Cuba

The Republic of Cuba is an Island in the eastern Caribbean that lies at the confluence of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. To the north are found the United States and the Bahamas, to the west Mexico, to the southwest the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, and to the southeast Haiti. == History == :''Main article: History of Cuba'' Cuba and its originally Amerindian population (Taino, Siboney and Guanajatabey) came under Spain control in the 15th century and who were wiped out shortly afterwards. The colony's struggle for independence started in 1868 and continued during the 19th century until the Spanish-American War of 1898. The United States occupied the island until its independence was granted in 1902, though limited by the Platt Amendment (revoked in 1934), after which the US continued to have a major influence in Cuban affairs. Cuba's economy prospered for the next fifty years. To the point that by the late fifties the cuban peso was valued very close to the us dollar. Illiteracy ran about 12%, one of the lowest in the latin american countries. [Fidel Castro|Fidel Castro Ruz]], [Che Guevara]Camilo Cienfuegos, Ra�l Castro [and their rebel army were one of many guerilla groups that opposed the dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro's '26th of July Movement' subsumed these other groups quickly and took over Cuba's government in 1959, following its victory against Batista's military forces. At the time when Batista was deposed, 75% of Cuba's farmable land was owned by foreign individuals or foreign companies (mostly US companies). The new revolutionary government adopted land reforms and confiscated all the private property owned by cubans and of those foreign companies. As a result, relations with the USA rapidly deteriorated. At first, Castro was reluctant to discuss his plans for the future, but eventually he declared himself a communist, explained that he was trying to build socialism in Cuba, and opened diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. A new government, led by the reborn Communist Party of Cuba, began carrying out the economic reforms that Castro had promised. Among other things, healthcare and education freely available were expanded to cover all Cubans.After some delay, a Constitution of Soviet inspiration was adopted in 1976. On April 15 (1961) the Bay of Pigs, CIA led invasion of Cuba began with the bombing of castro's air fields, using Douglas A-26 invaders, supplied by the USA and flown by Cuban patriots. The bombing raids over Havana destroyed the majority of the communist dictators planes and runways, clearing the way for more than fifteen-hundred Cuban patriots, and U.S. Special Forces landing at Playa Giron (Bay of Pigs)on April 17,1961 where they were met by castro's army, and fought valiantly for more than three days & nights, until they were forced to surrender, due to president Kennedy's orders to call off the invasion. The failed attempt to liberate Cuba was an international embarrasment to the newly elected Kennedy administration, and subsequently led to the Cuban Missile crissis in October (1962), when Medium Range Nuclear Missiles were installed in Cuba by the Soviet Union and aimed at the USA. This led to an Internatiional Nuclear Stand-off, between the United States of America and Russia. In April 1980, over 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian embassy in Havana seeking political asylum. In response to this and international pressure, Castro allowed anyone who desired to leave the country to depart through the port of Mariel. Known as the Mariel Boatlift, over 125,000 Cubans migrated to the U.S., mostly aboard vessels that departed from the U.S. Eventually the U.S. stopped the flow of vessels heading south and Cuba ended the exodus. For several decades, Cuba received a large Soviet subsidy, whereby Cuba provided the Soviet Union with sugar and the Soviets provided Cuba with petroleum. Part of this oil was consumed by Cuba, while the remainder was sold on the world market. Cuba supported communist movements throughout Latin America (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Colombia and Chile, among others) and Africa (Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia). In Angola alone, Cuba had over 50,000 troops. Castro stated at the first Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba in December of 1975 that "Without the decisive, steady, and generous aid of the Soviet people, our country could not have survived the confrontation with imperialism". The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 dealt Cuba a giant economic blow and when the Soviets stopped their 6 billion dollars-per-year subsidy, the Cuban government called for "a special period" of recovery. Despite being denied access to development aid from the IMF and World Bank because Cuba is in arrears to its Paris Club debtors to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars, Cuba's economy has not collapsed, although its per-capita income is still lower than it was in 1989, but has been rising steadily. Cuba's economy today is roughly split into three parts: agriculture (tobacco, sugar, citrus), mining (nickel), and tourism. In 1994, Castro declared an open immigration policy and did not stop any individual that desired to leave the country. Departing on small rafts and homemade boats, over 30,000 Cubans took to the sea. In contrast to the Mariel Boatlift, the migrants were interdicted at sea and taken to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Eventually, Castro restricted migration following talks with the U.S. In 1995, an agreement was reached between the U.S. and Cuba. The U.S. would allow 20,000 Cubans per year (chosen by lottery) to immigrate to the U.S. and Cuba would allow the return of migrants interdicted at sea. All Cuban migrants interdicted at sea from this point on were interviewed by INS officials at sea. If there was a possibility they were or would be persecuted upon return, they would be taken to Guantanamo Bay for further interviews. In 1996, the Clinton Administration enacted the Helms-Burton law. This law states, among other things, that any foreign company that "knowingly traffics in property in Cuba confiscated without compensation from a U.S. person" can be subjected to litigation and that company's leadership can be barred from entry into the United States. Sanctions may be applied to non-U.S. companies trading with Cuba. Although the immigrant capitalist Cuban population in the U.S. keeps constant pressure on the American government to restore them to power in Cuba, this legislation was enacted after the shootdown of what the US claims were two civilian planes by the Cuban Air Force. [http://www.cnn.com/US/9602/cuba_shootdown/26/3pm/][http://www.cnn.com/US/9602/cuba_shootdown/27/]. This extraterritorial U.S. legislation is considered highly controversial, and the US embargo was condemned for the 13th time in 2004 by the General Assembly of the United Nations, by 179 countries. Additionally, US Congress members from both parties have openly criticized the ongoing balance of resources which have been committed to enforcing this embargo. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi%3Ff=/news/archive/2004/04/29/national1842EDT0787.DTL] Cuba's major trading partners include Spain, Canada, France, Italy, United Kingdom and Japan. The U.S. embargo against Cuba applies to all goods, except the export of medicine and medical products and agricultural commodities to Cuba, which are authorized by law. U.S. agriculture companies are free to trade with Cuba, provided that Cuba pays in cash prior to delivery. The U.S. bans U.S. citizens from travelling to Cuba. Nevertheless, because of their understandable historical or political interests in the Caribbean island , some U.S. citizens visit Cuba by traveling through Mexico, Canada or the Bahamas. American citizens can be liable to fines if discovered and prosecuted by the U.S. government, although it has been reported that the US authorities are not overly strict with ordinary travellers not involved in any criminal activity. Millions of citizens of countries other than the U.S. engage not only in business with Cuba but in tourism with Cuba as well. == The Revolutionary Government of Cuba == ''Main article: The Revolutionary Government of Cuba'' == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Cuba'' Cuba is a Socialist state, or a parliamentary republic led by a Communist Party with a monopoly of political power (as all opposition parties are considered illegal under the Cuban constitution, which states that "The Communist Party of Cuba (...) is the superior guiding force of society and the state"). Fidel Castro has been the head of state and head of government since 1959, first as prime minister and after the abolition of that office in 1976 as president of the Councils of State and Ministers. He is also the member of the National Assembly of People's Power from the municipality of Santiago de Cuba since 1976, First Secretary of the Cuban Communist Party, and commander in chief of the armed forces. The Cuban parliament is the National Assembly of People's Power or ''Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular''. Its 609 members are elected to serve five-year terms, without opposition. The candidates, who may or may not be members of the Cuban Communist Party, are nominated by pro-government social and political organizations. The Communist Party is constitutionally recognised as Cuba's only legal political party, but is forbidden by law to nominate candidates. However this is largely a moot point since no known opponents of the government have been elected since the revolution. In 2001 an attempt was made by Oswaldo Pay� Sardi�as and others, operating as the Varela Project, to have a national plebiscite using provisions in the Constitution of Cuba which provided for initiative. If accepted by the government and approved by public vote, the amendments would have established such things as freedom of association, freedom of speech, freedom of press, as well as the freedom to start private businesses. The Petition was however refused by the National Assembly, and a subsequent crackdown resulted in the imprisonment of 75 dissidents for terms of up to 28 years on charges of collaborating with and receiving money from the US government. See Human rights in Cuba == Provinces == ''Main article: Provinces of Cuba'' Cuba is divided into 14 provinces, and one special municipality (the Isla de la Juventud).


#Isla de la Juventud (''Isle of Youth'') #Pinar del R�o Province #La Habana Province (''Havana'') #Ciudad de La Habana Province (''Havana City'') #Matanzas Province #Cienfuegos Province #Villa Clara Province #Sancti Sp�ritus Province	Ciego de �vila Province Camag�ey Province Las Tunas Province Granma Province Holgu�n Province Santiago de Cuba Province Guant�namo Province

== Geography == ''Main article: Geography of Cuba'' The elongated island of Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean and is bounded to the north by the Straits of Florida and the greater North Atlantic Ocean, to the northwest by the Gulf of Mexico, to the west by the Yucatan Channel, to the south by the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Windward Passage. The Republic comprises the entire island, including many outlying islands such as the Isle of Youth, previously known as the Isle of Pine, with the exception of Guantanamo Bay, a naval base that has been leased by the United States since 1903. The mainland is the List of islands by size. The island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains, with more rugged hills and mountains primarily in the southeast and the highest point is the Pico Real del Turquino at 2,005 m. The local climate is tropical, though moderated by trade winds. There is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camag�ey. Some of the well-known smaller towns are Baracoa which was the first Spanish settlement on Cuba, as well as Trinidad, Cuba and Bayamo. == Demographics == According to the CIA's World Factbook, Cuba is 51% mulatto (mixed white and black), 37% white, 11% black, and 1% Chinese. Cuba has historically been more heavily European than other Caribbean islands, and in 1950 was said to have a 75% white majority. It should be mentioned that between 1900 and 1930 close to a million white spaniards arrived in the Island from Spain. Some people believe that a good portion of cuban whites were actually mulatto. It highlights the shock that Castro's rise to power had on the white upper class, a large portion of whom moved to Florida in the 1960s and 1970s. Also, economic shock caused their birthrate to fall precipitously, even as the poorer black and mulatto populations soared. This is not hard to understand when one considers that the white population was 4 million during the second half of the twentieth century (with low birthrates and heavy emigration), while blacks and mulattos increased from 1.5 million to over 6 million, very similar to the growth in the predominately black and mulatto Dominican Republic. The Chinese population in Cuba derives mostly from Chinese sent to Cuba during the 19th century to build railroads and work in the mines, as was also occuring in the US at this time. Once the work was completed, however, most of them could not afford the passage back to China and remained in the Island. Historical papers show that, while considered inferior to Cubans of European descent, they were considered to be superior to blacks because they had lighter skin. Cuba has the lowest birthrate of any Latin American or Caribbean country, perhaps influenced by its socialist government's policy of free health care and abortion, which was similar to the situation in Eastern Europe. The current fertility rate of about 1.6 children per woman is the lowest of any country in the western hemisphere save Canada. