily, dogs regulate their body temperature in a completely different way, through their tongue. That is why after a dog has been running or on a hot day you will see its mouth wide open and tongue hanging out. This is a very efficient form of cooling in terms of maximizing heat lost while conserving moisture, because it carries heat from the hottest part of the body, the interior core of the thorax, compared to sweating, which cools the already coolest part of the body, the skin. Besides being intuitively correct, this higher efficiency of thermal loss in terms of moisture conservation stems from thermal conductivity in a given system. In addition, dogs effectively sweat through the pads of their feet, since they are not furred. Again, on a warm day and after exercise, a dog's naturally wet footprints might be visible on a smooth floor.
Dogs possess a rete mirabile in the carotid sinus at the base of their neck, a complex of intermingled small arteries and veins which acts as a heat exchanger to thermally isolate the head, containing the brain, the most temperature sensitive organ, from the body, containing the muscles, where most of the heat is generated. The net result is that dogs can sustain a high degree of physical exertion over a prolonged time in a hot environment, compared to animals which lack this apparatus; thus, a dog chasing a jackrabbit through the desert may not be able to outrun the rabbit, but it can continue the chase until the rabbit literally drops dead from overheating.
===A fine sense of direction===
It has been observed that a lost dog can often find its way home, sometimes traveling over long distances. It is believed that dogs and cats know the correct position of the sun at their homes. When lost, the animal notes the angle of the sun as it travels, and moves in the direction that indicates that the angle is becoming correct.
==Diseases and ailments==
Some diseases, ailments, and poisons are common to both humans and dogs; others are different.
===Transferable diseases===
Most diseases that affect dogs or humans are not transferable between the two species. There are some exceptions:
*Rabies, or Hydrophobia, is a usually fatal disease which can be transmitted to dogs or humans by the bite of many mammals, including dogs, cats, raccoons, and bats. Although rodents and similar small mammals can be infected with the disease artificially, they are generally not found infected in the wild; the current hypothesis is that they are not likely to survive any attack which would infect them. Animals with rabies suffer deterioration of the brain and tend to behave bizarrely and often aggressively, increasing the chances that they will bite another animal or a person and transmit the disease. Areas which are rabies-free, (usually islands) such as Britain, Australia or the U.S. state of Hawaii, have strict quarantine laws to keep their territories rabies-free requiring long periods of isolation and observation of the animal, which make it very unattractive in practice to move there with a pet unless it is quite young. Areas which are not rabies-free usually require that dogs (and often cats) be vaccinated against rabies. A person or dog bitten by an unknown or unvaccinated dog (or other animal) should ''always'' be treated without waiting for symptoms, given the potentially fatal consequences if the biter was rabid; there has only been one case in history of someone surviving rabies when treatment was not begun until after symptoms appeared. The biter should be apprehended if at all possible, as only euthanasia and autopsy of the brain can determine if it was rabid. This should be a great incentive to dogowners to vaccinate their dogs even if they feel the risk of their dog contracting rabies is low, since vaccination will eliminate the need for their dog to be euthanized and examined in this fashion should it bite anyone or be suspected of biting anyone, as well as the need for it to be treated for rabies if it is suspected of being bitten.
*Parasites, particularly intestinal worms such as hookworms, tapeworms and roundworms, can be transmitted in a dog's saliva or feces. Some have fleas as intermediate hosts; the worm egg must be consumed by a flea to hatch, then the infected flea must be ingested (usually by the dog while grooming itself, but occasionally by a human through various means) for the adult worm to establish itself in the intestines. The worm's eggs then pass through the intestines and adhere to the nether regions of the dog, and the cycle begins again.
*Fleas and ticks of various species can be acquired and brought home by the dog where they can multiply and attack humans (as well as vice versa). This is particularly important, now that tick-borne Lyme Disease has become endemic throughout a large area, in addition to other similar diseases such as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Although dogs do not seem to be as susceptible to such diseases as humans, similar rickettsial diseases have been spread by dogs to humans through such mechanisms as a dog killing an infected rabbit, then shaking itself off in the house near enough to its owners to fatally infect most of the family.
*Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Humans and dogs become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact, especially with mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes or nose, or with broken skin.
===Genetic ailments===
Genetic conditions are a problem in some dogs, particularly purebreeds:
*Hip dysplasia primarily affects larger breeds.
*Luxating patellas can be a problem for smaller breeds.
*Genes for blindness or hearing impairmentness seem to be carried by some breeds.
*In some dogs, such as collies, the merle (coat colour in dogs) or harlequin coloring is actually the heterozygote of a partially recessive gene preventing proper development of the nervous system; therefore, if two such dogs are mated, on the average one quarter of the puppies will have severe genetic defects in their nervous systems and sensory organs ranging from deafness to fatal flaws.
===Parasites===
Several types of parasites are commonly associated with dogs:
*Intestinal worms cause varying degrees of discomfort.
*Heartworm is a dog parasitoid. It is hard to eliminate and can be fatal; prevention, however, is easily achieved using medication.
*Fleas and ticks are common parasites for which there are many effective preventive measures.
*Various mites cause skin problems such as mange.
===Dangerous foods===
Some foods commonly enjoyed by humans are dangerous to dogs:
*Dogs love the flavor of chocolate, but chocolate in sufficient doses is lethally toxic to dogs (and horses and possibly cats). Chocolate contains theobromine, a chemical stimulant that, together with caffeine and theophylline, belongs to the group of methylxanthine alkaloids. Dogs are unable to metabolize theobromine effectively. If they eat chocolate, the theobromine can remain in their bloodstreams for up to 20 hours, and these animals may experience tachycardia, hallucinations, severe diarrhea, epileptic seizures, myocardial infarction, internal bleeding, and eventually death. A chocolate candy bar can be sufficient to make a small dog extremely ill or even kill it. Approximately thirty grams of baking chocolate per kilogram (1/2 ounce per pound) of body weight is enough to be poisonous. In case of accidental intake of chocolate by especially a smaller dog, contact a veterinarian or animal poison control immediately; it is commonly recommended to induce vomiting within two hours of ingestion. Large breeds are less susceptible to chocolate poisoning, but still are far less tolerant of the substance than humans are.
::''Note:''Carob treats are often available as dog treats; these are unrelated to chocolate and are safe.
*It has recently been confirmed that grapes and raisins can cause acute renal failure in dogs. The exact mechanism is not known, nor any means to determine the susceptibility of an individual dog. While as little as one raisin can be fatal to a susceptible ten pound dog, many other dogs have eaten as much as a pound of grapes or raisins at a time without ill effects. The dog usually vomits a few hours after consumption and begins showing signs of renal failure three to five days later.
*Onions and to a significantly lesser extent garlic contain thiosulfate which causes hemolytic anemia in dogs (and cats). Thiosulfate levels are not affected by cooking or processing. Small puppies have died of hemolytic anemia after being fed baby food containing onion powder. Occasional exposure to small amounts is usually not a problem, but continuous exposure to even small amounts can be a serious threat.
*Macadamia nuts can cause stiffness, tremors, hyperthermia, and abdominal pain. The exact mechanism is not known. Most dogs recover with supportive care when the source of exposure is removed.
*Alcoholic beverages pose much the same temptation and hazard to dogs as to humans. A drunk dog displays behavior pretty much analogous to that of an intoxicated person. (However, beer presents another problem; see below.)
*Hops, the plant used to make common beer, can cause malignant hyperthermia in dogs, usually with fatal results. Certain breeds, such as Greyhound, seem particularly sensitive to hop toxicity, but hops should be kept away from all dogs. Even small amounts of hops can trigger a potentially deadly reaction, even if the hops are "spent" after use in brewing.
