
Astrophysics
:''For the jazz band, see: Cosmology (band) Cosmology, from the Greek language: κοσμολογία (κόσμος world + λογια discourse) is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension man's place in it. Though the word ''cosmology'' is itself of fairly modern origin, first penned in Wolff's ''Cosmologia Generalis'' (1730), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, and religion. ==Disciplines== The earliest form of cosmology appears in the origin beliefs of many religions as they seek to explain the existance and nature of the world. In many cases, views about the creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of religious cosmology for understanding man's role in the universe and his relationship to god. In recent times, physics and astrophysics have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as physical cosmology, i.e. the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the big bang, a sort of cosmic explosion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 ± 0.2 billion (109) years ago. After its violent beginnings and until its very end of the universe, scientists then propose that the entire history of the universe has been an orderly progression governed by physical laws. In between the doctrines of religion and science, stand the philosophy perspective of cosmology (metaphysics). This ancient field of study seeks to draw logical conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, god and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation. One example is the cosmological argument which is an arguments for the existence of God based primarily on the point of view that the mere existence of a universe demands a creator. == Religious cosmology == Many world religions have origin belief that explain the beginnings of the universe and life. Often these are derived from scripture teachings and held to be part of the faith's dogma, but in some cases these are also extended through the use of philosophical and metaphysical arguments (e.g. arguments for the existence of God). In the vast majority of origin beliefs, the universe was cosmogony by a direct act of a god who are also responsible for the creation of man. As a conscious creation, the universe is usually assumed to be endowed by its creator with some purpose or design, aspects of which are often used to frame man's role in the world and his relationship with God. In many cases, religious cosmologies also foretell the eschatology, either through another divine act or as part of the original design. *Both Christianity and Judaism accept creation according to Genesis. See also Biblical cosmology and Tzimtzum. *Kalam cosmological argument in Islam's Kalam. Many religions accept the findings of physical cosmology, in particular the big bang, and some, such as the Roman Catholic Church, have embraced it as suggesting a philisophical first cause. Others have tried to use the methodology of science to advocate for their own religious cosmology, as in intelligent design. == Physical cosmology == Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics, which deals with the study of the physical origins of the universe and the nature of the universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as celestial mechanics, the study of the celestial sphere. The Greek philosophers Aristarchus, Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century. With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of Principia Mathematica, the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philosophical advance in physical cosmology. Modern scientific cosmology may be considered to begin in 1915 with Albert Einstein's publication of his theory of general relativity and the growing ability of astronomy to study very distant objects. Prior to this, physicists' prejudices had led them to assume that the universe was static and unchanging. However, the general theory of relativity was not amenable to a static universe. Thus the big bang theory was proposed by Georges Lemaître and confirmed by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the recession of distant galaxies and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. == Metaphysical Cosmology == In philosophy and metaphysics, cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. Historically, it has had quite a broad scope, and in many cases was founded in religion. The ancient Greeks did not draw a distinction between this use and their model for the cosmos. However, in modern use it addresses questions about the universe which are beyond the scope of science. It is distinguished from religious cosmology in that it approches these questions using philisophical methods (e.g. dialectics). Modern metaphysical cosmology tries to address questions such as: *What is the origin of the universe? What is its first cause? Is its existence necessary? (see monism, pantheism, emanationism and creationism) *What are the ultimate material components of the universe? (see mechanism (philosophy), dynamism, hylomorphism, atomism) *What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the universe? Do the cosmos have a purpose? (see cosmological argument) == Esoteric Cosmology == Many Esotericism and Occultism teachings involve highly elaborate cosmologies. These constitute a "map" of the universe and of states of existences and consciousness according to the worldview of that particular doctrine. Such cosmologies cover many of the same concerns also addressed by religious and philosophical cosmology, such as the origin, purpose, and destiny of the universe and of consciousness and the nature of existence. For this reason it is sometimes difficult to distinguish where religion or philosophy end and esotericism or occultism begins. However, esoteric cosmology is distinguished from religion in its more sophisticated construction and reliance on intellectual understanding rather than faith, and from philosophy in its emphasis on techniques of psycho-spiritual transformation. Common themes addressed in esoteric cosmology are emanation, Involution (philosophy), Plane (cosmology) , hierarchies of spiritial beings, cosmic cycles, Yoga or spiritual disciplines, and references to altered states of consciousness. Examples of esoteric cosmologies can be found in Gnosticism, Tantra (especially Kashmir Shaivism), Kabbalah, Theosophy, Anthroposophy, and the Fourth Way teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky. ==External links== * http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~icke/ps/CosmEquations.pdf Cosmology lecture notes with a Wikipedia:List_of_GFDL_content_on_the_internet Cosmology bs:Kosmologija fa:کیهانشناسی simple:Cosmology
