
An automobile is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor. Different types of automobiles include cars, buses, trucks, and vans, with cars being the most popular by far. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with ''motor'' referring to what is now usually called the engine. The act of operating an automobile is called driving. An automobile has seats for the driving and, almost without exception, one or more passengers. ==History== :''Main article: History of the automobile'' It is generally claimed that the first automobiles with gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously in 1886 by Germany inventors working independently: Carl Benz on 3 July 1886 in Mannheim, resp. Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart (also inventors of the first motor bike) and Austrian inventor Siegfried Marcus in Vienna. Steam-powered self propelled vehicles were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated such a vehicle as early as 1769. The first vehicles were steam engine powered; probably the most notable advances in steam power evolved in Birmingham, England by the Lunar Society. It was here that the term Horsepower was first used. It was in Birmingham also that the first four wheel petrol-driven automobiles were built in Britain in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester who also patented the disc brake in the city. Electric vehicles were produced by a small number of manufacturers. ===Popularity=== Cugnot's invention initially saw little application in his native France, and the center of innovation passed to United Kingdom, where Richard Trevithick was running a steam-carriage in 1801. Such vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions, and improved speed and steering were developed. Some were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing laws that self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom must be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively killed road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century, as inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives. The red flag law was not repealed until 1896. The many varieties of automobile racing collectively constitute one of the most popular categories of sport in the world. Today, the USA has more cars than any other nation. There are offers to get a new car for free or get paid to drive them in return for displaying advertisement on the cars, and hence only available to individuals of certain profiles. ===Innovation=== [[Image:Oldtimer-Dashboard.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The dashboard of a MG T from the 1950s]] [[Image:Bentley Continental GT dashboard.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The interior of a modern car, a Bentley Continental GT]] The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789; in 1804 Evans demonstrated his first successful self-propelled vehicle, which not only was the first automobile in the USA but was also the first amphibious vehicle, as his steam-powered vehicle was able to travel on wheels on land and via a paddle wheel in the water. On November 5, 1895, George B. Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-stroke cycle automobile engine (). This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the USA. A major breakthrough came with the historic drive of Berta Benz in 1888. Steam, electric, and gasoline powered autos competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. The large scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted by Oldsmobile in 1902, then greatly expanded by Henry Ford in the 1910s. Early automobiles were often referred to as 'horseless carriages', and did not stray far from the design of their predecessor. Through the period from 1900 to the mid 1920s, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to a huge (hundreds) number of small manufacturers all competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric ignition system and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac (automobile) Motor Company in 1910-1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. By the 1930s, most of the technology used in automobiles had been invented, although it was often re-invented again at a later date and credited to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by Andre Citroën with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, though it appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord Automobile, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). After 1930, the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured. Since 1960, the number of manufacturers has remained virtually constant, and innovation slowed. For the most part, "new" automotive technology was a refinement on earlier work, though these refinements were sometimes so extensive as to render the original work nearly unrecognizable. The chief exception to this was electronic electronic control unit, which entered into wide use in the 1960s, when electronic parts became cheap enough to be mass-produced and rugged enough to handle the harsh environment of an automobile. Developed by Robert Bosch GmbH, these electronic systems have enabled automobiles to drastically reduce exhaust gas emissions while increasing efficiency and power. ===Model changeover and design change=== Cars are not merely continually perfected mechanical contrivances; since the 1920s nearly all have been mass-produced to meet a market, so marketing plans and manufacture to meet them have often dominated automobile design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one firm, so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. The makes shared parts with one another so that the larger production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with Pontiac; the LaSalle of the 1930s, sold by Cadillac, used the cheaper mechanical parts made by the Oldsmobile division. He also conceived of the notion of the yearly model change-over, which became a three-year cycle. In the second year of the cycle, the superficial appearance of the cars changed incidentally; for the third, major changes took place, e.g., the fender dies for the 1957 Chevrolet had to be modified to produce thin, pointed fins and squarish headlamp housings. In the next cycle, the doors, roof, trunk, and often the suspension would have to be redesigned. Factories and the yearly work schedule had to be specialized to accommodate these changeovers. Such a patterns became dominant for the Big Three automakers in the US, though European firms neither amalgamated nor could afford the changeover. After the 1950s, when American firms tackled the technical problems of high-compression V-8 engines, automatic transmissions, and air conditioners, investment shifted to meeting the market for non-technical matters. This was criticized as "planned obsolescence," although by this it was meant that the car would simply be made to go out of style rather than really being technically surpassed. For example, only those few American cars of the 1960s with front-wheel drive or a rear engine had a fully