{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0.5em" |- | bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
''Cortisol (hydrocortisone)'' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | ''11,17,21-trihydroxy-,(11beta)-
pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione'' |- align="center" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray" | CAS number
50-23-7 | ATC code
H02AB09 and others |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Chemical formula | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | C21H30O5 |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Molecular weight | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 362.465 |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Bioavailability | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Metabolism | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | half life | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Excretion | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Pregnancy category (pharmaceutical) | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | C |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Controlled Substance Act | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Delivery | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | Oral tablets, intravenously, topical |- |} Cortisol or hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid hormone synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands. While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone (in the zona glomerulosa) and some sex hormones (in the zona reticulosa), cortisol is its main secretion. ==Synthesis== Cortisol is synthesized from progesterone, the precursor of all steroid hormones. The conversion involves hydroxylation of C-11, C-17 and C-21. ==Physiology== The amount of cortisol present in the blood undergoes diurnal variation, with the highest levels present in the early morning, and lower levels in the evening, several hours after the onset of sleep. Information about the light/dark cycle is transmitted from the retina to the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus. Changed patterns of the serum cortisol levels have been observed in connection with abnormal ACTH levels, clinical depression, stress (psychology), and such physiological stressors as hypoglycemia, illness, fever, trauma, surgery, fear, pain, physical exertion or extremes of temperature. There is also significant individual variation, although a given person tends to have consistent rhythms. Some effects of cortisol being secreted into the bloodstream are an increase in blood pressure and glucose concentrations. Also it increases the glycogen formation in the liver (Freeman, 2002). The release of cortisol inhibits functioning of the immune system, and bone formation. Cortisol also inhibits the secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in negative_feedback of ACTH secretion. Some researchers believe that this normal feedback system may break down when animals are exposed to chronic stress. Most serum cortisol, all but about 4 percent, is bound to proteins including Transcortin (CBG), and albumin. Only free cortisol is available to most receptors. In normal release, cortisol has widespread actions which help restore homeostasis after stress. It acts as a physiological antagonist to insulin by promoting breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and so mobilizing energy reserves. In addition, immune and inflammatory cells have their responses to stress attenuated by cortisol. These normal endogenous functions are the basis for the physiological consequences of chronic stress - prolonged cortisol secretion causes muscle wastage, hyperglycemia, and suppresses immune / inflammatory responses. The same sequelae arise from long-term use of glucocorticoid drugs. Also, long-term exposure to cortisol results in damage to cells in the hippocampus. This damage results in impaired learning. However, short-term exposure of cortisol helps to create memories; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of flash bulb memories. ==Pharmacology== As an oral or injectable drug, cortisol is also known as hydrocortisone. It is used as an immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the treatment of severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, in place of prednisolone in patients who need steroid treatment but cannot take oral medication, and peri-operatively in patients on long-term steroid treatment to prevent an Addison's disease. It is given by topical application for its anti-inflammatory effect in allergic rashes, eczema and certain other inflammatory conditions. Compared to prednisolone, hydrocortisone is about 1/4th the strength. Dexamethasone is about 40 times stronger than hydrocortisone. For side effects, see corticosteroid and prednisolone. == See also == * Post-traumatic stress disorder * HPA axis * Cushing's syndrome * CortiSlim ==References== === Online === *[http://www.duchs.com/information/Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone] Fact Sheet ===Printed=== *Freeman, Scott (2002). ''Biological Science''. Prentice Hall; 2nd Pkg edition (December 30, 2004). ISBN 0132187469. *A. C. Guyton, J. E. Hall. ''Textbook of Medical Physiology''. W.B. Saunders Company; 10th edition (August 15, 2000). ISBN 072168677X. Glucocorticoids Immunosuppressive agents
This sentence needs a rewrite. I'm not sure what it's supposed to say * Since swelling is caused by the immune system, Cortisol can help to decrease the swell and severe allergy reaction. --User:LeeHunter 23:32, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) == Should merge with hydrocortisone? == There is another less developed page entitled hydrocortisone. Obviously it deals with the same substance. Perhaps that entry should be merged with this one? User:KBi 03:25, 3 May 2005 (UTC) I suppose they could be merged, as hydrocortisone is the synthetic cousin of cortisol (as far as I know)... :According to Guyton, Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology (p.875), these are just two names for the same substance. --User:Eleassar777 21:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC) :I looked up online sources such as the NIH and they say that hydrocortisone is the synthetic version of cortisone and that is is similar, but apparently not exactly, the same. Also, some people are allergic to [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1430387&dopt=Abstract hydrocortisone], though that article is about the skin and perhaps you can be allergic to natural cortisone on the skin or elsewhere. I would keep the article together, as they've apparently been merged now, and simply make sure that the distinction between them is made. User:Kjkolb 16:46, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Cortisol:
Cortisol
Cortisol
Cortisole
Cortisol
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0.5em" |- | bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