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Cuba'' The economy of Cuba is based on state ownership with some small scale private enterprise existing at the fringes. Tourism has become one of the largest sources of income for Cuba, and in 1993 the U.S. dollar was made legal tender (the country operated under a dual-currency system); this arrangement was, however, revoked on 25 October 2004. At that time, use of the dollar in business was officially banned, and a 10% surcharge was introduced for the conversion of dollars to convertible pesos, the island's new official currency. Other currencies, including the Euro, were not affected. See details at [http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/dollar/2004/1026cubadollar.htm|the Ludwig Van Mises Institute]. The Cuban economy was hit hard in the early 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Comecon economic bloc, with which it had traded predominantly. More recent problems include high oil prices, recessions in key export markets such as sugar and nickel, damage from hurricanes (most recently an estimated 1 billion dollars economic damage from hurricane Charley), depressed tourism, and faltering world economic conditions. In late 2003, and early 2004, both tourism levels and nickel prices increased. One other factor in the recovery of the Cuban economy is the remittances of Cuban-Americans (which constitute almost 3% of the Cuban Economy, by some estimates). Cuba currently trades with almost every nation in the world (including the U.S.). However, Cuba owes billions in Paris Club debt to nations such as France, Japan and Germany. Cuba is notable for its national organic farming initiative, undertaken in order to feed a population faced with starvation. In the early 1990s, post-Soviet Union, Cuba lost over 70% of agricultural chemical imports, over 50% of food imports, and an equally significant amount of oil. Its agricultural sector, built on a large-scale, mechanized, chemical-based model, was instantly crippled. By restructuring its agricultural industry, and focusing scientific efforts on organic solutions, Cuba managed to rapidly and successfully convert the country to entirely organic production. Currently, only organic agriculture is permitted by law. The main current trading partners of Cuba are: Spain, Venezeula and Canada. In time as China normalises relations with the Caribbean, China may also become a more importaint Cuban trading partner. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Cuba'' * List of Cubans * Music of Cuba

**Holidays**
Date	English Name	Local Name	Remarks
January 1	Revolution Victory Day	Triunfo de la Revoluci�n	The former dictator Fulgencio Batista fled in the night from December 31, 1958 to January 1, 1959, marking the victory of the Revolution led by Fidel Castro, who has been President since then
May 1	Labour Day	D�a de los trabajadores	International Labour Day
July 26	Commemoration of the Moncada Barracks	Asalto al cuartel Moncada	In the morning of July 26, 1953, some 160 men under the command of Fidel Castro attacked the Moncada army garrison in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba's second-largest city. Although this action crushingly failed, it is seen as the beginning of the Castro-led insurrection that expelled dictator Fulgencio Batista on January 1, 1959 and established a communist government in Havana thereafter
October 10	Independence Day	D�a de la Independencia	This day in 1868, Carlos Manuel de C�spedes, "Father of the Homeland", gave freedom to his slaves and started the independence war against the Spanish colonial power
December 25	Christmas Day	Navidad	Prohibited for decades in revolutionary Cuba, the Christmas celebration (and the corresponding holiday) was reinstalled in 1998 after Pope John Paul II visited Cuba

==Religion== ''Main articles: Santer�a, Palo Monte, Catholicism'' The religious landscape of Cuba is strongly marked by syncretism of various kinds. In the post-revolutionary era religious practice was discouraged, and Cuba, from 1962, was officially an atheist state until 1992 which it amended its constitution to become formally a secular state. While the papal visit to Cuba has strengthened official Catholicism, most Cubans share a motley of faiths that include popular Catholicism, over 50 versions of Protestantism, spiritism, African-derived beliefs. The most important currents of these are Lucum� (known as Santer�a), which derives from Yoruba religion, Palo Monte, which derives from Congo-based religions, and the Sociedad Secreta Abaku�, which derives from the secret men's societies in the region of Calabar, in south-eastern Nigeria. Other religious manifestations include Freemasons and Pentecostal churches. It is assumed that Santer�a and popular Catholicism are the most widely followed religious beliefs in Cuba, though these are by no means exclusive, and one can easily be a follower of several religious currents at the same time, as well as being a member of the communist party. Pentacostalism is also growing rapidly, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 100,000 people. Cuba once had a small but vibrant Jewish population, and Havana still has one or two active synagogues. In Cuba the January 6 is the "Dia de los Reyes Magos" which in English means "Day of Kings" is celebrated to commemorate the day that the Magi came to visit Jesus according to the Gospels. As in most Latin American countries as well as Spain, this day is celebrated in conjunction with, or sometimes instead of Christmas Day. Important religious festivals include various days dedicated to the saints such as the "Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre" (the Virgin of Cobre, Cuba's patron saint, syncretised with Santer�a's Och�n) on September 8, and ''san L�zaro'' (Lazarus) (syncretised with Babalu Ay�), on December 17. ==See also== *Communications in Cuba *Music of Cuba *Transportation in Cuba *Military of Cuba *Cuban Missile Crisis *Foreign relations of Cuba *Cuba Coalition *Cuban cinema *Elections in Cuba *List of places in Cuba *Women in Cuba *List of Cuban newspapers *Demographics of Cuba == External links == ===Official=== *[http://www.cubagob.cu/ Site of the Cuban government] *[http://www.cubaweb.cu Cubaweb] — Official Cuban Government online directory *[http://www.granma.cu Granma] — Communist Cuban Party Newspaper *[http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rt/cuba/commission/2004/c12237.htm State Department]— US State Department views on Cuba ===Opposition=== *[http://nocastro.com No Castro nor his regime] — the website of anti-Castro opposition *[http://www.canf.org/2004/principal-ingles.htm CANF] — Cuban-American National Foundation, the largest political party of Cubans in exile *[http://www.bosnewslife.com/article/2/1/2/21/2.aspx Details the Cuban dissident situation] *[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/MHEC Movimiento Humanista Evolucionario Cubano (Cuban Evolutionary Humanist Movement)] ===General=== *[http://www.webhavana.com/CubaMaps/index.php Cuba Maps] — Maps of all the provinces of Cuba, and maps of the major cities. *[http://cuba.alivepages.com Information about Cuba] Culture, history, demography, geography, religion, etc. *[http://www.cubanet.org/cubanews.html CUBANET] — News articles from Cuba's independent journalists and a digest of Cuban news by international newspapers *[http://www.cubaencuentro.com Encuentro en la Red] — Independent news and cultural site on Cuban matters *[http://www.afrocubaweb.com AfroCubaWeb] *[http://www.cubaaidsproject.com Cuba AIDS Project] HIV and AIDS in Cuba *[http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CUB.html UN HDI] — Human Development Index for Cuba from UN *[http://www.cubamusic.biz Cubamusic] — All about cuban music *[http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/robert_ingersoll/spain_and_spaniard.html Spain and the Spaniard] A contemporary opinion of the Cuban uprising ===Travel information=== *[http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Cuba Wikitravel Guide] — Wikitravel visiting guide *[http://www.cubaxp.com/ Cuba eXPlorer] — Information about Cuba (mostly related to travel), picture galleries, daily news, forums, a directory of Cuban sites and more. *[http://www.connect2cuba.com/ Cuba Travel] — Pictures of Cuba, Travel Directory, private houses to rent or "casas particulares", forums and cuban links. *[http://www.travel-impressions.de/cuba/cuba_mix/waves.htm Cuba Photos] Sights, Daily Life, Santeria, Havana, Malecon, CDR (Comite de Defensa de la Revolucion), Old American Cars *[http://www.cabophoto.com/cub.htm Life in Havana] Pictures of the daily life in Havana *[http://www.cuba-pictures.com Cuba-Pictures.com] — a Lonely Planet author's travel photos from all across Cuba *[http://www.lahabana.com LaHabana.com] — City guide to Havana. *[http://www.kuba-cuba.com Kuba-Cuba.com] — a Link Guide to Cuba. *[http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/cuba/cubamaps.html Cuba Study Tour] — A geography professor shares his experience and impressions *[http://www.cubanuestra.nu/web/folder.asp?folderID=72 CUBA NUESTRA - Sweden] *[http://www.google.com/maps?ll=21.730957,-79.409180&spn=10.437012,16.215820&t=k&hl=en Google maps] Caribbean countries Caribbean islands Cuba Former Spanish colonies Island nations bn:কিউবা lv:Kuba ms:Cuba nds:Kuba simple:Cuba zh-min-nan:Cuba

Cuba

I added the April 1961, Bay of Pigs Invasion to liberate Cuba; by those Brave Cuban Patriots of the Brigade 2506 to this websites History of Cuba. How dare us ever forget those men who fought and died to Liberate Cuba, from such a foolish old fossil! Frank Lopez del Rincon slopes25@hotmail.com ==other stuff== Cuba is no longer an athiest state, Castro changed the wording to secular around the time of the Pope's visit. During the Pope's visit he also made December 25th a legal holiday, which it hadn't been for you know, 30 some odd years. Castro, though he rejected his Catholic upbringing, strongly encourages the trend of the now-defunct liberation theology, because he sees that it could be a strong ally of the state (see ''Fidel and Religion'' by Frei Betto, basically a transcript of his talks with Castro). If I have time later I'll fix this, but right now I don't want to risk adding my own opinions in because I'm rushing it. Anyone else wanna do it first? Liz ebcarter@gmail.com ---- Not a single word about any universities (are there any?) or even about education on Cuba! ---- I have removed "the most significant act of political repression in Latin America in a decade". This is not a fact, please look at Amnesty International reports on Americas for the last decade. Here is the link to the 2003 Summary http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/2am-index-eng . ''An event mentioned in this article is an Template:October 10 selected anniversaries.'' ---- October 11, 2004 (from johncsmith@btinternet.com) I've replaced the 3rd, 4th and 5th paragraphs, I've placed the old ones below. Whoever wrote this reactionary, lying piece didn't bother to leave a note to explain to others why s/he did this. "For several decades, Cuba received a large Soviet subsidy, whereby Cuba provided the Soviet Union with sugar and the Soviets provided Cuba with oil. Part of this oil was consumed by Cuba, the remainder was sold in the world market for a profit of several billion dollars. In return for this subsidy from the Soviet Union, Cuba supported communist insurgencies throughout Central America (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Chile) and Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia). In Angola alone, Cuba had over 50,000 tropps. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 dealt Cuba a giant economic blow and when the Soviets stopped their $6 billion per year subsidy, the Cuban communist government called for "a special period." Despite being denied access to development aid from the IMF and World Bank (Cuba is in arrears to its Paris Club debtors to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars), Cuba's economy has not collapsed, although its per-capita income is still lower than it was in 1959. Cuba's economy today is roughly split into three parts: Agriculture and mining (tobacco, sugar, nickel, citrus), Tourism and remittances from Cuban-Americans in the United States. "In 1994 the Clinton Administration enacted the Helms-Burton law. This law was enacted after the Cuban government shot down two private U.S. planes in International Waters. The Helms Burton law, states, among other things that any foreign company that acquires property in Cuba that used to belong to a U.S. company will be subject to litigation. "Currently, every country in the world is free to trade with Cuba. The country's major trading partners include Spain, France, Italy, Great Britain and Japan. The economic embargo only applies to U.S. tourism. U.S. agriculture companies are free to trade with Cuba provided that Cuba pays in hard currency. All medical and humanitarian supplies are freely allowed to flow into Cuba. American tourists who wish to visit Cuba mainly travel through Mexico or Canada. Cuba's tourism industry has been severely damaged since September 11th. As a "rogue state" that has consistently harbored terrorists (IRA, Colombian terrorists, African revolutionaries) many