independent rear suspension because the Hotchkiss drive was cheaper, and people were used to it. Such malinvestment left American firms unprepared for the Oil Crisis of the 1970s and the rise of imported luxury cars in the 1980s. ==Regulation== In almost every nation, laws have been enacted governing the operation of motor vehicles. Most of this legislation, including limits on allowable speed and other rules of the road, are designed to ensure the smooth flow of traffic and simultaneously protect the safety of vehicle occupants, cyclists, and pedestrians. In 1965, in California, legislation was introduced to regulate exhaust emissions, the first such legislation in the world. Answering this new interest in environmental and public safety issues, the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) both introduced legislation in 1968 which substantially altered the course of automotive development. Since the US market was the largest in the world (and California the largest market in the US), manufacturers worldwide were forced to adapt. For the first time, safety devices were mandatory, as were controls on harmful emissions. Prior to this legislation, even seat belts were considered extra-cost options by many manufacturers. Other countries followed by introducing their own safety and environmental legislation. In time, meeting regulations became the main challenge for the engineers designing new cars. In the decade from 1975 to 1985, the world's manufacturers struggled to meet the new regulations, some producing substandard cars with reduced reliability as a result. However, by the end of this period, everyone had learned how to handle the newly regulated environment. The manufacturers discovered that safety and environmentalism sold cars, and some began introducing environmental and safety advances on their own initiative. ==Environmental improvements== Among the first environmental advances are the so-called alternative fuels for the internal combustion engine, which have been around for many years. Early in automotive history, before gasoline was widely available at corner pumps, cars ran on many fuels, including kerosene (paraffin) and coal gas. Alcohol as a fuel were used in Auto racing cars before and just after World War II. Today, methanol and ethanol are used as petrol extenders in some countries, notably in Australia and the United States. In countries with warmer climates, such as Brazil, alcohol derived from sugar cane is often used as a substitute fuel. In many countries, plentiful supplies of natural gas have seen methane sold as compressed natural gas (CNG) and propane sold as liquified petroleum gas (LPG) alongside petrol and diesel fuels since the 1970s. While a standard automotive engine will run on these fuels with very low exhaust emissions, there are some performance differences, notably a loss of power due to the lower energy content of the alternative fuels. The need to equip filling stations and vehicles with pressurized vessels to hold these gaseous fuels and more stringent safety inspections, means that they are only economical when used for a long distance, or if there are installation incentives. They are most economical where petrol has high taxes and the alternative fuels do not. ==Alternative fuels and batteries== With heavy taxes on fuel, particularly in Europe and tightening environmental laws, particularly in California, and the possibility of further restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, work on alternative power systems for vehicles continues. Diesel-powered cars can run with little or no modification on 100% pure biodiesel, a fuel that can be made from vegetable oils. Many cars that currently use gasoline can run on ethanol, a fuel made from plant sugars. Most cars that are designed to run on gasoline are capable of running with 15% ethanol mixed in, and with a small amout of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. All petrol fueled cars can run on Liquified petroleum gas. There has been some concern that the ethanol-gasoline mixtures prematurely wear down seals and gaskets. Further, the use of higher levels of alcohol require that the automobile carry/use twice as much. Therefore, if your vehicle is capable of 300 miles on a 15-gallon tank, the efficiency is reduced to approximately 150 miles. Of course, certain measures are available to increase this efficiency, such as different camshaft configurations, altering the timing/spark output of the ignition, or simply, using a larger fuel tank. In the United States, cars in the 1890s used ethanol, an alcohol fuel; petrol (called ''gasoline'' in the U.S. and Canada) and diesel engines were implemented later. Many U.S. farmers continued to make their own alcohol fuel in corn-alcohol stills until Prohibition criminalized the production of alcohol in 1919. Brazil is the only country which produces ethanol-running cars, since the late 1970s. Attempts at building viable battery (electricity)-powered electric vehicles continued throughout the 1990s (notably General Motors with the EV1), but cost, speed and inadequate driving range made them uneconomical. Battery powered cars have used lead-acid batteries which are greatly damaged in their recharge capacity if discharged beyond 75% on a regular basis and Nickel metal hydride. Current research and development is centered on "Hybrid electric vehicle" vehicles that use both electric power and internal combustion. Other alternatives being explored involve methane and hydrogen car using fuel cells, alternative forms of combustion such as Gasoline Direct Injection and HCCI and even the stored energy of compressed air (see Air Engine). ==Safety== Car accident seem as old as automobile vehicles themselves. Joseph Cugnot crashed his steam-powered "Fardier" against a wall in 1770. The first recorded automobile fatality was Bridget Driscoll on August 17, 1896 in London and the first in the United States was Henry Bliss on September 13, 1899 in New York City. Every year more than a million people are killed and about 50 million people are wounded in collisions (according to World Health Organisation estimates). Cars also cause innumerable injuries and deaths among millions of animals (see roadkill). Major factors in accidents include driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, inattentive driving, overtired driving, road hazards such as snow, potholes, and animals, and reckless driving. Special safety features have been built into cars for years, some for the safety of car's occupants only, some for the safety of others. Cars have two basic safety problems: They have human drivers who make mistakes, and the wheels lose traction near a half gravity of deceleration. Automated highway system has been seriously proposed and successfully prototyped. Shoulder-belted passengers could tolerate a 32Gee emergency stop (reducing the safe intervehicle gap 64-fold) if high-speed roads incorporated a steel rail for emergency braking. Both safety modifications of the roadway are thought to be too expensive by most funding authorities, although these modifications would dramatically increase