:''This article is concerned with chicken as a domesticated fowl; for other uses of the term see chicken (disambiguation).'' ---- A chicken (''Gallus gallus'') is a type of domesticated bird which is usually raised as a type of poultry. It is believed to be descended from the wild Asian Red Junglefowl. Chickens are the most common bird in the world. The population in 2003 was 24 billion, according to the ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. ==General biology and habits== Male chickens are known as roosters (US and Canada), cockerals, or cocks. Female chickens are known as hens. Roosters can be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and bright pointed feathers on their necks. Both the male and female have distinctive waddles and combs. These organs help to cool the bird by redirecting bloodflow to the skin. In males, the combs are often more prominent, though this is not the case in all varieties. Chickens are omnivores and will feed on small seeds, herbs and leaves, grubs, insects and even small mammals like mice, if they can get them. Domestic chickens are typically fed commercially prepared feed that includes a protein source as well as grains. Chickens often scratch at the soil to get at adult insects and larva or seed. Domestic chickens are not capable of flying for long distances, although they are generally capable of flying for short distances such as over fences. Chickens will sometimes fly simply in order to explore their surroundings, but will especially fly in an attempt to flee when they perceive danger. Because of the risk of flight, chickens raised in the open air generally have one of their wings clipped by the breeder — the tips of the longest feathers on one of the wings are cut, resulting in unbalanced flight which the bird cannot sustain for more than a few meters. ([http://www.omlet.co.uk/chickenguide/guide.php?cat_selected=Chicken%20Care&sub_selected=wing%20clipping more on wing clipping]) egg_(food)_vary_in_color_depending_on_the_hen,_typically_ranging_from_bright_white_to_shades_of_brown_and_even_blue_or_green_(Auracana_varieties).">Image:Chicken eggs.jpg|thumb|250px|Chicken egg (food) vary in color depending on the hen, typically ranging from bright white to shades of brown and even blue or green (Auracana varieties). Chickens are gregarious birds and live together as a flock. They have a communial approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young. Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others, establishing a "pecking order", with dominant individuals having priority for access to food and nesting locations. Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established. Chickens will try to lay in nests that already contain eggs, and have been known to move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. Some farmers use fake eggs made from plastic or stone to encourage hens to lay in a particular location. The result of this behaviour is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird. Hens can also be extremely stubborn when it comes to always laying in the same location. It's not unknown for two (or more) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time. If the nest is small, or one of the hens is particularly determined, this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other. Contrary to popular belief, roosters may crow at anytime of the day. Their crowing - a loud and sometimes shrill call - is a territorial signal to other roosters. ===Going broody=== Sometimes a hen will stop laying and instead will focus on the incubation of eggs, a state that is commonly known as ''going broody''. A broody chicken will sit fast on the nest, and protest if disturbed or removed, and will rarely leave the nest to eat, drink, or dust bathe. While broody, the hen keeps the eggs at a constant temperature and humidity, as well as turning the eggs regularly. At the end of the incubation period, the eggs (if fertilised) will hatch, and the broody hen will take care of her young. If the eggs are not fertilised, the hen will eventually grow tired of being broody and leave the nest. Modern egg-laying breeds rarely go broody, and those that do will often stop part-way through the incubation cycle. Some breeds, such as the Cochin (chicken) regularly go broody, and make excellent mothers. ==Chickens as food== [[Image:USDA poultry cuts.png|thumb|right|The United States Department of Agriculture classifies cuts of poultry in a manner similar to beef.]] Chickens serve as one of the most common meats in the world, and are frequently prepared as food in a large number of ways. There is significant variation in cooking methods amongst cultures - historically common methods include roasting, baking, and frying. Today, chickens are also cooked by deep frying and prepared as fast food such as chicken nuggets. Modern varieties of chicken - such as the Cornish Cross -- are bred specifically for meat production, with an emphasis placed on the ratio of feed to meat produced by the animal. Chickens raised specifically for meat are called broilers. In the United States, broilers are typically butchered at a young age. Modern cornish cross hybrids, for example, are butchered as early as 8-weeks for fryers and 12 weeks for roasting birds. Typically, the muscle tissue (breast, legs, thigh, etc), livers, and gizzard are processed for food. Chicken feet are less commonly eaten. The head, internal organs such as the lungs and intestines, and feathers are typically discarded or ground into a protein meal for inclusion in other animal feeds. Capons (castrated cocks) produce more and fattier meat than normal roosters - for this reason they are considered a delicacy and were particularly popular in the Middle Ages. Caponizing a rooster, unlike castrating a cow or pig, requires delicate surgery and is considered an art almost lost today. The rooster's testicles lie within its body cavity. To remove them requires special equipment and skill. The individual caponizing the rooster must make precise and specialized cuts within the abdomen of the rooster. Infection and potential damage to the bird are possible should an unskilled individual perform the surgery. Chicken egg (food), produced by pullets and laying hens, are also very commonly eaten. The chicken egg is the most commonly eaten bird egg in the world. Hens may lay fertile or infertile eggs. Hens will continue to lay even if a rooster is not present, though these will not be viable. There is no difference in the nutritional value between a fertilized and unfertilized egg. As with meat chickens, modern breeding results in birds that can produce significantly more eggs, focusing on feed to egg conversion ratios. Modern egg chickens are typically derived from the early Leghorn varieties. When the egg is laid, the egg is soft, then hardening into a shell. This protective shell provides a foodsource that is easily transported and stored. Nurtitionally, the egg provides a rich source of protein and vitamins. Recent concerns over cholesterol, however, have caused many to question the inclusion of eggs in the diet. Some chicken breeds are raised for both meat and egg production. Typically heavy breeds, these are primarily grown by small farmers or hobbyists. These include breeds such as the Wyandotte, Brahma, or Barred Rock. ==Chickens as Pets== In Asia, varieties of chickens were developed with striking plumage and were kept for ornamental purposes including feather-footed varieties such as the Cochin or Silkies from China and varieties with extremely long tails from Japan. Asian ornamental varieties were imported into the United States and Great Britain in the late 