*Some dogs have food allergies much as humans do; this is particular to the dog and not characteristic of the species as a whole. An example is a dog vomiting whenever he eats salmon; many humans likewise have seafood allergies.
Contact your veterinarian or the [http://www.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=apcc ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center] in case of possible exposure.
===Common unsafe consumption===
Many dogs have a fondness for feline feces (which, due to the feline digestive system, are high in protein and consumed by many animals in the wild), and will raid a kitty litter box for "treats" (coprophagia). This can be unsafe for the dog's health if the cat has any diseases.
Feeding table scraps to a dog is generally not recommended, at least in excess. Dogs get ample correct nutrition from prepared dogfood. Otherwise, just as in humans, their diet must consist of the appropriate mix of vegetables, carbohydrates, and proteins, with the appropriate mix to provide all of the minerals and vitamins that they need. A human diet is not ideal for a dog; in addition, the scraps often consist of fat rather than meat protein, which is no better for dogs than it is for humans. Lastly, many people overfeed their dogs by giving them all the table scraps that the dogs will eat—which is usually all the table scraps they are fed, which is often too much food. The result of too much food is obesity, an increasingly common problem in dogs, which can cause numerous health problems just as it can in humans, although dogs are much less susceptible to the common cardiac and arterial consequences of obesity than humans are.
===Common household chemicals===
Some common household chemicals are particularly dangerous to dogs:
*Antifreeze, due to its sweet taste, poses an extreme danger of poisoning to a dog (or cat) that either drinks from a spill or licks it off its fur. The antifreeze itself is not toxic, but is metabolized in the liver to a compound which causes kidney failure, and eventual seizures and death. By the time symptoms are observed, the kidneys are usually too damaged for the dog to survive. Treatment for a dog which has recently consumed antifreeze is to dose the dog with large quantities of ethanol, which occupies the enzymes in the dog's liver, long enough for the unmetabolized antifreeze to be passed out harmlessly through the kidneys. Dogs should not be allowed access to any place in which an antifreeze leak or spill has happened until the spill is completely cleaned out. Some brands of antifreeze are marketed as being less harmful or less attractive to animals.
===Additional health information===
Dogs are susceptible to various diseases; similarly to humans, they can have diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, or arthritis. Other diseases are more specific to canines.
Breeds with deep chests and narrow waists, such as the Bouvier des Flandres or Dobermann, for instance, are susceptible to a syndrome of gastric torsion and bloat, where the stomach twists on its supporting ligaments, sealing off the exits, and the contents begin to generate gas pressure which is not only terribly painful (as can be imagined by anyone who has experienced even mild gas pains), but kills large areas of stomach tissue fairly quickly, resulting in a painful death within a very few hours. A similar disease is seen in cattle and horses; and a similar home remedy has sometimes been effective when a veterinarian is not at hand, ''i.e.'' puncturing the stomach from outside with a sharp object to relieve the pressure. Obviously, such a remedy must only be attempted as a last resort. Dogs who have experienced such an attack are very susceptible to another which is usually more severe, and this is one case where the most medical intervention usually proves the best choice, normally involving abdominal surgery to tack the dog's stomach down in several places to prevent recurrence.
Elderly dogs are susceptible to an unusual form of intense vertigo, the cause of which is unknown; the affected dog is unable to stand up and remains sprawled on the floor, the eyes displaying intense nystagmus, for typically a few days. While terrifying in appearance, owners often fearing that the dog has had a fatal stroke (which is actually uncommon in dogs), the vertigo passes within a few days and by the end of a week the dog is staggering around upright, and within another week there is no evidence that anything at all had happened. The only risk of the disease is that the dog is unable to eat or drink in that condition, and must receive supportive therapy of intravenous fluids and nutrition; a light sedative is usually also administered, as the dog naturally seems terrified during the experience.
A serious risk to dogs is heartworm; as the name suggests, an infected mosquito injects a larva into the dog's circulatory system which takes up residence in the heart, consuming cardiac muscle while growing and reproducing to an alarming degree. The effects on the dog are quite predictable, cardiac failure over a year or two, leading to death. Treatment of an infected dog is difficult, involving an attempt to poison the healthy worm with arsenic compounds without killing the weakened dog, and frequently does not succeed. Prevention is much the better course, via heartworm pills which are fed to the dog and contain a compound which kills the larvae immediately upon infection without harming the dog. Unfortunately, the pills tend to be unpalatable to the dog. Often they are available combined with other parasite preventives.
For additional information on dog health, see :Category:Dog health.
==Intelligence==
Among dog lovers, dogs are generally valued for their intelligence. anecdote evidence suggests that dogs have a reasonably high intelligence. For a detailed discussion on what dog intelligence is, see dog intelligence.
==References and further reading==
===Reference===
* Kennel Club Books [http://www.kennelclubbooks.com Website] 400 titles on dogs.
* Abrantes, Roger (1999). ''Dogs Home Alone''. Wakan Tanka, 46 pages. ISBN 0966048423 (paperback).
* 1A&E Television Networks (1998). ''Big Dogs, Little Dogs: The companion volume to the A&E special presentation'', A Lookout Book, GT Publishing. ISBN 1-57719-353-9 (hardcover).
* 2Alderton, David (1984). ''The Dog'', Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-89009-786-0.
* Donaldson, Jean (1997). ''The Culture Clash''. James & Kenneth Publishers. ISBN 1888047054 (paperback).
* Fogle, Bruce DVM ''The New Encyclopedia of the Dog'', 2000
* Milani, Myrna M. (1986). ''The Body Language and Emotion of Dogs: A practical guide to the Physical and Behavioral Displays Owners and Dogs Exchange and How to Use Them to Create a Lasting Bond'', William Morrow, 283 pages. ISBN 0688128416 (trade paperback).
* Clare Pfaffenberger (1971). ''New Knowledge of Dog Behavior''. Wiley, ISBN 0876057040 (hardcover); Dogwise Publications, 2001, 208 pages, ISBN 1929242042 (paperback).
* Shook, Larry (1995). "Breeders Can Hazardous to Health",''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Chapter Two, pp. 13–34. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0345384393 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1558211403 (hardcover; this is much cheaper should you buy).
* Shook, Larry (1995). ''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Chapter Four, "Hereditary Problems in Purebred Dogs", pp. 57–72. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0345384393 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1558211403 (hardcover; this is much cheaper should you buy).
* Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (1993). ''The Hidden Life of Dogs'' (hardcover), A Peter Davison Book, Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395669588.
* Vilà, Caries; Savolainen, Peter; Maldonado, Jesus E.; Amorim, Isabel R.; Rice, John E.; Honeycutt, Rodney L.; Crandall, Keith A.; Lundeberg, Joakim; Wayne, Robert K. (1997). [http://www.mnh.si.edu/GeneticsLab/StaffPage/MaldonadoJ/PublicationsCV/Science_Dog_Paper.pdf Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog.] ''Science'' 276, pp. 1687–1689.
==See also==
* Dog communication
* Dog training
* List of dog breeds, List of dog topics, List of historical dogs, List of fictional dogs
* Service dogs
* :Category:Dog types
* Doggy style, Dogging
==External links==
*Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it
*wikibooks:Dog Care
*[http://www.avidpets.com/Articles/kids-dog.htm The best dog breeds for families with little children]
*[http://www.dogpatch.org/dogs Dogpatch] Considerable info about breeds, training, sports, and all other things dog
*[http://www.mypetdogs.com General Dogs Information]that every dog owners would like and need to know.