the number of vehicles that could safely use a high-speed highway. Early safety research focused on increasing the reliability of brakes and reducing the flammability of fuel systems. For example, modern engine compartments are open at the bottom so that fuel vapors, which are heavier than air, drain to the open air. Brakes are hydraulic so that failures are slow leaks, rather than abrupt cable breaks. Systematic research on crash safety started in 1958 at Ford Motor Company. Since then, most research has focused on absorbing external crash energy with crushable panels and reducing the motion of human bodies in the passenger compartment. There are standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like the EuroNCAP and the [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/ncap/ US NCAP] tests. There are also tests run by organizations such as [http://www.hwysafety.org/ IIHS] and backed by the insurance industry. Despite technological advances, the death toll of car accidents remains high: About 40,000 people die every year in the US, with similar trends in Europe. This figure increases annually in step with rising population and increasing travel, but the rate per capita and per mile travelled decreases steadily. The death toll is expected to nearly double worldwide by 2020. A much higher number of accidents result in injury or permanent disability. ==Future of the car== There will always be a strong demand for the door-to-door, on-demand service but there are likely to be radical changes in the Future of the car. ==See also== *List of automobile manufacturers *List of automobile models by size *Car handling *Car safety *Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader *Crash test dummy ==Major possible subsystems== *engine **carburetor or fuel injection **fuel pump **engine configuration: Wankel engine or reciprocating engine (v engine, inline engine, flat engine). **electronic control units **exhaust pipe **ignition system **Automobile self starter **Automobile emissions control devices **turbochargers and superchargers **front engine **rear engine **mid engine *Automobile ancillary power - mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, vacuum, air *drivetrain **transmission (automobile) (gearbox) ***manual transmission ***semi-automatic transmission ***fully-automatic transmission **Layout ***FF layout ***FR layout ***MR layout ***RR layout **Drive Wheels ***2 wheel drive ***4 wheel drive ***Front wheel drive ***Rear wheel drive ***All wheel drive **differential (mechanics) ***limited slip differential **axle **Live axle *brakes **disc brakes **drum brakes **anti-lock braking systems (ABS) *wheels and tires **custom wheels *steering **rack and pinion **Ackermann steering geometry **Caster angle **Camber angle **Kingpin *suspension (vehicle) **MacPherson strut **wishbone suspension **double wishbone **multi-link suspension **torsion beam suspension **semi-trailing arm suspension **axle *body **crumple zones **monocoque (or unibody) construction **suicide doors **Spoiler (automotive) *interior equipment **passive safety ***seat belts ***airbags ***child safety locks **dashboard **shifter for selecting gear ratios **ancillary equipment such as car audio, air conditioning, cruise control, car phones, positioning systems, cup holders, etc. *exterior equipment **windows ***Power window ***windshield ==External links - general automotive websites== *[http://www.automotivehistory.net A brief history of the automotive form] *[http://www.autoweek.com Autoweek.com] *[http://www.detnews.com/autosinsider/index.htm Auto Insider] *[http://www.autoheadline.com Automotive Press Releases] *[http://www.theautochannel.com/ The Auto Channel] *[http://www.kbb.com/ Kelly Blue Book] *[http://www.hwysafety.org/ Insurance Institute for Highway Safety] *[http://nhtsa.gov/ NHTSA.gov] Automobiles fa:خودرو la:Autocinetum ms:Kereta na:Auto nv:Chidí su:Otomotif
---- See Talk:Automobile/Archive 1 for older talk ---- ==Photos== On the photographs, there are only American cars. Europe and Asia also produced some cars (I think quite early ;-). So if someone has some photos of non-American cars lying around at home and is willing to donate them to Wikipedia, I'd be very pleased ... --User:Zenogantner 00:52, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC) PS: I also miss a link to license plate (just added it) :I fear you're mistaken. The picture at the top is clearly European about 1980 or so; as the the photos at the bottom, the first five cars are American but the next two are British, the third international (the Ford Focus). There follows an Australian car, two American and a Russian. There's definitely an American bias to them, but not exclusively. There aren't any Japanese cars there, though. User:Morven 05:29, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC) :: Just a quick extra comment - the selection of vehicles in the photo collection seems somwhat surreal to be honest - would it be possible to add some more historically important or iconic vehicles? In my opion, an article about cars could could use photos of cars such as the VW Beetle, Rover Mini, Citreon 2CV, Model T Ford, Willys Jeep, Land Rover, VW Golf and Jaguar E-Type. Maybe someone could add to the list? There are already some pictures available in the wikipedia for some of these (see below ), I'm sure there are more too. Plus, they would look better in historical order (IMHO). unless anyone has a reason for the current selection I shall make a start in a couple of days. User:Akadruid 15:46, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::: Be very careful, though, that any list of 'historically important' is not US-centric, UK-centric, Euro-centric, or whatever. It would be an easy trap to fall into. Though I guess that's what Wikipedia process is all about; if someone doesn't like it, they'll fix it. ::: Which brings about the question: what cars are in the international 'historically important' list? Most of yours above are probably in there, though I'd argue that the 2CV represents a long-lasting and popular dead end rather than being a vehicle that inspired many others, and that the E-Type, though famous and sexy, isn't really developmentally that big a deal. The Land Rover, though ubiquitous, started life as but a British Jeep and evolved in no shocking or landmark-making ways. Though it depends what criteria one uses, of course! I'm probably coming from a 'influential to other designs' direction in those criticisms. I don't think many would argue that the Model T, Jeep, Beetle, Mini and Golf were milestone cars, but there have to be others. User:Morven 16:32, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::::My opinions are in danger of being UK-centric :) What do people think about trimming the current display too? While the Chryslers and Saturns may be nice cars in themselves, I don't know if they belong here. At the very least, I shall start by tidying it into a the order it was intended, then add some of the agreed pictures. User:Akadruid 09:40, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::::OK, done the above. Layout much better, and