1800s. Poultry fanciers then began keeping these ornamental birds for exhibition, a practice that continues today. From these origins in Asia, distinctive American varieties of chickens were developed. Today, several cities in the United States still allow residents to keep live chickens as pets though the practice is quickly disappearing. Individuals in rural communities commonly keep chickens for both ornamental and practical value. Some communities ban only roosters, allowing the more quiet hens. ==Chickens in Agriculture== In the United States, chickens were once raised primarily on the family farm. Prior to about 1930, chicken was served for primarily on special occasions or on Sunday as the birds were typically more valued for their eggs than meat. Excess roosters or non-productive hens would be culled from the flock first for butchering. As cities developed and markets sprung up across the nation, live chickens from local farms could often be seen for sale in crates outside the market, to be butchered and cleaned onsite by the butcher. With the advent of refrigeration, poultry production changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants emerged that could grow birds by the thousands. Adult chickens could be sent to factories for butchering and processing into pre-packaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Large farms or factories could be established devoted solely to egg production and packaging. Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability has made chicken a common and significant meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over cholesterol in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption. Similarly, egg production also changed with the development of automation and refrigeration. Today, eggs are grown on factory farms in controlled settings. Special varieties of chickens are fed special diets high in calcium and protein to stimulate maximum egg production. Chickens are exposed to artificial light cycles to stimulate egg production year-round. In addition, it is a common practice to force chickens to molt through the careful manipulation of light and the amount of food they receive in order to further increase egg production. == Issues with mass production == Many animal advocates object to killing chickens for food or object to the conditions under the factory farming under which they are raised. Commercial chicken production often involves raising the birds in large crowded warehouses that prevent the chickens from engaging in many of their natural behaviours. Another welfare issue is the use of genetic selection to create heavy large-breasted birds, which can lead to crippling leg disorders and heart failure for some of the birds. In addition, many scientists have raised concerns that companies growing one variety of bird for eggs are meat are much more susceptible to potentially devastating disease. For this reason, many scientists are promoting the conservation of heritage breeds to retain genetic diversity in the species. Slaughter is another important welfare issue. Based on United States Department of Agriculture figures, it is estimated that millions of chickens are burned alive in scalding tanks every year. Many chickens also suffer broken bones caused by rough handling before and during slaughter. In the United States, chickens are exempt from the Humane Slaughter Act. In response to these concerns various companies now raise free range birds. Some believe they taste better due to the effects of the exercise and the less stressful environment under which they are raised. Another method, promoted by Joel Salatin, is the use of chicken "tractors". These are portable coops that moved through pastures through the year, allowing the birds to eat herbaceous vegetation and insects without depleting the vegetation at a single spot. ==Cockfighting== [[Image:Cock_and_owner_Bali.jpg|thumb|right|Rooster after winning a cockfight in Bali]] Male chickens, known as cocks (in most countries), cockerels (if younger than one year) or roosters (primarily in the US and Canada), are common symbols of masculinity, and their natural inclination to fight has been exploited in staged cockfights, sometimes with a metal spike added to or replacing the natural spurs. Most countries have banned cockfighting, but it is still legal in two United States of America states, New Mexico and Louisiana, and is common in Southeast Asia. Cockfighting was popular in ancient Greece. According to tradition, it was introduced in Athens by Themistokles as a public spectacle. Fighting cocks were fed garlic and onions to increase their aggression. In ancient Greece, the gift of a fighting cock among men was a common way to initiate a homosexual relationship. Gems often show a cock combined with Eros (god), the god of love. Sometimes cockfighting has a religious significance, as in Bali, where the shed blood is seen as cleansing. ==Hatching chickens in Sumatra== The following singular, though effectual mode of hatching chickens, prevails in the interior of Sumatra: The hens, whether from being frightened off their nests by the rats, which are very numerous and destructive, or from some other cause hitherto prevalent in Sumatra, do not hatch their chickens in the ordinary way, as is seen in almost all other climates. The natives have for this purpose, in each village, several square rooms, the walls of which are made of a kind of brick, dried in the sun. In the middle of these rooms they make a large fire, round which they place their eggs at regular distances. In this manner they let them lie for fourteen days, now and then turning them, that the warmth may be equal in all parts; and on the fifteenth day, the chicken makes its appearance, and proves in every respect as strong as those hatched according to the course of nature. == Gallery of chicks ==
Image:More chicks.jpg
Image:Chick06.jpg
Image:Chicks.jpg
==Chicken diseases==
*Avian influenza (bird flu)
*Botulism
*Newcastle disease
*Scaly leg
*Common colds
*Coccidiosis
*Marek's disease
*Fowl pox
*Egg bound
*Crop bound
Chickens are also susceptable to parasites, including lice, mites, ticks, fleas, and Roundworms.
Chickenpox is a disease of humans, not chickens.
==Chickens in religion==
[[Image:Huehner.jpg|thumb|Chickens, Indonesia]]
In Indonesia the chicken has great significance during the Hindu cremation ceremony. A chicken is a channel for evil spirits which may be present during the ceremony. A chicken is tethered by the leg and kept present at the ceremony for the duration to ensure that any evil spirits present during the ceremony go into the chicken and not the family members present. The chicken is then taken home and returns to its normal life. It is not treated in any special way or slaughtered after the ceremony.
In ancient Greece, the chicken was not normally used for sacrifices, perhaps because it was still considered an exotic animal. Because of its valour, cocks are found as attributes of Ares, Heracles and Athena. The Greeks believed that even lions were afraid of cocks.
In the cult of Mithras, the cock was a symbol of the divine light and a guardian against evil.
In the Bible, Jesus prophesied the betrayal by Peter: "And he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me." (Gospel of Luke 22:43) Thus it happened (Luke 22:61), and Peter cried bitterly. This made the cock a symbol for both vigilance and betrayal.
Earlier, Jesus compares himself to a mother hen: "How often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not!" (Gospel of Matthew 23:37; also Luke 13:34).
In many Central European folk tales, the devil is believed to flee at the first crowing of a cock.
