==Canon (hymnography)== A canon is a structured hymn used in a number of Eastern Orthodoxy services, most notably Matins where it is sung in its fullest form as set forth below. It consists of nine ''odes'' which are sometimes called ''canticles'' or ''songs'' depending on the translation, taken from the Bible and mainly from the Old Testament. Each ode is preceeded by an introductory verse called an ''irmos'', "link", which poetically connects it to the subject of the canon. Sung alternately with the verses of the ode are a series of short hymns or ''troparia'' set in the same melody and meter as the irmos, that expand on its theme. The ode is completed with a ''katavasia'', a verse of the same structure as the irmos. Depending on the occasion the katavasia might be a repetition of the irmos, the irmos of the second canon when more than one canon is being sung together, the irmos of the canon for an upcoming major feast day, or some other verse prescribed by the service books. Katavasia means "coming down" and the verse is so called because as originally performed the two choirs would descend from their places on the left and right ''kliroi'' to sing it together in the middle of the church. The second ode has an extremely penitential theme, so except for the ''Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete'', which is sung on certain days in Great Lent, it is always omitted. There are therefore only eight odes sung in most canons even though they continue to be numbered one through nine. Between odes three and four a ''sedalen'' or "sitting hymn" is sung. Between odes six and seven a vestigal ''kontakion'' with only its ''prooimion'', or initial verse, and the first ''oikos'' or strophe. In standard parish practise, and even in most monastery, with one exception the Biblical odes are not actually sung. Each troparion is instead introduced by a ''stikhos'', in this case taking the form of a short refrain which is again determined by the subject of the canon. For example, in a Canon of the Resurrection the refrain is, "Glory, O Lord, to thy holy Resurrection"; in a Canon to the Most Holy Mary, the mother of Jesus the refrain is, "Most Holy Theotokos, save us"; and in the most general case it is "Glory to thee our God, glory to thee." For the last one or two troparia, the refrain is replaced by the doxology "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit both now and ever and unto the ages of ages. Amen." The single ode that is always sung is the ''Magnificat'' which forms a portion of the ninth ode. It is appropriate on many occasions to sing multiple canons. This is done by singing the irmos of the first followed by its refrain and troparia, with the refrains and troparia of the remaining canons in order afterward. The total number of troparia is determined by local usage. Theoretically there are fourteen for each ode with some troparia repeated if the service books do not prescribe enough of them and some conjoined if there are too many. This makes the canon far too lengthy for parish use, so more often no more than three troparia are sung regardless of how many troparia or canons are prescribed. Although the troparia are supposed to be sung this is impractical in most cases, so it is usually only done on Easter. They are most often read ''recto tono'' by a single reader as are the refrains that preceed them. Often two readers will read the verses and troparia anitphonally. Not every ode is sung for every service. For example, many Lenten services call for the singing of three odes only. The book containing the changeable portions of services for Lent is called the ''Triodion'' in consequence. Many private prayer rules call for the reading of a canon. When read privately, the Magnificat is always omitted as is the katavasia, sedalions or kontakia may or may not be prescribed, and if a kontakion is prescribed it might lack an oikos. Canons for private prayer may be sung, but are more generally read, and are less often meant to commemorate a particular feast or liturgical season as to echo the intent of the surrounding prayers. Canons are often part of the prayers in preparation for receiving Holy Communion for instance, and in that case do not usually vary based on the time of year or feast day. When sung privately or at services other than Matins, an ''akathist'' is occasionally read along with the canon. The akathist is then sung in the position of the kontakion, between odes six and seven, and the kontakion is shifted to immediately follow the sedalen. In the original Greek (language) compostitions, the irmoi had a specific poetic and melodic structure which provided a setting for the troparia and katavasia to follow. This structure is now generally lacking in more recently composed canons, and when the canons are sung in languages other than Greek to some setting other than Byzantine chant.
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==Canon (hymnography)== A canon is a structured hymn used in a number of Eastern Orthodoxy services, most notably Matins where it is sung in its fullest form as set forth below. It consists of nine ''odes'' which are sometimes called ''canticles'' or ''songs'' depending on the translation, taken from the Bible and mainly from the Old Testament. Each ode is preceeded by an introductory verse called an ''irmos'', "link", which poetically connects it to the subject of the canon. Sung alternately with the verses of the ode are a series of short hymns or ''troparia'' set in the same melody and meter as the irmos, that expand on its theme. The ode is completed with a ''katavasia'', a verse of the same structure as the irmos. Depending on the occasion the katavasia might be a repetition of the irmos, the irmos of the second canon when more than one canon is being sung together, the irmos of the canon for an upcoming major feast day, or some other verse prescribed by the service books. Katavasia means "coming down" and the verse is so called because as originally performed the two choirs would descend from their places on the left and right ''kliroi'' to sing it together in the middle of the church. The second ode has an extremely penitential theme, so except for the ''Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete'', which is sung on certain days in Great Lent, it is always omitted. There are therefore only eight odes sung in most canons even though they continue to be numbered one through nine. Between odes three and four a ''sedalen'' or "sitting hymn" is sung. Between odes six and seven a vestigal ''kontakion'' with only its ''prooimion'', or initial verse, and the first ''oikos'' or strophe. In standard parish practise, and even in most monastery, with one exception the Biblical odes are not actually sung. Each troparion is instead introduced by a ''stikhos'', in this case taking the form of a short refrain which is again determined by the subject of the canon. For example, in a Canon of the Resurrection the refrain is, "Glory, O Lord, to thy holy Resurrection"; in a Canon to the Most Holy Mary, the mother of Jesus the refrain is, "Most Holy Theotokos, save us"; and in the most general case it is "Glory to thee our God, glory to thee." For the last one or two troparia, the refrain is replaced by the doxology "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit both now and ever and unto the ages of ages. Amen." The single ode that is always sung is the ''Magnificat'' which forms a portion of the ninth ode. It is appropriate on many occasions to sing multiple canons. This is done by singing the irmos of the first followed by its refrain and troparia, with the refrains and troparia of the remaining canons in order afterward. The total number of troparia is determined by local usage. Theoretically there are fourteen for each ode with some troparia repeated if the service books do not prescribe enough of them and some conjoined if there are too many. This makes the canon far too lengthy for parish use, so more often no more than three troparia are sung regardless of how many troparia or canons are prescribed. Although the troparia are supposed to be sung this is impractical in most cases, so it is usually only done on Easter. They are most often read ''recto tono'' by a single reader as are the refrains that preceed them. Often two readers will read the verses and troparia anitphonally. Not every ode is sung for every service. For example, many Lenten services call for the singing of three odes only. The book containing the changeable portions of services for Lent is called the ''Triodion'' in consequence. Many private prayer rules call for the reading of a canon. When read privately, the Magnificat is always omitted as is the katavasia, sedalions or kontakia may or may not be prescribed, and if a kontakion is prescribed it might lack an oikos. Canons for private prayer may be sung, but are more generally read, and are less often meant to commemorate a particular feast or liturgical season as to echo the intent of the surrounding prayers. Canons are often part of the prayers in preparation for receiving Holy Communion for instance, and in that case do not usually vary based on the time of year or feast day. When sung privately or at services other than Matins, an ''akathist'' is occasionally read along with the canon. The akathist is then sung in the position of the kontakion, between odes six and seven, and the kontakion is shifted to immediately follow the sedalen. In the original Greek (language) compostitions, the irmoi had a specific poetic and melodic structure which provided a setting for the troparia and katavasia to follow. This structure is now generally lacking in more recently composed canons, and when the canons are sung in languages other than Greek to some setting other than Byzantine chant.
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