==Moved article== I moved the cosmology article to physical cosmology and I'm working on improving the various pages linked. I did this *because I thought the [physical cosmology] page needed to actually say something about cosmology (its history, etc), and not merely be a collection of links to various pages in :Category:Cosmology *because I think cosmology as a branch of metaphysics needs a seperate page, written by people who know about it. Making more than two millenia of cosmology as a philisophical topic a mere subsection in a physics article is unfair. Unfortunately, I'm only really qualified to improve the physics article, which I hope to do. I should also note that I don't think having this page as merely a disambiguation page is the best idea for the long term. It would be nice to have a short article unifying the religious, philisophical and religious beliefs, because they really were all intertwined until the 20th century. The comments below are taken from the original cosmology talk page, and are, I think, relevant. --User:Joke137 01:22, 10 May 2005 (UTC) ---- Should this be moved to "List of cosmology related articles"? Or is it completely irrelevant bow due to the categories? Or should it be re-expanded to an article? --17:01, 2005 Jan 31 (UTC) :It is an unwritten article, mostly. Or the pre-cursor of Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Cosmology, compare Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Astronomy. --User:Pjacobi 20:37, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC) ---- Any notion that cosmology is limited to the branch of ''physics'' called 'cosmology' belies an ignorance of the ''millennia-long'' traditions of cosmology in religion and philosophy which in turn belies a lack of grounding in the liberal arts. Please see these web pages: [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04413a.htm cosmology] [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04405c.htm cosmogony] Probably, we will want separate articles, "cosmology (physics)" (if 'cosmology' is indeed the usual, most technical, hip, and up-to-date term for the study of the origins of the universe) and "cosmology (religion and philosophy)." --Larry == Metaphysical cosmology == I revised the definition of metaphysical cosmology. I don't think it is simply an adjunct to religious cosmology and apologetics. Please see the article linked above, for more detail, as that is what I principally used to write the paragraph. --User:Joke137 22:40, 16 May 2005 (UTC) I certainly don't mean to suggest that metaphysical cosmology is merely an extention of religious cosmology, but the overlap is highly non-trivial. Philosophers often make statements about the cause/creator of the universe and it's purpose. Sometimes these arguments begin with the assumption of scriptual precepts, such as basically all of the major school of Islamic philosophy, and other times they are predicated only on natural observations (i.e. the universe exists therefore God exists). What distinguishes philosophical cosmology is the questions it asks and how it goes about answering them, but I don't believe you can ever draw a sharp line between religious / areligious and we need to find a way to describe this. User:Dragons flight 22:57, May 16, 2005 (UTC) I agree. I don't think anyone studying metaphysical cosmology would think that it had anything to do with intelligent design, though. I think this is adequately covered in the article as it is. :Funny, I would argue that intelligent design is a particular example of a metaphysical point of view. To overly simplify a philosophical argument: The universe is too complex to be random -> universe is not random -> there exists a God. In the specific case of intelligent design as applied to evolution, one would substitute "biology" for "the universe", but the flow of the argument is basically identical. Of course ID is caught up in a political mess with a lot of proponents who basically assume there is a God and look for any way to advance there point of view, but that doesn't change the fact that the argument itself is basically proceding from natural observations and philosophical reasoning, in contrast to arguments from scriptual authority. I'm certainly not a believer in ID, but it strikes me as the quintessential modern example of someone using philosophical reasoning to argue that natural processes lead to religious conclusions. User:Dragons flight 23:38, May 16, 2005 (UTC) Incidentally, I don't think the use of apologetics in the article was POV, but I understand how someone could interpret it in the colloquial way and get that impression.--User:Joke137 23:14, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
{| align="right" id="toc" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |- style="background:#f2f2f2" align="center" | style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"| Physical Cosmology |- align="left" | *Big Bang *Big Bounce *Big Crunch *General relativity *Grand unification theory *M-theory *Multiverse *Quantum physics *Steady state theory *String theory |- align="right" | [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cosmology&action=edit .] |}Cosmology
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Words begining with Cosmology:
Cosmology
Cosmology
Cosmology
Cosmology
Cosmology/Inflation
Cosmology_(band)
Cosmology_(metaphysics)
Cosmology_of_Kyoto
Cosmology_statement
Cosmology
Astrophysics
Cosmology