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0209_040209_dogsdogsdogs.html National Geographic News] Many articles and photos about dogs
===Genetics and origins===
*[http://www.idir.net/~wolf2dog/wayne1.htm "Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog"]
*[http://www.fiu.edu/~milesk/Genetics.htm Canid Genetics]
*[http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/11008069 "Dog Genome Sequencing"] - National Human Genome Research Institute
*[http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_713600.html "World's dogs are descended from Asian wolves"]
*[http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?story_id=244179 "How dogs became man's best friend"]
*[http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2002/01/01/html/ft_20020101.1.html#know "From Wolf to Woof - The Evolution of Dogs"]
===Health and medical===
*[http://www.petcat.us/questions.shtml Information about the third eyelid of dogs, and the problem of Kertao, or "dry eye".]
*[http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Boys_Own_Book_of_Outdoor_Sports/healthydo_g.html How to keep a dog healthy]
*[http://www.avma.org/careforanimals/animatedjourneys/livingwithpets/poisoninfo.asp Why chocolate is poisonous to dogs] from the American Veterinarian Medical Association
*[http://www.snopes.com/critters/crusader/raisins.asp Information about grapes and raisins]
*[http://www.petalia.com.au/templates/storytemplate_process.cfm?story_no=257&specie=&url.section=answers Petalia: Human foods that poison pets]
*[http://www.thepetcenter.com/wai/poi_PP.html Common household items that can poison pets]
*[http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/inbreeding.htm Pros and Cons of Inbreeding]
*[http://www.doggiesparadise.com/dog-skin-disorders.shtml Dog skin disorders]
*[http://www.avidpets.com/Articles/allergic-dog.htm Low allergen producing dog breeds for allergy sufferers]
*[http://www.canineconfections.com/ Learn about Natural, Organic Dog treats and Biscuits]
===Training and behavior===
*[http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/dog/dog.htm award winning noncommercial site sponsored by the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point]
*[http://freedogtraininginfo.com/free-dog-training-behavior-library/ Dog Training and Behavior Library] Free Dog Training and Behavior Library.
===Breed listings from major kennel clubs===
*[http://www.akc.org/ American Kennel Club]
*[http://www.ukcdogs.com/breeds/ United Kennel Club] Breed lists for many breeds and types not recognized by the AKC--and for many that are (U.S.)
*[http://www.fci.be FCI]Fédération Cynologique Internationale - FCI
*[http://www.dogdomain.com/fci-1.htm FCI] International breed standards
*[http://www.ankc.aust.com/breed_list.html Australian National Kennel Club]
*[http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk The Kennel Club (UK)]
*[http://www.nzkc.org.nz/dogselect.html New Zealand Kennel Club]
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==Classification== The article refers to dogs as omnivorous. It is true that they sometimes eat foods other than meat and that in some species those foods can form a substantial part of the diet. However, dogs are belong to the order Carnivora and are officially carnivorous. If dogs can cross-breed with wolves, they'd better be in the same order. Probably the canid with the least meat in its diet is the fox, if we're going to quibble. Bears are Carnivora although they eat quite a variety of foods. Remember that animals can secondarily develop different modes of life, but that doesn't change their evolutionary history: they have the teeth and inheritance of a carnivore. The cross-reference should go to ''Carnivore'' or, better yet, to ''Carnivora,'' both of which refer plainly to diet vs. taxonomy, unlike the entry for ''Omnivore.'' *P.S. A series of fossil discoveries in the 1990s showed that whales developed from a meat-eating hoofed animal (artissodactyl?). User:Monado 10 April 2005 ==Scientific name== Isn't the scientific name now refered to as just ''Canis familiaris'', without the lupus? ''Canis lupus'' is the name for the gray wolf - so isn't "Canis lupus familiaris" saying that the domestic dog is a subspecie of the gray wolf? I have learned in school that the scientific name is indeed just ''Canis familiaris''. Perhaps a note about the differing opinions on the scientific name should be included in the article? User:Shadowlink1014 19:03, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) *It seems to have gone the other way--used to be canis familiaris, but now is more generally considered to be a subspecies. (They can interbreed and produce fertile offspring...) I don't know what the various current genetic studies will reveal. A couple of years ago they were saying that the DNA showed that there was virtually no difference between dogs & wolves let alone most breeds; most recent articles in the last month or so say that in fact they can even tell what breed the dog is in many cases. So you might be right that the jury is still out, but I'm not confident enough in what I've read and where to make intelligent-sounding statements about it. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 20:54, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) Hasn't there been a change to calling the domestic dog canis lupis familiaris? Daniel C. Boyer ==External links== This is wikipedia, not yahoo. The "external links" should be used in rare cases when external sites contain useful, but copyrighted (and hence cannot be incorporated into Wikipedia) information; The "external links" should not become a huge list of every site that is about somehow relevant to dogs. The latest link added, supposedly to a very specific health problem (dry eyes) in dogs but actually on a ''cat'' site (!) - is a prime example of what should ''not'' be on the external links link. The link to the amstaf site is another good example - why link to this specific site and not to one of the other 100 breads? After all, there's a seperate dog breeds article, and perhaps even a separate amstaf page - so move that link there. I'm not ''bold'' enough to trim the link list myself because it appears that there are several frequent contributors to this article who are better knowledgable about the philosophy of this article. User:Nyh 14:18, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC) ==Expanding article== Added sentence expanding on jobs of dogs. --user:danielcboyer ==Dogs vs wolves== The article implies that wolves are dogs. Isn't this false in any sense? They're both canines, but they aren't both dogs. (Is there an older or specialized sense of "dog"? If so, it shouldn't be the first one listed.) In fact, it's the other way around: dogs are wolves. It's just that there are far more dogs than wolves. Dogs are unquestionably descended from wolves that adapted to the presence of early Man. However successful dogs are as a species, they are quite recent in origin. They are all a mere 10,000 years away from being wild wolves. Dogs and wolves interbreed easily so long as differences of size don't preclude mating. Wasn't there a controversy a few decades ago about whether dogs were descended from wolves or from hyenas? Genetic evidence has settled it in favour of wolves, but it might be interesting to mention the hyena theory...? --User:JamieHall 23:55, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC) :I've been reading about dogs for many years (only a few decades) and don't remember ever seeing anything about this. If someone can find a solid reference for this, certainly would be worth citing. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 00:07, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Photos== I have a picture of a dog that can be used, but what is the size of the picture have to be? - fonzy There is still a request for a dog pix on the main page. Would this one work?(Copy "Image" designation and remove "_Thumb" to get a larger image.
User:Patrick0Moran 04:12, 25 Aug 2003 (UTC)
Are you sure about the breed/mix? Looks an awful lot like a pure-bred Anatolian puppy to me!
