
In linguistics, a clitic is a word (linguistics) that syntax functions as a free morpheme, but phonetically appears as a bound morpheme; it is always pronounced with a following or preceding word. A clitic is either an enclitic, where the clitic is with the preceding word, or a proclitic, which is with the following word. A word and a clitic attached to it are pronounced like a single word, which respects the usual rules of the language in question. For example, if a word must have one and only one stressed syllable, then a word with a clitic must too (the clitic is usually unstressed). Clitics are often written as separate words. A clitic is not an affix. An affix syntactically and phonologically attaches to a base morpheme of a limited part of speech such as a verb, to form a new word. A clitic syntactically functions above the word level (i.e. on the phrase or clause level) and attaches only phonetically to the first, last, or only word in the phrase or clause, whichever part of speech the word belongs to. ==Examples== In the Indo-European languages, some clitics can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European: for example, ''-kwe'' is the original form of Latin ''-que'', Greek language ''te'', and Sanskrit ''-ca''. This word means "and" and is said after the word being added, e.g. SPQR "Senate ''and People'' of Rome". The English language enclitics are: * The abbreviated forms of ''be'': ** '''m'' in ''I'm'' ** '''re'' in ''you're'' ** '''s'' in ''she's'' * The abbreviated forms of personal pronouns: ** '''im'' in ''give'im a chance'' ** '''er'' in ''let'er go'' ** '''em'' in ''go get'em'' * For negation, the abbreviated form of ''not'': ** ''n't'' in ''could'''n't''''' * The abbreviated forms of auxiliary verbs: ** '''ll'' in ''they'll'' ** '''ve'' in ''they've'' ** '''d'' in ''they'd'' * To express the possessive of a phrase: ** '''s'' in ''the girl next door's cat'' (It's not just the ''door's cat''.) And the English proclitics are: * ''a'' in ''a desk'' * ''the'' in ''the house'' In the Romance languages, the articles and the non-emphatic object (grammar) pronouns are all clitics. In Spanish language, for example: :''las aguas'' ("the waters") = /la'saguas/ :''lo hicimos'' ("we made it") = /loi'simos/ :''dámelo'' ("give it to me") = /'damelo/ Clitics in other languages: *Latin: ''que'' and, ''ne'' (yes-no question) *Greek: ''te'' and, ''de'' but, ''gar'' for (in a logical argument), ''oun'' therefore *Russian language: ''ли'' (yes-no question), ''же'' (emphasis), ''не'' not (proclitic), ''бы'' (subjunctive) *Japanese language: all grammatical particles, such as the genitive postposition の ''no'' and the topic (linguistics) marker は ''wa'' *Dutch language: '''t'' definite article of neuter nouns and third person pronoun, '''k'' first person pronoun, ''je'' second person pronoun, ''-ie'' third person pronoun (this one should not be written as a separate word) ==External links== *[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACliticGrammar.htm SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a clitic?] ==See also== *Clitic doubling Parts of speech
==Page name== Shouldn't this entry be called "enclitic"? -- User:hajhouse Well, I now see the definition given here is that of an enclitic, not clitic. I will change it to have the proper definition. -- User:SJK ==Ambiguity== It's not clear to me what "this" refers to, at the end of the article, where it says: :According to some linguists, this is actually one single verb. --24.48.223.10 :The "this" I believe refers to the French pronouns. The author seems to be suggesting that the French pronouns are morphologically formed from a verbal root. I don't know enough French to comment further. -- User:Jonadab ==Greek enclitics== My first question is about the Greek enclitics. The article lists τε, δε, ουν, and γαρ, four of the major postpositives. My question then is whether the postpositives as a group are a subclass of clitics or whether these four words just happen to be both. -- User:Jonadab =="'em" an enclitic?== My second question is about 'em in "Give 'em some water"; I have always taken that for the third person plural pronoun in the objective case; in this example it is functioning as the indirect object, but it is also seen as the direct object ("kill 'em"). Additionally, the singular masculine form is often similarly shortened ("Give 'im some water"), though as far as I am aware "she" and "it" are always spoken and written in their entirety. Additionally, both forms can occur disconnected from the verb by other words, especially with a preposition, as in "Give it to 'em" or "Give it to 'im". This would seem to preclude its being a clitic as defined in the article. -- User:Jonadab : "'er" is used instead of "her" at times, for what it's worth. User:Kairos 08:29, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC) ==και== One final question: if τε is from -kwe as well as -ca in Sanskrit and Latin -que, is και (the primary word for "and" in common Greek) also related, or is its similarity a coincidence? (This final question is off-topic, since kai is not a clitic, but I'm curious.) -- User:Jonadab :It's probably not related to -τε, though there don't appear to be any secure cognates from other roots. Pokorny derives it from *kai 2 (519), and relates it (uncertainly) to Old Church Slavonic ''cě'' in ''a cě'' and ''cě i'' (apparently meaning something like "also, indeed"), as well as Latin ''ceu'' "as, just as", though this is usually referred to *k'e-iwe (from the pronominal stem *k'-). —User:Muke 03:07, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC) =="''Je ne lui le en y suis pas''"? French is the second language I learned, 32 years ago, and I speak it daily. Somebody please explain to me what this sentence is supposed to mean? User:Dhum Dhum 20:08 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) : French is my first language and I have no idea either. -- User:Tarquin 20:16 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) ::I would assume that is supposed to say ''je ne le lui y en suis pas venu'', not that that means anything either :) User:Adam Bishop 20:17 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) In what does it have to be changed, then? I don't suppose we'd want something like ''I him him about it there am not come.'' in Wikipedia, even in French ;-) I have a comparable question on Talk:Polysynthetic language User:Dhum Dhum 20:35 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) ==''Genitive'' or ''possessive''?== Shouldn't the ''genitive'' in '''"English: 's, marker of the genitive relation of a noun phrase"''' actually be ''possessive''? See possessive case and genitive case. User:Nanobug 15:29, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC) == An example to add. == A good example of a pro clitic is the Albanian e/i/te. Jimmy Dillies ==English clitics et al== I just saw that Takasugi-san made some changes. I've partially reverted two of them since I feel they're inaccurate: one, changing "word" to "unit", and two, the claim that clitics are usually "function words". The main idea of a clitic is that it joins to something else and forms a phonological ''word'' -- "phonological unit" is an imprecise term and doesn't get to the point. Because of that, also, a clitic is not usually a function word but a function ''morpheme'', or whatever one calls it. "clitic = function word" suggests that a clitic is a word, which is precisely what the article tries to explain a clitic really is ''not''. About the reordering: as it was, it seemed as if English was more important, or the paragon of clitic usage, while the other languages were placed at the end, only as "examples". This is to be avoided (see Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias). I've placed the whole abstract explanation first, then an examples section with references to Indo-European, then English, Romance, etc. --User:Pablo-flores 20:31, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC) :According to [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/index.htm SIL Glossary of linguistic terms], clitics are words. See the ''Kinds'' section in [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAWord.htm What is a word?], and you'll find ''clitic''. Also, see [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACliticGrammar.htm What is a clitic? (Grammar)] and you'll find "''(clitics) often have grammatical rather than lexical meaning''," i.e. they are often function words. Since SIL is a very reliable linguistic source, I think we should classify clitics as words. :In addition, the following are wrong: ::''the clitic attaches to full words of whatever kind'' :The clitic attaches to a noun, a phrase, or even a clause in some languages. E.g. the English clitic '''s'' can attach to a noun phrase with a determiner: ''the girl next door's cat''. ::''A clitic joined to a word forms a new phonological word'' :They are grammatically two words. They form a phonologically word-like unit. - User:TAKASUGI Shinji 16:43, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC) ==English genitive is a clitic== This is a reply to an unregistered user and a warning that might be useful in the future, as this tends to repeat from time to time. Please keep the warning at the top of this page. An anonymous user inserted the following text in the intro: :''The English genitive is sometimes regarded, illogically, as a clitic, as in the phrase "the Church of St Andrew's steeple," since the steeple belongs to the church and not to the deceased St Andrew. However, most people realize that this is an awkward construction and would phrase it as "the steeple of St Andrew's church," or "St Andrew's Church's steeple."'' A clitic attaches to phrases (a phrase might consist of a single word, or more). In "the Church of St Andrew's steeple", the clitic indeed marks a possession of the church and not of St Andrew; the phrase that the possessive attaches to is "the Church of St Andrew": :[the Church of [St Andrew]]'s steeple
If ''-'s'' was a case suffix, as implied, ''then'' it would be awkward and wrong:
:*the Church of [[St Andrew]'s steeple]
The problems of interpretation and ambiguity arise from the fact that English has two different genitive constructions (right-branching (linguistics) with ''of'', and left-branching with ''-'s'').