visitors have been fearful to visit the island. Moreover, the Castro government recently arrested and imprisoned 75 independent journalists, artists and writers. In 2002, the government killed a group of individuals attempting to escape the island." --"-------------------------- Reasonable people disagree over whether a policy of paying production-based prices for sugar is a form of subsidy. No doubt both the EU and the US agressively subsidize agriculture, ESPECIALLY sugar; but the Comecon arrangement accomplishes the same thing. Regardless, this debate has no place in this article and so I have removed the following sentence: "This fair exchange is often erroneously described as a 'subsidy'." ------ Sunday 12 September 2004: I've rewritten parts of the Cuba article, to remove inaccuracies and hostile bias - from johncsmith@btinternet.com ------ User:Efghij, why did you remove the links to List of Cubans and List of places in Cuba? Wondering simply, User:Infrogmation 23:29 2 Jun 2003 (UTC) Sorry, accidently deleted them while applying the template. User:Efghij ---- I moved Gregorio Fuentes from Writer (which he wasn't) to Other Figures. User:adiazpaz ---- Someone has recently changed the name of certain US actions actions against Cuba from "embargo" to "blockade". In one sense this is a correct change because both countries use this term (or ''bloqueo'' in Spanish). There was of course a blockade during the time of the Missile Crisis in the 1960s, but over an extended period of time this has really been an embargo, and "blockade" is a misnomer. In a blockade of a country, all traffic is prevented from enterring or leaving it. All ships from third countries are blocked by military force from doing business with the blockaded country. Cuba does continue to trade with other countries. The question becomes, "Do we use the incorrect term supported by both parties to the dispute, or do we use the term that more correctly describes the factual situation?" User:Eclecticology 01:49, 2003 Aug 11 (UTC) ---- Or use both and explain? User:Robneild 20:01, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC) ---- Meriam Webster's definition of "blockade" includes this "broadly : a restrictive measure designed to obstruct the commerce and communications of an unfriendly nation". Those who insist on the narrow definition of blockade often do so because of their political viewpoint. Further, the more precise term "economic blockade" is often used. User:Beardo 03:13, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC) :In this context since both American and Cuban official sources misuse the term blockade your argument that it is because of a political viewpoint has no basis in fact. Some of us just like to use the language correctly. Your quotation is fine, but it does not reflect what's happening. The Americans forbid their citizens from trading with Cuba; that's an embargo. They are not AFAIK maintaining a naval presence outside Havana harbour to obstruct the shipping of other nations; if they did that would be a blockade. User:Eclecticology 10:25, 2004 Feb 29 (UTC) ---- It is not a "blockade" but a Trade and Financial Embargo. User:Orbis Tertius 04:25, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC) ---- US actions are a "blockade" as they are extraterritorial. 'The Helms-Burton Act's provisions include a new private right of action by providing for civil suits in U.S. courts against foreign nationals using, dealing, or trafficking in property in Cuba to which U.S nationals have claims; denies U.S. visas to executives and majority shareholders (and their immediate families) of companies trafficking in such property. The Act defines trafficking to include selling, transferring, leasing, purchasing and other activities and any "commercial activity using or otherwise benefiting from confiscated property" and directing, participating in or profiting from a company that "traffics" in "confiscated property."' This means that even when Cuba trades with other countries it often has to do so at inflated prices to offset the loss of business with the United States suffered by those companies it trades with. In this sense the US measures are "obstructing the commerce and communications of a [perceived] unfriendly nation". ==question== I would like to know more about the lives of cubans. After so many years in socialism how is the economic distribution? was ever there a gini coefficient measured? Do all cubans with 26+ went to college? Can anyone give that answer (thats the kind of thiong you don�t google) --User:Avsa 14:46, 19 May 2004 (UTC) ---- Why is the motto here different than in Spanish? User:80.221.104.156 12:15, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC) ---- The real figures of how many (percentage) of Cuban young people visit college might be found in the statistics of UNESCO. It must be said that state sponsored "massivity" has dramatically dropped the "quality" of collegs and highschools in Cuba. In "my times" (I did highschool in Havana 1981-1984) there was an abysmal difference between elite or vocational education for a few and "normal/plain" school standards for the masses. I was lucky enough to study in a vocational highschool nearby Havana (called "V. I. Lenin"). When I started university studies in 1984, many students comming from "mass" highschools did not pass the first semester, and the others had to catch up for all the knowledge they did not bring from highschool... Situation has even worsened in the last decade, unfortunately even so in primary education. The economic emergency of the 90's led to a dramatic shortage of teachers (many left the school to become e.g. self-entepreneurs, or simply left the country). The "solution" by the regime was to train masses of teachers (highschool graduates, bringing already heavy gaps in their knowledge, were "formed" to teachers in crash courses with a duration of less than 1 year). You can imagine the quality of these teachers. Another "solution" has been the use of video teaching. For each topic, e.g. maths, and each grade, e.g. the 4th grade, videos have been produced by the Ministery of Education and distributed among the schools. Children are suposed to learn the stuff at watching the videos. This measure aims at reducing the negative impact of being teached by misserably formed young teachers. But if I remember right, Cuban boys and girls are quite vital. And classes contain normaly more than 30 of those animated children. Can you imagine they learn anything at all? I can't. Even though, Cuban propaganda machinery tells the video approach is the best thing in universe. You are free to believe it or not. For me, I am happy I visited school in a "better era" and had real teachers I still remember today with admiration and love. A final sad note: the vocational highschool "V. I. Lenin" in which I studied in the early 80's does not exist anymore... I am happy to inform you that yes it does exist, at this day december 2004, i know this for a fact because i jut graduated in cuba and there are many friends of mine studying in the IPVCE (Instituto Preuniversitario Vocacional de Ciencias Exactas )[Vocational Preuniversitary INstitute in Exact Sciences]. Also classrooms dont have more than 30 students anymore, that applies to Preuniversitary Schools i really cant assure that for "tech schools". I also can assure that right now every primary school in the country have 15 alumns per classroom, pretty impressive number, and also high schools its trying to implement this. I sadly cant say good things about the "video classes" they have great content but in a classroom its difficult to pay real attention to someone who isnt going to call your attention, or its going to tell you to "shut up", so i think that isnt working so well... but i am sure in sometime it will be revised this method. I wanted to put right all those points so the people that read this dont think what its not. --User:Gotten 03:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==execution of "dissidents" vs. "reactionaries" vs. "opponents of the revolution" == These terms are not identical and have slightly different implications. Since it's a very serious allegation, it's important to get the term right. I suggest we look at what kind of people were executed before we make further edits, preferably from sources that are not partisan. User:Pir 12:11, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) :I have no idea who was executed for what immediately after Castro came to power; I reverted on the assumption that the original author who used "dissidents" had a better idea than either the Old Bolshie who maintained that "dissidence" is by definition impossible (immediately) after a revolution, and that Pir's well-meaning attempt at reconciliation ''could be'' (I don't know if is ''is'') technically wrong, as "dissident" does not ''necessarily'' equate to "opponent of the revolution". (And shouldn't it be capitalized "Revolution" here, as we're referring to a particular Revolution, in this case Castro's?) Again, my intent was simply to revert to a previous author who presumably had a better idea what he meant to write. I have no dog in this fight, and will accept whatever the consensus opinion agrees on, as I have no inclination to research the matter. User:Orthogonal 12:23, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::By the way, what does mean "Old Bolshie"? [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 19:47, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::Old Bolshevik -- but I was being funny (or trying to) by using it in that sense ''as well as'' in a less precise American way that mostly just means (ideologically) (Soviet) Communist. No offense intended; I try to have a bit of fun, especially on Talk pages. But in seriousness, I think saying dissidence is ''inherently impossible'', and that all opponents of a Revolution are, ''by definition'' "reactionaries", has a quaint and doctrine air about it. User:Orthogonal 03:55, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::::Ah! Thanks for the explanation! I agree of course that not all opponents of a revolution are reactionaries. Reactionaries are those who wish/attempt to recover situation that was before the revolution. [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 07:39, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::As far as I understand, dissident is one who opposes to the established regime. In the transitional time there couldn't be dissidence, but only competitive opinions on further development. [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 15:15, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::Man, you are a Marxist! Thesis, ''then'' antithesis, and only ''then'' synthesis. Once Castro came to power, he ''was'' the power, and his opponents were dissidents. But in all seriousness, you sound like the very model of the "New Soviet Man", and I think that adds a useful diversity to Wikipedia. Glad to meet ya. User:Orthogonal 16:24, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::::Many thanks for your kind words and brilliant compliments. As for the "dissident" word, read Merriam Webster or dissident. I'm right, you are not, it's that simple :-). [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 19:47, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC) : It's a bit difficult to find neutral information via a quick google search. [http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/collect/p426.htm This] site sells UK Foreign Office microfilms. One description states: "''In the six months since the revolution began, the execution of over 500 Batista supporters led the world�s media to describe the state of the country as a �bloodbath� and sparked worldwide concern over the real intentions of Castro�s pro-communist government''". [http://members.fortunecity.com/stalinmao/cuba/raol/raol.html This] communist pro-Castro website states "''In the wake of the revolution, Ra�l [Castro] began to punish Batista supporters. After he became head of the Armed Forces he directed the execution of nearly 100 officers and soldiers of the Batista Army and ordered them buried in a mass grave near Santiago de Cuba.''" A staunchly anti-Castro website reports the execution of 72 prisoners by firing squad but doesn't state why they had been imprisoned [http://www.aguadadepasajeros.bravepages.com/english/january59.htm]. This anti-Castro site [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=12467] might describe the same incident: "''Ra�l Castro directed a mass execution of over 70 captured soldiers by bulldozing a trench, standing the condemned men in front of it, and mowing them down with machine guns''". Right-wing US site interview with apparently anti-Castroist: "''...in January 1959, Ra�l personally supervised the execution of over one hundred police and military officials and Batistiano soldiers.''" :While there are reports of purges of dissidents including revolutionaries that criticised Castro's regime, I couldn't find reports that these dissidents were executed. This superficial google search suggests that only Batista supports opposing the revolution were executed.User:Pir 13:16, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::I still suppose that purges of dissidents started much later than "relations with the US rapidly deteriorated". Therefore I remove mention of dissidents from this sentence at all. I hope, there's no problems with this? [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 15:15, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::Look, Castro (according to the facts pir has unearthed (bad pun