:If it's hard to tell the breed of an adult dog, it's even harder to make guesses about puppies: They're all short-haired, fuzzy, round-faced, and flop-eared. I've left a note on the photographer's talk page asking to clarify, but I have no reason to doubt the statement. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 02:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
I'm the owner. I bought the puppy for about $30. I saw the sire, who was supposed to be a German Shepard but looked pretty scruffy for a purebred. I didn't see the dam, but was told that she was a yellow Labrador retriever. The owner of the dam blamed the owner of the sire for letting him get loose, so the former took over the task of selling the puppies to good homes. The now-adult dog has a band of darker color right down his spine, as though somebody had dipped a wide paint brush in a color darker than his side and traced it from head to tail. He has a blue-black spot or two in his tongue, which would argue for some Chow in his family history somewhere. He's a very nice dog, not inclined to attack before anybody has done anything to him, and in some ways timid, but very protective if he suspects that I am coming under danger of attack. My horse stepped on his right rear foot by accident one time, which he interpreted as an attack and he lept up to bite the horse at the lower end of her mane. Fortunately he didn't actually succeed in biting her, but I was surprised that he could jump to the height of my own throat with an injured paw. He's not large, less than 50 lbs. In all he's a pretty good argument for hybridizing to avoid genetic problems of hip or whatever. User:Patrick0Moran 19:49, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
==Medical==
The instructions about how to administer medicine to a dog calls me to question to this to the limited extent that each of my two dogs would not take a plain pill out of my hand if it were given to them "cold" (they would either not take it in their mouths at all, or take it in their mouths and immediately spit it out), but they would take the pills if I said to them, "You need to take this to make you well!" and took them out of my hand and swallowed them plain. Thus I think the implication that every dog would need to be administered medicine by this method (or the idea I have sometimes heard stated that dogs have to have pills wrapped up in meat or cheese) is untrue. --User:Daniel C. Boyer 14:52 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)
==Obscure food reference==
"There are dog farms in South East Asia, where dogs are grown as source of meat. While Philipine outlawed the consumption of dog meat, it upset a local tribe which regarded dog meat as their traditional food. In 2000, animal rights activists criticised the Korean practice of eating dog meat and some angry South Koreans instead decided to promote dog meat culture during the Olympic Games"
- Does anyone else think this is too obscure? User:Evil saltine 06:13, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
: Perhaps. But it is a fact and it is usually the news headline (not in America or Europe, of course) when animal rights activists crash with those dog eaters. While half of the article is about dog-as-pet, we have the duty to tell the readers about the "dark side" of the dog-human interaction. It is sad, you can rewrite the paragraph but you cannot simply delete it and ignore this fact. Sorry. -User:Wshun 06:40, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
: I wasn't going to delete it, and i know it's sad, it just seemed like it could use a little clarifying, that's all.
:Wish the rewriting is better. User:Wshun 23:55, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
==re: Dog lovers==
"Understandably, the conflicts between dog lovers and dog eaters occasionally appear as headline news."
From a strict NPOV, couldn't both groups be described as "dog lovers"? (As in, "steak lovers" or "fish lovers".)
Seriously, this sentence might be better re-written, or deleted.
==Cockadoodle?==
"Adult Female Cockadoodle"? Perhaps I'm exhibiting ignorance, but I do have interest in dog breeds and this is the first time I run across this particular one. Google cross-referencing only turns up a ''Tom & Jerry'' episode named ''Cockadoodle Dog''. And if not the breed, what does "Cockadoodle" exactly refer to? In case it is the name of that particular dog, my vote is for putting the breed instead of that... --User:AceMyth 05:36, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
==Never mind==
The last edit by Elf is seemingly a good one. but information has been lost. What happened to Trophallaxis, e.g.? Can I revert? User:Psb777 03:41, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
Sorry. User:Psb777 03:58, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
==Rewrite/reorg==
I think the paragraph on chocolate is out of place. I appreciate the intent of the author to try to save dogs' lives, but find that paragraph disproportionately emphasizes one specific health issue, as well as being written in a style that is not appropriate for an encyclopedia (e.g. exclamation point, etc) If there was an article on dog health, then a section on chocolate would be fine, but otherwise it seems as random as putting something like "always have young children ride in the back seat" in the article on homo sapiens.
Also I think the section on dogs as food seems a little strange, given the size of the overall dogs article, I'd think one sentence would do it, rather than a whole section.
Just my suggestions....
-rob ( user:Robbrown )
:and good suggestions they are, too. Actually the whole article needs a rewrite, taking into account the more specific articles that we now have. Some of the bits in it look decidedly amateur now. User:Seglea 07:57, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
The general organization is very similar to the Horse article and that seems to work fairly well. Not that the article couldn't use work, as it has definitely expanded in bits and pieces. Based on thoughts above, I was going to start an article on Dog health but I couldn't find a similar model to base it on (like Horse health, Feline medicine, or similar), so I didn't do it. Yet. Any opinions on the best title? (E.g., Canine health?) User:Elf | User talk:Elf 00:46, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
:*Well, I agree with everyone--how's that for tact? I do see the article as needing a rewrite, but as there's so much work yet to do on this project, I'm not going to stress over it. Perhaps if we all re-read at our convenience and edit or add when something strikes us? I began this today.
:*Elf, I'd go with something like 'Dog Health'. Canine Health implies that you're also going to speak to wolves and ferals and the like. User:Quill 23:15, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)
*Okay, I did a little reorganizing in an attempt to start refining this section. I added some headings, and added a new section that I named 'Diseases and Ailments'. I'm no expert on either, so feel free to add...edit...etc., etc. User:Quill 06:23, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)
==Additions and removals==
Thinks to add: dog vision, I'm told they see in black and white, is this true, if so can somebody add it to the article?
The article mentions the effect of feeding a dog chocolate, maybe we could add the effect of alcohol.
I did. --User:66.231.38.91 20:05, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
User:Edward 13:05, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)
:Black & white is an old belief; recent info is that they see color but are red-green colorblind. If I can find more info perhaps I'll add it to the article. I don't have details about alcohol; presumably it has the same effect as it does on people, but because dogs are smaller, it would take a much smaller amount to be toxic. Something else to research. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 21:28, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)
I just removed this addition:
Dog is also used as a derogatory term for a woman, and as a jocular term for an unscrupulous or sly man. The latter usage was formerly an insult, but its use in this context has declined.
I don't think it's wrong or bad, just misplaced.
a) this is really a dictionary definition, not an encyclopedia reference
b) term is more often used for a man, use for a woman is modern and less frequent
I thought of creating a disambig. page but thought the text would be better placed at a dictionary entry. Left it here so someone could work with it if they were so inclined.
User:Quill 00:02, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
== Page needs references ==
The page needs technical references to some parts (example: "Intelligence" -> Kaminski paper; "diseases" -> medical papers; "sense of direction"). The way it's currently written doesn't sound too serious. (anon. user 200.161.219.103 8/1/04)
:This article is more of an overview. References to detailed info about diseases would be better on individual disease articles; if there were an article on canine intelligence (which would be nice to have), someone could add detailed references if desired, but probably not here--as it is, this does mention Kaminski. If you had more info to add to sense of direction and external links to references, that would be fine, too. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 23:06, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
== Caption deleted from Elkhound photo ==
I'm loathe to revert since I believe the user was trying to do an important fix. I've requested that user Ardonik put the caption back. User:Quill 00:00, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
==Mixed breed vs mongrel vs mutt==
Someone just replaced mixed-breed dog with mongrel. The latter is considered pejorative, a change for the worse with no particular technical advantage. I had a mixed-breed "Italian husky", that is brown-eyed, and I never called her a mongrel, even though I frequently called her a mutt. User:Ortolan88 20:31, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:I've always preferred ''mutt'' to ''mongrel''--the latter does seem to have acquired a pejorative inference, although technically I believe it's the most correct term for very-mixed breeds. ''Mixed-breed dog'' is probably a much more recent coinage and preference, and I don't really know how widespread it is outside the U.S. or Britain. HOWEVER, we did end up with the article about these dogs at mixed-breed dog, in part to avoid the negative connotation of the other words but also in part because mutt and mongrel are both disambig pages, so to have such pages for dogs, it would have to be mutt (dog) or mongrel (dog) which aren't the most optimum titles. ANYWAY, mostly because that's the article name, I readjusted that paragraph in this article to emphasize the ''mixed-breed'' terminology. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 21:31, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
== It's a good thing that... ==
...dogs are not human beings, and thus it isn't sexist to have this article at Dog based on what the second paragraph of this article says. User:66.245.69.5 00:09, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)
==Caption==
I don't know why anyone is using |thumb| again for the moment, but I'd really like to see it put back. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 01:02, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
:I agree. The thumb gives a clear indication that the full size image is available to view (and, as the photographer, obviously I would like the full image viewed to show off my work ;). I also think the image looks better with the border. And the caption is easier to place and better formatted with "thumb" too -- User:Sannse User talk:Sannse 10:29, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
==addition of info about mixed breeds==
This has been added--I removed it because (a) the topic is covered elsewhere (mixed-breed dog) and (b) it's just not true--then it was readded:
"" Pure-bred dog shows notwithstanding, mixed breed dogs often combine the best qualities of the breeds mixed and are usually heathier than purebred dogs. Even prize winning purebred dogs are sometimes the victim of crippling genetic defects due to inbreeding."
