==Methodological empiricism== A paradigm that science seeks to find explanations of natural phenomena by empirical means. This term is used by Intelligent Design theorists as a preferred interpretation of science over the popular 20th century paradigm called methodological materialism. The two paradigms are very much the same, except that methodological empiricism would allow for natural explanations that include intelligence. Intelligent Design theorists say that many branches of science show that they already accept a methodologically empirical paradigm as evidenced by the following scientific scenarios: *how copyright and patent offices identify theft of intellectual property *how insurance compaines prevent themselves from being cheated *how detectives employ circumstantial evidence to incriminate a guilty person *how forensic scientists are able reliably to place individuals at the scene of a crime *how skeptics debunk the claims of parapsychologists *how scientists identify cases of data falsification *how the SETI program seeks to identify the presence of extraterrestrial life, and *how statisticians and computer scientists distinguish random from non-random strings of digits ==Methodological materialism== A paradigm that science is a tool that discovers only natural explanations and hence may only use natural inferences. Therefore, according to this view, no matter what a scientist's personal beliefs may be, when working as a scientist he must do his research in a manner consistent with materialism. Even though he is free to believe in the supernatural (God, miracles, ghosts, etc.), he cannot bring such matters into his research. Intelligent Design theorists argue that when science is defined in this way it thereby handcuffs itself to only accepting explanations that are a product of either (1) natural law or (2) random chance (or both). Thus, if a true methodologically materialistic scientist came upon a Lego castle in the desert, he would be allowed to study the complexity of the molecules making up the building blocks and the arrangment of the blocks into a Lego castle; but if asked about the Lego castle's origin, he would have to explain it in terms of natural laws and random events (lightning, wind, gravity, thermodynamics, chemical properties, etc.). To say that the Lego castle was made by some sort of intelligence is a violation of methodological materialism, because intelligence cannot be explained by natural laws, and is not random. It may seem silly to rule out intelligent design as an option for making a Lego castle, but many scientists suddenly agree with this position if you replace the term "Lego castle" with "first living cell" in the above paragraph. Intelligent Design theorists advocate a paradigm of science called methodological empiricism instead of methodological materialism. They maintain that although intelligence is not itself materialistic, it provides a third way of empirically explaning many natural things we observe. Plenty of empirical evidence supports the notion that the computer you are using was made by human beings. Also, in a court of law, forensic science is used to determine whether or not a house fire was started accidently or by arson. Thus, in this field, science is used to determine if the fire was intelligently designed or not; which means that forensic science is governed by methodological empiricism. ==Another ID intro version== Intelligent Design (ID) is highly controversial movement born out of conflict with Darwin's theory of evolution in the late 1990's. The goal of ID is to investigate what they call the "signs of intelligence" of a particular object to determine if there are scientific grounds for considering it designed. Therefore, its adherents (called "design theorists") are attempting to establish a scientific process of answering the questions, "Do we know that ''X'' was intelligently designed? And if so, how do we come to that conclusion?" ID restricts itself to only these questions. It does not seek to provide any insight into the identity of the designer (the designer could be a human, an alien, Allah, Krishna, Jehovah, Odin, or Zeus) nor into his/her/its intent or purpose (he could have made it for the greater glory of the universe, because he was bored and there was nothing good on TV, or because he's sadistic - torture chambers are designed, too). Neither does ID seek to evaluate the skill or mastery of the designer. (ID has no relevence to a discussion of whether or not Microsoft Windows XP is superior to Macintoch OSX. It only aims to show that both operating systems were designed by intelligence.) William Dembski uses the following example to explain the definition of ID: "Think of Mount Rushmore-what about this rock formation convinces us that it was due to a designing intelligence and not merely to wind and erosion? Designed objects like Mount Rushmore exhibit characteristic features or patterns that point us to an intelligence. Such features or patterns are ''signs of intelligence''. Proponents of intelligent design, known as design theorists, are not content to regard such signs as mere intuitions. Rather, they insist on studying them formally, rigorously and scientifically." (pg. 33, The Design Revolution, italics in