==History==
The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinth, Greece pottery of the 7th century BC. The poet Cratinus (mid-5th century BC, according to the later Greek author Athenaeus) calls the chicken "the Irann alarm". In Aristophanes's comedy ''The Birds (play)'' (414 BC) a chicken is called "the Medes bird", which points to an introduction from the East. Pictures of chickens are found on Greek red-figure pottery and black-figure pottery.
In ancient Greece, chickens were still rare and were a rather prestigious food for symposia. Delos seems to have been a centre of chicken breeding.
An early domestication of chickens in New Guinea is probable, since the word for domestic chicken (''*manuk'') is part of the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian language (see Austronesian languages). Chickens, together with dogs and pigs, were the domestic animals of the Lapita culture, the first Neolithic culture of Oceania.
Chickens were spread by Polynesian seafarers and reached Easter Island in the 12th century AD, where they were the only domestic animal, with the possible exception of the Polynesian Rat (''Rattus exulans''). They were housed in extremely solid chicken coops built from stone. Traveling as cargo on trading boats, they reached the Asian continent via the islands of Indonesia and from there spread west to Europe and western Asia.
===Chickens in Ancient Rome===
The Romans used chickens for oracles, both when flying ("ex avibus") and when feeding ("auspicium ex tripudiis"). The hen ("gallina") gave a favourable omen ("auspicium ratum"), when appearing from the left (Cic.,de Div. ii.26), like the crow and the owl.
For the oracle "ex tripudiis" according to Cicero (Cic. de Div. ii.34), any bird could be used, but normally only chickens ("pulli") were consulted. The chickens were cared for by the pullarius, who opened their cage and fed them pulses or a special kind of soft cake when an augury was needed. If the chickens stayed in their cage, made noises ("occinerent"), beat their wings or flew away, the omen was bad; if they ate greedily, the omen was good.
In 249 BC, the Roman general Publius Claudius Pulcher had his chickens thrown overboard when they refused to feed before the battle of Drepana, saying "If they won't eat, perhaps they will drink." He promptly lost the battle against the Carthaginians and 93 Roman ships were sunk. Back in Rome, he was tried for impiety and heavily fined.
In 161 BC a law was passed in Rome that forbade the consumption of fattened chickens. It was renewed a number of times, but does not seem to have been successful. Fattening chickens with bread soaked in milk was thought to give especially delicious results. The Roman gourmet Apicius offers 17 recipes for chicken, mainly boiled chicken with a sauce. All parts of the animal are used: the recipes include the stomach, liver, testicles and even the pygostyle (the fatty "tail" of the chicken where the tail feathers attach).
The Roman author Columella gives advice on chicken breeding in his 8th book of his treatise on agriculture. He identifies Tanagrian, Rhodic, Chalkidic and Median (commonly misidentified as Melian) breeds, which have an impressive appearance, a quarrelsome nature and were used for cockfighting by the Greeks. For farming, native (Roman) chickens are to be preferred, or a cross between native hens and Greek cocks. Dwarf chickens are nice to watch because of their size but have no other advantages.
Per Columella, the ideal flock consists of 200 birds, which can be supervised by one person if someone is watching for stray animals. White chickens should be avoided as they are not very fertile and are easily caught by eagles or goshawks. One cock should be kept for five hens. In the case of Rhodian and Median cocks that are very heavy and therefore not much inclined to sex, only three hens are kept per cock. The hens of heavy fowls are not much inclined to brood; therefore their eggs are best hatched by normal hens. A hen can hatch no more than 15-23 eggs, depending on the time of year, and supervise no more than 30 hatchlings. Eggs that are long and pointed give more male, rounded eggs mainly female hatchlings.
Per Columella, Chicken coops should face southeast and lie adjacent to the kitchen, as smoke is beneficial for the animals. Coops should consist of three rooms and possess a hearth. Dry dust or ash should be provided for dust-baths.
According to Columella, chicken should be fed on barley groats, small chick-peas, millet and wheat bran, if they are cheap. Wheat itself should be avoided, it is harmful to the birds. Boiled ryegrass (''Lollium'' sp.) and the leaves and seeds of alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'' L.) can be used as well. Grape marc can be used, but only when the hens stop laying eggs, that is, about the middle of November; otherwise eggs are small and few. When feeding grape marc, it should be supplemented with some bran. Hens start to lay eggs after the winter solstice, in warm places around the first of January, in colder areas in the middle of February. Parboiled barley increases their fertility; this should be mixed with alfalfa leaves and seeds, or vetches or millet if alfalfa is not at hand. Free-ranging chickens should receive two cups of barley daily.
Columella advises farmers to slaughter hens that are older than three years, because they no longer produce sufficient eggs.
Capons were produced by burning out their spurs with a hot iron. The wound was treated with potter's chalk.
For the use of poultry and eggs in the kitchens of ancient Rome see Roman eating and drinking.
==Famous chickens==
===Real chickens===
*Mike the Headless Chicken
===Fictional chickens===
*Chanticleer, the rooster from Geoffrey Chaucer's ''The Canterbury Tales'' ("The Nun's Priest's Tale")
*Foghorn Leghorn the Rooster
*Le galline pensose of Luigi Malerba (Einaudi, 1980).
*Alecto and Galina in: Clemens Brentano, The Tale of Gockel, Hinkel, and Gackeleia (New York Random House 1961), (1838).
*Ginger, the protagonist of the movie ''Chicken Run- (or Rockie, Babs, Mac etc.)''
*The San Diego Chicken
*Chicken Boo
*Chicken, from the ''Cow and Chicken'' cartoon series
*Chicken Little, the chicken that thought the sky was falling when an apple landed on its head.
*The Subservient Chicken, part of a viral marketing promotion.
===Mythical creatures with chicken-like anatomy===
#The hut of the Russian witch Baba Yaga moves on chicken feet
#The demon Abraxas, often depicted on "Gnosis gems" has a cock's head, the upper body of a man, while his lower part is formed by a snake. He often holds a whip.
#The Basilisk, an animal who kills with a single glance and poisons wells, was hatched by a toad from a cock's egg.
#The cockatrice.
==Chickens in pop culture==
* ''Chicken Run'' is the humorous story of a band of chickens who seek escape from their coop before their evil owners make them all into chicken pies.