added photos of: Model T, Jeep, Beetle, Mini, Golf. What else? Fiat 500? I would like to see the E-type there. It was more of a milestone within the sports car market, rather than the car industry as a whole, but I think it was a major shift in design, marketing and consumer expectations. Performance and handling were miles ahead of it's time. I think we should add some more important modern cars too - maybe the Renault Espace, Smart car? Neither very attractive cars in my book, but much more influential than the existing new car photos. What about an influential SUV too? I don't much about SUVs I'm afraid. User:Akadruid 10:39, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC) :::::Some thoughts at this point: Nice pictures, though I'd say that Model T is a rather unrepresentative example, being a late-model non-black version! An earlier T would be better. Also a little more cropping, that's a bit too large. :::::The Fiat 500 was pretty influential but not so much so as the Beetle and Mini, so it can probably be left out, though I'm open to persuasion. :::::As to the E-type: I have a suspicion that it was a critical point in the UK but not in the USA. Maybe an E-Type *and* an early Corvette, both rather groundbreaking in their respective markets? :::::You're right -- something of the ''people mover''/''minivan'' nature should go in, that was a major shift in the market. Either an early Chrysler minivan or an Espace, I'm not sure which preceded which but both were pretty much the same concept. Since I left Europe pre Smart Car I have no idea of its influentialness. :::::As to SUVs, the groundbreaking vehicles in the USA, in terms of the evolution from the mere 'Utility Vehicle' to a car replacement, are probably the Jeep Cherokee and Ford Bronco/Ford Explorer. :::::I suspect we need a bit more text around these pictures, and I'm wondering if we are eventually going to need to move most of them to an article like Pictorial history of the car or something of that nature. Since we seem to be arriving at the conclusion here that we should be having important historical cars here rather than just a random sampling of vehicles. :::::We should also ensure that any picture we move out of here gets put in the right article for what it is, too. User:Morven 21:23, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::::::Could we get some text around the top picture? What is it some odd layout of parking lot? Also I woul suggest that the open hood picture is not very illustrative as it shows neither the car nor the engine compartment well. User:Rmhermen 21:29, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC) ::::::Yeah we should find another picture of the T, that one happened to be the best I could find that was already on the Wiki, I found it from the article. ::::::As far as the top picture, and the open hood one, I suspect the original picture selection was just chosen arbitarily from what was available at the time, hence the need for an update. I vote for wiping the open hood photo, and maybe the top one too - although we need something good to replace this one first. I'm going to have a rummage around the photos we have on the Wiki when I have time. ::::::I don't how we would caption the top photo better. It is labeled 'Lyon (Rhône), 1986 [Cote :] [Image fixe numérisée]' at the source - certainly appears to be 1980s in origin, I spy Escort Mk.3, Pergeot 205, Renault 4, 5, Mini, Golf Mk.1 - a typical line-up for the period. That seems to be all the info available on that. My French doesn't quite reach 'appalling' status but av.com reckons 'numérisée' means 'digitized' so that's no help. ::::::So far I've not removed any of the photos, fearing that someone more knowledgeable than me selected them for a good reason, but I think the time will come soon! Probable hitlist will be: GAZ Chaika (was that important in non-Euro&US markets?), Ford Falcon, Saturn SL-1 and Saturn ION2/Corvette (to replace with an older corvette probably). User:Akadruid 09:53, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC) ==Pickup Truck== The "Pickup Truck" is a purely American and fairly inappropriate name. The catagory should probably be 'Utility vehicle'. Along those lines, in the opening sentance under "general" it describes a vehicle that is capable of off road travel as an SUV... This is not really accurate. It would be a truck or a utility vehicle that is preferable for off road travel. User:210.50.30.22 11:44, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC) I'd disagree; as an Englishman (albeit living in the US now) -- the words 'pickup truck' are quite familiar to a resident of the UK also, and I suspect to most of the world. 'Utility vehicle' to a British or American reader tends to imply something that isn't a pickup bed truck, most likely a Land Rover or other kind of enclosed-bed off-roader. I assume you are living in a country neither the UK nor USA, since 'utility' tends to mean 'pickup truck' only in places like South Africa and Australia. The problem with replacing 'pickup truck' with 'utility vehicle' is that you are replacing a regional term recognised by maybe 70-80% of native English speakers with one recognised by only 20-30%. ''Your'' regional terminology should not be privileged above someone else's just because it's a non-US variant. Instead, I'd like to ask: # For what populations are the words 'pickup truck' incomprehensible? # Is there a term those populations would recognise that is ALSO recognisable by those who use the existing terminology, that's succinct and not a description? I have a strong suspicion that the answer to this is no. # Is it better to just add a parenthesised explanation after the link for those who don't recognise 'pickup truck'? I do agree that the American use of 'truck', unadorned, to mean pickup trucks primarily is confusing to everyone else, and we shouldn't be doing it in articles not specifically about US topics. User:Morven 19:03, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Categorization== How should automobile types and manufacturers be categorized? See Wikipedia:WikiProject Automobiles/Categorization and help us decide. User:Morven 19:48, May 31, 2004 (UTC) ==Etymology of the term== ''Automobile'' seems to be a compound Greco-Latin term meaning "self moving", which would be an adjective. Would the complete term at some time have been "automobile carriage"? - User:Scott Sanchez 18:37, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) == External links == After seeing a revert on an added external link and it being re-added on the justification that it was no more commercial than the others, I removed almost all of the external links. Most of them were specifically about car accidents anyway. If this page is going to have external links, they should be relevant to the general topic of automobiles, not about specific things. User:Morven 03:34, Aug 26, 2004 (UTC) == User:LinkBot/suggestions/Automobile == An User:LinkBot has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Automobile article, and they have been placed on User:LinkBot/suggestions/Automobile for your convenience.