original) However, the main focus of intelligent design is studying the origin and diversity of life. Living cells, organs, systems, and organisms appear to be designed. Even the hardened materialistic evolutionist, Richard Dawkins, says as much in the first sentence of his book The Blind Watchmaker: "Biology is the study of complicated things that give the appearance of having been designed for a purpose." However, the position of Dawkins and the majority of the scientific community is that the design is nothing more than that, a mere appearance. They rely on the concepts of mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, and speciation to explain the complexity of life arising from nature without any need to infer an intelligence governing the process. On the other hand, design theorists are investigating at least two features of living things that they consider to be ''signs of intelligence''. The first feature was articulated by Michael Behe, a biochemist from Lehigh University, when he coined the term irreducible complexity in his book Darwin's Black Box. This term is used to explain the intricate features of life that Behe asserts could not have evolved through natural selection. Irreducibly complex systems are ones that require several parts to work together to function, where each part is useless without every other part of the system. Therefore, Behe argues, unless the system was introduced to a specimen as a whole, natural selection could not favor the parts because of their uselessness without all the other pieces. Among the features he lists as irreducibly complex include the bacterial flagellum, the human eye, and the mechanism for blood clotting. Kenneth Miller in his book Finding Darwin's God argues that Behe's analysis only rules out natural selection through direct (or linear) means. For him, indirect/non-linear natural selection remains a viable mechanism for Darwinism. Miller and Behe have debated the issue in person, too. Other critics have stated that while Behe's logic is accurate theoretically, it doesn't mean anything because his examples (and all other parts of living things) do not have irreducibly complex features. The second feature of living things that design theorists consider a ''sign of intelligence'' is the method that information is stored and transmitted via DNA and RNA. Consider, for example, the difference between raw pieces of wood, and an acorn. The wood pieces don't have the capacity to form a ship (or any other structure) on their own. But the acorn does have the capacity to become an oak tree on its own. Dembski argues that this is because the acorn is packed with information (in the form of DNA) that gives it the necessary instructions to become an oak tree (The Design Revolution, pg. 132). The acorn executes its DNA code in a manner very similar to a computer executing C++ code. Apart from living things, all other information-transmitting mechanisms (processes that involve code and code) we know about are designed by an intelligence (usually humans). This serves as another basis for investigating the question of design regarding life. The majority of the scientific community refuses to acknowledge intelligent design as a legitimate science research program. Their commitment to methodological materialism rules intelligent causes out as being pseudoscience. Those convinced of methodological materialism consider any reference to intelligent causes in scientific work as a violation of Occam's Razor. Design theorists appeal that science should instead be methodological empiricism. Also, many scientists consider ID to be nothing more than a fallacious argument from ignorance, similar to reasoning that "ancient technologies could not have built the pyramids, so goblins must have done it." [http://puffin.creighton.edu/NRCSE/NRCSEPosReID.html] However, design theorists reject this analogy, because they have defined their role as one that does not investigate ''how'' an object was designed or ''who'' designed it, but one that only seeks to determine if the pyramids were either designed or else the product of raw nature alone (sandstorms, floods, erosion, etc.). ==Trimmed== Intelligent Design (ID) is highly controversial movement born out of conflict with Darwin's theory of evolution in the late 1990's. The goal of ID is to investigate what they call the "signs of intelligence" of a particular object to determine if there are scientific grounds for considering it designed. Therefore, its adherents (called "design theorists") are attempting to establish a scientific process of answering the questions, "Do we know that ''X'' was intelligently designed? And if so, how do we come to that conclusion?" ID restricts itself to only these questions, and as such is different from creationism which seeks to find scientific evidence in favor of the creation account from the Bible. The main focus of intelligent design is studying the origin and diversity of life. Living cells, organs, systems, and organisms show two specific ''signs of intelligence'' that design theorists are investigating: irreducible complexity and information mechanisms. The first feature was articulated by Michael Behe in his book Darwin's Black Box. This term is used to explain the intricate features of life that