* Games in the ''Legend of Zelda'' series commonly feature a species of chickens known as "Cuckoos."
==See also==
*Chicken hypnotism
*:Category: Chicken breeds, list of chicken breeds
== External links ==
*[http://www.randomchicken.com/ Wonderful chicken information]
*The treatment of chickens raised for food:
**[http://www.chickenindustry.com/ ChickenIndustry.com]
**[http://www.kentuckyfriedcruelty.com/ KentuckyFriedCruelty.com]
**[http://upc-online.org/slaughter/slaughter3web.pdf Poultry Slaughter: The Need for Legislation] (in Portable Document Format), by Karen Davis, PhD
*Breeds of Chicken:
**[http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/BRKPoultryPage.html Feathersite]
GalliformesPoultry
nds:Hohn
---- So I was hoping to find something about chicken farming here... like, for example, what is the role of roosters in chicken farming? How often do hens lay? Could anyone add these things? User:Graft 15:35, 4 Nov 2003 (UTC) :Now could somebody add a modern version? I have the feeling that some of Columella's advice is obsolete, but I know from nothing. --User:JerryFriedman 19:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) ---- Man, the top of this page looks awful. Anyone know table formatting enough to fix what's wrong? User:Jwrosenzweig 20:06, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC) great! thanks a lot! User:Yak 13:55, Feb 13, 2004 (UTC) ---- Look at this sentence: "All parts of the animal are used, the recipes mention even the stomach, liver, the balls and even the parson's nose." Are the chicken "balls" what I think they are, or is it just my pruient mind? If chicken "balls" are not testicles, then what are they? And what is a "parson's nose"?User:Brian_Schlosser42 23 April 2004 :I can't think of anything other than testicles for balls (speaking as an amateur chicken raiser for the last decade plus). "The parson's nose" is a weird slang term for the fatty stub on the chicken where the tail feathers attach; it's more commonly called the "tail" (though incorrectly), and its proper term, I believe, is the pygostyle. I'll fix the sentence in question. User:Jwrosenzweig 19:11, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC) ::if you dislike parson's nose, ok, but what IS the correct English name? You have simply replaced it by an explanation. --User:Yak 17:42, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC) :::"pygostyle" It's also called the Pope's nose. I didn't know any name for it till I was in my twenties, and I suspect a lot of English speakers don't. --User:JerryFriedman 19:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) ---- ''"Columella advises to slaughter hens that are older than three years ..."''. What or who is Columella ? User:Jay 09:30, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC) Ancient Roman author writing on Agriculture --User:Yak 20:34, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC) :Thanks yak. User:Jay 17:26, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Capons== Speaking of balls, is "capos" (near the end of "Chicken breeding" a typo for "capons"? If so, it needs explanation, as the spurs are not the only thing removed from capons. I hope the Romans didn't castrate roosters with hot irons! --User:JerryFriedman 19:47, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) :capons, yes. Columella says: Of these three, only the female animals are called chicken (gallinae), the male cocks (galli) and the halfmale capons (semimares galli), and they are called thus because they have been castrated to abolish the sexual urge. This is done not by removing the genitals, but by buring out the spurs with a hot iron, when these have been destroyed by the heat, the wounds are covered with potter's clay until they are healed. (Book 8, chapter 2, 3-4). :not very nice, I am sure, but that's it. How do you castrate cocks? --User:Yak 22:03, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC) ::Since chickens and other birds don't have external testicles, the castration of a cock usually involves an operation to remove the testicales from ''inside'' the chicken. The page on capons has a link that shows how this is performed. This sort of effort is the reason why you don't see many capons available for sale. --User:Pjf 09:09, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC) :::As a matter of fact, capons are somewhat commonly sold in the Christmas season in some parts of Europe, such as France. They are a smaller alternative to turkey. (Of course, they are pricier than normal chickens.) User:David.Monniaux 08:29, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==Genome== Should we add something about the news that scientists have "cracked" the chicken genome (cracked may not be the right word....help me, biologists?)? [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=585&ncid=585&e=4&u=/nm/20041208/sc_nm/science_chicken_dc] User:Jwrosenzweig 00:14, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) ---- Seriously, the explanation of Columella's chicken breeding habits is an interesting read, but it should have no place in a main atricle on a encyclopedia. Reasons: It's probably outdated information, and as far as I guess, it has had no especially significant or peculiar impact on current breeding habits to warrant a place on a generic article about chickens. (For reference: If the information really isn't outdated, it should be mentioned that "even though this was written a long time ago, chickens are still handled in the exact same way as in historical Rome".) I'd like to see the text moved to it's own article, for example titled "Historical Roman chicken breeding habits", or something alike. If there are no arguments against this, I'll probably be back to do the change it at some point. I'd also like to see some information on chicken egg fertilization and such. I'd add that myslef, but unfortunately as I came here searching for the said information, I do not have it to share. --User:195.148.72.14 17:36, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Cratinus & Athenaeus == I replaced "Kratinos" with its Romanization of "Cratinus" so that it would link to the appropriate article. Regarding the "Athinaios" citation, I couldn't find anything. Cratinus didn't have any works by that name. Athenaeus reported some fragments of earlier Greek writers, so maybe that was what was meant. If I'm wrong, feel free to correct me. --User:Jpbrenna 05:08, 1 May 2005 (UTC) == Chicken Oddities == I've removed the following text from the article, as I do not believe it is encyclopedic, nor does it come with a reference: :''A lady brought a Chicken Hen on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno and it played "Mary Had A Little Lamb" on a child's toy piano and bowled 3 strikes scoring a Turkey. Some Animal Rights Activists like PETA see this and other amazing Chickens as evidence that Chickens are intelligent and sentient and shold not be killed or eaten.'' If anyone disagrees with this, or would like to argue that this section adds significantly to the article, then I would love to hear it. --User:Pjf User_talk:Pjf 04:08, 7 May 2005 (UTC) Added discussion of free range chickens and correct reference to broilers. == Smoking Birds == [snip]Chicken coops should face southeast and lie adjacent to the kitchen, as smoke is beneficial for the animals. Coops should consist of three rooms and possess a hearth. Dry dust or ash should be provided for dust-baths.