
The Commonwealth of Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world by area. A part of Australasia, it includes the mainland and a number of islands, the largest of which is Tasmania. Australia has been inhabited for about 50,000 years, originally by Australian Aborigine and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Eastern Australia was claimed by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1770, and officially settled as a British colony on January 26, 1788. As the population grew and new areas were explored, six self-governing Crown Colony were established within Australia. On 1 January 1901 the six colonies Australian federation and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has had a stable democracy political system and it remains a Commonwealth Realm. Australia's neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. The shortest border distance is between the mainlands of Papua New Guinea and Australia at about 150 kilometres; however, the Extreme points of Australia, Boigu Island, is about 5 kilometres from Papua New Guinea. This has led to a complicated border arrangement allowing access for traditional uses of the waterway across the border by Papua New Guinean people and Torres Strait Islanders. == Origin and history of the name == The name Australia derives from the Latin ''australis'', meaning ''southern''. Legends of an "unknown southern land" (''Terra Australis'') date back to the Roman Empire times, and were commonplace in mediaeval geography, but were not based on any actual knowledge of Australia. The Dutch language adjectival form ''Australische'' ("Australian," in the sense of "southern") was used by Dutch officials in Jakarta to refer to the newly discovered land to the south as early as 1638. The first writer in English to use the word "Australia" was Alexander Dalrymple in his ''An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean'', published in 1771, but he used it to refer to the whole South Pacific region, not specifically to the Australian continent. In 1793 George Shaw and James Smith (botanist) published ''Zoology and Botany of New Holland'', in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland." [[Image:Flinders View of Port Jackson taken from South Head.jpg|200px|thumb|left|View of Port Jackson, taken from the South Head, from ''A Voyage to Terra Australis''. Sydney was established on this site.]] The name Australia was popularised by the 1814 work "A Voyage to Terra Australia" by the navigator Matthew Flinders. Despite its title (which reflected the view of the Admiralty), he used the word "Australia" in the book, which was widely read and gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used it in his dispatches to England. In 1817 he recommended that it be officially adopted. In 1824 the British Admiralty finally accepted that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The word ''Australia'' is pronounced locally as either or (International Phonetic Alphabet for English). == History == [[Image:Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Lieutenant James Cook charted the East coast of Australia on the HM Bark ''Endeavour'' claiming the land for Britain in 1770. This replica was built in 1988 for Australia's bicentennial.]] The date of the first human habitation of Australia is estimated to be between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. These first Australians were the remote ancestors of the current Australian Aborigines, and arrived via land bridges and navigation of short sea crossings from present-day Southeast Asia. Most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based upon reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime (mythology). The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, inhabited the Torres Strait Islands and parts of far north Queensland, they have distinct cultural practices and practised subsistence agriculture. The first European known to have seen the Australian continent was the Dutch navigator Willem Jansz, who sighted the coast of Cape York in 1606. During the 17th century the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they called New Holland, but made no attempt at settlement. In 1770 James Cook was the first European to sail along the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Britain. His discoveries provided impetus for the establishment of a penal colony there following the loss of the American colonies. [[Image:Port Arthur Seeseite.jpg|260px|thumb|left|Port Arthur, Tasmania, Tasmania was Australia's largest penal colony.]] The British Crown Colony of New South Wales began with establishment of a settlement (later to become Sydney) at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip on January 26, 1788. This date was later to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land (the present day Tasmania) was settled in 1803, becoming a separate colony in 1825. Britain formally claimed the rest of the continent (present-day Western Australia) in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria (Australia) in 1851 and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory was founded, as part of the Province of South Australia, in 1863. Victoria and South Australia were founded as "free colonies" - that is, they were never penal colonies, although the former did receive some convicts from Tasmania. Western Australia was also founded "free" but later accepted transported convicts due to an acute labour shortage. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868. The Indigenous Australian population, estimated at about 350,000 at the time of European settlement, declined steeply for 150 years following settlement due mainly to infectious disease, forced migration, Stolen Generation and other colonial government policies that by today's understanding constitute genocide. Only following the Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals) did the Federal Government have a mandate to implement policies and make laws to benefit Aborigines. Traditional ownership of land, native title, was not recognised until the High Court of Australia case ''Mabo v Queensland (No 2)'' overturned the notion of Australia as ''terra nullius'' at the time of European occupation. [[Image:Anzac1.JPG|right|thumb|160px|The Last Post is played at an ANZAC Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria, 25 April, 2005. Ceremonies like this are held in virtually every suburb and town in Australia.]] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies achieved responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence and international shipping. On 1 January 1901, Australian Federation of the Colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and voting, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a Dominion of the British Empire. The Australian Capital Territory was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a neutral place for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the temporary capital from 1901 to 1927). Australia willingly participated in World War I; the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Battle of Gallipoli is often regarded as the birth of the nation: the first major military action that the Commonwealth of Australia participated in. The Statute of Westminster of 1931 formally ended the constitutional links between Australia and Britain, other than the Crown, but Australia continued to regard itself an essentially British country until World War II, and did not adopt the Statute until 1942. The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector, and since 1951 Australia has been a formal military ally of the U.S. under the auspices of the ANZUS treaty. After World War II, Australia encouraged mass migration from Europe, and since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia Policy from Asia and other parts of the world, radically transforming its demography, culture and image of itself. Although Australian voters rejected a move to become a republic in 1999, which was rejected by a 55 % majority. Australia's links to its British past are increasingly tenuous and since the election of the Gough Whitlam Government in 1972 there has been an increasing focus by many Australian governments on the nation's future as a part of the Asia-Pacific region. ==Politics== [[Image:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|thumb|right|250px|New Australian Parliament House in Canberra]] ''Main articles'': ''Government of Australia, Politics of Australia'' The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy: Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is the Queen of Australia, a role distinct and separate from her position as Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. The Queen is nominally represented by the Governor-General of Australia and although Constitution of Australia gives extensive executive branch to the Governor-General, these powers are generally used only on advice from the Prime Minister of Australia. The Governor-General's "reserve powers" are seldom exercised, the most notable example being to end the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975. Government is undertaken by three arms of government: * Legislature: Parliament of Australia (and Governor-General) * Executive: the Federal Executive Council (Governor-General, Prime Minister and all other Ministers) * Judiciary: High Court of Australia and subsidiary Australian court hierarchy. The judiciary became officially independent from the United Kingdom when the ''Australia Act'' was passed in 1986. Australia has a bicameral federal Parliament, comprising a Australian Senate (the upper house) with 76 Senators, and a Australian House of Representatives (the lower house) with 150 Members. Members of the lower house are elected on a population basis from single-member constituencies, known technically as 'divisions' but more commonly as 'electorates' or 'seats'. The more populous the state, the more members it will have in the House of Representatives. There is a minimum of 5 members for each state. In the Senate, each state, regardless of population, is represented by twelve Senators, and each mainland territory by two. Elections for both chambers are held every three years, usually with only one half of the Senate being eligible for re-election, as the Senators have overlapping terms of six years each. The government is formed in the lower house, and the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Representatives is the Prime Minister. There are three major political parties in Australia, the Australian Labor Party, the Liberal Party of Australia, and the National Party of Australia. The Liberal Party/National Party Coalition has been in power since the Australian legislative election, 1996; the Coalition also won control of the Senate in the Australian legislative