unintended)) had his own salsa-flavored, Mariachi Band accompanied Katyn Forest, but without any convenient Nazis to blame it on. What do we call this, "removal of the remnants of hostile classes"? If we don't call the victims "dissidents", what do we call them? "Revanchists"? "Chernosotennyj"? "Bonapartists"? "Oboronchestvo"? "Trotsky-fascist hyenas"? Cuba's own "White-Guard"? "Bukharinites?" ::::We should conform the NPOV policy. Disputable allegations and implicating wording violate this policy. So they shouldn't be used, ok? [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 19:47, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC) == Anti-communist bias == I have reread the article and it became evident to me that is contains strong anti-communist/anti-Castro bias. We should somehow try to make this article NPOV... [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 15:21, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) :Which is it, anti-communist or anti-Castro? User:Orthogonal 16:25, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::The problem is that I don't know exact numbers and facts too much, but my bull shit detector is ringing off the wall. For example, in the History section, pictures of flourishing Cuba before the revolution and emphasizing problems of communist Cuba look extemely non-NPOV. Use of wording like a small group of less than 100 \"rebeldes\" triggers the alarm too. In the Economy section there is evident nonsense that remittance from exiles amounts to third of the Cuban economy (at least wording imply this). All three paragraphs about Cuban economy describe how much US help to Cuba. All Cuban achievements and positive sides are omitted. This article evidently deserves huge refactoring... [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 20:09, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::I've checked the article's history and found that all bias is introduced by single anonymous user: 66.176.126.243. And all words that trigger alarm, are written by him. Therefore, I will try to accurately revert his changes only. It will allow the comunity to continue with clear article. [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 20:30, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC) == Removal of 66.176.126.243's changes. == I have removed all the contibutions of 66.176.126.243. All these contributions are disputable at the best. Considering that there was long consensus on the article before his edits, I suppose it's a right thing to remove his bias and to continue NPOV consensus editing. It's interesting that details of meaning of one single word led to discusion and investigation during which serious fault was found - and, hopefully, eliminated! [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 20:56, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC) == Anti-communist bias ?!?!?! == Please, is there anybody who wants to write the truth out there? I can't. "subsumed these other groups quickly and violently" is not right! "When Castro started to execute political opponents", sure? "Castro claimed he was always a communist", please show me documents! "Historically, it has always been advanced. For example, in terms of "quality of life indicators" such as percentage of the population in the middle class, per capita income, infant mortality, life expectancy and literacy, to name a few, Cuba consistently ranked 3rd in the hemisphere throughout the 1940's and 1950's. Only the U.S. and Canada had higher statistics, according to World Bank and IMF Factbooks. In 1958, the year before the Cuban Revolution, Cuba had a higher literacy rate than Italy and Spain.", and the Gini Index before 1957 was not the same as now (Every boys sleeps under a roof in Cuba, but maybe in Guantanamo NO) If you have these data, link the official documents, I want see, I want believe you. :While the changes this user made might be a bit hasty, in general I support them. If any seeks to revert the article, please discuss here first. --User:LegCircus 16:22, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC) == There seems to be some bias and hostility erupting in here. == It's just my opinion but the +++ marked notes claiming that particular authors of the article are writing on a bias side. The admended article that claims to be from Encarta also strikes me of right-wing bias, especially the last few paragraphs making statements of "dictatorship". I don't object to the use of the word "dictatorship" in the article when used to illustrate the views particular groups and governments that label Cuba as such, but it's should be used as a definative term of the type of government. I'm not saying that Cuba isn't a dictatorship, I'm just saying that it's very biased language to use when their are many who feel otherwise. The govenment should be referred to as a "parliamentary republic" when not describing biased opinions. User:Tommyrot I agree. This article is in a bad state. As to referring to the Cuban dictatorship as a "parliamentary republic", that is about as unbiased as referring to a orange as a onion. It may not be a one man dictatorship, but it is certainly no democracy. User:Fred Bauder 13:48, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC) How about "Communist State"? It's what the CIA world factbook defines as the Cuba government type, and the wikipedia entry for Communist State seems to be accurate from my knowledge. :That article is troubled but that label is accepable. I do have a question though, as I have never closely followed events in Cuba. In both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, power was and is closely held by a small number of men in the politburo. Is this true in Cuba or is the actual government more broadly based? Not just on paper but in terms of decision making? User:Fred Bauder 15:32, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC) :: People, I've just added a small section on religion. Concerning politics: I'm not sure "Communist state" is a form of government. The official name is "Republic of Cuba". What type of republic is not specified, though "Socialist republic" might be appopriate. I don't think any communist country defines itself as communist; usually it's either "People's Republic" or "Socialist Republic" or something of that sort. ::Fred, power in Cuba lies mostly in the hands of the Council of Ministers (about a dozen people headed by the bearded guy) as well as the armed forces (about a dozen generals headed by his brother). The speaker of parliament is influential but the parliament itself mainly serves to approve decisions already made. I know next to nothing about Soviet Union or China, so I can't compare, but Cuba is by no means democratic and state control (and the threat of repression) is omnipresent (not that Western