:''For the jazz band, see: Cosmology (band) Cosmology, from the Greek language: κοσμολογία (κόσμος world + λογια discourse) is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension man's place in it. Though the word ''cosmology'' is itself of fairly modern origin, first penned in Wolff's ''Cosmologia Generalis'' (1730), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, and religion. ==Disciplines== The earliest form of cosmology appears in the origin beliefs of many religions as they seek to explain the existance and nature of the world. In many cases, views about the creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of religious cosmology for understanding man's role in the universe and his relationship to god. In recent times, physics and astrophysics have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as physical cosmology, i.e. the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the big bang, a sort of cosmic explosion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 ± 0.2 billion (109) years ago. After its violent beginnings and until its very end of the universe, scientists then propose that the entire history of the universe has been an orderly progression governed by physical laws. In between the doctrines of religion and science, stand the philosophy perspective of cosmology (metaphysics). This ancient field of study seeks to draw logical conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, god and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation. One example is the cosmological argument which is an arguments for the existence of God based primarily on the point of view that the mere existence of a universe demands a creator. == Religious cosmology == Many world religions have origin belief that explain the beginnings of the universe and life. Often these are derived from scripture teachings and held to be part of the faith's dogma, but in some cases these are also extended through the use of philosophical and metaphysical arguments (e.g. arguments for the existence of God). In the vast majority of origin beliefs, the universe was cosmogony by a direct act of a god who are also responsible for the creation of man. As a conscious creation, the universe is usually assumed to be endowed by its creator with some purpose or design, aspects of which are often used to frame man's role in the world and his relationship with God. In many cases, religious cosmologies also foretell the eschatology, either through another divine act or as part of the original design. *Both Christianity and Judaism accept creation according to Genesis. See also Biblical cosmology and Tzimtzum. *Kalam cosmological argument in Islam's Kalam. Many religions accept the findings of physical cosmology, in particular the big bang, and some, such as the Roman Catholic Church, have embraced it as suggesting a philisophical first cause. Others have tried to use the methodology of science to advocate for their own religious cosmology, as in intelligent design. == Physical cosmology == Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics, which deals with the study of the physical origins of the universe and the nature of the universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as celestial mechanics, the study of the celestial sphere. The Greek philosophers Aristarchus, Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century. With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of Principia Mathematica, the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philosophical advance in physical cosmology. Modern scientific cosmology may be considered to begin in 1915 with Albert Einstein's publication of his theory of general relativity and the growing ability of astronomy to study very distant objects. Prior to this, physicists' prejudices had led them to assume that the universe was static and unchanging. However, the general theory of relativity was not amenable to a static universe. Thus the big bang theory was proposed by Georges Lemaître and confirmed by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the recession of distant galaxies and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. == Metaphysical Cosmology == In philosophy and metaphysics, cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. Historically, it has had quite a broad scope, and in many cases was founded in religion. The ancient Greeks did not draw a distinction between this use and their model for the cosmos. However, in modern use it addresses questions about the universe which are beyond the scope of science. It is distinguished from religious cosmology in that it approches these questions using philisophical methods (e.g. dialectics). Modern metaphysical cosmology tries to address questions such as: *What is the origin of the universe? What is its first cause? Is its existence necessary? (see monism, pantheism, emanationism and creationism) *What are the ultimate material components of the universe? (see mechanism (philosophy), dynamism, hylomorphism, atomism) *What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the universe? Do the cosmos have a purpose? (see cosmological argument) == Esoteric Cosmology == Many Esotericism and Occultism teachings involve highly elaborate cosmologies. These constitute a "map" of the universe and of states of existences and consciousness according to the worldview of that particular doctrine. Such cosmologies cover many of the same concerns also addressed by religious and philosophical cosmology, such as the origin, purpose, and destiny of the universe and of consciousness and the nature of existence. For this reason it is sometimes difficult to distinguish where religion or philosophy end and esotericism or occultism begins. However, esoteric cosmology is distinguished from religion in its more sophisticated construction and reliance on intellectual understanding rather than faith, and from philosophy in its emphasis on techniques of psycho-spiritual transformation. Common themes addressed in esoteric cosmology are emanation, Involution (philosophy), Plane (cosmology) , hierarchies of spiritial beings, cosmic cycles, Yoga or spiritual disciplines, and references to altered states of consciousness. Examples of esoteric cosmologies can be found in Gnosticism, Tantra (especially Kashmir Shaivism), Kabbalah, Theosophy, Anthroposophy, and the Fourth Way teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky. ==External links== * http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~icke/ps/CosmEquations.pdf Cosmology lecture notes with a Wikipedia:List_of_GFDL_content_on_the_internet Cosmology bs:Kosmologija fa:کیهانشناسی simple:Cosmology