election, 2004. At present, the Labor Party dominates politics at the state level, with the Party in Government in every state and also in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. ==Foreign relations and military== ''Main articles'': ''Foreign relations of Australia, Australian Defence Force'' In recent decades Foreign relations of Australia have been driven by a close association with the United States, through the Australia, New Zealand, United States security treaty, and developing relationships with Asia through regional bodies such as the ASEAN Regional Forum, and the South Pacific through the Pacific Islands Forum. It maintains ties to the Commonwealth of Nations by way of the Commonwealth Heads of Government. Much of Australia's diplomatic energy is focused on international trade liberalisation. Australia led the formation the Cairns Group and APEC, and is a member of the OECD and the WTO. Australia has also initiated many bilateral free trade agreements, the most recent being the U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement. Australia is a founding member of the United Nations and maintains an international aid program, under which some 60 countries receive assistance. The 2005–6 budget provides $2.5 billion for development assistance, as a percentage of GDP this contribution is below that suggested as a UN Millennium Development Goal. Australia's armed forces are known as the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The ADF includes the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army, and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). All branches of the ADF have been involved in UN and regional peacekeeping, most recently in East Timor and the Solomon Islands, disaster relief, and armed conflict including the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Prime Minister appoints the Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services, the current chief is General Peter Cosgrove. In 2005–06 the Australian Defence budget is $17.5 billion. == States and Territories== Australia consists of six states and several territories. The states are New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (Australia) (VIC) and Western Australia (WA). The two major territories are the Northern Territory (NT) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The ACT also incorporates a separate area within New South Wales known as Jervis Bay Territory, intended as a naval base and sea port for the national capital. Whilst the territories operate similarly to the states, they are constitutionally subject to the Commonwealth Government, and the Commonwealth Parliament can legislate directly in their affairs. By contrast, the powers of the states are protected by the Constitution of Australia. Each of these Australian states and territories, except Queensland, have their own bicameral Parliaments of the Australian states and territories. Queensland and the two territories have unicameral parliaments. The lower house is known as the Legislative Assembly (House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania) and the upper house the Legislative Council. The head of government in each state and territory is called the Premiers of the Australian states and Chief Minister respectively. The states each have a Governors of the Australian states, the Northern Territory an Administrator of the Northern Territory and in the ACT the Governor-General of Australia acts equivalently. The state and territory parliaments have powers to raise revenue from taxes and to legislate on a wide variety of matters. Notably the states and territories of Australia have their own Law enforcement in Australia and Australian court hierarchy and regulate Education in Australia within their borders. Australia also has several inhabited external territories: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and several largely uninhabited external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands and the Australian Antarctic Territory. == Geography and climate == [[Image:GreatBarrierReef-EO.JPG|right|thumb|210px|The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef and the setting for the film ''Finding Nemo'']] [[Image:Uluru.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Uluru is located in central Australia and is the world's second largest monolith.]] The 7,686,850 square kilometre Australian landmass is on the Indo-Australian Plate and is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and Pacific Ocean oceans, and separated from Asia by the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea seas, with total of 25,760 km of coastline. Climate is highly influenced by ocean currents, including the El Niño southern oscillation, which causes periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia. By far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid – 40 % of the land mass is covered by sand dunes. Australia is the driest inhabited continent, the flattest, and has the oldest and least fertile soils. The highest mountain in Australia is Mawson Peak on Heard Island at 2,745 metre. At 2,228 m, Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Only the south-east and south-west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. The northern part of the country has a tropical climate: part is tropical rainforest, part grasslands, and part desert. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 1,200 km. Located in central Australia, Uluru (until 1986 officially known as Ayers Rock) is the second largest monolith in the world (the largest being Mount Augustus National Park in Western Australia). ==Flora and fauna== ''Main articles'': ''Australian fauna'' and ''Australian flora'' [[Image:Tammar mjw.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Tammar Wallaby is an Australian marsupial. The genome of the wallaby is currently being sequenced, it will be a major contribution to marsupial biology.]] Although most of the continent is semi-arid or desert, Australia nevertheless includes a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. Because of the great age and consequent low fertility of the continent, its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and biodiversity. About 85 % of flowering plants, 84 % of mammals, more than 45 % of List of Australian birdss, and 89 % of inshore, temperate-zone fish are Endemic (ecology). Many of Australia's ecoregions and the species within those regions are threatened by human activities, Invasive species in Australia, land clearing and degradation. The ''Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' is used at the National level for the identification and protection of threatened species. Numerous Protected areas of Australia have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems, 64 wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Sites have been established. Australia ranked 13th in the World on the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index. Most Australian plant species are evergreen and many are adapted to fire and drought, including the Eucalyptus and acacias. Australia has a rich variety of endemic legume species that thrive in nutrient-poor soils due to their symbiosis with Rhizobia bacteria and Mycorrhiza fungi. Well-known Australian fauna include monotremes (the Platypus and an echidna) as well as a host of marsupials, including the Koala, kangaroos, wombats and the Emu. The Dingo was introduced by Austronesian people that traded with Indigenous Australians around 4000 Common Era. Many plant and animal species became extinct soon after human settlement including the Australian megafauna; many more were wiped out after European settlement, among them the Thylacine. == Economy == [[Image:BrisbaneByNight2004.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Brisbane is Australia's fastest growing capital city.]] Australia has a prosperous Western-style mixed economy, with a per capita Gross domestic product on par with the four dominant Western European economies, and ranked third on the 2004 Human Development Index and sixth on ''The Economist'' world-wide quality-of-life index 2005. In recent years, the Australian economy has been resilient in the face of global economic downturn, with steady growth. Rising output in the domestic economy has been offsetting the global slump, and business and consumer confidence remains robust. Australia's emphasis on reform is another key factor behind the economy's strength. In the 1980s, the Labor Party, led by Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke and Treasurer of Australia Paul Keating, commenced the modernisation of the Australian economy by Floating exchange rate the AUD in 1983, leading to full financial deregulation. Since 1996 the Howard government has implemented microeconomic reform policies on the labour market, and has privatised monopolies including the Communications in Australia industry. Since the recession of the early 1990s, the Australian economy has not suffered a recession in over 13 years. In April 2005, unemployment had fallen to a level of 5.1 % , the lowest level since the late 1970s. The Agriculture in Australia and natural resources sectors contribute 3 and 5 % of GDP and make up the bulk of Australia's exports. Australia's largest export markets include Japan, PRC, the United States, South Korea and New Zealand. The service sector of the economy including tourism, education, financial services makes up 69 % of GDP . One area of concern to some economists is a perpetually high current account deficit and associated high net foreign debt, usually attributed to a high level of household borrowing. == Demographics == [[Image:Sydney Harbour Bridge from the air.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Most Australians live in urban areas, Sydney is the most populous city in Australia.]] Most of the estimated 20.3 million Australians descend from 19th- and 20th-century immigrants, the majority initially from Great Britain and Ireland. Australia's population has more than doubled since the end of World War I, spurred by an ambitious post-war immigration program. In the 2001 census the five largest groups of Australians born overseas were from the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Vietnam and PRC, although migrants come from many countires, and that 27.4% of Australians are born overseas. Following the abolition of the White Australia Policy numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based on the concept of Multiculturalism. The 2001 census states that the self-declared indigenous population (including Torres Strait Islanders, who are of Melanesian descent) is 410,003 (2.2 % of total), a significant increase from the 1977 census when the population was 115,953. Indigenous Australians have a life expectancy for males and females 17 years lower than the rest of Australia, have higher rates of imprisonment and unemployment and lower levels of education. Racial inequality is an ongoing political and human rights in Australia issue for Australians. [[Image:Tanunda.