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Automobile
An automobile is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor. Different types of automobiles include cars, buses, trucks, and vans, with cars being the most popular by far. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with ''motor'' referring to what is now usually called the engine. The act of operating an automobile is called driving. An automobile has seats for the driving and, almost without exception, one or more passengers. ==History== :''Main article: History of the automobile'' It is generally claimed that the first automobiles with gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously in 1886 by Germany inventors working independently: Carl Benz on 3 July 1886 in Mannheim, resp. Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart (also inventors of the first motor bike) and Austrian inventor Siegfried Marcus in Vienna. Steam-powered self propelled vehicles were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated such a vehicle as early as 1769. The first vehicles were steam engine powered; probably the most notable advances in steam power evolved in Birmingham, England by the Lunar Society. It was here that the term Horsepower was first used. It was in Birmingham also that the first four wheel petrol-driven automobiles were built in Britain in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester who also patented the disc brake in the city. Electric vehicles were produced by a small number of manufacturers. ===Popularity=== Cugnot's invention initially saw little application in his native France, and the center of innovation passed to United Kingdom, where Richard Trevithick was running a steam-carriage in 1801. Such vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions, and improved speed and steering were developed. Some were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing laws that self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom must be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively killed road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century, as inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives. The red flag law was not repealed until 1896. The many varieties of automobile racing collectively constitute one of the most popular categories of sport in the world. Today, the USA has more cars than any other nation. There are offers to get a new car for free or get paid to drive them in return for displaying advertisement on the cars, and hence only available to individuals of certain profiles. ===Innovation=== [[Image:Oldtimer-Dashboard.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The dashboard of a MG T from the 1950s]] [[Image:Bentley Continental GT dashboard.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The interior of a modern car, a Bentley Continental GT]] The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789; in 1804 Evans demonstrated his first successful self-propelled vehicle, which not only was the first automobile in the USA but was also the first amphibious vehicle, as his steam-powered vehicle was able to travel on wheels on land and via a paddle wheel in the water. On November 5, 1895, George B. Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-stroke cycle automobile engine (). This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the USA. A major breakthrough came with the historic drive of Berta Benz in 1888. Steam, electric, and gasoline powered autos competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. The large scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted by Oldsmobile in 1902, then greatly expanded by Henry Ford in the 1910s. Early automobiles were often referred to as 'horseless carriages', and did not stray far from the design of their predecessor. Through the period from 1900 to the mid 1920s, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to a huge (hundreds) number of small manufacturers all competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric ignition system and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac (automobile) Motor Company in 1910-1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. By the 1930s, most of the technology used in automobiles had been invented, although it was often re-invented again at a later date and credited to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by Andre Citroën with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, though it appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord Automobile, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). After 1930, the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured. Since 1960, the number of manufacturers has remained virtually constant, and innovation slowed. For the most part, "new" automotive technology was a refinement on earlier work, though these refinements were sometimes so extensive as to render the original work nearly unrecognizable. The chief exception to this was electronic electronic control unit, which entered into wide use in the 1960s, when electronic parts became cheap enough to be mass-produced and rugged enough to handle the harsh environment of an automobile. Developed by Robert Bosch GmbH, these electronic systems have enabled automobiles to drastically reduce exhaust gas emissions while increasing efficiency and power. ===Model changeover and design change=== Cars are not merely continually perfected mechanical contrivances; since the 1920s nearly all have been mass-produced to meet a market, so marketing plans and manufacture to meet them have often dominated automobile design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one firm, so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. The makes shared parts with one another so that the larger production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with Pontiac; the LaSalle of the 1930s, sold by Cadillac, used the cheaper mechanical parts made by the Oldsmobile division. He also conceived of the notion of the yearly model change-over, which became a three-year cycle. In the second year of the cycle, the superficial appearance of the cars changed incidentally; for the third, major changes took place, e.g., the fender dies for the 1957 Chevrolet had to be modified to produce thin, pointed fins and squarish headlamp housings. In the next cycle, the doors, roof, trunk, and often the suspension would have to be redesigned. Factories and the yearly work schedule had to be specialized to accommodate these changeovers. Such a patterns became dominant for the Big Three automakers in the US, though European firms neither amalgamated nor could afford the changeover. After the 1950s, when American firms tackled the technical problems of high-compression V-8 engines, automatic transmissions, and air conditioners, investment shifted to meeting the market for non-technical matters. This was criticized as "planned obsolescence," although by this it was meant that the car would simply be made to go out of style rather than really being technically surpassed. For example, only those few American cars of the 1960s with front-wheel drive or a rear engine had a fully independent rear suspension because the Hotchkiss drive was cheaper, and people were used to it. Such malinvestment left American firms unprepared for the Oil Crisis of the 1970s and the rise of imported luxury cars in the 1980s. ==Regulation== In almost every nation, laws have been enacted