--User:Pablo-flores 22:12, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
:Very true... Especially since "awkwardness" doesn't equal ungrammaticality... and there are much less awkward examples than the steeple, such as "the Queen of England's iPod broke" which is better than "the iPod of the Queen of England broke", IMO. —User:Muke wikt:la:User talk:Mycēs 23:58, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Clitic:
Clitic
Clitic
Clitic_doubling
Clitic
In linguistics, a clitic is a word (linguistics) that syntax functions as a free morpheme, but phonetically appears as a bound morpheme; it is always pronounced with a following or preceding word. A clitic is either an enclitic, where the clitic is with the preceding word, or a proclitic, which is with the following word. A word and a clitic attached to it are pronounced like a single word, which respects the usual rules of the language in question. For example, if a word must have one and only one stressed syllable, then a word with a clitic must too (the clitic is usually unstressed). Clitics are often written as separate words. A clitic is not an affix. An affix syntactically and phonologically attaches to a base morpheme of a limited part of speech such as a verb, to form a new word. A clitic syntactically functions above the word level (i.e. on the phrase or clause level) and attaches only phonetically to the first, last, or only word in the phrase or clause, whichever part of speech the word belongs to. ==Examples== In the Indo-European languages, some clitics can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European: for example, ''-kwe'' is the original form of Latin ''-que'', Greek language ''te'', and Sanskrit ''-ca''. This word means "and" and is said after the word being added, e.g. SPQR "Senate ''and People'' of Rome". The English language enclitics are: * The abbreviated forms of ''be'': ** '''m'' in ''I'm'' ** '''re'' in ''you're'' ** '''s'' in ''she's'' * The abbreviated forms of personal pronouns: ** '''im'' in ''give'im a chance'' ** '''er'' in ''let'er go'' ** '''em'' in ''go get'em'' * For negation, the abbreviated form of ''not'': ** ''n't'' in ''could'''n't''''' * The abbreviated forms of auxiliary verbs: ** '''ll'' in ''they'll'' ** '''ve'' in ''they've'' ** '''d'' in ''they'd'' * To express the possessive of a phrase: ** '''s'' in ''the girl next door's cat'' (It's not just the ''door's cat''.) And the English proclitics are: * ''a'' in ''a desk'' * ''the'' in ''the house'' In the Romance languages, the articles and the non-emphatic object (grammar) pronouns are all clitics. In Spanish language, for example: :''las aguas'' ("the waters") = /la'saguas/ :''lo hicimos'' ("we made it") = /loi'simos/ :''dámelo'' ("give it to me") = /'damelo/ Clitics in other languages: *Latin: ''que'' and, ''ne'' (yes-no question) *Greek: ''te'' and, ''de'' but, ''gar'' for (in a logical argument), ''oun'' therefore *Russian language: ''ли'' (yes-no question), ''же'' (emphasis), ''не'' not (proclitic), ''бы'' (subjunctive) *Japanese language: all grammatical particles, such as the genitive postposition の ''no'' and the topic (linguistics) marker は ''wa'' *Dutch language: '''t'' definite article of neuter nouns and third person pronoun, '''k'' first person pronoun, ''je'' second person pronoun, ''-ie'' third person pronoun (this one should not be written as a separate word) ==External links== *[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACliticGrammar.htm SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a clitic?] ==See also== *Clitic doubling Parts of speech
Clitic
==Page name== Shouldn't this entry be called "enclitic"? -- User:hajhouse Well, I now see the definition given here is that of an enclitic, not clitic. I will change it to have the proper definition. -- User:SJK ==Ambiguity== It's not clear to me what "this" refers to, at the end of the article, where it says: :According to some linguists, this is actually one single verb. --24.48.223.10 :The "this" I believe refers to the French pronouns. The author seems to be suggesting that the French pronouns are morphologically formed from a verbal root. I don't know enough French to comment further. -- User:Jonadab ==Greek enclitics== My first question is about the Greek enclitics. The article lists τε, δε, ουν, and γαρ, four of the major postpositives. My question then is whether the postpositives as a group are a subclass of clitics or whether these four words just happen to be both. -- User:Jonadab =="'em" an enclitic?== My second question is about 'em in "Give 'em some water"; I have always taken that for the third person plural pronoun in the objective case; in this example it is functioning as the indirect object, but it is also seen as the direct object ("kill 'em"). Additionally, the singular masculine form is often similarly shortened ("Give 'im some water"), though as far as I am aware "she" and "it" are always spoken and written in their entirety. Additionally, both forms can occur disconnected from the verb by other words, especially with a preposition, as in "Give it to 'em" or "Give it to 'im". This would seem to preclude its being a clitic as defined in the article. -- User:Jonadab : "'er" is used instead of "her" at times, for what it's worth. User:Kairos 08:29, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC) ==και== One final question: if τε is from -kwe as well as -ca in Sanskrit