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Less than 15 % of the population live in rural areas. This photo shows the Barossa Valley wine producing region of South Australia.]] In common with many other developed countries, Australia is currently experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more people retiring and fewer people of working age. A large number of Australian citizens (759,849 for the period 2002–2003) live outside of their home country. The phenomenon is often termed the Diaspora. Australia has maintained one of the most active Immigration to Australia programs in the world in order to sustain population growth, which has contributed to the diversification and enrichment of Australian demographics and culture; hence we may find Australians of Italy, Greece, or Lebanon descent. English language is the main Official language and spoken language in Australia — 80 % of the population speak only English at home according to the 2001 census. The three most common languages other than English spoken at home are Chinese languages (2.1 %), Italian language (1.9 %) and Greek language (1.4 %). A considerable number of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. Australia is home to a number of indigenous languages. Estimates usually put the number of Australian Aboriginal languages at between 200 and 300 at the time of first European contact, with the number of surviving languages now around 70, with all but 20 considered endangered languages. The total number of Australians whose main language at home is an Aboriginal language is over 50,000 (0.02 %). Australia also has a deaf sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 6,500 Australians. The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 guarantees the separation of church and state; there is no state religion in Australia. The 2001 census shows that 68 % of Australians call themselves Christian, 21 % and 27 % identifying themselves are Anglican Church and Catholic Church in Australia respectively. Like many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this; a 2001 survey indicated that weekly attendance at church services was about 1.5 million, about 7.5 % of the population. 5 % identify themselves as followers of non-Christian religions, and 26 % are not religious. School attendance is compulsory throughout Australia between the ages of 6–15 years (16 years in South Australia and Tasmania), and for this reason Australia's adult literacy rate is assumed to be 99 %. Government grants have aided in the establishment of numerous universities, and although some private universities have been established, the majority receive government funding. There is a national system of vocational training colleges, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople. Australian Bureau of Statistics figures show that approximately 58 % of Australians between the age of 25 and 64 have a vocational or tertiary qualification. == Culture == [[Image:Arthur Strerton Golden Summer.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Golden Summer by Arthur Streeton is an early example of the rich tradition of Australian landscape painting]] Much of Australia's culture has developed from European and more recently American roots, but distinctive Australian features have evolved from the environment, Australian Aborigine culture, the multicultural population and the influence of Australia's neighbours. Australia has a long history of visual arts, starting with the Cave painting and bark paintings of Aboriginal Australians. From the time of European settlement, a common theme in Australian art has been the Australian landscape, seen in the works of Arthur Streeton, Arthur Boyd and Albert Namatjira amongst others. Australian literature is also influenced by the landscape; the works of writers like Banjo Patterson and Henry Lawson captured the iconic Australian bush. The character of the colonial Australians embodied in early literature resonates with Australia today, egalitarianism, mateship, and anti-authoritarism, are still perceived as a part of the national character. The traditions of indigenous Australians are oral and closely tied to ceremony and the telling of the stories of the Dreamtime (mythology). Australian Aboriginal music, dance and Australian Aboriginal art are a visible influence on and within contemporary Australian visual and performing arts. The performing arts are well developed in Australia, with a rich tradition in ballet and theatre; a strong national opera company, Opera Australia, made prominent by the world renowned diva Joan Sutherland; and symphony orchestras in all capital cities. Music of Australia includes, classical, jazz and all popular music genres. Cinema of Australia has met with critical and commercial successes; most recently the animated short film ''Harvie Krumpet'' received an Academy Award for Animated Short Film. Australia also has strong local television production, particularly children's, lifestyle, soap opera and drama series, Australian television shows like ''The Saddle Club'', ''Neighbours'', ''Home and Away'' and ''McLeod's Daughters'' are currently broadcast internationally. Australia has three commercial and two public broadcast television networks, and two pay TV services; each major city has daily newspapers and there are two national daily newspapers, one of which is called ''The Australian''. According to Reporters Without Borders in 2004, Australia is in 41st position on a list of countries ranked by Press Freedom; well behind New Zealand (9th) and United Kingdom (28th). This ranking is primarily due to limited diversity of media ownership. [[Image:Aussie rules wikipedia.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Australian rules football was developed in Australia and is played at amateur and professional levels.]] Cuisine of Australia has been widely influenced by the immigrant population; European, Asian, Indian cuisine, and Middle Eastern food items are prepared in the homes of many Australians. Indigenous Australian foods including kangaroo and a variety of plant foods, often called "bush tucker" remain specialty items. Uniquely Australian foods include the Tim Tam biscuit and the salty yeast spread Vegemite. Sport is a part of the lifestyle of many Australians. An estimated 3.51 million Australians over the age of 15 (23.5 %) participate in organised sporting activities, and 62 % of children aged 5–14 participate in organised sport. At the national and international level Australia has strong teams in the following sports: Australian Rules football, cricket, netball, Rugby League, and Rugby Union. Australia is one of only two countries (the other being Greece) to have participated in every summer Olympic Games of the modern era; Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics and 2000 Summer Olympics Summer Olympics; Australia has also participated in every Commonwealth Games. Corporate and government sponsorship of many sports and élite athletes is common in Australia. Televised sport is also popular; some of the highest rating television programming includes the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football competitions. == Related topics == ==References== Gillsepie, R. (2002). Dating the first Australians. ''Radiocarbon'' 44:455-472
Smith, L. (1980), The Aboriginal Population of Australia, Australian National University Press, Canberra
Tatz, C. (1999). ''[http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm Genocide in Australia]'', AIATSIS Research Discussion Papers No 8, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra
Bean, C. Ed. (1941). [http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/ww1/1/index.asp Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first phase], First World War Official Histories 11th Edition.
Australian Electoral Commission (2000). [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/what/publications/electoral_events/referendum99/ 1999 Referendum Reports and Statistics]
Parliamentary Library (1997). [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm The Reserve Powers of the Governor-General]
Australian Government. (2005). [http://www.budget.gov.au/ Budget 2005-2006]
[http://www.deh.gov.au/ Department of the Environment and Heritage]
Macfarlane, I. J. (1998). [http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Bulletin/bu_oct98/bu_1098_2.pdf Australian Monetary Policy in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century]. ''Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin'', October
Parham, D. (2002). [http://www.pc.gov.au/research/confproc/mrrag/mrrag.pdf Microeconomic reforms and the revival in Australia’s growth in productivity and living standards]. ''Conference of Economists'', Adelaide, 1 October
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Labour Force Australia. Cat#6202
Australian Bureau of Statistics. [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2003). ''Advancing the National Interest'', [http://www.dfat.gov.au/ani/appendix_one.pdf Appenidix 1]
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001 Census, [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@census.nsf/ddc9b4f92657325cca256c3e000bdbaf/7dd97c937216e32fca256bbe008371f0!OpenDocument A Snapshot of Australia]
Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affiars. (2005). [http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/06evolution.htm The Evolution of Australia's Multicultural Policy]
Parliament of Australia, Senate (2005). [http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into Australian Expatriates]
[http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?docid=2250&track=82083 NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance], National Church Life Survey, Media release, 28 Feb 2004
Australian Film Commission. What are Australians Watching?, [http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/freetv.html Free-to-Air, 1999-2004 TV]
== External links == *[http://www.australia.gov.au/ Commonwealth Government Online] *[http://www.gov.au/ Australian Governments Entry Portal] *[http://www.nla.gov.au/ National Library of Australia] *[http://www.nma.gov.au/ National Museum of Australia] *[http://www.immi.gov.au/ Department of Immigration] *[http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/index.html DFAT: Country Information] *[http://www.virtualaustralia.com/australia/photos/ Australia Photos] Oceanic countries Australia Monarchies Continents Island nations Members of the Commonwealth of Nations ms:Australia bn:অস্ট্রেলিয়া ga:An Astráil hi:ऑस्ट्रेलिया kw:Ostrali la:Australia li:Australië lv:Austrālija mi:Ahitereiria nds:Australien scn:Australia simple:Australia th:ประเทศออสเตรเลีย vi:Úc tpi:Ostrelia zh-min-nan:Ò-tāi-lī-a