governing the operation of motor vehicles. Most of this legislation, including limits on allowable speed and other rules of the road, are designed to ensure the smooth flow of traffic and simultaneously protect the safety of vehicle occupants, cyclists, and pedestrians. In 1965, in California, legislation was introduced to regulate exhaust emissions, the first such legislation in the world. Answering this new interest in environmental and public safety issues, the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) both introduced legislation in 1968 which substantially altered the course of automotive development. Since the US market was the largest in the world (and California the largest market in the US), manufacturers worldwide were forced to adapt. For the first time, safety devices were mandatory, as were controls on harmful emissions. Prior to this legislation, even seat belts were considered extra-cost options by many manufacturers. Other countries followed by introducing their own safety and environmental legislation. In time, meeting regulations became the main challenge for the engineers designing new cars. In the decade from 1975 to 1985, the world's manufacturers struggled to meet the new regulations, some producing substandard cars with reduced reliability as a result. However, by the end of this period, everyone had learned how to handle the newly regulated environment. The manufacturers discovered that safety and environmentalism sold cars, and some began introducing environmental and safety advances on their own initiative. ==Environmental improvements== Among the first environmental advances are the so-called alternative fuels for the internal combustion engine, which have been around for many years. Early in automotive history, before gasoline was widely available at corner pumps, cars ran on many fuels, including kerosene (paraffin) and coal gas. Alcohol as a fuel were used in Auto racing cars before and just after World War II. Today, methanol and ethanol are used as petrol extenders in some countries, notably in Australia and the United States. In countries with warmer climates, such as Brazil, alcohol derived from sugar cane is often used as a substitute fuel. In many countries, plentiful supplies of natural gas have seen methane sold as compressed natural gas (CNG) and propane sold as liquified petroleum gas (LPG) alongside petrol and diesel fuels since the 1970s. While a standard automotive engine will run on these fuels with very low exhaust emissions, there are some performance differences, notably a loss of power due to the lower energy content of the alternative fuels. The need to equip filling stations and vehicles with pressurized vessels to hold these gaseous fuels and more stringent safety inspections, means that they are only economical when used for a long distance, or if there are installation incentives. They are most economical where petrol has high taxes and the alternative fuels do not. ==Alternative fuels and batteries== With heavy taxes on fuel, particularly in Europe and tightening environmental laws, particularly in California, and the possibility of further restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, work on alternative power systems for vehicles continues. Diesel-powered cars can run with little or no modification on 100% pure biodiesel, a fuel that can be made from vegetable oils. Many cars that currently use gasoline can run on ethanol, a fuel made from plant sugars. Most cars that are designed to run on gasoline are capable of running with 15% ethanol mixed in, and with a small amout of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. All petrol fueled cars can run on Liquified petroleum gas. There has been some concern that the ethanol-gasoline mixtures prematurely wear down seals and gaskets. Further, the use of higher levels of alcohol require that the automobile carry/use twice as much. Therefore, if your vehicle is capable of 300 miles on a 15-gallon tank, the efficiency is reduced to approximately 150 miles. Of course, certain measures are available to increase this efficiency, such as different camshaft configurations, altering the timing/spark output of the ignition, or simply, using a larger fuel tank. In the United States, cars in the 1890s used ethanol, an alcohol fuel; petrol (called ''gasoline'' in the U.S. and Canada) and diesel engines were implemented later. Many U.S. farmers continued to make their own alcohol fuel in corn-alcohol stills until Prohibition criminalized the production of alcohol in 1919. Brazil is the only country which produces ethanol-running cars, since the late 1970s. Attempts at building viable battery (electricity)-powered electric vehicles continued throughout the 1990s (notably General Motors with the EV1), but cost, speed and inadequate driving range made them uneconomical. Battery powered cars have used lead-acid batteries which are greatly damaged in their recharge capacity if discharged beyond 75% on a regular basis and Nickel metal hydride. Current research and development is centered on "Hybrid electric vehicle" vehicles that use both electric power and internal combustion. Other alternatives being explored involve methane and hydrogen car using fuel cells, alternative forms of combustion such as Gasoline Direct Injection and HCCI and even the stored energy of compressed air (see Air Engine). ==Safety== Car accident seem as old as automobile vehicles themselves. Joseph Cugnot crashed his steam-powered "Fardier" against a wall in 1770. The first recorded automobile fatality was Bridget Driscoll on August 17, 1896 in London and the first in the United States was Henry Bliss on September 13, 1899 in New York City. Every year more than a million people are killed and about 50 million people are wounded in collisions (according to World Health Organisation estimates). Cars also cause innumerable injuries and deaths among millions of animals (see roadkill). Major factors in accidents include driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, inattentive driving, overtired driving, road hazards such as snow, potholes, and animals, and reckless driving. Special safety features have been built into cars for years, some for the safety of car's occupants only, some for the safety of others. Cars have two basic safety problems: They have human drivers who make mistakes, and the wheels lose traction near a half gravity of deceleration. Automated highway system has been seriously proposed and successfully prototyped. Shoulder-belted passengers could tolerate a 32Gee emergency stop (reducing the safe intervehicle gap 64-fold) if high-speed roads incorporated a steel rail for emergency braking. Both safety modifications of the roadway are thought to be too expensive by most funding authorities, although these modifications would dramatically increase the number of vehicles that could safely use a high-speed highway. Early safety research focused on increasing the reliability of brakes and reducing the flammability of fuel systems. For example, modern engine compartments are open at the bottom so that fuel vapors, which are heavier than air, drain to the open air. Brakes are hydraulic so that failures are slow leaks, rather than abrupt cable breaks. Systematic research on crash safety started in 1958 at Ford Motor Company. Since then, most research has focused on absorbing external crash energy with crushable panels and reducing the motion of human bodies in the passenger compartment. There are standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like the EuroNCAP and the [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/ncap/ US NCAP] tests. There are also tests run by organizations such as [http://www.hwysafety.org/ IIHS] and backed by the insurance industry. Despite technological advances, the death toll of car accidents remains high: About 40,000 people die every year in the US, with similar trends in Europe. This figure increases annually in step with rising population and increasing travel, but the rate per capita and per mile travelled decreases steadily. The death toll is expected to nearly double worldwide by 2020. A much higher number of accidents result in injury or permanent disability. ==Future of the car== There will always be a strong demand for the door-to-door, on-demand service but there are likely to be radical changes in the Future of the car. ==See also== *List of automobile manufacturers *List of automobile models by size *Car handling *Car safety *Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader *Crash test dummy ==Major possible subsystems== *engine **carburetor or fuel injection **fuel pump **engine configuration: Wankel engine or reciprocating engine (v engine, inline engine, flat engine). **electronic control units **exhaust pipe **ignition system **Automobile self starter **Automobile emissions control devices **turbochargers and superchargers **front engine **rear engine **mid engine *Automobile ancillary power - mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, vacuum, air *drivetrain **transmission (automobile) (gearbox) ***manual transmission ***semi-automatic transmission ***fully-automatic transmission **Layout ***FF layout ***FR layout ***MR layout ***RR layout **Drive Wheels ***2 wheel drive ***4 wheel drive ***Front wheel drive ***Rear wheel drive ***All wheel drive **differential (mechanics) ***limited slip differential **axle **Live axle *brakes **disc brakes **drum brakes **anti-lock braking systems (ABS) *wheels and tires **custom wheels *steering **rack and pinion **Ackermann steering geometry **Caster angle **Camber angle **Kingpin *suspension (vehicle) **MacPherson strut **wishbone suspension **double wishbone **multi-link suspension **torsion beam suspension **semi-trailing arm suspension **axle *body **crumple zones **monocoque (or unibody) construction **suicide doors **Spoiler (automotive) *interior equipment **passive safety ***seat belts ***airbags ***child safety locks **dashboard **shifter for selecting gear ratios **ancillary equipment such as car audio, air conditioning, cruise control, car phones, positioning systems, cup holders, etc. *exterior equipment **windows ***Power window ***windshield ==External links - general automotive websites== *[http://www.automotivehistory.net A brief history of the automotive form] *[http://www.autoweek.com Autoweek.com] *[http://www.detnews.com/autosinsider/index.htm Auto Insider] *[http://www.autoheadline.com Automotive Press Releases] *[http://www.theautochannel.com/ The Auto Channel] *[http://www.kbb.com/ Kelly Blue Book] *[http://www.hwysafety.org/ Insurance Institute for Highway Safety] *[http://nhtsa.gov/ NHTSA.gov] Automobiles fa:خودرو la:Autocinetum ms:Kereta na:Auto nv:Chidí su:Otomotif
Automobile
---- See Talk:Automobile/Archive 1 for older talk ---- ==Photos== On the photographs, there are only American cars. Europe and Asia also produced some cars (I think quite early ;-). So if someone has some photos of non-American cars lying around at home and is willing to donate them to Wikipedia, I'd be very pleased ... --User:Zenogantner 00:52, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC) PS: I also miss a link to license plate (just added it) :I fear you're mistaken. The picture at the top is clearly European about 1980 or so; as the the photos at the bottom, the first five cars are American but the next two are British, the third international (the Ford Focus). There follows an Australian car, two American and a Russian. There's definitely an American bias to them, but not exclusively. There aren't any Japanese cars there, though. User:Morven 05:29, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC) :: Just a quick extra comment - the selection of vehicles in the photo collection seems somwhat surreal to be honest - would it be possible to add some more historically important or iconic vehicles? In my opion, an article about cars could could use photos of cars such as the VW Beetle, Rover Mini, Citreon 2CV, Model T Ford, Willys Jeep, Land Rover, VW Golf and Jaguar E-Type. Maybe someone could add to the list? There are already some pictures available in the wikipedia for some of these (see below ), I'm sure there are more too. Plus, they would look better in historical order (IMHO). unless anyone has a reason for the current selection I shall make a start in a couple of days. User:Akadruid 15:46, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::: Be very careful, though, that any list of 'historically important' is not US-centric, UK-centric, Euro-centric, or whatever. It would be an easy trap to fall into. Though I guess that's what Wikipedia process is all about; if someone doesn't like it, they'll fix it. ::: Which brings about the question: what cars are in the international 'historically important' list? Most of yours above are probably in there, though I'd argue that the 2CV represents a long-lasting and popular dead end rather than being a vehicle that inspired many others, and that the E-Type, though famous and sexy, isn't really developmentally that big a deal. The Land Rover, though ubiquitous, started life as but a British Jeep and evolved in no shocking or landmark-making ways. Though it depends what criteria one uses, of course! I'm probably coming from a 'influential to other designs' direction in those criticisms. I don't think many would argue that the Model T, Jeep, Beetle, Mini and Golf were milestone cars, but there have to be others. User:Morven 16:32, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::::My opinions are in danger of being UK-centric :) What do people think about trimming the current display too? While the Chryslers and Saturns may be nice cars in themselves, I don't know if they belong here. At the very least, I shall start by tidying it into a the order it was intended, then add some of the agreed pictures. User:Akadruid 09:40, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::::OK, done the above. Layout much better, and added photos of: Model T, Jeep, Beetle, Mini, Golf. What else? Fiat 500? I would like to see the E-type there. It was more of a milestone within the sports car market, rather than the car industry as a whole, but I think it was a major shift in design, marketing and consumer expectations. Performance and handling were miles ahead of it's time. I think we should add some more important modern cars too - maybe the Renault Espace, Smart car? Neither very attractive cars in my book, but much more influential than the existing new car photos. What about an influential SUV too? I don't much about SUVs I'm afraid. User:Akadruid 10:39, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC) :::::Some thoughts at this point: Nice pictures, though I'd say that Model T is a rather unrepresentative example, being a late-model non-black version! An earlier T would be better. Also a little more cropping, that's a bit too large. :::::The Fiat 500 was pretty influential but not so much so as