Behe asserts could not have evolved through natural selection. Among the features he lists as irreducibly complex include the bacterial flagellum, the human eye, and the mechanism for blood clotting. The second ''sign of intelligence'' is the method that information is stored and transmitted via DNA and RNA. Consider, for example, the difference between raw pieces of wood, and an acorn. The wood pieces don't have the capacity to form a ship (or any other structure) on their own. But the acorn does have the capacity to become an oak tree on its own. William Dembski argues that this is because the acorn is packed with information (in the form of DNA) that gives it the necessary instructions to become an oak tree (The Design Revolution, pg. 132). The acorn executes its DNA code in a manner very similar to a computer executing C++ code. Apart from living things, all other information-transmitting mechanisms (processes that involve code and code) we know about are designed by an intelligence (usually humans). ==Original Intro Paragraph== Intelligent design (ID) is a highly controversial investigatation into the physical nature of designed objects. ID was born out of opposition with the theory of evolution and its central question remains whether or not there is empirical evidence that life on Earth was designed by one or more intelligent agents. Proponents of intelligent design, known as design theorists, study the nature of objects to isolate what they call ''signs of intelligence''—physical properties of an object that necessitate design. Examples being considered include irreducible complexity, information mechanisms, and specified complexity. Many design theorists believe that living systems show one or more of these ''signs of intelligence'' leading them to the conclusion that life must have been designed, contrary to Darwin's theory of evolution which explains life through random mutations and natural selection. William Dembski explains the study of intelligent design through the example of Mount Rushmore. :"What about this rock formation convinces us that it was due to a designing intelligence and not merely to wind and erosion? Designed objects like Mount Rushmore exhibit characteristic features or patterns that point us to an intelligence. Such features or patterns are ''signs of intelligence''. Proponents of intelligent design, known as design theorists, are not content to regard such signs as mere intuitions. Rather, they insist on studying them formally, rigorously and scientifically." (The Design Revolution, pg. 33, italics in original)
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Dbergan/Stuff
==Methodological empiricism== A paradigm that science seeks to find explanations of natural phenomena by empirical means. This term is used by Intelligent Design theorists as a preferred interpretation of science over the popular 20th century paradigm called methodological materialism. The two paradigms are very much the same, except that methodological empiricism would allow for natural explanations that include intelligence. Intelligent Design theorists say that many branches of science show that they already accept a methodologically empirical paradigm as evidenced by the following scientific scenarios: *how copyright and patent offices identify theft of intellectual property *how insurance compaines prevent themselves from being cheated *how detectives employ circumstantial evidence to incriminate a guilty person *how forensic scientists are able reliably to place individuals at the scene of a crime *how skeptics debunk the claims of parapsychologists *how scientists identify cases of data falsification *how the SETI program seeks to identify the presence of extraterrestrial life, and *how statisticians and computer scientists distinguish random from non-random strings of digits ==Methodological materialism== A paradigm that science is a tool that discovers only natural explanations and hence may only use natural inferences. Therefore, according to this view, no matter what a scientist's personal beliefs may be, when working as a scientist he must do his research in a manner consistent with materialism. Even though he is free to believe in the supernatural (God, miracles, ghosts, etc.), he cannot bring such matters into his research. Intelligent Design theorists argue that when science is defined in this way it thereby handcuffs itself to only accepting explanations that are a product of either (1) natural law or (2) random chance (or both). Thus, if a true methodologically materialistic scientist came upon a Lego castle in the desert, he would be allowed to study the complexity of the molecules making up the building blocks and the arrangment of the blocks into a Lego castle; but if asked about the Lego castle's origin, he would have to explain it in terms of natural laws and random events (lightning, wind, gravity, thermodynamics, chemical properties, etc.). To say that the Lego castle was made by some sort of intelligence is a violation of methodological materialism, because intelligence cannot be explained by natural laws, and is not random. It may seem silly to rule out intelligent design as an option for making a Lego castle, but many scientists suddenly agree with this position if you