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Belfast:''This article is about the city of Belfast in Ireland. For other uses, see Belfast (disambiguation).'' Belfast (''Béal Feirste'' in Irish language) is the largest city in and capital of both Northern Ireland and Ulster, and the second largest city in Ireland. While the actual population within the city limits is c. 275,000, upwards of three-quarters of a million people live in the Greater Belfast area. It is situated at the south-western end of Belfast Lough, a long natural inlet ideal for the shipping trade that made the city famous, and near the mouth of the River Lagan. It is flanked by long stretches of hills on two sides. The name Belfast originates from the Irish language ''Béal Feirste'', or the mouth of the River Farset (feirste is the genitive of the word fearsaid, "a spindle"), the river on which the city was built. Interestingly, the river Farset has been superseded by the River Lagan as the most important river; the Farset now languishes under the High Street in obscurity. Bridge Street indicates where there was originally a bridge across the Farset. Belfast saw the worst of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. A calmer scene in recent years has allowed some development of the city. The Lagan riverfront has been regenerated, including the new Odyssey complex and sports arena. Much of the city centre has now been pedestrianised. The city has two airports: Belfast City Airport adjacent to Belfast Lough and Belfast International Airport which is near Lough Neagh. Queen's University Belfast is the main university in Belfast. The University of Ulster also maintains a campus in the city, which concentrates on arts. ==Geography== In world terms Belfast is situated quite far to the north, in latitude 54.57 N, longitude 5.02 W. In consequence it endures both long winter days and long summer evenings. In the middle of the darkest period in December, darkness lasts from c. 3.45 p.m. to c. 8.15 a.m. However, this is counterbalanced by the period from May to July. In mid-to-late June, sunset occurs after 10 p.m. and the daylight survives until 11 p.m. on fine nights. To the north of Belfast are the Antrim Hills in County Antrim, and to the south, the Castlereagh Hills in County Down. Overlooking the city are Divis Mountain, Black Mountain and Cavehill - the famous "Napoleon's Nose" is a basaltic outcrop here which forms the border with neighbouring Glengormley. Like much of the country, Belfast has a temperate climate with a fair bit of rainfall. ==Points of interest== The City Hall, dating from 1906, Queen's University, Belfast (1849), and other Victorian era and Edwardian buildings display a large number of sculptures. Among the grandest buildings are two former banks: Ulster Bank (1860), in Waring Street and Northern Bank (1769), in nearby Donegall Street. Also notable is the Linenhall Library (1788), in Donegall Square North. The world's largest dry dock is located in the city, and the giant cranes (Samson and Goliath) of the Harland and Wolff shipyard, builders of the RMS Titanic, can be seen from afar. Other long-gone industries included Irish linen and rope-making. The north of the city is known for its murals, reflecting the political and religious allegiances of the two communities. The Shankill Road, which is predominantly Protestant, has murals depicting loyalty to the British Crown, the Ulster Volunteer Force, and other unionist paramilitary groups. Conversely, murals on the Falls Road and Ardoyne, mainly Catholic areas, feature political themes like a united Ireland, and the Irish Republican Army, as well as traditional folklore and the Irish language. The Ulster folk hero Cú Chulainn has appeared on both loyalist and republican murals. Belfast is the home of The News Letter (historically known as "The tuppenny liar"), the oldest newspaper in the world still in publication. Other main newspapers include The Irish News (historically known as "the penny liar"), Daily Ireland and the Belfast Telegraph. ==History== The site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze ages, and the remains of Iron Age hill forts can still be seen. The original Belfast Castle was at Castle Junction, where several roads meet at the top of the High Street. This was demolished at the same time the River Farset was covered over to create the High Street. There is a new castle on the slopes of the Cavehill at Glengormley, now a popular location for wedding receptions. In the early 17th century Belfast was settled by England and Scotland settlers, under a plan by Sir Arthur Chichester to colonise and remove Irish Catholics from the land. This caused much tension with the existing Irish Catholic population who Irish Rebellion of 1641 in 1641, when England was distracted with its Civil War. The resulting slaughter is still strong in Ulster Protestant folk memory. It was later settled by a small number of France Huguenots who established a sizeable linen trade. In the 19th Century, Belfast became Ireland's pre-eminent industrial city, with linen, heavy engineering, tobacco and shipbuilding dominating the economy, and Belfast briefly overtook Dublin in population at the end of the 19th Century. Migrants to Belfast came from across Ireland, Scotland and England, but particularly from rural Ulster, where sectarian tensions ran deep. The same period saw the first outbreaks of sectarian riots, which have recurred regularly since. Conditions for the new