Biafra

{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=right width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+Republic of Biafra |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background:#efefef;" | align="center" width="280px" | |- | align="center" width="280px" | Flag of Biafra |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | |- | Languages | Igbo language, English language |- | Capital | Enugu |- | List of Heads of State of Biafra | Philip Effiong |- | National anthem | Land of the Rising Sun (national anthem) |- | Currency | Biafran Pound (BIAP) |- | Population;- Total | 13,500,000 (1967) |- | Created | May 30, 1967 |- | Dissolved | January 15, 1970 |- | Demonym | Biafran |} The Republic of Biafra was a short-lived secessionist state in southeastern Nigeria. It existed from May 30, 1967 to January 15, 1970, with the military's Chief of Staff formally announcing capitulation on January 12. The country was named after the Bight of Biafra, the bay of the Atlantic Ocean to its south. It was recognised by a small number of countries during its existence, including South Africa; however South Africa's support of apartheid may have discouraged wider recognition by other African nations. In January 1966, Igbo (people) officers in the Nigerian army attempted a coup, which was bloody and short-lived. In the months of May and September of 1966, Ibo migrants living in northern Nigeria were the targets of mass killings. Most of Nigeria's 8 million Ibo (or Igbo (people)) people live in what was then the Eastern Region of Nigeria, which had as military governor the Ibo Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu. He declared the region an independent state with a capital at Enugu, and his troops began seizing Federal resources such as inbound postal vehicles. Nigeria responded initially with an economic blockade, and brought military force to bear starting on July 6, 1967. In the ensuing Nigerian Civil War, raids were made by Biafran troops west into Nigeria in July and August. Nigerian troops soon recovered however, advancing into Biafra, and forcing the repeated transfer of the Biafran capital from Enugu to Aba, Nigeria and then Umuahia by the end of the year, and to Owerri in 1969. By 1970, Biafra had been ravaged by war and was in great need of food supplies. Amid economic and military collapse, Ojukwu fled the country and the rest of the republic's territory was re-incorporated into Nigeria. Around a million people are thought to have died in the conflict, mostly through starvation and illness. Biafra's national anthem used the ''Finlandia Hymn'' tune by Jean Sibelius. This conflict inspired musician Jello Biafra in his choice of name. Nigeria later renamed the Bight of Biafra as the Bight of Bonny. ==External links== *[http://www.biafraland.com/ Biafraland] - The official site of the Biafra Actualization Forum, which presents a point of view that seems close to that of the ''MASSOB'', the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, which is the main group currently still advocating the restoration of Biafra. Former countries