and Latin -que, is και (the primary word for "and" in common Greek) also related, or is its similarity a coincidence? (This final question is off-topic, since kai is not a clitic, but I'm curious.) -- User:Jonadab :It's probably not related to -τε, though there don't appear to be any secure cognates from other roots. Pokorny derives it from *kai 2 (519), and relates it (uncertainly) to Old Church Slavonic ''cě'' in ''a cě'' and ''cě i'' (apparently meaning something like "also, indeed"), as well as Latin ''ceu'' "as, just as", though this is usually referred to *k'e-iwe (from the pronominal stem *k'-). —User:Muke 03:07, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC) =="''Je ne lui le en y suis pas''"? French is the second language I learned, 32 years ago, and I speak it daily. Somebody please explain to me what this sentence is supposed to mean? User:Dhum Dhum 20:08 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) : French is my first language and I have no idea either. -- User:Tarquin 20:16 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) ::I would assume that is supposed to say ''je ne le lui y en suis pas venu'', not that that means anything either :) User:Adam Bishop 20:17 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) In what does it have to be changed, then? I don't suppose we'd want something like ''I him him about it there am not come.'' in Wikipedia, even in French ;-) I have a comparable question on Talk:Polysynthetic language User:Dhum Dhum 20:35 28 Jun 2003 (UTC) ==''Genitive'' or ''possessive''?== Shouldn't the ''genitive'' in '''"English: 's, marker of the genitive relation of a noun phrase"''' actually be ''possessive''? See possessive case and genitive case. User:Nanobug 15:29, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC) == An example to add. == A good example of a pro clitic is the Albanian e/i/te. Jimmy Dillies ==English clitics et al== I just saw that Takasugi-san made some changes. I've partially reverted two of them since I feel they're inaccurate: one, changing "word" to "unit", and two, the claim that clitics are usually "function words". The main idea of a clitic is that it joins to something else and forms a phonological ''word'' -- "phonological unit" is an imprecise term and doesn't get to the point. Because of that, also, a clitic is not usually a function word but a function ''morpheme'', or whatever one calls it. "clitic = function word" suggests that a clitic is a word, which is precisely what the article tries to explain a clitic really is ''not''. About the reordering: as it was, it seemed as if English was more important, or the paragon of clitic usage, while the other languages were placed at the end, only as "examples". This is to be avoided (see Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias). I've placed the whole abstract explanation first, then an examples section with references to Indo-European, then English, Romance, etc. --User:Pablo-flores 20:31, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC) :According to [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/index.htm SIL Glossary of linguistic terms], clitics are words. See the ''Kinds'' section in [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAWord.htm What is a word?], and you'll find ''clitic''. Also, see [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACliticGrammar.htm What is a clitic? (Grammar)] and you'll find "''(clitics) often have grammatical rather than lexical meaning''," i.e. they are often function words. Since SIL is a very reliable linguistic source, I think we should classify clitics as words. :In addition, the following are wrong: ::''the clitic attaches to full words of whatever kind'' :The clitic attaches to a noun, a phrase, or even a clause in some languages. E.g. the English clitic '''s'' can attach to a noun phrase with a determiner: ''the girl next door's cat''. ::''A clitic joined to a word forms a new phonological word'' :They are grammatically two words. They form a phonologically word-like unit. - User:TAKASUGI Shinji 16:43, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC) ==English genitive is a clitic== This is a reply to an unregistered user and a warning that might be useful in the future, as this tends to repeat from time to time. Please keep the warning at the top of this page. An anonymous user inserted the following text in the intro: :''The English genitive is sometimes regarded, illogically, as a clitic, as in the phrase "the Church of St Andrew's steeple," since the steeple belongs to the church and not to the deceased St Andrew. However, most people realize that this is an awkward construction and would phrase it as "the steeple of St Andrew's church," or "St Andrew's Church's steeple."'' A clitic attaches to phrases (a phrase might consist of a single word, or more). In "the Church of St Andrew's steeple", the clitic indeed marks a possession of the church and not of St Andrew; the phrase that the possessive attaches to is "the Church of St Andrew": :
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
C
CA | CB | CD | CE | CF | CG | CH | CI | CJ | CK | CL | CM | CN | CO | CP | CR | CS | CT | CU | CW | CX | CY | CZ |Words begining with Clitic:
Clitic
Clitic
Clitic_doubling
Sponsored links: praca, nurkowanie.
These materials are based on Wikipedia and licensed under the GNU FDL
YouTube.com videos better site than Turbo Tax 2007