To be true, it would have to read:
:" Pure-bred dog shows notwithstanding, mixed breed dogs sometimes combine the best qualities of the breeds mixed, although sometimes they combine the worst, and are sometimes healthier than purebred dogs, although sometimes they are not. Even prize winning purebred dogs are sometimes the victim of crippling genetic defects due to inbreeding, but then, so are mixed-breed dogs."
This ends up being a nonstatement. There's no evidence except anecdotal that I'm aware of that says that mixed-breed dogs are "usually" healthier than purebred. This needs to come out for both reasons. If there is empirical evidence somewhere contrary to what I've seen and experienced, I'd like to see it referenced and the info needs to go into the mixed-breed article, not here. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 02:37, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
:Hear, hear. Moreover, inbreeding does not ''cause'' genetic defects; rather, it increases the likelihood of genetic pairings, good and bad.User:Quill 04:56, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
I agree that most information regarding mixed-breed dogs belongs in that article but a brief introduction to the major issues also belongs in this article. I understand that mixed breed dogs present problems as well as opportunities, for example, regression towards the mean. I have edited the added material so that is clearly an attributed opinion, not a proclamation of truth. Other opinions can also be included with appropriate attribution. User:Fred Bauder 12:01, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)
:I still disagree that mixed-breeds are *usually* healthier than purebreds. If that's a direct quote from your source, it seems irresponsible on his part. I've just been through a dozen books looking for any statistics or anything that definitive statements, and I found a couple who said something like "hybrid theory is a nice theory but it's still just a theory" and most who say essentially that inbreeding of purebreds has resulted in an increased incidence of genetic problems--some mention behavioral, some mention physical. That still falls a long way short of mixed breeds "usually" being healthier than purebreds. Of all the books I checked, one says that the easiest way to avoid genetic problems is to adopt a mixed breed. That still doesn't say that they're usually healther--all that says to me is that, if you have (pick a number out of a hat) 10 purebreds, 2 of which have genetic problems, and 10 mixes, 1 of which has genetic problems, your odds are better by picking a mixed breed. But that's not "usually" healthier. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 16:00, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
It is not a direct quote. Perhaps it could be rephrased in some way. A lot of this is breed specific and applies more to prize-winning purebreds than to run of the mill dogs. It's the collie with the long nose that is most likely to have eye problems, not some collie off a farm. Some breeds were developed from very few original individuals. That also aggravates the problem. The chapter in the book I quote in the references says over and over that health is a problem. The hardcover: ISBN 1558211403 is much cheaper than the paperback. User:Fred Bauder 16:35, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)
I have changed the material. I just re-read the book and although he says a great many thing that would argue against trying to keep a purebred dog as a pet, at no place does he argue that mixed breed dogs are more healthy or desireable. I simple drew that conclusion from the information he presents. His solution is for breeders to do better and buyers to be very careful. I apologize for upsetting you. User:Fred Bauder 20:58, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)
==Usually==
:Thanks. I'm not upset about that. Just trying to make sure that the article is accurate. In that light: Fred, please stop putting incorrect "usually" back into "'Mixed-breed dog are dogs that do not belong to specific breeds, **usually** being mixtures of two or more." I've removed it for the 3rd time. Are you saying that mixed-breed dogs sometimes aren't mixed-breed dogs??? User:Elf | User talk:Elf 21:30, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
::I'm rereading the edit history and see your comment "Not all dogs are descended from a purebred dog of any breed" which I misinterpreted earlier, too. So I apologize. But that's not what this sentence says. I think then you're saying that "mongrel or mutt also refers to dogs that are not descended from a purebred dog of any breed, which might be the case in some countries with a large feral dog population"?? Something like that. But mixed-breed dogs are always mixed breeds! :-) User:Elf | User talk:Elf 21:49, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Feral dogs are wild dogs, for example, I have read that in Mexico one may encounter feral Chihuahuas. As to mongrel and mutt, they are negative terms I just didn't remove or make an issue of. I would not describe any dog by those terms. In the United States due to our fascination with purebred dogs, dogs which have no purebred dog in their ancestry may be vanishingly small but they probably exist. In other countries, particularly India, unless you wish to call the pariah dogs of India purebred they are the most common dogs. User:Fred Bauder 12:14, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)
:A pack of starving voracious feral Chihuahuas is a scary thought. You'd have to wear ankle protection every time you ventured into the wilderness. BTW, ''mutt'' and ''mongrel'' do sometimes have a negative connotation mainly because of people's aforementioned fascination with purebreds. I do prefer to call my dogs ''mixed breeds''. They are, however, perfectly valid words that can be used for mixed breeds or any dog of uncertain ancestry. This is an encyclopedia, after all. Per websters in regards to dogs, Mutt = mongrel dog; Mongrel=an individual resulting from the interbreding of diverse breeds or strains, esp one of unknown ancestry. Per OED, Mongrel = a dog of no definable beed, resulting from various crossings; Mutt: Oddly enough, not in my copy? Is this In neither case does it define them as being insulting terms for the dogs; only for people. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 18:26, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
== Dogs as Working Partners ==
Excellent info, but too much for here.
I would much rather see the information added to the article on working dogs. This particular article can't be all things to all people--er--dogs.
User:Quill 07:59, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
== Dangers ==
This section has run amock as well. It now reads as if everyone's pet pooch is a canine timebomb. Much of the cautionary information applies to ''strange'' dogs (strange as in 'unknown', not 'peculiar').
For example, one should be able to take food from one's own dog--a dangerous item, for example, and one's own dog should be trained to allow it.
User:Quill 08:03, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Taking food from dogs is tricky. While I can take food from my dogs who are to my knowledge super tolerant, a visiting child may be badly bitten. User:Fred Bauder 21:08, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
:Which is why I think a distinction should be made if this is being added to the article. User:Quill 23:05, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
I thought of such an inclusion. The rules for one's own dog differ from those for someone else's.
As the introducer of this section, I have stated much that should be obvious. It's worth noting that the dog-man relationship is one of instinctive respect, and any violation of that instinctive respect makes one of the world's most dangerous creatures out of even the gentlest of large creatures. Most persons get the message whenever a dog shows any aggression. Where human stupidity meets the animal world, severe injury or death is possible. Dogs are large predators, and they have much in common with cats of like size. The largest dogs approach the size of lionesses, and have obvious similarities of behavior and build. The threshhold of behavior that can get one hurt is far higher for a dog than almost any other large predator, whether a bear, big cat, giant snake, or crocodilian, but it still exists. The dog is one of the last animals that one wants as an enemy -- which explains why dogs usually scare off burglars, and why police canine units are so effective in apprehending suspects.