working-class were often squalid, with much of the population packed into overcrowded and unsanitary tenements, and the city suffered from repeated cholera outbreaks in the mid 19th Century. Conditions improved somewhat after a wholesale slum clearance programme in the 1900s. Belfast became the centre of Irish Protestantism, and in 1922 it was declared the capital of Northern Ireland after Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State (later to become the Republic of Ireland, when it withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations in 1949). The period immediately after partition was marked by vicious sectarian disturbances, and a dramatic hardening of the City's sectarian frontiers. In common with similar cities world-wide, Belfast suffered particularly during the Great Depression. During the Second World War, Belfast was one of the major United Kingdom cities bombed by Germany forces and one of the few bombed on the isle of Ireland. Belfast was targeted due to its concentration of heavy shipbuilding and aerospace industries. Ironically, the same period saw the economy recover as the War economy saw great demand for the products of these industries. See The_Emergency#Belfast_Blitz The post-War years were relatively placid in Belfast, but sectarian tensions and resentment among the Catholic population at discrimination festered below the surface, and the city errupted into violence in 1969 and bombing, assassination and street violence formed a backdrop to life throughout The Troubles. In the early 1970s, the City saw huge forced population movements as families, mostly Catholic, living in areas dominated by the other community were intimidated from their homes. The general decline in European manufacturing industry of the early 1980s, exacerbated by political violence, devastated the City's economy. In 1997, unionists lost control of Belfast City Council for the first time in its history. {|border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 width=98% |-align=center ||| |} The formation of the Laganside Corporation in 1989 heralded the start of the regeneration of the River Lagan and its surrounding areas, a process assisted by the ceasefires of 1994, although communal segregation has continued since then, with occasional low level street violence in isolated flashpoints and the construction of new Peace Lines. ==Local Politics== In the 2005 local government elections, the voters of Belfast elected 51 councillors to Belfast City Council from the following political parties: 15 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 14 Sinn Féin, 8 Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 7 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 4 Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, 2 Progressive Unionist Party (PUP), and 1 Independent. Belfast has four UK parliamentary and Assembly constituencies - North Belfast (constituency), West Belfast (constituency), South Belfast (constituency) and East Belfast (constituency). All four extend somewhat beyond the city boundaries into parts of Castlereagh, Lisburn and Newtownabbey districts. In 2003, they elected 7 Sinn Féin, 6 DUP, 5 UUP, 4 SDLP, 1 PUP, and 1 Alliance MLAs (members of the Northern Ireland Assembly). In the United Kingdom general election, 2005, they elected 2 DUP MPs, 1 SDLP MP, and 1 Sinn Fein MP. == Notable people == Famous people from or living in Belfast * Thomas Andrews (scientist), * Thomas Andrews (shipbuilder), * George Best, soccer player * Kenneth Branagh, actor/director * Mairead Corrigan, Nobel Laureate (Peace) * James Galway musician * Chaim Herzog, sixth President of Israel * John Hewitt, poet * David Holmes_(musician), DJ * Lord Kelvin scientist * Shauna Lowry, television presenter * Bob Shaw, science fiction author * Clive Staples Lewis author and scholar * Mary McAleese, President of Ireland * Arlene McCarthy politician * Ian McDonald _(Author) science fiction author * Siobhán McKenna, actress * Gary Moore, musician * Van Morrison, musician * Betty Williams (Northern Irish) Nobel Laureate (Peace) * Danny Blanchflower, football player * Sammy McIlroy, football player * Norman Whiteside, football player * Alex Higgins, snooker player * Colin Murray, radio DJ and journalist * Stephen Rea, actor == Districts == * Belfast City Centre * Falls Road * New Lodge, Ireland * Shankill Road * Short Strand * Stormont ==See also== * Belfast Peace Lines == External links == * [http://www.gotobelfast.com/ Go To Belfast - Tourism] * [http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk Belfast City Council] * [http://www.geographia.com/northern-ireland/ukibel00.htm city homepage] * [http://www.nics.gov.uk/ NI Government] * [http://www.simplyparking.co.uk/belfast/belfast-airport-parking.htm Belfast Airport Parking] * [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/belfast.htm Belfast Dialect] * [http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/antrim/belfast/index.html Architecture of Belfast] * [http://www.regiochannel.co.uk/belfast/index.html Belfast local web directory] * [http://www.belfast.org Belfast.org - Belfast's history, photos and main attractions] Capitals in Europe Cities in Ireland Coastal cities Ports and harbours of the UK Belfast Northern Ireland ga:Béal Feirste simple:Belfast BelfastA couple of points: * does "Ulster" really have a "capital"? - a capital city is an active administrative role - "Ulster" is just a traditional/historical/geographical division of the island