{| class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"
! style="background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%" | Australia ||
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" | Australian States and Territories
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" | Australian Capital Territory | New South Wales | Northern Territory | Queensland | South Australia | Tasmania | Victoria (Australia) | Western Australia
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 80%;" colspan="2" | Jervis Bay Territory
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 85%;" colspan="2" | External territories
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 80%;" colspan="2" | Ashmore and Cartier Islands | Australian Antarctic Territory | Christmas Island | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | Coral Sea Islands | Heard Island and McDonald Islands | Norfolk Island
|}
#redirect Template:Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world (geographically), the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia. Australia includes the island of Tasmania, which is an Australian States and Territories. Its neighbouring countries include New Zealand to the southeast; and Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor to its north. Oceanic countries Continents Island nations Geography ka:კატეგორია:ავსტრალია
This article has been edited in summary style for clarity and brevity. If you wish to make substantial additions, please discuss them here first or add them to the daughter articles. Archived discussions: * Talk:Australia (Archive 1), Talk:Australia/Archive 2, Talk:Australia/Archive 3, Talk:Australia/Archive 4 ---- ==Templates== For crying out loud, instead of continual reverts, could we discuss these blasted templates? There does seem to be a real issue with "template creep", and given that editors of other articles such as Canada have given them a speedy farewell, we might want to talk about them. User:Lacrimosus User talk:Lacrimosus 23:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC) :I support keeping the templates referring to Commonwealth realms and nations. If not here, then perhaps at Queen of Australia (realms) and Foreign relations of Australia (Commonwealth nations), but I'd like to leave them here, as sort of cross references. They're more relevant to the main Australia article than half the external links. The Continents template doesn't really belong here as this is a country article, not a continent article. --User:ScottDavis 05:26, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::But I don't think we can create a separate Australia (Continent) article. We just need to expand the continental content, as it were. User:Lacrimosus User talk:Lacrimosus 06:33, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) :::Currently the Commonwealth template is on Foreign relations of Australia, which seems like a fair compromise. - User:SimonP 22:44, May 10, 2005 (UTC) ==IPA notice== Does not the IPA notice in the Australia#Origin and history of the name section fragment the pronounciation paragraph? It does so in my browser. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=203.164.184.88 User:203.164.184.88] moved it here, but when I moved it lower again, to prevent the fragmentation, I was accussed of making a bad edit. I do think that the notice should precede the IPA langauge, but I have been unable to position it there without the fragmentation occuring. Could somebody perhaps fix it?--User:Cyberjunkie 05:05, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) == What the hell? == What happened to the page?!? *angry* ==This should be a featured Article== I'm going to try an get this article up to featured status, please leave any suggestins here, and if you wrote sections of the article could you tell me where you got the information so I can compile a reference list. Thanks --User:Petaholmes 01:51, 4 May 2005 (UTC) :The government section is a bit lacking.--User:Cyberjunkie 16:08, 5 May 2005 (UTC) :: I think its pretty good, it shouldn't really cover anything beyond the basic structure of the government, the recently featured South Africa article had the same breakdown. I have added more info on politics and governance to the politics and states sections. Two things that do need to go into the article are Foreign relations of Australia and the Australian Defence Force and I don't know where to add them, they don't really relate to the structure of the government and they aren't really political. Any ideas?--User:Petaholmes 05:59, 9 May 2005 (UTC) ::Transportation and communication also need a mention, look at the roasting Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Portugal got recently--User:Petaholmes 06:08, 9 May 2005 (UTC) *Moved the info on NZ to Immigration to Australia--User:Petaholmes 06:29, 9 May 2005 (UTC) :The Government section is good; I just don't like the dot point method. And I'm a bit confused with the Politics section. In most country articles, Politics is used to talk about government in general, whereas we have a separate government section. So if our Politics section is used to talk exclusively about Parliament, why then must Government only be an outline? Shouldn't it be more detailed? :In the Australian topics table, at the bottom of the page, foreign relations is included under history, but I don't think that's the right place to put it. Do you mean to write about it, or simply include a link to it as a Main article? Either way, there isn't really a corresponding section - the closest are Government and Politics. :If discussion of military is required for featured articles, a military section could be created, like in the South Africa article. :I don't know how deep we will be able to delve into transport for Australia, given it's more state-based (and in fact, state concern). I suppose we could have minor discussion on major infrastructure, like inter-state/trans-continental railways, national highways and capital city airports. Perhaps even some unique features like road-trains? Still, I doubt its necessity. :As for communication, I've never seen it written about before in a country article - not even in South Africa. That's something that could go into Economy possibly, but I don't think it needs a separate section. Actually, transport could also be included in economy. :It seems that people expect country articles to have to same layout as the CIA World Factbook, and I decidedly disagree - the factbook is hardly something to aspire to. :Anyways, thank you for the great work you've been doing. I'm sure the article will become a feature with your efforts. --User:Cyberjunkie 07:04, 9 May 2005 (UTC) ::What do you think about the military section in France article? I think something as simple as that could possibly be included. Actually, what do you think of the layout of the France article as a whole? Also, I have added information on Australia's maritime territory to Exclusive Economic Zone that could be included under geography, as in the France article.--User:Cyberjunkie 11:13, 13 May 2005 (UTC) I merged and pruned the government and politics sections, any opinions?--User:Petaholmes 05:30, 16 May 2005 (UTC) :just make sure that any of the material you deleted from these sections is either already included in one of the "main articles" either Politics of Australia or Government of Australia as appropriate so that good material doesn't get lost. User:Clarkk 02:20, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :Could whoever said that the Queen is generally considered to be the head of state please find a source for this statement? This may have been true once, but as many Australians feel that the Governor-General is the head of state, a belief that the Queen is the head of state can hardly be considered general. User:Skyring 22:11, 17 May 2005 (UTC) ::Not this, again :/--User:Petaholmes 00:37, 18 May 2005 (UTC) :::You don't mind if we have everything shipshape and sourced and accurate, surely? User:Skyring 00:38, 18 May 2005 (UTC) ==Infobox== Are the statistics provided in the infobox in US dollars or Australian? Either way, they are incorrect. I'll fix it, but I just need to know what currency is used.--User:Cyberjunkie 16:15, 13 May 2005 (UTC) : Not sure. This is an Australian article, so should be in AUD (can put in USD for comparison if neccessary). --User:Daveb 07:53, 14 May 2005 (UTC) == Australia or its commonwealth == Wouldn't it be usefull to keep the continent/island and the political structure separate? The first is far more "eternal" than the last. Only plate tectonics can "destroy" the first and it has existed for how many millions of years? On the other hand the commonwealth exists apparently since 1 January 1901. Perhaps the best solution is to change the def in the intro and redistibute its contents under the correct heading, namely politics. -User:MarSch 14:26, 16 May 2005 (UTC) :I disagree entirely. Australia the country and Australia the continent are one in the same. The natural features of the continent are discussed within the diverging articles of ecology and geography. Most of the continent articles focus upon the polities situated within their bounds, and for Australia, the polity encompasses it in its entirety. The article as it presently exists, is most correct.--User:Cyberjunkie 15:02, 16 May 2005 (UTC) ==Bold main articles== I think bolding the links to main articles is really ugly, and unnecessary since the ''Main article:Blah'' is on a separate line to the blocks of text, and its not done on featured artciles, anyone mind if I reformat them?--User:Petaholmes 04:38, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :Whilst I don't think it makes them appear "ugly" (actually, I think the opposite), I don't mind if it's reverted. I changed it because that seemed the standard for a growing number of articles, including features.--User:Cyberjunkie 04:58, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :what about usingWorld Heritage sites, Ramsar, National Parks
*Cuisine
*Short explanation of the ESI to difficult to explain with brevity
--User:Petaholmes 01:38, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
==Constitutional Conventions==
The Parliamentary Library has produced an excellent [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm Research Note] on the Governor-General's reserve powers. It is not convention that the Governor-General only acts on Ministerial advice, for example. It is the nature of the reserve powers that they are exercised without advice. The case of Prime Minister George Reid in the second Parliament is before us - nobody, least of all Reid, disputed the power of the Governor-General to refuse Reid's advice to call an election or to appoint a new Prime Minister (Deakin), both actions taken against or without advice.