Yes, dog claws are sharp, and dog scratches are prone to infection, as I can attest from my own experience from an inadvertent scratch. --User:66.231.40.135 01:03, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
I feel this section needs an extensive re-write - and I have to wonder at where 'world's most dangerous creatures' (from this discussion, not the article) comes from! Some of the things that are supposedly prohibited are things that responsible dog-owners do regularly as part of properly socialising dogs, and the part re why children are especially prone to attack is only relevent to babies still crawling! No mention of the fact that the the relative size of dog and child is crucial. No mention of the importance of avoiding eye-contact with strange dogs that are acting in a threatening manner. (Molony)
I also think it overemphasizes some aspects & underemphasizes others. Feel free to edit it as needed. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 02:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
==Dogs and cats==
Article could benefit from some information on how dogs interact with other pets, especially cats, since it is fairly common to have dogs and cats (and possibly other pets) together in one household. User:Lowellian—User:Lowellian (User talk:Lowellian)
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Dog_Beats
Dog_Beats
Dog_bone_controller
Dog_breed
Dog_breeder
Dog_breeding
Dog_breeding
Dog_breeding
Dog_breeds
Dog_breeds
Dog_breeds
Dog_Brothers
Dog_Brothers_Martial_Arts
Dog_catcher
Dog_Chapman
Dog_City
Dog_coat
Dog_collar
Dog_command
Dog_communication
Dog_cow
Dog_Day
Dog_day
Dog_Days
Dog_days
Dog_Days_(album)
Dog_Days_(album)
Dog_Day_Afternoon
Dog_die_in_hot_cars
Dog_die_in_hot_cars
Dog_Eat_Dog
Dog_Eat_Dog_(song)
Dog_Eat_Dog_(song)
Dog_Eat_Dog_(television_series)
Dog_Eat_Dog_(TV_show)
Dog_equipment
Dog_Fancy
Dog_fancy
Dog_Fashion_Disco
Dog_fight
Dog_fighting
Dog_food
Dog_G
Dog_group
Dog_harness
Dog_health
Dog_house
Dog_hybirds_and_crossbreeds
Dog_Hybrids_and_Crossbreeds
Dog_Hybrids_and_crossbreeds
Dog_hybrids_and_crossbreeds
Dog_hybrids_and_crossbreeds
Dog_intelligence
Dog_in_the_Sand
Dog_in_the_Sand
Dog_Island,_FL
Dog_Island,_Florida
Dog_Kung_Fu
Dog_Kung_Fu
Dog_Latin
Dog_Latin
Dog_law
Dog_leg_gearbox
Dog_Logan
Dog_Logan
Dog_Man_Star
Dog_man_star
Dog_mine
Dog_monuments
Dog_mushers
Dog_of_Fo
Dog_on_the_Tuckerbox
Dog_organizations
Dog_paddle_swimming
Dog_Park
Dog_park
Dog_park
Dog_park_(dogs)
Dog_park_(dogs)
Dog_Park_(movie)
Dog_Patch
Dog_pound
Dog_quirt
Dog_Racing
Dog_racing
Dog_River
Dog_River,_Saskatchewan
Dog_River_(Alabama)
Dog_Rose
Dog_rose
Dog_salmon
Dog_scootering
Dog_show
Dog_show
Dog_shows
Dog_shows_and_showing
Dog_skin_disorders
Dog_sled
Dog_sledding
Dog_society
Dog_soldier
Dog_Soldiers
Dog_sport
Dog_sports
Dog_sports
Dog_Star
Dog_star
Dog_stars
Dog_Star_Man
Dog_stubs
Dog_Tag
Dog_tag
Dog_Tax_War
Dog_Tax_War
Dog_The_Bounty_Hunter
Dog_training
Dog_training
Dog_training_and_behavior
Dog_types
Dog_types
Dog_Violet
Dog_violet
Dog_watch
Dog_Whelk
Dog_whelk
Dog_Whisperer
Dog_Whisperer
Dog_whistle
Dog_whistle
Dog_worship
Dog_year
Dog_years
Dog_years
DOG
#REDIRECT Digital On-screen Graphic
Dog
:''For other members of the dog family, see Canidae.''
The Dog is a canidae carnivore mammal that has been domesticated for at least 14,000 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. For example, heights range from just a few inches (such as the Chihuahua (dog)) to nearly three feet (such as the Irish Wolfhound), and colors range from white to black with reds, grays, and browns also occurring in a tremendous variation of patterns. Dogs, like humans, are highly social animals and pack hunters; this similarity in their overall behavioral design accounts for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations. Dogs fill a variety of roles in human society. Working dogs of all kinds do traditional jobs such as sheepdog and new jobs such as Detection dog and Guide dog or Service dog. For dogs that do not do their traditional jobs, a wide range of dog sports provide the opportunity to exhibit their natural skills. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of dogs is as Pet. Dogs have lived with and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the sobriquet "man's best friend". ==Carnivore or omnivore== The classification as a carnivore is a conventional one and does not mean that a dog's diet should be restricted to meat alone. Unlike a true obligate carnivore, such as a cat, a dog is able to healthily digest a variety of foods including vegetables and grains, and in fact requires a large proportion of these in its diet. Wild canines typically get such nutrients from the stomach contents of their herbivorous prey, which they consume eagerly. Dogs can survive perfectly well on a reasonably carefully designed vegetarian diet, particularly if eggs and milk products are included (''i.e.'', not a vegan diet, although with even more attention this is also possible). On the other hand, dogs are evolved to tolerate a carnivorous diet much better than humans are, and are not susceptible to many of the metabolic ills stemming from overconsumption of such foods that civilization makes possible. In addition, the experience of extremely stressful conditions such as the Iditarod race, as well as scientific studies of similar conditions, suggest that under such extreme stress, high protein diets (which implies a lot of meat consumption) help prevent damage to muscle tissue. ==Terminology for dogs== [[Image:Shepador_Chewer.JPG|thumb|Puppies engage in teething on almost anything.]] ''Dog'', in common usage, refers to the domestic dog, ''Canis lupus familiaris'' (originally classified as ''Canis familiaris'' by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758, but reclassified as a subspecies of the wolf, ''Canis lupus'', by the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists in 1993). The word is sometimes used to refer collectively to any mammal belonging to the family Canidae (as in "the dog family"), such as wolf, fox and coyote. ''Dog'' is also a term used by breeders to specifically denote a male domestic dog. The female is known as a bitch. A young dog is called a puppy. The words pooch and poochie are generic, generally affectionate terms for a dog, as is doggy (sometimes ''doggie''), often used by children. Many additional terms are used for dogs that are not purebred; see Mixed-breed dog#Terms for mixed-breed dogs. Toy dogs are so called because of their small size; similarly for Lap dogs, with the additional connotation of an affectionate attachment between human and dog. ==Attributes== Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Within the range of extremes, dogs generally share attributes with their wild ancestors, the wolf. Dogs are predators and scavengers, possessing sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, holding, and tearing their food. Their legs are designed to propel them forward rapidly, leaping as necessary, to chase and overcome prey. Consequently, they have small, tight feet, walking on their front toes; their rear legs are fairly rigid and sturdy; the front legs are loose and flexible, with only muscle attaching them to the torso. Dogs are dichromats and thus, by human standards, color blind.#References and further reading, #References and further reading Because the lenses of dogs' eyes are flatter than humans', they cannot see as much detail; on the other hand, their eyes are more sensitive to light and motion than humans' eyes. Some breeds, particularly the best sighthounds, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 100° to 120° for humans), although broad-headed breeds with their eyes set forward have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.