the Beetle and Mini, so it can probably be left out, though I'm open to persuasion. :::::As to the E-type: I have a suspicion that it was a critical point in the UK but not in the USA. Maybe an E-Type *and* an early Corvette, both rather groundbreaking in their respective markets? :::::You're right -- something of the ''people mover''/''minivan'' nature should go in, that was a major shift in the market. Either an early Chrysler minivan or an Espace, I'm not sure which preceded which but both were pretty much the same concept. Since I left Europe pre Smart Car I have no idea of its influentialness. :::::As to SUVs, the groundbreaking vehicles in the USA, in terms of the evolution from the mere 'Utility Vehicle' to a car replacement, are probably the Jeep Cherokee and Ford Bronco/Ford Explorer. :::::I suspect we need a bit more text around these pictures, and I'm wondering if we are eventually going to need to move most of them to an article like Pictorial history of the car or something of that nature. Since we seem to be arriving at the conclusion here that we should be having important historical cars here rather than just a random sampling of vehicles. :::::We should also ensure that any picture we move out of here gets put in the right article for what it is, too. User:Morven 21:23, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC) ::::::Could we get some text around the top picture? What is it some odd layout of parking lot? Also I woul suggest that the open hood picture is not very illustrative as it shows neither the car nor the engine compartment well. User:Rmhermen 21:29, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC) ::::::Yeah we should find another picture of the T, that one happened to be the best I could find that was already on the Wiki, I found it from the article. ::::::As far as the top picture, and the open hood one, I suspect the original picture selection was just chosen arbitarily from what was available at the time, hence the need for an update. I vote for wiping the open hood photo, and maybe the top one too - although we need something good to replace this one first. I'm going to have a rummage around the photos we have on the Wiki when I have time. ::::::I don't how we would caption the top photo better. It is labeled 'Lyon (Rhône), 1986 [Cote :] [Image fixe numérisée]' at the source - certainly appears to be 1980s in origin, I spy Escort Mk.3, Pergeot 205, Renault 4, 5, Mini, Golf Mk.1 - a typical line-up for the period. That seems to be all the info available on that. My French doesn't quite reach 'appalling' status but av.com reckons 'numérisée' means 'digitized' so that's no help. ::::::So far I've not removed any of the photos, fearing that someone more knowledgeable than me selected them for a good reason, but I think the time will come soon! Probable hitlist will be: GAZ Chaika (was that important in non-Euro&US markets?), Ford Falcon, Saturn SL-1 and Saturn ION2/Corvette (to replace with an older corvette probably). User:Akadruid 09:53, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC) ==Pickup Truck== The "Pickup Truck" is a purely American and fairly inappropriate name. The catagory should probably be 'Utility vehicle'. Along those lines, in the opening sentance under "general" it describes a vehicle that is capable of off road travel as an SUV... This is not really accurate. It would be a truck or a utility vehicle that is preferable for off road travel. User:210.50.30.22 11:44, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC) I'd disagree; as an Englishman (albeit living in the US now) -- the words 'pickup truck' are quite familiar to a resident of the UK also, and I suspect to most of the world. 'Utility vehicle' to a British or American reader tends to imply something that isn't a pickup bed truck, most likely a Land Rover or other kind of enclosed-bed off-roader. I assume you are living in a country neither the UK nor USA, since 'utility' tends to mean 'pickup truck' only in places like South Africa and Australia. The problem with replacing 'pickup truck' with 'utility vehicle' is that you are replacing a regional term recognised by maybe 70-80% of native English speakers with one recognised by only 20-30%. ''Your'' regional terminology should not be privileged above someone else's just because it's a non-US variant. Instead, I'd like to ask: # For what populations are the words 'pickup truck' incomprehensible? # Is there a term those populations would recognise that is ALSO recognisable by those who use the existing terminology, that's succinct and not a description? I have a strong suspicion that the answer to this is no. # Is it better to just add a parenthesised explanation after the link for those who don't recognise 'pickup truck'? I do agree that the American use of 'truck', unadorned, to mean pickup trucks primarily is confusing to everyone else, and we shouldn't be doing it in articles not specifically about US topics. User:Morven 19:03, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Categorization== How should automobile types and manufacturers be categorized? See Wikipedia:WikiProject Automobiles/Categorization and help us decide. User:Morven 19:48, May 31, 2004 (UTC) ==Etymology of the term== ''Automobile'' seems to be a compound Greco-Latin term meaning "self moving", which would be an adjective. Would the complete term at some time have been "automobile carriage"? - User:Scott Sanchez 18:37, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) == External links == After seeing a revert on an added external link and it being re-added on the justification that it was no more commercial than the others, I removed almost all of the external links. Most of them were specifically about car accidents anyway. If this page is going to have external links, they should be relevant to the general topic of automobiles, not about specific things. User:Morven 03:34, Aug 26, 2004 (UTC) == User:LinkBot/suggestions/Automobile == An User:LinkBot has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Automobile article, and they have been placed on User:LinkBot/suggestions/Automobile for your convenience.
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Automobiles_of_Italy
Automobiles_of_Italy
Automobiles_René_Bonnet
Automobiles_Venturi
Automobile_accident
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Automobile_Association
Automobile_Association_of_America
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Automobile_Club_of_Australia
Automobile_Club_of_Australia_First_Office_Bearers_1903
Automobile_Club_of_Southern_California
Automobile_dealership
Automobile_design
Automobile_designers
Automobile_designers
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Automobile_emissions_control
Automobile_engines
Automobile_exhaust
Automobile_history_eras
Automobile_history_eras
Automobile_Industry
Automobile_industry
Automobile_insurance
Automobile_journalists
Automobile_Journalists_Association_of_Canada
Automobile_layouts
Automobile_License_Plate_Collectors_Association
Automobile_Magazine
Automobile_magazine
Automobile_magazines
Automobile_Magazine_100_Coolest_Cars
Automobile_Magazine_All-Stars
Automobile_maker
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Automobile_manufacturers
Automobile_manufacturers_by_country
Automobile_manufacturers_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
Automobile_manufacturers_of_the_Soviet_Union
Automobile_platform
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