Bryan Palmer's Australian Politics [http://www.ozpolitics.info/rules/rp.htm site] provides another view of the reserve powers and lists examples of their use - eight times in all since Federation. Constitutional conventions cover more than just the limited circumstance of the Governor-General acting on advice. For example, it is a convention that Australia has a Prime Minister, even though that office is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution. Australia has been without a Prime Minister for a short time on a number of occasions following the death of an incumbent, and this could be construed as a breach of the conventions. User:Skyring 21:03, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
*Please keep in mind that this article is just a summary, please don't add too much here that should be discussed in the government article. --User:Petaholmes 23:36, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
:No problem. My edit is more concise and more accurate than what was there previously. Did you want a cite for reserve powers/conventions placed in the article? User:Skyring 00:01, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
::That's probably a good idea, if you look at the article in edit mode you should be able to work out how the footnote system works. --User:Petaholmes 00:13, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
:::Heh! I'll do my best with my limited faculties. User:Skyring 00:59, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
== Independence/Statute of Westminster ==
Should the date of the Statute of Westminster in the Independence section in the infobox be the date it was adopted by the Commonwealth Parliament, rather than the date the British Parliament made it available to us, seeing as it didn't apply to Australia till it was accepted? (according to the Wikipedia article on it). If so, should it be the date it was adopted, or the date it was backdated too? User:Cassowary 12:57, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
== "nominally" in religion paragraph ==
I keep on changing this but I am not attached to any alternative wording. Basically, I truly believe that saying 75% or so Australians are "nominally" Christian seems like an unreasonably loaded way of describing demographics and seems to imply something about these Australians which is not supported by any facts elsewhere in this article.
:There is a serious point to be made here; lots of Australians may describe themselve as Christian but a much smaller portion of those are active, or even occasional, attenders of church. To give some indication [http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?docid=2250&track=82083 about 1.5 million Australians per week attend a Christian church], according a survey. I'll add a sentence to this effect. --User:Robert Merkel 08:57, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
==Additions to history section by Anon==
This article has been edited as a summary for clarity, please make additions about the discovery of Australia to the History of Australia before 1901, as they are not necessary in this article. --User:Petaholmes 04:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
:There's no history involved in possible Portugese voyages, lost caravels and so on. It may well have happened, but as no records remain, it cannot be history. Archaeology, perhaps, if anybody ever finds the ship. Worth a mention somewhere, because it's eminently plausible (and there's that tantalising mystery of the "Mahogany Ship"), but not in this article. User:Skyring 05:12, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
::I agree with Pete. User:Tannin 08:04, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
==References==
I recently made some changes to the article, re-adding a reference and information on the republic referendum. In re-adding the reference, I think I may have messed up the existing ones when amending the numbering. Could somebody check if this is so and let me know whether I need to revert my changes.-- Cyber">User:Cyberjunkiejunkie">User talk:Cyberjunkie 12:19, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
:Yep, they're all messed up, one problem with this ref system is that numbering needs to be manually changed and some of the refs are used more than once. I'll revert and add the referendum ref to the history section and adjust the notes (I'm getting good at it)--User:Petaholmes 12:35, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
::Thanks nixie. I really should have reviewed Wikipedia:Footnote4 before fiddling around and buggering it up. -- Cyber">User:Cyberjunkiejunkie">User talk:Cyberjunkie 14:09, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
==Aboriginal population==
The article shows an increase of about 300% in 24 years. Obviously this can't have come from immigration, and I haven't done the maths, but I think that the birthrate needed to sustain this sort of increase is pretty much beyond any human population. The large and anomalous increase is mostly because Aboriginal Australians now feel far more comfortable about declaring their Aboriginality on census forms - a very positive sign IMHO, which says a lot about changing community perceptions. Reductions in infant mortality and increases in longevity also account for a portion of the increase. I think that the article should mention this because otherwise someone's going to say "hey, they must breed like rabbits!" and that's not the case. I've added a hypenated word to help explain this, but it's really a subject that deserves more detail, which may be inappropriate in this "overview" article. User:Skyring 07:25, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
== Aboriginal hunter/gatherers... ==
WRT Skyring's last edit, there's [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s805459.htm archaeological evidence] to suggest that in some places near rivers Aboriginal people farmed fish. --User:Robert Merkel 07:30, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
:From my understanding they also had pretty extensive trade routes--User:Petaholmes 07:42, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
::Sure, but trade routes and fish traps don't make for agriculture. The only indigenous Australians to be farmers were the TSI folk, who had plots of land marked out by stones and passed down through family lines, which was the incontrovertible evidence of ownership needed for Mabo. Perhas we can say "Most indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers..." Actually, I'd really like some specific mention of the way that TSI folk cultivated their land and grew crops, because it's important to understanding Mabo, and why it was such an injustice to say that these people didn't own the land they'd farmed for centuries. User:Skyring 07:52, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
: I think we are talking about more than a simple fish trap here. We are talking extensive construction - i.e., fish farming. Certainly that was the case in South-west Victoria, and I believe that there was similar activity up along the Murray. User:Tannin 08:01, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
::Interesting article, and thanks for the link. However it's still fish traps rather than fish farming. Eels are oceanic creatures for most of their existence. You can't farm eels, you can only catch them as they migrate up or down the rivers. Digging out channels between ponds would make it easier to catch them as they moved along the channels.
::The existence of circular foundations for huts is actually more interesting. You don't build substantial housing unless you plan to stay there for more than a few nights. I think that saying there was enough of an industry in catching and smoking eels to sustain a village of hundreds of houses, making for a permanent community of up to a thousand individuals, is a bit of a stretch, however. Presumably they also caught other wildlife from the wetlands and perhaps traded with more distant tribes. A thousand people eat a lot of tucker.
::But even if you have an aquaculture industry, exporting smoked eels across Australia, which sounds reasonably plausible, just what percentage of the Aboriginal population would have been engaged in such pursuits? And if it was a viable lifestyle, why didn't it persist until historic times?
::Anyway, I think the wording of "Most indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers..." works better than the "primarily hunter-gatherers" phrase because the former includes TSI people as well as the eel-smokers and doesn't give the impression that all Aboriginal Australians were sometimes farmers, which is definitely not the case.
::Comments? Or am I making a meal out of a word or two, as I tend to do? User:Skyring 08:50, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
I've added a sentence distinguishing the TSI from the mainland native people, since they are completely distinct. --User:Petaholmes 09:08, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Yes. I've had a bit of a tweak, but maybe it can be improved still more. It's perhaps a bit of a quibble to note that the TSI folk also lived on the mainland - they were gradually expanding southwards at the time of European settlement. However, that's probably best left to a specific article - this one is getting a bit longish and I'm thinking it doesn't need more material so much as arranging what we have better, eliminating redundancies if any can be identified. User:Skyring 09:25, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
:Eels are not usually oceanic, Pete. The eel species in question is the Short-finned Eel. Like most others, it spends by far the greater part of its lifecycle in a home range area, typically a lake or a stretch of river. It makes just two migrations: in the first it travels from its oceanic hatching ground far off in the tropical South Pacific and winds up in a river close to the one where its parents lived. (How? Nobody knows.) At this time it's about the size of a bootlace only shorter, and not practical as a food fish (although some people in Europe eat elvers - it's a shocking waste of natural resources, but there you go).