#References and further reading, #References and further reading Dogs detect sounds as low as the 20 to 70 Hertz frequency range (compared to 16 to 20 Hz for humans) and as high as 70,000 to 100,000 Hz (compared to 20,000 Hz for humans)#References and further reading, and in addition have a degree of ear mobility that helps them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. They can identify a sound's location much faster than can a human, and they can hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans can. Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket handkerchief (compared to 5 million over an area the size of a postage stamp for humans). Some breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren. Other than the oversimplified obvious, ''i.e.'' chemical compounds that affect chemical sensors in the nose, what a dog actually detects when he is scenting is not really understood; although once a matter of debate, it now seems to be well established that dogs can distinguish two different types of scents when trailing, an air scent from some person or thing that has recently passed by, as well as a ground scent that remains detectable for a much longer period. The characteristics and behavior of these two types of scent trail would seem, after some thought, to be quite different, the air scent being intermittent but perhaps less obscured by competing scents, whereas the ground scent would be relatively permanent with respect to careful and repetitive search by the dog, but would seem to be much more contaminated with other scents. In any event, it is established by those who train tracking dogs that it is impossible to teach the dog how to track any better than it does naturally; the object instead is to motivate it properly, and teach it to maintain focus on a single track and ignore any others that might otherwise seem of greater interest to an untrained dog. An intensive search for a scent, for instance searching a ship for contraband, can actually be very fatiguing for a dog, and it must be motivated to continue this hard work for a long period of time. All dogs have a tremendous capacity to learn complex social behavior and to interpret varied body language and sounds, and, like many predators, can react to and learn from novel situations. The requirements of coordinating complex social behavior requires that canines have the ability to sense and deliver a wide variety of cues via body language, more so than for even humans, who can use language for the same purpose. Physiologically, this correlates with such features as a large number of nerves innervating the facial muscles of dogs, allowing subtle control of a wide variety of facial expressions; in contrast to cats, for instance, who have many fewer nerves governing their facial muscles, resulting in a smaller repertoire or "vocabulary" of expressions. This ability to read and deliver nonverbal cues makes dogs expert at reading human beings, as well, often even more so than other humans are, who rely on language. Most dog owners have a large collection of stories about their dogs recognizing individuals by their footsteps outside the door, and so on. ===Dog coats, colors, and markings===
Coat colors range from pure white to solid black and many other variations.
Dog
==Classification== The article refers to dogs as omnivorous. It is true that they sometimes eat foods other than meat and that in some species those foods can form a substantial part of the diet. However, dogs are belong to the order Carnivora and are officially carnivorous. If dogs can cross-breed with wolves, they'd better be in the same order. Probably the canid with the least meat in its diet is the fox, if we're going to quibble. Bears are Carnivora although they eat quite a variety of foods. Remember that animals can secondarily develop different modes of life, but that doesn't change their evolutionary history: they have the teeth and inheritance of a carnivore. The cross-reference should go to ''Carnivore'' or, better yet, to ''Carnivora,'' both of which refer plainly to diet vs. taxonomy, unlike the entry for ''Omnivore.'' *P.S. A series of fossil discoveries in the 1990s showed that whales developed from a meat-eating hoofed animal (artissodactyl?). User:Monado 10 April 2005 ==Scientific name== Isn't the scientific name now refered to as just ''Canis familiaris'', without the lupus? ''Canis lupus'' is the name for the gray wolf - so isn't "Canis lupus familiaris" saying that the domestic dog is a subspecie of the gray wolf? I have learned in school that the scientific name is indeed just ''Canis familiaris''. Perhaps a note about the differing opinions on the scientific name should be included in the article? User:Shadowlink1014 19:03, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) *It seems to have gone the other way--used to be canis familiaris, but now is more generally considered to be a subspecies. (They can interbreed and produce fertile offspring...) I don't know what the various current genetic studies will reveal. A couple of years ago they were saying that the DNA showed that there was virtually no difference between dogs & wolves let alone most breeds; most recent articles in the last month or so say that in fact they can even tell what breed the dog is in many cases. So you might be right that the jury is still out, but I'm not confident enough in what I've read and where to make intelligent-sounding statements about it. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 20:54, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) Hasn't there been a change to calling the domestic dog canis lupis familiaris? Daniel C. Boyer ==External links== This is wikipedia, not yahoo. The "external links" should be used in rare cases when external sites contain useful, but copyrighted (and hence cannot be incorporated into Wikipedia) information; The "external links" should not become a huge list of every site that is about somehow relevant to dogs. The latest link added, supposedly to a very specific health problem (dry eyes) in dogs but actually on a ''cat'' site (!) - is a prime example of what should ''not'' be on the external links link. The link to the amstaf site is another good example - why link to this specific site and not to one of the other 100 breads? After all, there's a seperate dog breeds article, and perhaps even a separate amstaf page - so move that link there. I'm not ''bold'' enough to trim the link list myself because it appears that there are several frequent contributors to this article who are better knowledgable about the philosophy of this article. User:Nyh 14:18, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC) ==Expanding article== Added sentence expanding on jobs of dogs. --user:danielcboyer ==Dogs vs wolves== The article implies that wolves are dogs. Isn't this false in any sense? They're both canines, but they aren't both dogs. (Is there an older or specialized sense of "dog"? If so, it shouldn't be the first one listed.) In fact, it's the other way around: dogs are wolves. It's just that there are far more dogs than wolves. Dogs are unquestionably descended from wolves that adapted to the presence of early Man. However successful dogs are as a species, they are quite recent in origin. They are all a mere 10,000 years away from being wild wolves. Dogs and wolves interbreed easily so long as differences of size don't preclude mating. Wasn't there a controversy a few decades ago about whether dogs were descended from wolves or from hyenas? Genetic evidence has settled it in favour of wolves, but it might be interesting to mention the hyena theory...? --User:JamieHall 23:55, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC) :I've been reading about dogs for many years (only a few decades) and don't remember ever seeing anything about this. If someone can find a solid reference for this, certainly would be worth citing. User:Elf | User talk:Elf 00:07, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Photos== I have a picture of a dog that can be used, but what is the size of the picture have to be? - fonzy There is still a request for a dog pix on the main page. Would this one work?