[snip] Is that not a little... strange??? -- 129.116.66.194 :Chickens definitely need dust/ash/soil for dustbathing, it one of the birds' natural ways of removing parasites, as is essential for the well-being of the birds. As for smoke being beneficial to the birds, there are certain parasitic diseases that can affect a chicken's throat and respiratory system. These parasites ''can'' be killed by smoke, and one way to 'cure' birds suffering from such infestations was to put them in an extremely smokey room long enough to kill the parasites, but not the bird. The comment about it being beneficial in general may have reflected the lower incident of throat-parasites in birds kept in smokey conditions. :I'll need to dig through my books on chicken health and care to give references regarding the smoke and parasites. In any case it certainly needs further clarification in the text. --User:Pjf User_talk:Pjf 01:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Chickens in religion == The cock, pig, and snake are an important triune symbol in some Buddhist traditions (but for what, exactly, I don't remember at the moment. Something like anger, greed, and envy?) --User:216.240.37.31 23:57, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Chicken:
Chicken
Chicken
Chicken's_Neck
Chicken,_AK
Chicken,_Alaska
Chicken,_Alaska
Chicken-pox
Chicken-stabilizer
Chickenhawk
Chickenhawk
Chickenhawks
Chickenhawk_(bird)
Chickenhawk_(homosexual)
Chickenhawk_(politician)
Chickenhawk_(politician)
Chickenhawk_(politics)
Chickenhawk_(politics)
Chickenhead
Chickenhead
Chickenhouse
Chickenland
ChickenMerengo
ChickenMerengo
Chickenpox
Chickenpox
Chickenrun
Chickens
Chickenscratch
Chickenshit
Chickenshit
Chickenwire
Chicken_&_Beer
Chicken_&_Beer
Chicken_(disambiguation)
Chicken_(game)
Chicken_(short_film)
Chicken_(term_of_speech)
Chicken_(term_of_speech)
Chicken_(zodiac)
Chicken_and_Beer
Chicken_and_egg
Chicken_and_mushroom_pie
Chicken_Boo
Chicken_Boo
Chicken_Breeds
Chicken_breeds
Chicken_broth
Chicken_burger
Chicken_Cannon
Chicken_Chennai
Chicken_chennai
Chicken_coop
Chicken_Dance
Chicken_Dance
Chicken_Edwards
Chicken_Edwards
Chicken_egg
Chicken_egg
Chicken_Feet
Chicken_Fight
Chicken_fingers
Chicken_flu
Chicken_flu
Chicken_fried_steak
Chicken_fried_steak
Chicken_Fried_Toast
Chicken_Game
Chicken_game
Chicken_George
Chicken_hawk
Chicken_Huntin
Chicken_hypnosis
Chicken_hypnotism
Chicken_hypnotism
Chicken_Kiev
Chicken_Kiev
Chicken_Kiev.jpeg
Chicken_Lady
Chicken_Licken
Chicken_Little
Chicken_Little_(2005_movie)
Chicken_Little_Award
Chicken_Madras
Chicken_McNugget
Chicken_McNuggets
Chicken_mix.jpeg
Chicken_Noodle
Chicken_noodle_soup
Chicken_nugget
Chicken_nuggets
Chicken_of_the_Sea
Chicken_of_the_Sea_Mermaid
Chicken_of_the_Sea_Mermaid
Chicken_of_the_Woods
Chicken_or_egg
Chicken_Pox
Chicken_pox
Chicken_Ranch
Chicken_Ranch_(Movie)
Chicken_rice
Chicken_Run
Chicken_salt
Chicken_scratch
Chicken_sexer
Chicken_sexer
Chicken_sexing
Chicken_Shit
Chicken_Shit
Chicken_skin
Chicken_Soup
Chicken_soup
Chicken_soup
Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul
Chicken_stock
Chicken_strips
Chicken_Tikka_Masala
Chicken_tikka_masala
Chicken_Tikka_Massala
Chicken_Tonight
Chicken_Tonight
Chicken_Trek
Chicken_Tuna
Chicken_Tuna
Chicken_Tuna/Delete
Chicken_Turtle
Chicken_walker
Chicken_Walks_(dance_move)
Chicken_waterzooi
Chicken_wings
Chicken_wire
Chicken_wire_(chemistry)
Chicken
:''This article is concerned with chicken as a domesticated fowl; for other uses of the term see chicken (disambiguation).'' ---- A chicken (''Gallus gallus'') is a type of domesticated bird which is usually raised as a type of poultry. It is believed to be descended from the wild Asian Red Junglefowl. Chickens are the most common bird in the world. The population in 2003 was 24 billion, according to the ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. ==General biology and habits== Male chickens are known as roosters (US and Canada), cockerals, or cocks. Female chickens are known as hens. Roosters can be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and bright pointed feathers on their necks. Both the male and female have distinctive waddles and combs. These organs help to cool the bird by redirecting bloodflow to the skin. In males, the combs are often more prominent, though this is not the case in all varieties. Chickens are omnivores and will feed on small seeds, herbs and leaves, grubs, insects and even small mammals like mice, if they can get them. Domestic chickens are typically fed commercially prepared feed that includes a protein source as well as grains. Chickens often scratch at the soil to get at adult insects and larva or seed. Domestic chickens are not capable of flying for long distances, although they are generally capable of flying for short distances such as over fences. Chickens will sometimes fly simply in order to explore their surroundings, but will especially fly in an attempt to flee when they perceive danger. Because of the risk of flight, chickens raised in the open air generally have one of their wings clipped by the breeder — the tips of the longest feathers on one of the wings are cut, resulting in unbalanced flight which the bird cannot sustain for more than a few meters. ([http://www.omlet.co.uk/chickenguide/guide.php?cat_selected=Chicken%20Care&sub_selected=wing%20clipping more on wing clipping]) egg_(food)_vary_in_color_depending_on_the_hen,_typically_ranging_from_bright_white_to_shades_of_brown_and_even_blue_or_green_(Auracana_varieties).">Image:Chicken eggs.jpg|thumb|250px|Chicken egg (food) vary in color depending on the hen, typically ranging from bright white to shades of brown and even blue or green (Auracana varieties). Chickens are gregarious birds and live together as a flock. They have a communial approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young. Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others, establishing a "pecking order", with dominant individuals having priority for access to food and nesting locations. Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established. Chickens will try to lay in nests that already contain eggs, and have been known to move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. Some farmers use fake eggs made from plastic or stone to encourage hens to lay in a particular location. The result of this behaviour is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird. Hens can also be extremely stubborn when it comes to always laying in the same location. It's not unknown for two (or more) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time. If the nest is small, or one of the hens is particularly determined, this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other. Contrary to popular belief, roosters may crow at anytime of the day. Their crowing - a loud and sometimes shrill call - is a territorial signal to other roosters. ===Going broody=== Sometimes a hen will stop laying and instead will focus on the incubation of eggs, a state that is commonly known as ''going broody''. A broody chicken will sit fast on the nest, and protest if disturbed or removed, and will rarely leave the nest to eat, drink, or dust bathe. While broody, the hen keeps the eggs at a constant temperature and humidity, as well as turning the eggs regularly. At the end of the incubation period, the eggs (if fertilised) will hatch, and the broody hen will take care of her young. If the eggs are not fertilised, the hen will eventually grow tired of being broody and leave the nest. Modern egg-laying breeds rarely go broody, and those that do will often stop part-way through the incubation cycle. Some breeds, such as the Cochin (chicken) regularly go broody, and make excellent mothers. ==Chickens as food== [[Image:USDA poultry cuts.png|thumb|right|The United States Department of Agriculture classifies cuts of poultry in a manner similar to beef.]] Chickens serve as one of the most common meats in the world, and are frequently prepared as food in a large number of ways. There is significant variation in cooking methods amongst cultures - historically common methods include roasting, baking, and frying. Today, chickens are also cooked by deep frying and prepared as fast food such as chicken nuggets. Modern varieties of chicken - such as the Cornish Cross -- are bred specifically for meat production, with an emphasis placed on the ratio of feed to meat produced by the animal. Chickens raised specifically for meat are called broilers. In the United States, broilers are typically butchered at a young age. Modern cornish cross hybrids, for example, are butchered as early as 8-weeks for fryers and 12 weeks for roasting birds. Typically, the muscle tissue (breast, legs, thigh, etc), livers, and gizzard are processed for food. Chicken feet are less commonly eaten. The head, internal organs such as the lungs and intestines, and feathers are typically discarded or ground into a protein meal for inclusion in other animal feeds. Capons (castrated cocks) produce more and fattier meat than normal roosters - for this reason they are considered a delicacy and were particularly popular in the Middle Ages. Caponizing a rooster, unlike castrating a cow or pig, requires delicate surgery and is considered an art almost lost today. The rooster's testicles lie within its body cavity. To remove them requires special equipment and skill. The individual caponizing the rooster must make precise and specialized cuts within the abdomen of the rooster. Infection and potential damage to the bird are possible should an unskilled individual perform the surgery. Chicken egg (food), produced by pullets and laying hens, are also very commonly eaten. The chicken egg is the most commonly eaten bird egg in the world. Hens may lay fertile or infertile eggs. Hens will continue to lay even if a rooster is not present, though these will not be viable. There is no difference in the nutritional value between a fertilized and unfertilized egg. As with meat chickens, modern breeding results in birds that can produce significantly more eggs, focusing on feed to egg conversion ratios. Modern egg chickens are typically derived from the early Leghorn varieties. When the egg is laid, the egg is soft, then hardening into a shell. This protective shell provides a foodsource that is easily transported and stored. Nurtitionally, the egg provides a rich source of protein and vitamins. Recent concerns over cholesterol, however, have caused many to question the inclusion of eggs in the diet. Some chicken breeds are raised for both meat and egg production. Typically heavy breeds, these are primarily grown by small farmers or hobbyists. These include breeds such as the Wyandotte, Brahma, or Barred Rock. ==Chickens as Pets== In Asia, varieties of chickens were developed with striking plumage and were kept for ornamental purposes including feather-footed varieties such as the Cochin or Silkies from China and varieties with extremely long tails from Japan. Asian ornamental varieties were imported into the United States and Great Britain in the late 1800s. Poultry fanciers then began keeping these ornamental birds for exhibition, a practice that continues today. From these origins in Asia, distinctive American varieties of chickens were developed. Today, several cities in the United States still allow residents to keep live chickens as pets though the practice is quickly disappearing. Individuals in rural communities commonly keep chickens for both ornamental and practical value. Some communities ban only roosters, allowing the more quiet hens. ==Chickens in Agriculture== In the United States, chickens were once raised primarily on the family farm. Prior to about 1930, chicken was served for primarily on special occasions or on Sunday as the birds were typically more valued for their eggs than meat. Excess roosters or non-productive hens would be culled from the flock first for butchering. As cities developed and markets sprung up across the nation, live chickens from local farms could often be seen for sale in crates outside the market, to be butchered and cleaned onsite by the butcher. With the advent of refrigeration, poultry production changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants emerged that could grow birds by the thousands. Adult chickens could be sent to factories for butchering and processing into pre-packaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Large farms or factories could be established devoted solely to egg production and packaging. Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability has made chicken a common and significant meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over cholesterol in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption. Similarly, egg production also changed with the development of automation and refrigeration. Today, eggs are grown on factory farms in controlled settings. Special varieties of chickens are fed special diets high in calcium and protein to stimulate maximum egg production. Chickens are exposed to artificial light cycles to stimulate egg production year-round. In addition, it is a common practice to force chickens to molt through the careful manipulation of light and the amount of food they receive in order to further increase egg production. == Issues with mass production == Many animal advocates object to killing chickens for food or object to the conditions under the factory farming under which they are raised. Commercial chicken production often involves raising the birds in large crowded warehouses that prevent the chickens from engaging in many of their natural behaviours. Another welfare issue is the use of genetic selection to create heavy large-breasted birds, which can lead to crippling leg disorders and heart failure for some of the birds. In addition, many scientists have raised concerns that companies growing one variety of bird for eggs are meat are much more susceptible to potentially devastating disease. For this reason, many scientists are promoting the conservation of heritage breeds to retain genetic diversity in the species. Slaughter is another important welfare issue. Based on United States Department of Agriculture figures, it is estimated that millions of chickens are burned alive in scalding tanks every year. Many chickens also suffer broken bones caused by rough handling before and during slaughter. In the United States, chickens are exempt from the Humane Slaughter Act. In response to these concerns various companies now raise free range birds. Some believe they taste better due to the effects of the exercise and the less stressful environment under which they are raised. Another method, promoted by Joel Salatin, is the use of chicken "tractors". These are portable coops that moved through pastures through the year, allowing the birds to eat herbaceous vegetation and insects without depleting the vegetation at a single spot. ==Cockfighting== [[Image:Cock_and_owner_Bali.jpg|thumb|right|Rooster after winning a cockfight in Bali]] Male chickens, known as cocks (in most countries), cockerels (if younger than one year) or roosters (primarily in the US and Canada), are common symbols of masculinity, and their natural inclination to fight has been exploited in staged cockfights, sometimes with a metal spike added to or replacing the natural spurs. Most countries have banned cockfighting, but it is still legal in two United States of America states, New Mexico and Louisiana, and is common in Southeast Asia. Cockfighting was popular in ancient Greece. According to tradition, it was introduced in Athens by Themistokles as a public spectacle. Fighting cocks were fed garlic and onions to increase their aggression. In ancient Greece, the gift of a fighting cock among men was a common way to initiate a homosexual relationship. Gems often show a cock combined with Eros (god), the god of love. Sometimes cockfighting has a religious significance, as in Bali, where the shed blood is seen as cleansing. ==Hatching chickens in Sumatra== The following singular, though effectual mode of hatching chickens, prevails in the interior of Sumatra: The hens, whether from being frightened off their nests by the rats, which are very numerous and destructive, or from some other cause hitherto prevalent in Sumatra, do not hatch their chickens in the ordinary way, as is seen in almost all other climates. The natives have for this purpose, in each village, several square rooms, the walls of which are made of a kind of brick, dried in the sun. In the middle of these rooms they make a large fire, round which they place their eggs at regular distances. In this manner they let them lie for fourteen days, now and then turning them, that the warmth may be equal in all parts; and on the fifteenth day, the chicken makes its appearance, and proves in every respect as strong as those hatched according to the course of nature. == Gallery of chicks ==
Chicken
---- So I was hoping to find something about chicken farming here... like, for example, what is the role of roosters in chicken farming? How often do hens lay? Could anyone add these things? User:Graft 15:35, 4 Nov 2003 (UTC) :Now could somebody add a modern version? I have the feeling that some of Columella's advice is obsolete, but I know from nothing. --User:JerryFriedman 19:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) ---- Man, the top of this page looks awful. Anyone know table formatting enough to fix what's wrong? User:Jwrosenzweig 20:06, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC) great! thanks a lot! User:Yak 13:55, Feb 13, 2004 (UTC) ---- Look at this sentence: "All parts of the animal are used, the recipes mention even the stomach, liver, the balls and even the parson's nose." Are the chicken "balls" what I think they are, or is it just my pruient mind? If chicken "balls" are not testicles, then what are they? And what is a "parson's nose"?User:Brian_Schlosser42 23 April 2004 :I can't think of anything other than testicles for balls (speaking as an amateur chicken raiser for the last decade plus). "The parson's nose" is a weird slang term for the fatty stub on the chicken where the tail feathers attach; it's more commonly called the "tail" (though incorrectly), and its proper term, I believe, is the pygostyle. I'll fix the sentence in question. User:Jwrosenzweig 19:11, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC) ::if you dislike parson's nose, ok, but what IS the correct English name? You have simply replaced it by an explanation. --User:Yak 17:42, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC) :::"pygostyle" It's also called the Pope's nose. I didn't know any name for it till I was in my twenties, and I suspect a lot of English speakers don't. --User:JerryFriedman 19:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) ---- ''"Columella advises to slaughter hens that are older than three years ..."''. What or who is Columella ? User:Jay 09:30, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC) Ancient Roman author writing on Agriculture --User:Yak 20:34, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC) :Thanks yak. User:Jay 17:26, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Capons== Speaking of balls, is "capos" (near the end of "Chicken breeding" a typo for "capons"? If so, it needs explanation, as the spurs are not the only thing removed from capons. I hope the Romans didn't castrate roosters with hot irons! --User:JerryFriedman 19:47, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC) :capons, yes. Columella says: Of these three, only the female animals are called chicken (gallinae), the male cocks (galli) and the halfmale capons (semimares galli), and they are called thus because they have been castrated to abolish the sexual urge. This is done not by removing the genitals, but by buring out the spurs with a hot iron, when these have been destroyed by the heat, the wounds are covered with potter's clay until they are healed. (Book 8, chapter 2, 3-4). :not very nice, I am sure, but that's it. How do you castrate cocks? --User:Yak 22:03, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC) ::Since chickens and other birds don't have external testicles, the castration of a cock usually involves an operation to remove the testicales from ''inside'' the chicken. The page on capons has a link that shows how this is performed. This sort of effort is the reason why you don't see many capons available for sale. --User:Pjf 09:09, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC) :::As a matter of fact, capons are somewhat commonly sold in the Christmas season in some parts of Europe, such as France. They are a smaller alternative to turkey. (Of course, they are pricier than normal chickens.) User:David.Monniaux 08:29, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==Genome== Should we add something about the news that scientists have "cracked" the chicken genome (cracked may not be the right word....help me, biologists?)