countries are all shining examples of democracy...). Having said that, its political elites are (as far as I can tell) not overly corrupt (though the police is) and a class society (compared with other places) does not really exist as such; the biggest disparities in income are something like 6:1, and slightly larger for purchasing power. Also, the revolution WAS in all likelihood supported by a majority of the population. User:Kashasu :::Power in Cuba *does* lie mainly in the hands of the Council of Ministers, but it's absolutely important to note that its members can be appointed or dismissed by the Council of State, which is elected by the Assembly, which is elected by popular and secret ballot. Elites in government are there because they are elected elites. Also, for "communist state", to a Marxist that's a complete oxymoron, however the linked article and inverted commas are sufficient to let it be. User:Dafyddyoung 10:16, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC) "Parliamentary republic" in itself says nothing about the degree of democracy and is IMO much more accurate than "Communist state", which doesn't mean much. I say go with "Parliamentary republic" and qualify appropriately. Also, the economy paragraph makes it sound like Cuba is holding out against the Good And Grand Natural Order of the Exhalted Free Market which is certainly not NPOV. User:Zocky 06:38, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC) In Cuba, the word 'communism' is never used to refer to the state or the government. Communism may be the ultimate goal, but for that, the 'new man' (''hombre nuevo'') has to be created first. Until then, socialism ('enforced communism', one might say) is the intermediate stage. Note also that USSR stood for 'Union of ''Socialist'' Soviet Republics'. User:DirkvdM 07:45, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC) == Trade with US == "In late 2003, and early 2004, both tourism levels and nickel prices increased, as has the Cuban trade with the USA. One other factor in the "recovery" of the Cuban economy is the remittances of Cuban-Americans (which constitute one-third of the Cuban Economy). Cuba currently trades with almost every nation in the world except the US." One sentence says Cuba trades with US the next one says it doesnt. Does it? I would suggest people editting this page read NPOV and in particular "Lack of neutrality as an excuse to delete". If people think a certain paragraph is biased it should be corrected by counter arguments, correcting facts etc. Do not delete vast chunks User:Robneild 11:54, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) :Right on!! User:Ebear422 17:50, 2004 Nov 9 (UTC) == Missing history... == So it seems to me that the history of Cuba before 26 July, 1953 is missing. I personally think Cuba's had written history since around 1492. Please, have whomsoever is in charge add all the history and not emphasize so much on the contemporary history and adding certain contemporary bias. == Map == A controversy has erupted over the choice of map for this article. The two candidates are shown here, along with any others that other Wikipedians may choose to enter. Feel free to make any comments. The lower map may also appear in the corresponding Geography article for this country. User:Kelisi 02:52, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC) I prefer the lower map, --User:SqueakBox 02:58, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC) == History == Guys, this is crucial: I have not much time to edit the history not to do in depth research on the history of Cuba, but it is relevant that there is 699 words on the history section, now, out of those 699 words, there is only 73 words of history before the year 1953, which effectively starts the revolutionary era, since it is the attack on the Moncada barracks. Notice the discrepancy, there is roughly 10% of the writing on a period of roughly 461 years, while there is roughly 90% of the writing on a period of roughly 52 years, or a relationship of 10% of writing for 90% of history, and 90% of writing for 10% of history. In addition to that, notice that there is a rich history of Cuba in the period between 1492 and 1953, and that after 1959 Cuba hasn't changed much, I mean, don't get me wrong, there is a lot of political talk about the island, there is a lot of opinions about the Revolution and whatnot, however, it is important for many to know the background of Cuban history, keep in mind that Cuba is the key to the Caribbean, keep in mind famous writers during the 19th century, keep in mind that Cuba has led the Latin America in several aspects, including the advent of the railroad, the advent of television, the first Latin American to go to space, and for that matter, I believe, the first black (or as many would like to say, African American, for Cubans are Americans as the rest of the inhabitants of the continent are) to go to space. In conclusion, there is a lot to write about, instead of write with so much unnecessary passion about the Revolution, for I believe not many of us live in Cuba, and thus this encyclopedia has the opinion of exiles and people that do not live in the island, and thus, to make the encyclopedia credible, it would be of great help to create a historical outline, and try to just write facts about Cuban history, and reserve our opinions to ourselves and perhaps comment about our opinions about certain historical facts in this discussion. So again, please, all together, let's try and create instead an outline of Cuban history, and then write, and only write, about the historical facts of Cuba, and leave the opinions, biased or not, to this discussion. :Not only that, a lot of this is not needed in the main article. I don't have time at the moment, but can someone please remove a lot of the infomation. --User:Harrismw 08:07, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Cuban biotech == I heard Cuba has world-leading biotech and microbiology research (vaccination, etc.) They sell anthrax antidote to USA, etc. Why there is no word on education and academic sector in the article? Does the U.S. know any information about Fidel Castro at the Time Please respond!!!

Cuba

Caribbean_islands Caribbean countries Island nations Communist states

Cuba

{| |- ! Template Preview ! What to type ! Also consider |- | || || |- | style="font-size: 80%;" colspan="3" | ''See more country templates on:'' Wikipedia:Country referencing templates |} Cuba

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Words begining with Cuba:

Cuba
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Cuban_Five
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Cuba_(town),_Allegany_County,_New_York
Cuba_(town),_New_York
Cuba_(village),_Allegany_County,_New_York
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