replace the term "Lego castle" with "first living cell" in the above paragraph. Intelligent Design theorists advocate a paradigm of science called methodological empiricism instead of methodological materialism. They maintain that although intelligence is not itself materialistic, it provides a third way of empirically explaning many natural things we observe. Plenty of empirical evidence supports the notion that the computer you are using was made by human beings. Also, in a court of law, forensic science is used to determine whether or not a house fire was started accidently or by arson. Thus, in this field, science is used to determine if the fire was intelligently designed or not; which means that forensic science is governed by methodological empiricism. ==Another ID intro version== Intelligent Design (ID) is highly controversial movement born out of conflict with Darwin's theory of evolution in the late 1990's. The goal of ID is to investigate what they call the "signs of intelligence" of a particular object to determine if there are scientific grounds for considering it designed. Therefore, its adherents (called "design theorists") are attempting to establish a scientific process of answering the questions, "Do we know that ''X'' was intelligently designed? And if so, how do we come to that conclusion?" ID restricts itself to only these questions. It does not seek to provide any insight into the identity of the designer (the designer could be a human, an alien, Allah, Krishna, Jehovah, Odin, or Zeus) nor into his/her/its intent or purpose (he could have made it for the greater glory of the universe, because he was bored and there was nothing good on TV, or because he's sadistic - torture chambers are designed, too). Neither does ID seek to evaluate the skill or mastery of the designer. (ID has no relevence to a discussion of whether or not Microsoft Windows XP is superior to Macintoch OSX. It only aims to show that both operating systems were designed by intelligence.) William Dembski uses the following example to explain the definition of ID: "Think of Mount Rushmore-what about this rock formation convinces us that it was due to a designing intelligence and not merely to wind and erosion? Designed objects like Mount Rushmore exhibit characteristic features or patterns that point us to an intelligence. Such features or patterns are ''signs of intelligence''. Proponents of intelligent design, known as design theorists, are not content to regard such signs as mere intuitions. Rather, they insist on studying them formally, rigorously and scientifically." (pg. 33, The Design Revolution, italics in original) However, the main focus of intelligent design is studying the origin and diversity of life. Living cells, organs, systems, and organisms appear to be designed. Even the hardened materialistic evolutionist, Richard Dawkins, says as much in the first sentence of his book The Blind Watchmaker: "Biology is the study of complicated things that give the appearance of having been designed for a purpose." However, the position of Dawkins and the majority of the scientific community is that the design is nothing more than that, a mere appearance. They rely on the concepts of mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, and speciation to explain the complexity of life arising from nature without any need to infer an intelligence governing the process. On the other hand, design theorists are investigating at least two features of living things that they consider to be ''signs of intelligence''. The first feature was articulated by Michael Behe, a biochemist from Lehigh University, when he coined the term irreducible complexity in his book Darwin's Black Box. This term is used to explain the intricate features of life that Behe asserts could not have evolved through natural selection. Irreducibly complex systems are ones that require several parts to work together to function, where each part is useless without every other part of the system. Therefore, Behe argues, unless the system was introduced to a specimen as a whole, natural selection could not favor the parts because of their uselessness without all the other pieces. Among the features he lists as irreducibly complex include the bacterial flagellum, the human eye, and the mechanism for blood clotting. Kenneth Miller in his book Finding Darwin's God argues that Behe's analysis only rules out natural selection through direct (or linear) means. For him, indirect/non-linear natural selection remains a viable mechanism for Darwinism. Miller and Behe have debated the issue in person, too. Other critics have stated that while Behe's logic is accurate theoretically, it doesn't mean anything because his examples (and all other parts of living things) do not have irreducibly complex features. The second feature of living things that design theorists consider a ''sign of intelligence'' is the method that information is stored and transmitted via DNA and RNA. Consider, for example, the difference between raw pieces of wood, and an acorn. The wood pieces don't have the capacity to form a ship (or any other structure) on their own. But the acorn does have the capacity to become an oak tree on its own. Dembski argues that this is because the acorn is packed