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
D
DA | DB | DC | DE | DF | DG | DH | DI | DJ | DK | DL | DM | DN | DO | DP | DR | DS | DT | DU | DW | DX | DY | DZ |Words begining with Dog:
DOG
Dog
Dog
Dog's_Life
Dog's_Mercury
Dog-and-pony_show
Dog-collar_act
Dog-cow
Dog-eat-dog
Dog-related_professions
Dog-related_professions_and_professionals
Dog-Rose
Dog-sled
Dog-stub
Dog-whistle_politics
Dogato
Dogberry
Dogberry
Dogbert
Dogbert's_New_Ruling_Class
Dogbert's_Ruling_Class
Dogbert's_Top-Secret_Management_Handbook
Dogbert's_Top_Secret_Management_Handbook
Dogbertd
Dogbert’s_Top_Secret_Management_Handbook
Dogbodys
Dogboys
Dogbreath
Dogby_Walks_Alone
Dogcatcher
Dogcoat
Dogcow
Dogcow
Doge
Doge's_Palace
Doge's_Palace
Doge's_palace
Doge120
Doge’s_Palace
Dogen
Dogen
Dogen_Zenji
Dogen_Zenji
Doges'_Palace
Doges_of_Genoa
Doges_of_Genoa
Doges_of_Venice
Doges_of_Venice
Doges_of_Venice
Doges_Palace
Doge_of_Venice
Doge’s_Palace
Dogface
Dogface
Dogfight
Dogfish
Dogfish_head
Dogfish_Head_Brewery
Dogfish_Head_Brewery
Dogfood
Dogg
Dogg's_Hamlet
Doggerblow
Doggerel
Dogger_Bank
Dogger_bank
Dogger_Bank_incident
Doggett's_Coat_and_Badge
Doggett's_Coat_and_Badge
Doggie-style
Doggie_bag
Doggie_Daddy
Doggie_Julian
Doggie_sex_position
Dogging
Doggy
Doggystyle
Doggystyle
Doggystyle_Records
Doggystyle_Records
Doggy_bag
Doggy_Fizzle_Televizzle
Doggy_Poo_(film)
Doggy_Poo_(film)
Doggy_position
Doggy_position
Doggy_style
Doggy_style
Dogg_Food
Dogg_Food
Dogg_Pound
Dogg_Pound_albums
Doghead
Doghead
DogHouse
Doghouse
Doghouse_Comics
Doghouse_plot
Doghouse_Records
Dogi
Dogi
Dogie
Dogital_Versatile_Disk
Dogla
DogLady
Doglover
Dogma
Dogma
Dogman
Dogman
Dogman
Dogmas
Dogmaster3000
Dogmaster4000
Dogmaster4000
Dogmatic
Dogmatically_define
Dogmatically_defined
Dogmatic_definition
Dogmatism
Dogmatists
Dogmatix
Dogmatix
Dogma_'95_-_Idioterne
Dogma_'95_-_The_Idiots
Dogma_(disambiguation)
Dogma_(film)
Dogma_(movie)
Dogma_(movie)
Dogma_2
Dogma_2_-_Idioterne
Dogma_2_-_The_Idiots
Dogma_95
Dogma_95_-_Idioterne
Dogma_95_-_The_Idiots
Dogma_of_Justification
Dogme
Dogme95
Dogmeradio
Dogme_'95_-_Idioterne
Dogme_'95_-_The_Idiots
Dogme_'95_Manifesto
Dogme_2
Dogme_2_-_Idioterne
Dogme_2_-_The_Idiots
Dogme_95
Dogme_95
Dogme_95_-_Idioterne
Dogme_95_-_The_Idiots
Dogme_group
Dogmon
Dogo
Dogo
Dogoda
Dogoda
Dogon
Dogon
Dogon_language
Dogon_languages
Dogoso
Dogosse_Giar
Dogos_Gear_(Gundam)
Dogote
Dogo_Argentino
Dogo_Onsen
DOGO_programming_language
Dogpark
Dogpatch
Dogpatch_USA
Dogpatch_USA
Dogpile
Dogra
Dogra_Regiment
Dogri
Dogrib
Dogrib_language
Dogrib_language
Dogri_language
Dogru_Yol_Partisi
Dogs
Dogs
Dogs
Dogsex.com
DogsforLife.ogg
Dogshitter_Wants
Dogshitter_wants
Dogsled
Dogsled_mail
Dogsled_racing
Dogstar
Dogstar_(band)
Dogs_as_food
Dogs_as_pets
Dogs_Die_In_Hot_Cars
Dogs_Die_in_Hot_Cars
Dogs_Die_in_hot_cars
Dogs_In_Space
Dogs_In_Space
Dogs_in_Space
Dogs_in_space
Dogs_of_the_Night
Dogs_of_the_night
Dogs_of_War
Dogs_of_War_(Warhammer)
Dogs_Playing_Poker
Dogs_Playing_Poker
Dogs_playing_poker
Dogtag
Dogtanian
Dogtanian
Dogtanian_and_the_Three_Muskehounds
Dogtooth_spar
Dogtown
Dogtown_and_Z-Boys
Dogville
Dogville
Dogwatch
Dogwatching
Dogwhelk
Dogwhistle
Dogwhistle
Dogwood
Dogwood
Dogwoods
Dogwood_(band)
Dogwood_(band)
Dogwood_(disambiguation)
Dogwood_(disambiguation)
Dogwood_(plant)
Dogwood_(plant)
Dogwood_Arts_Festival
Dogwood_Arts_Festival_(Knoxville)
Dogwood_Festival
Dogwood_Festival
Dogwood_Festivals
Dogwood_Festivals
Dogwood_festivals
Dogwood_tree
Dogyears
Dogz
Dog_(Petticoat_Junction)
Dog_(Zodiac)
Dog_(zodiac)
Dog_adoption
Dog_adoption
Dog_aggression
Dog_agility
Dog_agility
Dog_anatomy
Dog_and_Pony_show
Dog_and_pony_show
Dog_and_pony_show
Dog_Beats
Dog_Beats
Dog_bone_controller
Dog_breed
Dog_breeder
Dog_breeding
Dog_breeding
Dog_breeding
Dog_breeds
Dog_breeds
Dog_breeds
Dog_Brothers
Dog_Brothers_Martial_Arts
Dog_catcher
Dog_Chapman
Dog_City
Dog_coat
Dog_collar
Dog_command
Dog_communication
Dog_cow
Dog_Day
Dog_day
Dog_Days
Dog_days
Dog_Days_(album)
Dog_Days_(album)
Dog_Day_Afternoon
Dog_die_in_hot_cars
Dog_die_in_hot_cars
Dog_Eat_Dog
Dog_Eat_Dog_(song)
Dog_Eat_Dog_(song)
Dog_Eat_Dog_(television_series)
Dog_Eat_Dog_(TV_show)
Dog_equipment
Dog_Fancy
Dog_fancy
Dog_Fashion_Disco
Dog_fight
Dog_fighting
Dog_food
Dog_G
Dog_group
Dog_harness
Dog_health
Dog_house
Dog_hybirds_and_crossbreeds
Dog_Hybrids_and_Crossbreeds
Dog_Hybrids_and_crossbreeds
Dog_hybrids_and_crossbreeds
Dog_hybrids_and_crossbreeds
Dog_intelligence
Dog_in_the_Sand
Dog_in_the_Sand
Dog_Island,_FL
Dog_Island,_Florida
Dog_Kung_Fu
Dog_Kung_Fu
Dog_Latin
Dog_Latin
Dog_law
Dog_leg_gearbox
Dog_Logan
Dog_Logan
Dog_Man_Star
Dog_man_star
Dog_mine
Dog_monuments
Dog_mushers
Dog_of_Fo
Dog_on_the_Tuckerbox
Dog_organizations
Dog_paddle_swimming
Dog_Park
Dog_park
Dog_park
Dog_park_(dogs)
Dog_park_(dogs)
Dog_Park_(movie)
Dog_Patch
Dog_pound
Dog_quirt
Dog_Racing
Dog_racing
Dog_River
Dog_River,_Saskatchewan
Dog_River_(Alabama)
Dog_Rose
Dog_rose
Dog_salmon
Dog_scootering
Dog_show
Dog_show
Dog_shows
Dog_shows_and_showing
Dog_skin_disorders
Dog_sled
Dog_sledding
Dog_society
Dog_soldier
Dog_Soldiers
Dog_sport
Dog_sports
Dog_sports
Dog_Star
Dog_star
Dog_stars
Dog_Star_Man
Dog_stubs
Dog_Tag
Dog_tag
Dog_Tax_War
Dog_Tax_War
Dog_The_Bounty_Hunter
Dog_training
Dog_training
Dog_training_and_behavior
Dog_types
Dog_types
Dog_Violet
Dog_violet
Dog_watch
Dog_Whelk
Dog_whelk
Dog_Whisperer
Dog_Whisperer
Dog_whistle
Dog_whistle
Dog_worship
Dog_year
Dog_years
Dog_years
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