:The second migration occurs only after 15-odd years of growth in a lake or river: the mature eel travels downstream to spawn. Eels of a size worth eating, in other words, migrate once and once only: a one-way trip to the sea, then north to the Solomon Islands where they spawn and die. Catching salmon on the way upsteam to spawn would make sense, but salmon work the opposite way around to eels; salmon are oceanic fish that just happen to breed in rivers, where eels are freshwater fish that just happen to breed at sea.
:Back to the topic now: my view is subject to persuasion, but it seems obvious to me that we are ''never'' going to come up with a formulation simple enough to use in this context, and yet accurate enough to stand criticsm. It might be better to resolve this point on a page where there is room to deal with it properly. Australian Aborigine or History of Australia before 1901 both seem suitable. User:Tannin 09:42, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
===Racism===
*While were at it, someone has objected to the article being featured on the basis that it doesn't discuss racism in Australia. I was thinking of adding something after this sentence ''In the 2001 census the five largest groups of Australians born overseas were from the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Vietnam and China'' from the demographic section. But I can't think of what to add, since the whole Hanson episode there has definately been a push for mulitcultural Australia but I'm lost for a way to describe it.--User:Petaholmes 09:27, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
My feeling is that there is very little racism remaining in normal life, compared to a decade ago. It's just not that much of a problem that I can see. Lebanese gangs in Sydney, but I suspect a lot of that is talkback beat up. User:Skyring 10:40, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world by area. A part of Australasia, it includes the mainland and a number of islands, the largest of which is Tasmania. Australia has been inhabited for about 50,000 years, originally by Australian Aborigine and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Eastern Australia was claimed by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1770, and officially settled as a British colony on January 26, 1788. As the population grew and new areas were explored, six self-governing Crown Colony were established within Australia. On 1 January 1901 the six colonies Australian federation and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has had a stable democracy political system and it remains a Commonwealth Realm. Australia's neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. The shortest border distance is between the mainlands of Papua New Guinea and Australia at about 150 kilometres; however, the Extreme points of Australia, Boigu Island, is about 5 kilometres from Papua New Guinea. This has led to a complicated border arrangement allowing access for traditional uses of the waterway across the border by Papua New Guinean people and Torres Strait Islanders. == Origin and history of the name == The name Australia derives from the Latin ''australis'', meaning ''southern''. Legends of an "unknown southern land" (''Terra Australis'') date back to the Roman Empire times, and were commonplace in mediaeval geography, but were not based on any actual knowledge of Australia. The Dutch language adjectival form ''Australische'' ("Australian," in the sense of "southern") was used by Dutch officials in Jakarta to refer to the newly discovered land to the south as early as 1638. The first writer in English to use the word "Australia" was Alexander Dalrymple in his ''An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean'', published in 1771, but he used it to refer to the whole South Pacific region, not specifically to the Australian continent. In 1793 George Shaw and James Smith (botanist) published ''Zoology and Botany of New Holland'', in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland." [[Image:Flinders View of Port Jackson taken from South Head.jpg|200px|thumb|left|View of Port Jackson, taken from the South Head, from ''A Voyage to Terra Australis''. Sydney was established on this site.]] The name Australia was popularised by the 1814 work "A Voyage to Terra Australia" by the navigator Matthew Flinders. Despite its title (which reflected the view of the Admiralty), he used the word "Australia" in the book, which was widely read and gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used it in his dispatches to England. In 1817 he recommended that it be officially adopted. In 1824 the British Admiralty finally accepted that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The word ''Australia'' is pronounced locally as either or (International Phonetic Alphabet for English). == History == [[Image:Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Lieutenant James Cook charted the East coast of Australia on the HM Bark ''Endeavour'' claiming the land for Britain in 1770. This replica was built in 1988 for Australia's bicentennial.]] The date of the first human habitation of Australia is estimated to be between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. These first Australians were the remote ancestors of the current Australian Aborigines, and arrived via land bridges and navigation of short sea crossings from present-day Southeast Asia. Most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based upon reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime (mythology). The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, inhabited the Torres Strait Islands and parts of far north Queensland, they have distinct cultural practices and practised subsistence agriculture. The first European known to have seen the Australian continent was the Dutch navigator Willem Jansz, who sighted the coast of Cape York in 1606. During the 17th century the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they called New Holland, but made no attempt at settlement. In 1770 James Cook was the first European to sail along the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Britain. His discoveries provided impetus for the establishment of a penal colony there following the loss of the American colonies. [[Image:Port Arthur Seeseite.jpg|260px|thumb|left|Port Arthur, Tasmania, Tasmania was Australia's largest penal colony.]] The British Crown Colony of New South Wales began with establishment of a settlement (later to become Sydney) at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip on January 26, 1788. This date was later to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land (the present day Tasmania) was settled in 1803, becoming a separate colony in 1825. Britain formally claimed the rest of the continent (present-day Western Australia) in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria (Australia) in 1851 and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory was founded, as part of the Province of South Australia, in 1863. Victoria and South Australia were founded as "free colonies" - that is, they were never penal colonies, although the former did receive some convicts from Tasmania. Western Australia was also founded "free" but later accepted transported convicts due to an acute labour shortage. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868. The Indigenous Australian population, estimated at about 350,000 at the time of European settlement, declined steeply for 150 years following settlement due mainly to infectious disease, forced migration, Stolen Generation and other colonial government policies that by today's understanding constitute genocide. Only following the Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals) did the Federal Government have a mandate to implement policies and make laws to benefit Aborigines. Traditional ownership of land, native title, was not recognised until the High Court of Australia case ''Mabo v Queensland (No 2)'' overturned the notion of Australia as ''terra nullius'' at the time of European occupation. [[Image:Anzac1.JPG|right|thumb|160px|The Last Post is played at an ANZAC Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria, 25 April, 2005. Ceremonies like this are held in virtually every suburb and town in Australia.]] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies achieved responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence and international shipping. On 1 January 1901, Australian Federation of the Colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and voting, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a Dominion of the British Empire. The Australian Capital Territory was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a neutral place for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the temporary capital from 1901 to 1927). Australia willingly participated in World War I; the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Battle of Gallipoli is often regarded as the birth of the nation: the first major military action that the Commonwealth of Australia participated in. The Statute of Westminster of 1931 formally ended the constitutional links between Australia and Britain, other than the Crown, but Australia continued to regard itself an essentially British country until World War II, and did not adopt the Statute until 1942. The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector, and since 1951 Australia has been a formal military ally of the U.S. under the auspices of the ANZUS treaty. After World War II, Australia encouraged mass migration from Europe, and since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia Policy from Asia and other parts of the world, radically transforming its demography, culture and image of itself. Although Australian voters rejected a move to become a republic in 1999, which was rejected by a 55 % majority. Australia's links to its British past are increasingly tenuous and since the election of the Gough Whitlam Government in 1972 there has been an increasing focus by many Australian governments on the nation's future as a part of the Asia-Pacific region. ==Politics== [[Image:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|thumb|right|250px|New Australian Parliament House in Canberra]] ''Main articles'': ''Government of Australia, Politics of Australia'' The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy: Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is the Queen of Australia, a role distinct and separate from her position as Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. The Queen is nominally represented by the Governor-General of Australia and although Constitution of Australia gives extensive executive branch to the Governor-General, these powers are generally used only on advice from the Prime Minister of Australia. The Governor-General's "reserve powers" are seldom exercised, the most notable example being to end the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975. Government is undertaken by three arms of government: * Legislature: Parliament of Australia (and Governor-General) * Executive: the Federal Executive Council (Governor-General, Prime Minister