''Cortisol (hydrocortisone)'' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | ''11,17,21-trihydroxy-,(11beta)-
pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione'' |- align="center" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray" | CAS number
50-23-7 | ATC code
H02AB09 and others |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Chemical formula | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | C21H30O5 |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Molecular weight | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 362.465 |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Bioavailability | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Metabolism | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | half life | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Excretion | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Pregnancy category (pharmaceutical) | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | C |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Controlled Substance Act | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ? |- | bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Delivery | bgcolor="#ddeeff" | Oral tablets, intravenously, topical |- |} Cortisol or hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid hormone synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands. While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone (in the zona glomerulosa) and some sex hormones (in the zona reticulosa), cortisol is its main secretion. ==Synthesis== Cortisol is synthesized from progesterone, the precursor of all steroid hormones. The conversion involves hydroxylation of C-11, C-17 and C-21. ==Physiology== The amount of cortisol present in the blood undergoes diurnal variation, with the highest levels present in the early morning, and lower levels in the evening, several hours after the onset of sleep. Information about the light/dark cycle is transmitted from the retina to the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus. Changed patterns of the serum cortisol levels have been observed in connection with abnormal ACTH levels, clinical depression, stress (psychology), and such physiological stressors as hypoglycemia, illness, fever, trauma, surgery, fear, pain, physical exertion or extremes of temperature. There is also significant individual variation, although a given person tends to have consistent rhythms. Some effects of cortisol being secreted into the bloodstream are an increase in blood pressure and glucose concentrations. Also it increases the glycogen formation in the liver (Freeman, 2002). The release of cortisol inhibits functioning of the immune system, and bone formation. Cortisol also inhibits the secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in negative_feedback of ACTH secretion. Some researchers believe that this normal feedback system may break down when animals are exposed to chronic stress. Most serum cortisol, all but about 4 percent, is bound to proteins including Transcortin (CBG), and albumin. Only free cortisol is available to most receptors. In normal release, cortisol has widespread actions which help restore homeostasis after stress. It acts as a physiological antagonist to insulin by promoting breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and so mobilizing energy reserves. In addition, immune and inflammatory cells have their responses to stress attenuated by cortisol. These normal endogenous functions are the basis for the physiological consequences of chronic stress - prolonged cortisol secretion causes muscle wastage, hyperglycemia, and suppresses immune / inflammatory responses. The same sequelae arise from long-term use of glucocorticoid drugs. Also, long-term exposure to cortisol results in damage to cells in the hippocampus. This damage results in impaired learning. However, short-term exposure of cortisol helps to create memories; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of flash bulb memories. ==Pharmacology== As an oral or injectable drug, cortisol is also known as hydrocortisone. It is used as an immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the treatment of severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, in place of prednisolone in patients who need steroid treatment but cannot take oral medication, and peri-operatively in patients on long-term steroid treatment to prevent an Addison's disease. It is given by topical application for its anti-inflammatory effect in allergic rashes, eczema and certain other inflammatory conditions. Compared to prednisolone, hydrocortisone is about 1/4th the strength. Dexamethasone is about 40 times stronger than hydrocortisone. For side effects, see corticosteroid and prednisolone. == See also == * Post-traumatic stress disorder * HPA axis * Cushing's syndrome * CortiSlim ==References== === Online === *[http://www.duchs.com/information/Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone] Fact Sheet ===Printed=== *Freeman, Scott (2002). ''Biological Science''. Prentice Hall; 2nd Pkg edition (December 30, 2004). ISBN 0132187469. *A. C. Guyton, J. E. Hall. ''Textbook of Medical Physiology''. W.B. Saunders Company; 10th edition (August 15, 2000). ISBN 072168677X. Glucocorticoids Immunosuppressive agents
Cortisol
This sentence needs a rewrite. I'm not sure what it's supposed to say * Since swelling is caused by the immune system, Cortisol can help to decrease the swell and severe allergy reaction. --User:LeeHunter 23:32, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) == Should merge with hydrocortisone? == There is another less developed page entitled hydrocortisone. Obviously it deals with the same substance. Perhaps that entry should be merged with this one? User:KBi 03:25, 3 May 2005 (UTC) I suppose they could be merged, as hydrocortisone is the synthetic cousin of cortisol (as far as I know)... :According to Guyton, Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology (p.875), these are just two names for the same substance. --User:Eleassar777 21:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC) :I looked up online sources such as the NIH and they say that hydrocortisone is the synthetic version of cortisone and that is is similar, but apparently not exactly, the same. Also, some people are allergic to [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1430387&dopt=Abstract hydrocortisone], though that article is about the skin and perhaps you can be allergic to natural cortisone on the skin or elsewhere. I would keep the article together, as they've apparently been merged now, and simply make sure that the distinction between them is made. User:Kjkolb 16:46, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
C
CA | CB | CD | CE | CF | CG | CH | CI | CJ | CK | CL | CM | CN | CO | CP | CR | CS | CT | CU | CW | CX | CY | CZ |Words begining with Cortisol:
Cortisol
Cortisol
Cortisole
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