Cosmology
==Moved article== I moved the cosmology article to physical cosmology and I'm working on improving the various pages linked. I did this *because I thought the [physical cosmology] page needed to actually say something about cosmology (its history, etc), and not merely be a collection of links to various pages in :Category:Cosmology *because I think cosmology as a branch of metaphysics needs a seperate page, written by people who know about it. Making more than two millenia of cosmology as a philisophical topic a mere subsection in a physics article is unfair. Unfortunately, I'm only really qualified to improve the physics article, which I hope to do. I should also note that I don't think having this page as merely a disambiguation page is the best idea for the long term. It would be nice to have a short article unifying the religious, philisophical and religious beliefs, because they really were all intertwined until the 20th century. The comments below are taken from the original cosmology talk page, and are, I think, relevant. --User:Joke137 01:22, 10 May 2005 (UTC) ---- Should this be moved to "List of cosmology related articles"? Or is it completely irrelevant bow due to the categories? Or should it be re-expanded to an article? --17:01, 2005 Jan 31 (UTC) :It is an unwritten article, mostly. Or the pre-cursor of Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Cosmology, compare Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Astronomy. --User:Pjacobi 20:37, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC) ---- Any notion that cosmology is limited to the branch of ''physics'' called 'cosmology' belies an ignorance of the ''millennia-long'' traditions of cosmology in religion and philosophy which in turn belies a lack of grounding in the liberal arts. Please see these web pages: [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04413a.htm cosmology] [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04405c.htm cosmogony] Probably, we will want separate articles, "cosmology (physics)" (if 'cosmology' is indeed the usual, most technical, hip, and up-to-date term for the study of the origins of the universe) and "cosmology (religion and philosophy)." --Larry == Metaphysical cosmology == I revised the definition of metaphysical cosmology. I don't think it is simply an adjunct to religious cosmology and apologetics. Please see the article linked above, for more detail, as that is what I principally used to write the paragraph. --User:Joke137 22:40, 16 May 2005 (UTC) I certainly don't mean to suggest that metaphysical cosmology is merely an extention of religious cosmology, but the overlap is highly non-trivial. Philosophers often make statements about the cause/creator of the universe and it's purpose. Sometimes these arguments begin with the assumption of scriptual precepts, such as basically all of the major school of Islamic philosophy, and other times they are predicated only on natural observations (i.e. the universe exists therefore God exists). What distinguishes philosophical cosmology is the questions it asks and how it goes about answering them, but I don't believe you can ever draw a sharp line between religious / areligious and we need to find a way to describe this. User:Dragons flight 22:57, May 16, 2005 (UTC) I agree. I don't think anyone studying metaphysical cosmology would think that it had anything to do with intelligent design, though. I think this is adequately covered in the article as it is. :Funny, I would argue that intelligent design is a particular example of a metaphysical point of view. To overly simplify a philosophical argument: The universe is too complex to be random -> universe is not random -> there exists a God. In the specific case of intelligent design as applied to evolution, one would substitute "biology" for "the universe", but the flow of the argument is basically identical. Of course ID is caught up in a political mess with a lot of proponents who basically assume there is a God and look for any way to advance there point of view, but that doesn't change the fact that the argument itself is basically proceding from natural observations and philosophical reasoning, in contrast to arguments from scriptual authority. I'm certainly not a believer in ID, but it strikes me as the quintessential modern example of someone using philosophical reasoning to argue that natural processes lead to religious conclusions. User:Dragons flight 23:38, May 16, 2005 (UTC) Incidentally, I don't think the use of apologetics in the article was POV, but I understand how someone could interpret it in the colloquial way and get that impression.--User:Joke137 23:14, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
Cosmology
{| align="right" id="toc" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |- style="background:#f2f2f2" align="center" | style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"| Physical Cosmology |- align="left" | *Big Bang *Big Bounce *Big Crunch *General relativity *Grand unification theory *M-theory *Multiverse *Quantum physics *Steady state theory *String theory |- align="right" | [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cosmology&action=edit .] |}Cosmology
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Cosmology
Cosmology
Cosmology
Cosmology
Cosmology/Inflation
Cosmology_(band)
Cosmology_(metaphysics)
Cosmology_of_Kyoto
Cosmology_statement
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