and all other Ministers) * Judiciary: High Court of Australia and subsidiary Australian court hierarchy. The judiciary became officially independent from the United Kingdom when the ''Australia Act'' was passed in 1986. Australia has a bicameral federal Parliament, comprising a Australian Senate (the upper house) with 76 Senators, and a Australian House of Representatives (the lower house) with 150 Members. Members of the lower house are elected on a population basis from single-member constituencies, known technically as 'divisions' but more commonly as 'electorates' or 'seats'. The more populous the state, the more members it will have in the House of Representatives. There is a minimum of 5 members for each state. In the Senate, each state, regardless of population, is represented by twelve Senators, and each mainland territory by two. Elections for both chambers are held every three years, usually with only one half of the Senate being eligible for re-election, as the Senators have overlapping terms of six years each. The government is formed in the lower house, and the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Representatives is the Prime Minister. There are three major political parties in Australia, the Australian Labor Party, the Liberal Party of Australia, and the National Party of Australia. The Liberal Party/National Party Coalition has been in power since the Australian legislative election, 1996; the Coalition also won control of the Senate in the Australian legislative election, 2004. At present, the Labor Party dominates politics at the state level, with the Party in Government in every state and also in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. ==Foreign relations and military== ''Main articles'': ''Foreign relations of Australia, Australian Defence Force'' In recent decades Foreign relations of Australia have been driven by a close association with the United States, through the Australia, New Zealand, United States security treaty, and developing relationships with Asia through regional bodies such as the ASEAN Regional Forum, and the South Pacific through the Pacific Islands Forum. It maintains ties to the Commonwealth of Nations by way of the Commonwealth Heads of Government. Much of Australia's diplomatic energy is focused on international trade liberalisation. Australia led the formation the Cairns Group and APEC, and is a member of the OECD and the WTO. Australia has also initiated many bilateral free trade agreements, the most recent being the U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement. Australia is a founding member of the United Nations and maintains an international aid program, under which some 60 countries receive assistance. The 2005–6 budget provides $2.5 billion for development assistance, as a percentage of GDP this contribution is below that suggested as a UN Millennium Development Goal. Australia's armed forces are known as the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The ADF includes the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army, and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). All branches of the ADF have been involved in UN and regional peacekeeping, most recently in East Timor and the Solomon Islands, disaster relief, and armed conflict including the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Prime Minister appoints the Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services, the current chief is General Peter Cosgrove. In 2005–06 the Australian Defence budget is $17.5 billion. == States and Territories== Australia consists of six states and several territories. The states are New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (Australia) (VIC) and Western Australia (WA). The two major territories are the Northern Territory (NT) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The ACT also incorporates a separate area within New South Wales known as Jervis Bay Territory, intended as a naval base and sea port for the national capital. Whilst the territories operate similarly to the states, they are constitutionally subject to the Commonwealth Government, and the Commonwealth Parliament can legislate directly in their affairs. By contrast, the powers of the states are protected by the Constitution of Australia. Each of these Australian states and territories, except Queensland, have their own bicameral Parliaments of the Australian states and territories. Queensland and the two territories have unicameral parliaments. The lower house is known as the Legislative Assembly (House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania) and the upper house the Legislative Council. The head of government in each state and territory is called the Premiers of the Australian states and Chief Minister respectively. The states each have a Governors of the Australian states, the Northern Territory an Administrator of the Northern Territory and in the ACT the Governor-General of Australia acts equivalently. The state and territory parliaments have powers to raise revenue from taxes and to legislate on a wide variety of matters. Notably the states and territories of Australia have their own Law enforcement in Australia and Australian court hierarchy and regulate Education in Australia within their borders. Australia also has several inhabited external territories: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and several largely uninhabited external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands and the Australian Antarctic Territory. == Geography and climate == [[Image:GreatBarrierReef-EO.JPG|right|thumb|210px|The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef and the setting for the film ''Finding Nemo'']] [[Image:Uluru.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Uluru is located in central Australia and is the world's second largest monolith.]] The 7,686,850 square kilometre Australian landmass is on the Indo-Australian Plate and is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and Pacific Ocean oceans, and separated from Asia by the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea seas, with total of 25,760 km of coastline. Climate is highly influenced by ocean currents, including the El Niño southern oscillation, which causes periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia. By far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid – 40 % of the land mass is covered by sand dunes. Australia is the driest inhabited continent, the flattest, and has the oldest and least fertile soils. The highest mountain in Australia is Mawson Peak on Heard Island at 2,745 metre. At 2,228 m, Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Only the south-east and south-west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. The northern part of the country has a tropical climate: part is tropical rainforest, part grasslands, and part desert. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 1,200 km. Located in central Australia, Uluru (until 1986 officially known as Ayers Rock) is the second largest monolith in the world (the largest being Mount Augustus National Park in Western Australia). ==Flora and fauna== ''Main articles'': ''Australian fauna'' and ''Australian flora'' [[Image:Tammar mjw.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Tammar Wallaby is an Australian marsupial. The genome of the wallaby is currently being sequenced, it will be a major contribution to marsupial biology.]] Although most of the continent is semi-arid or desert, Australia nevertheless includes a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. Because of the great age and consequent low fertility of the continent, its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and biodiversity. About 85 % of flowering plants, 84 % of mammals, more than 45 % of List of Australian birdss, and 89 % of inshore, temperate-zone fish are Endemic (ecology). Many of Australia's ecoregions and the species within those regions are threatened by human activities, Invasive species in Australia, land clearing and degradation. The ''Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' is used at the National level for the identification and protection of threatened species. Numerous Protected areas of Australia have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems, 64 wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Sites have been established. Australia ranked 13th in the World on the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index. Most Australian plant species are evergreen and many are adapted to fire and drought, including the Eucalyptus and acacias. Australia has a rich variety of endemic legume species that thrive in nutrient-poor soils due to their symbiosis with Rhizobia bacteria and Mycorrhiza fungi. Well-known Australian fauna include monotremes (the Platypus and an echidna) as well as a host of marsupials, including the Koala, kangaroos, wombats and the Emu. The Dingo was introduced by Austronesian people that traded with Indigenous Australians around 4000 Common Era. Many plant and animal species became extinct soon after human settlement including the Australian megafauna; many more were wiped out after European settlement, among them the Thylacine. == Economy == [[Image:BrisbaneByNight2004.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Brisbane is Australia's fastest growing capital city.]] Australia has a prosperous Western-style mixed economy, with a per capita Gross domestic product on par with the four dominant Western European economies, and ranked third on the 2004 Human Development Index and sixth on ''The Economist'' world-wide quality-of-life index 2005. In recent years, the Australian economy has been resilient in the face of global economic downturn, with steady growth. Rising output in the domestic economy has been offsetting the global slump, and business and consumer confidence remains robust. Australia's emphasis on reform is another key factor behind the economy's strength. In the 1980s, the Labor Party, led by Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke and Treasurer of Australia Paul Keating, commenced the modernisation of the Australian economy by Floating exchange rate the AUD in 1983, leading to full financial deregulation. Since 1996 the Howard government has implemented microeconomic reform policies on the labour market, and has privatised monopolies including the Communications in Australia industry. Since the recession of the early 1990s, the Australian economy has not suffered a recession in over 13 years. In April 2005, unemployment had fallen to a level of 5.1 % , the lowest level since the late 1970s. The Agriculture in Australia and natural resources sectors contribute 3 and 5 % of GDP and make up the bulk of Australia's exports. Australia's largest export markets include Japan, PRC, the United States, South Korea and New Zealand. The service sector of the economy including tourism, education, financial services makes up 69 % of GDP . One area of concern to some economists is a perpetually high current account deficit and associated high net foreign debt, usually attributed to a high level of household borrowing. == Demographics == [[Image:Sydney Harbour Bridge from the air.