Biafra

''An event mentioned in this article is a MediaWiki:May 30 selected anniversaries''. ------ == Miscellaneous == Removed from Biafra: : There have been recent efforts to recognise and restablish Biafra as an independent nation. Of value if verifiable, including dates, names, and "efforts" that are meaningful. Mere idealistic or nationalistic bluster, ~~otherwise~~ in contrast, is of no interest. (--User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 23:53, 2004 Mar 7 (UTC) , made clarifying edit, & added retroactively sig he forgot at 11:27, 2004 Feb 15 (UTC)) Although there were a few PoV slips and proofreading failures (and tho this sort of reworking of another nation's template is probably better done on Talk and pasted in later), i think there has been a good contribution made to the stubby article. Thanks to User:Vital component for the work. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 23:53, 2004 Mar 7 (UTC) ==Map == The map is largely unreadable for me, outside the Biafra section, but more importantly, it bears a copyright notice (which i can't read), appears to be the one at [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/biafra.htm]] whose [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28 conditions] prohibit us, even before GFDL issues. Removed as Copyvio. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 23:53, 2004 Mar 7 (UTC) == Rising Sun == The Page history of Biafra discloses that the country table was begun by copying in the country table for Japan (and after that was reverted, by copying in that for Iceland). Clearly, many individual boxes within the table have had their contents replaced with Biafra info. It may be mere coincidence that the national anthem of Biafra was "Land of the Rising Sun", and that Japan's (Japanese) name means "Land of the Rising Sun". I removed that title, perceiving that other information inapplicable to Biafra survives in the table, and inferring that the anthem was actually Japan's. I see that it is not Japan's, and was Biafra's, so i erred in replacing it with the note :(to the tune of Finlandia Hymn) --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 18:10, 2004 Mar 10 (UTC) == Reversion == I am about to revert the last edit to Biafra as a whole, because * it reversed, without offering any explanation, changes that i explained by reference to well-established WP standards, * it was sufficiently indiscriminate to recapitulate an obvious and unarguable earlier error: I corrected the link ~~Presidents of Iceland~~ List of Presidents of Iceland (which appeared in a context whose obvious meaning was "other presidents of this country can be found by following this link") by substituting "Biafra" for "Iceland"; the edit i am reverting put back "Iceland", and * the editor in question has made 12 edits on this article without a single character of summary, and without ever posting on this Talk:Biafra, despite concurrent editing by others. In the hope of encouraging this editor to engage in this editing as a responsible colleague (instead of recklessly, as described above), i intend to explain my additional edits on Biafra more thoroughly for a while. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 18:10, 2004 Mar 10 (UTC) === March 10 edits === * I replaced the entry :: Official language - unknown :by :: Languages - Igbo, English, ... :which has been in turn replaced by :: Official language - Igbo and English :* Besides the facts that ::* my proper disambiguation of the language names is not kept, and ::* following "Official language" with the names of ''two'' languages is nonsense, ::* the editor's change of heart from "unknown" to two and only two languages needs explanation before going into the article : My version (implying that whatever may be the case about the official language(s), if there were any (a question of fact), both languages were surely ~~sued~~ used there) is accurate (partly by virtue of not making an implicit claim of completeness) and obvious in light of the history of Nigeria. * I attempted to interpret the muddled "Capital" entry by explicitly indicating one formal capital, and several de facto capitals. I'm going to wipe this out, since the same muddle has reappeared. Let's discuss on talk what you're trying to communicate, and how to express it in table. *I previously removed "Land of the Rising Sun" from the "national anthem box", but i am editing that box to the combined entry ::Land of the Rising Sun (to the tune of Finlandia Hymn) :I have made no study of WP handling of similar situations with other countries, but i note that while they are rare, :: they do fit in conveniently in the format used usually for less information, :: they make information that would be likely to be overlooked in the body text of the article easy to quickly locate for readers with that specific interest, and :: therefore i conclude that Biafra is an example of a more general case, of a tune of the anthem of one country being a patriotic tune (earlier or later) of another, and that this is well dealt with by the text above. *I have further thots, which i will share as soon as practical. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 18:10, 2004 Mar 10 (UTC) * I trust that the following edits to the table are adequately justified by their summaries: ** 18:34, 2004 Mar 10 . . Jerzy ("(no international TLDs existed in its time)" (table)) ** 18:31, 2004 Mar 10 . . Jerzy (Wipe out garbage applicable only to Iceland re areas) :If i am mistaken in that assumption, plz ask me a question. * I incorporated info from the http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/biafra.htm map of Biafran military history and the former Captital box of the table, into 'graph 2. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 19:11, 2004 Mar 10 (UTC) * I am editing the following sentence in 'graph 1: ::During its existence, it was recognised by only a few countries. : reflecting the contradictiont between it and the table info (only Turkey), by making it vaguer, to ensure its accuracy. I think we need documentation before being more specific. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 19:28, 2004 Mar 10 (UTC) * One of the worst sins of this horrible sentence :: The secession in the country's former Eastern Region, home to most of Nigeria's 8 million Igbo (or Ibo) people, followed mass killings of Igbo migrants living in northern Nigeria (May, September 1966) after a short-lived bloody coup attempt by Igbo army officers the previous January. :is "the country's" where it could mean either Nigeria's or Biafra's. My ''guess'' is the first, but those knowing better should speak up. :The phrase ::Nigeria's former Eastern Region : in the same sentence is ambiguous as to when it stopped being the E.R. - with the secession, or earlier? I assume the first, but those knowing.... :That sentence also attempts to tell the story backwards, and i've recast it. * Sounds as if ** the "Chief of Staff" was Ojukwu, ** the deep raids west were probes against Nigeria rather than defensive measures toward being left alone, and ** the elephant in the living room is that Effiong and the rest of the formal apparatus of government were window dressing for Ojukwu's hope of using Biafra as a power base for ruling Nigeria, now that the Igbo officer corps had blown its chances of ruling via a coup. : That's PoV, but the contemporary and modern assessments of it should be documented. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 20:54, 2004 Mar 10 (UTC) === March 11 edits === * I notice i failed to comment on my version of the "Independence" box, which was not new today, but does in effect revert a new version by the other major editor of Biafra. That box is special in that Biafra is a former country (at most) and the table design is aimed at independent countries. IMO the use of the table is desirable, and requires adaptations. Specifically: ** It makes no sense to document there its becoming independent, and fail to note its loss of independence. ** The use of the word "annexed" is outrageous: *** Annexation is a very specific legal term, which could be documented if it occurred in the legal sense, but will ''not'' have been done by Nigeria bcz it's legal position will have been that there was no independence but only a rebellion that took 3 years to suppress -- that legally Biafra never left off being part of Nigerian territory. *** Using "annex" in a sense other than its legal sense is inherantly confusing, and can serve no purpose except the PoV one of creating confusion, or of asserting the PoV that its reincorporation into Nigerian apparatus of governance was international aggression. ** The discussion of international recognition in that box is not what it was intended for (since it is unsuitable for any country with more than a handful of recognitions), and just a distracting way of presenting information that is already included effectively in the intro 'graph. --User:JerzyUser talk:Jerzy 00:40, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC) == Apartheid == The article states that South Africa recognized Biafra as a soverign nation, "however that country's support of apartheid discouraged wider recognition by other African nations that might otherwise have been sympathetic to the Biafran cause." Not being too familiar with the Biafran conflict (I was 12 years old when the civil war ended), I'm unsure whether "that" refers to South Africa (which ''practiced'' -- not supported -- apartheid), or Biafra. Can someone clarify this point? -- User:Llywrch 03:37, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

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B

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Words begining with Biafra:

Biafra
Biafra
Biafran
Biafran_language
Biafran_War
Biafra_Wars