with information (in the form of DNA) that gives it the necessary instructions to become an oak tree (The Design Revolution, pg. 132). The acorn executes its DNA code in a manner very similar to a computer executing C++ code. Apart from living things, all other information-transmitting mechanisms (processes that involve code and code) we know about are designed by an intelligence (usually humans). This serves as another basis for investigating the question of design regarding life. The majority of the scientific community refuses to acknowledge intelligent design as a legitimate science research program. Their commitment to methodological materialism rules intelligent causes out as being pseudoscience. Those convinced of methodological materialism consider any reference to intelligent causes in scientific work as a violation of Occam's Razor. Design theorists appeal that science should instead be methodological empiricism. Also, many scientists consider ID to be nothing more than a fallacious argument from ignorance, similar to reasoning that "ancient technologies could not have built the pyramids, so goblins must have done it." [http://puffin.creighton.edu/NRCSE/NRCSEPosReID.html] However, design theorists reject this analogy, because they have defined their role as one that does not investigate ''how'' an object was designed or ''who'' designed it, but one that only seeks to determine if the pyramids were either designed or else the product of raw nature alone (sandstorms, floods, erosion, etc.). ==Trimmed== Intelligent Design (ID) is highly controversial movement born out of conflict with Darwin's theory of evolution in the late 1990's. The goal of ID is to investigate what they call the "signs of intelligence" of a particular object to determine if there are scientific grounds for considering it designed. Therefore, its adherents (called "design theorists") are attempting to establish a scientific process of answering the questions, "Do we know that ''X'' was intelligently designed? And if so, how do we come to that conclusion?" ID restricts itself to only these questions, and as such is different from creationism which seeks to find scientific evidence in favor of the creation account from the Bible. The main focus of intelligent design is studying the origin and diversity of life. Living cells, organs, systems, and organisms show two specific ''signs of intelligence'' that design theorists are investigating: irreducible complexity and information mechanisms. The first feature was articulated by Michael Behe in his book Darwin's Black Box. This term is used to explain the intricate features of life that Behe asserts could not have evolved through natural selection. Among the features he lists as irreducibly complex include the bacterial flagellum, the human eye, and the mechanism for blood clotting. The second ''sign of intelligence'' is the method that information is stored and transmitted via DNA and RNA. Consider, for example, the difference between raw pieces of wood, and an acorn. The wood pieces don't have the capacity to form a ship (or any other structure) on their own. But the acorn does have the capacity to become an oak tree on its own. William Dembski argues that this is because the acorn is packed with information (in the form of DNA) that gives it the necessary instructions to become an oak tree (The Design Revolution, pg. 132). The acorn executes its DNA code in a manner very similar to a computer executing C++ code. Apart from living things, all other information-transmitting mechanisms (processes that involve code and code) we know about are designed by an intelligence (usually humans). ==Original Intro Paragraph== Intelligent design (ID) is a highly controversial investigatation into the physical nature of designed objects. ID was born out of opposition with the theory of evolution and its central question remains whether or not there is empirical evidence that life on Earth was designed by one or more intelligent agents. Proponents of intelligent design, known as design theorists, study the nature of objects to isolate what they call ''signs of intelligence''—physical properties of an object that necessitate design. Examples being considered include irreducible complexity, information mechanisms, and specified complexity. Many design theorists believe that living systems show one or more of these ''signs of intelligence'' leading them to the conclusion that life must have been designed, contrary to Darwin's theory of evolution which explains life through random mutations and natural selection. William Dembski explains the study of intelligent design through the example of Mount Rushmore. :"What about this rock formation convinces us that it was due to a designing intelligence and not merely to wind and erosion? Designed objects like Mount Rushmore exhibit characteristic features or patterns that point us to an intelligence. Such features or patterns are ''signs of intelligence''. Proponents of intelligent design, known as design theorists, are not content to regard such signs as mere intuitions. Rather, they insist on studying them formally, rigorously and scientifically." (The Design Revolution, pg. 33, italics in original)
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