? [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=585&ncid=585&e=4&u=/nm/20041208/sc_nm/science_chicken_dc] User:Jwrosenzweig 00:14, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) ---- Seriously, the explanation of Columella's chicken breeding habits is an interesting read, but it should have no place in a main atricle on a encyclopedia. Reasons: It's probably outdated information, and as far as I guess, it has had no especially significant or peculiar impact on current breeding habits to warrant a place on a generic article about chickens. (For reference: If the information really isn't outdated, it should be mentioned that "even though this was written a long time ago, chickens are still handled in the exact same way as in historical Rome".) I'd like to see the text moved to it's own article, for example titled "Historical Roman chicken breeding habits", or something alike. If there are no arguments against this, I'll probably be back to do the change it at some point. I'd also like to see some information on chicken egg fertilization and such. I'd add that myslef, but unfortunately as I came here searching for the said information, I do not have it to share. --User:195.148.72.14 17:36, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Cratinus & Athenaeus == I replaced "Kratinos" with its Romanization of "Cratinus" so that it would link to the appropriate article. Regarding the "Athinaios" citation, I couldn't find anything. Cratinus didn't have any works by that name. Athenaeus reported some fragments of earlier Greek writers, so maybe that was what was meant. If I'm wrong, feel free to correct me. --User:Jpbrenna 05:08, 1 May 2005 (UTC) == Chicken Oddities == I've removed the following text from the article, as I do not believe it is encyclopedic, nor does it come with a reference: :''A lady brought a Chicken Hen on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno and it played "Mary Had A Little Lamb" on a child's toy piano and bowled 3 strikes scoring a Turkey. Some Animal Rights Activists like PETA see this and other amazing Chickens as evidence that Chickens are intelligent and sentient and shold not be killed or eaten.'' If anyone disagrees with this, or would like to argue that this section adds significantly to the article, then I would love to hear it. --User:Pjf User_talk:Pjf 04:08, 7 May 2005 (UTC) Added discussion of free range chickens and correct reference to broilers. == Smoking Birds == [snip]Chicken coops should face southeast and lie adjacent to the kitchen, as smoke is beneficial for the animals. Coops should consist of three rooms and possess a hearth. Dry dust or ash should be provided for dust-baths.[snip] Is that not a little... strange??? -- 129.116.66.194 :Chickens definitely need dust/ash/soil for dustbathing, it one of the birds' natural ways of removing parasites, as is essential for the well-being of the birds. As for smoke being beneficial to the birds, there are certain parasitic diseases that can affect a chicken's throat and respiratory system. These parasites ''can'' be killed by smoke, and one way to 'cure' birds suffering from such infestations was to put them in an extremely smokey room long enough to kill the parasites, but not the bird. The comment about it being beneficial in general may have reflected the lower incident of throat-parasites in birds kept in smokey conditions. :I'll need to dig through my books on chicken health and care to give references regarding the smoke and parasites. In any case it certainly needs further clarification in the text. --User:Pjf User_talk:Pjf 01:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Chickens in religion == The cock, pig, and snake are an important triune symbol in some Buddhist traditions (but for what, exactly, I don't remember at the moment. Something like anger, greed, and envy?) --User:216.240.37.31 23:57, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
C
CA | CB | CD | CE | CF | CG | CH | CI | CJ | CK | CL | CM | CN | CO | CP | CR | CS | CT | CU | CW | CX | CY | CZ |Words begining with Chicken:
Chicken
Chicken
Chicken's_Neck
Chicken,_AK
Chicken,_Alaska
Chicken,_Alaska
Chicken-pox
Chicken-stabilizer
Chickenhawk
Chickenhawk
Chickenhawks
Chickenhawk_(bird)
Chickenhawk_(homosexual)
Chickenhawk_(politician)
Chickenhawk_(politician)
Chickenhawk_(politics)
Chickenhawk_(politics)
Chickenhead
Chickenhead
Chickenhouse
Chickenland
ChickenMerengo
ChickenMerengo
Chickenpox
Chickenpox
Chickenrun
Chickens
Chickenscratch
Chickenshit
Chickenshit
Chickenwire
Chicken_&_Beer
Chicken_&_Beer
Chicken_(disambiguation)
Chicken_(game)
Chicken_(short_film)
Chicken_(term_of_speech)
Chicken_(term_of_speech)
Chicken_(zodiac)
Chicken_and_Beer
Chicken_and_egg
Chicken_and_mushroom_pie
Chicken_Boo
Chicken_Boo
Chicken_Breeds
Chicken_breeds
Chicken_broth
Chicken_burger
Chicken_Cannon
Chicken_Chennai
Chicken_chennai
Chicken_coop
Chicken_Dance
Chicken_Dance
Chicken_Edwards
Chicken_Edwards
Chicken_egg
Chicken_egg
Chicken_Feet
Chicken_Fight
Chicken_fingers
Chicken_flu
Chicken_flu
Chicken_fried_steak
Chicken_fried_steak
Chicken_Fried_Toast
Chicken_Game
Chicken_game
Chicken_George
Chicken_hawk
Chicken_Huntin
Chicken_hypnosis
Chicken_hypnotism
Chicken_hypnotism
Chicken_Kiev
Chicken_Kiev
Chicken_Kiev.jpeg
Chicken_Lady
Chicken_Licken
Chicken_Little
Chicken_Little_(2005_movie)
Chicken_Little_Award
Chicken_Madras
Chicken_McNugget
Chicken_McNuggets
Chicken_mix.jpeg
Chicken_Noodle
Chicken_noodle_soup
Chicken_nugget
Chicken_nuggets
Chicken_of_the_Sea
Chicken_of_the_Sea_Mermaid
Chicken_of_the_Sea_Mermaid
Chicken_of_the_Woods
Chicken_or_egg
Chicken_Pox
Chicken_pox
Chicken_Ranch
Chicken_Ranch_(Movie)
Chicken_rice
Chicken_Run
Chicken_salt
Chicken_scratch
Chicken_sexer
Chicken_sexer
Chicken_sexing
Chicken_Shit
Chicken_Shit
Chicken_skin
Chicken_Soup
Chicken_soup
Chicken_soup
Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul
Chicken_stock
Chicken_strips
Chicken_Tikka_Masala
Chicken_tikka_masala
Chicken_Tikka_Massala
Chicken_Tonight
Chicken_Tonight
Chicken_Trek
Chicken_Tuna
Chicken_Tuna
Chicken_Tuna/Delete
Chicken_Turtle
Chicken_walker
Chicken_Walks_(dance_move)
Chicken_waterzooi
Chicken_wings
Chicken_wire
Chicken_wire_(chemistry)
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