of Ireland. Perhaps it should say "was" the capital of Ulster? (was there a king there centuries ago?) * The article says Belfast's site has been inhabited since Iron Age times, but also claims it has been riven by sectarian strife for "most" of its existence. Since the Iron Age predates even CHRISTIANITY by many many centuries, never mind the Reformation, this is clearly an exageration! Was there sectarian strife in Belfast prior to partition in Ireland? --User:Feline1 07:49, 21 May 2005 (UTC) :Good points... :Ulster has not ever been an administrative unit so, yes I suppose it's not technically correct to say Belfast was the capital of Ulster... but that's the way people think of it, so I think it's a reasonable entry. :Sectarian strife was rife in Belfast in the 19th Century, developing particularly with mass immigration from places like County Armagh and South Derry were sectarian tensions had been high pretty much since the plantation. I'm not aware of any sectarian strife in the Iron Age! I'll fix. User:Gerry Lynch 11:42, 21 May 2005 (UTC) ::If Ulster had a capital wouldn't it be Armagh? Historically it was of a lot more significance than Belfast, and was the historical capital. See the first paragraph here: http://www.visit-armagh.com/ . Despite that though, is it worth having the 'capital of Ulster'? It's a very notional thing, and doesn't really add a lot to the article. User:Ben Bulben 15:32, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC) I've added two photos of murals in Belfast, and they are arranged to display only at the relevant section. There are more such photos available on commons: but I would suggest that we do not want to overpower the article and merely focus on sectarianism in Belfast. Hopefully some more photos of Belfast would be forthcoming, any editors visiting the city or readers of this message could perhaps upload some photos. User:Zoney ♣ User talk:Zoney 22:05, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) ===WW2=== I've removed the reference to World War Two - Belfast was bombed a grand total of twice in 1941, and it is simply inaccurate to say that much of the city was flattened. If anyone puts it back could they do so with a bit more perspective, please? Belfast in WW2 was not bombed to anything like the degree of most big English cities... let alone Berlin or Leningrad! User:Gerry Lynch 15:28, 20 May 2005 (UTC) :Gerry, I suggest that deV sending up the Fire brigade deserves a mention --User:ClemMcGann 22:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Belfast == Belfast may only have been bombed twice during WW2 however lack of anti aircraft cover meant that there was a substantial amount of damage. ==Joab== What was that 'River Joab' instead of the Farset thing all about?! Was someone just on the wrong drugs, or is that an alternative name for the buried river?--User:Feline1 17:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC) : As far as I can see vandalism, the same anon created Armegh (Armagh?) which was quickly deleted on my recommendation. User:Djegan 17:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC) ==City of Belfast ''vs.'' Belfast City Council== Material in the article table regarding area and population is somewhat dubious, in particular "City of Belfast" does not exist as an administrative area independent from the administrative area covered by the district served by Belfast City Council. And thus material from the latter would be more appropriate? Quite frankly the thought of styling "City of ''Placename''" in Northern Ireland is mischevious as this implies that these places exist as administrative areas in their own right, which they do not, the City Council's hold the relevent legal documents and these are applicable for the whole area of the City Council district (except in the case of Newry). User:Djegan 20:18, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC) BelfastCities in Northern Ireland See other meanings of words starting from letter: BBA | BC | BD | BE | BF | BG | BH | BI | BJ | BK | BL | BM | BN | BO | BP | BR | BS | BT | BU | BW | BX | BY | BZ |Words begining with Belfast: Belfast Belfast Belfast Belfast,_Ireland Belfast,_Maine Belfast,_ME Belfast,_New_York Belfast,_New_Zealand Belfast,_Northern_Ireland Belfast,_PA Belfast,_Pennsylvania Belfast,_South_Africa Belfast,_United_Kingdom Belfast-Pownal_Bay Belfast_&_County_Down_Railway Belfast_(disambiguation) Belfast_Agreement Belfast_Agreement Belfast_and_County_Down_Railway Belfast_and_Northern_Counties_Railway Belfast_Bomber Belfast_bomber Belfast_Celtic Belfast_City_Airport Belfast_City_Airport Belfast_City_Council Belfast_East_(constituency) Belfast_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Belfast_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Belfast_Giants Belfast_Giants Belfast_International_Airport Belfast_International_Airport_Ltd. Belfast_Labour_Party Belfast_Labour_Representative_Committee Belfast_Lough Belfast_News Belfast_News_Letter Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Belfast_Peace_Lines Belfast_Royal_Academy Belfast_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Belfast_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Belfast_Telegraph Belfast_Township,_Minnesota Belfast_Township,_MN Belfast_Township,_PA Belfast_Township,_Pennsylvania Belfast_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency) Belfast_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
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