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Most Australians live in urban areas, Sydney is the most populous city in Australia.]] Most of the estimated 20.3 million Australians descend from 19th- and 20th-century immigrants, the majority initially from Great Britain and Ireland. Australia's population has more than doubled since the end of World War I, spurred by an ambitious post-war immigration program. In the 2001 census the five largest groups of Australians born overseas were from the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Vietnam and PRC, although migrants come from many countires, and that 27.4% of Australians are born overseas. Following the abolition of the White Australia Policy numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based on the concept of Multiculturalism. The 2001 census states that the self-declared indigenous population (including Torres Strait Islanders, who are of Melanesian descent) is 410,003 (2.2 % of total), a significant increase from the 1977 census when the population was 115,953. Indigenous Australians have a life expectancy for males and females 17 years lower than the rest of Australia, have higher rates of imprisonment and unemployment and lower levels of education. Racial inequality is an ongoing political and human rights in Australia issue for Australians. [[Image:Tanunda.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Less than 15 % of the population live in rural areas. This photo shows the Barossa Valley wine producing region of South Australia.]] In common with many other developed countries, Australia is currently experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more people retiring and fewer people of working age. A large number of Australian citizens (759,849 for the period 2002–2003) live outside of their home country. The phenomenon is often termed the Diaspora. Australia has maintained one of the most active Immigration to Australia programs in the world in order to sustain population growth, which has contributed to the diversification and enrichment of Australian demographics and culture; hence we may find Australians of Italy, Greece, or Lebanon descent. English language is the main Official language and spoken language in Australia — 80 % of the population speak only English at home according to the 2001 census. The three most common languages other than English spoken at home are Chinese languages (2.1 %), Italian language (1.9 %) and Greek language (1.4 %). A considerable number of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. Australia is home to a number of indigenous languages. Estimates usually put the number of Australian Aboriginal languages at between 200 and 300 at the time of first European contact, with the number of surviving languages now around 70, with all but 20 considered endangered languages. The total number of Australians whose main language at home is an Aboriginal language is over 50,000 (0.02 %). Australia also has a deaf sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 6,500 Australians. The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 guarantees the separation of church and state; there is no state religion in Australia. The 2001 census shows that 68 % of Australians call themselves Christian, 21 % and 27 % identifying themselves are Anglican Church and Catholic Church in Australia respectively. Like many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this; a 2001 survey indicated that weekly attendance at church services was about 1.5 million, about 7.5 % of the population. 5 % identify themselves as followers of non-Christian religions, and 26 % are not religious. School attendance is compulsory throughout Australia between the ages of 6–15 years (16 years in South Australia and Tasmania), and for this reason Australia's adult literacy rate is assumed to be 99 %. Government grants have aided in the establishment of numerous universities, and although some private universities have been established, the majority receive government funding. There is a national system of vocational training colleges, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople. Australian Bureau of Statistics figures show that approximately 58 % of Australians between the age of 25 and 64 have a vocational or tertiary qualification. == Culture == [[Image:Arthur Strerton Golden Summer.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Golden Summer by Arthur Streeton is an early example of the rich tradition of Australian landscape painting]] Much of Australia's culture has developed from European and more recently American roots, but distinctive Australian features have evolved from the environment, Australian Aborigine culture, the multicultural population and the influence of Australia's neighbours. Australia has a long history of visual arts, starting with the Cave painting and bark paintings of Aboriginal Australians. From the time of European settlement, a common theme in Australian art has been the Australian landscape, seen in the works of Arthur Streeton, Arthur Boyd and Albert Namatjira amongst others. Australian literature is also influenced by the landscape; the works of writers like Banjo Patterson and Henry Lawson captured the iconic Australian bush. The character of the colonial Australians embodied in early literature resonates with Australia today, egalitarianism, mateship, and anti-authoritarism, are still perceived as a part of the national character. The traditions of indigenous Australians are oral and closely tied to ceremony and the telling of the stories of the Dreamtime (mythology). Australian Aboriginal music, dance and Australian Aboriginal art are a visible influence on and within contemporary Australian visual and performing arts. The performing arts are well developed in Australia, with a rich tradition in ballet and theatre; a strong national opera company, Opera Australia, made prominent by the world renowned diva Joan Sutherland; and symphony orchestras in all capital cities. Music of Australia includes, classical, jazz and all popular music genres. Cinema of Australia has met with critical and commercial successes; most recently the animated short film ''Harvie Krumpet'' received an Academy Award for Animated Short Film. Australia also has strong local television production, particularly children's, lifestyle, soap opera and drama series, Australian television shows like ''The Saddle Club'', ''Neighbours'', ''Home and Away'' and ''McLeod's Daughters'' are currently broadcast internationally. Australia has three commercial and two public broadcast television networks, and two pay TV services; each major city has daily newspapers and there are two national daily newspapers, one of which is called ''The Australian''. According to Reporters Without Borders in 2004, Australia is in 41st position on a list of countries ranked by Press Freedom; well behind New Zealand (9th) and United Kingdom (28th). This ranking is primarily due to limited diversity of media ownership. [[Image:Aussie rules wikipedia.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Australian rules football was developed in Australia and is played at amateur and professional levels.]] Cuisine of Australia has been widely influenced by the immigrant population; European, Asian, Indian cuisine, and Middle Eastern food items are prepared in the homes of many Australians. Indigenous Australian foods including kangaroo and a variety of plant foods, often called "bush tucker" remain specialty items. Uniquely Australian foods include the Tim Tam biscuit and the salty yeast spread Vegemite. Sport is a part of the lifestyle of many Australians. An estimated 3.51 million Australians over the age of 15 (23.5 %) participate in organised sporting activities, and 62 % of children aged 5–14 participate in organised sport. At the national and international level Australia has strong teams in the following sports: Australian Rules football, cricket, netball, Rugby League, and Rugby Union. Australia is one of only two countries (the other being Greece) to have participated in every summer Olympic Games of the modern era; Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics and 2000 Summer Olympics Summer Olympics; Australia has also participated in every Commonwealth Games. Corporate and government sponsorship of many sports and élite athletes is common in Australia. Televised sport is also popular; some of the highest rating television programming includes the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football competitions. == Related topics == ==References== Gillsepie, R. (2002). Dating the first Australians. ''Radiocarbon'' 44:455-472
Smith, L. (1980), The Aboriginal Population of Australia, Australian National University Press, Canberra
Tatz, C. (1999). ''[http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm Genocide in Australia]'', AIATSIS Research Discussion Papers No 8, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra
Bean, C. Ed. (1941). [http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/ww1/1/index.asp Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first phase], First World War Official Histories 11th Edition.
Australian Electoral Commission (2000). [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/what/publications/electoral_events/referendum99/ 1999 Referendum Reports and Statistics]
Parliamentary Library (1997). [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm The Reserve Powers of the Governor-General]
Australian Government. (2005). [http://www.budget.gov.au/ Budget 2005-2006]
[http://www.deh.gov.au/ Department of the Environment and Heritage]
Macfarlane, I. J. (1998). [http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Bulletin/bu_oct98/bu_1098_2.pdf Australian Monetary Policy in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century]. ''Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin'', October
Parham, D. (2002). [http://www.pc.gov.au/research/confproc/mrrag/mrrag.pdf Microeconomic reforms and the revival in Australia’s growth in productivity and living standards]. ''Conference of Economists'', Adelaide, 1 October
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Labour Force Australia. Cat#6202
Australian Bureau of Statistics. [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2003). ''Advancing the National Interest'', [http://www.dfat.gov.au/ani/appendix_one.pdf Appenidix 1]
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001 Census, [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@census.nsf/ddc9b4f92657325cca256c3e000bdbaf/7dd97c937216e32fca256bbe008371f0!OpenDocument A Snapshot of Australia]
Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affiars. (2005). [http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/06evolution.htm The Evolution of Australia's Multicultural Policy]
Parliament of Australia, Senate (2005). [http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into Australian Expatriates]
[http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?docid=2250&track=82083 NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance], National Church Life Survey, Media release, 28 Feb 2004
Australian Film Commission. What are Australians Watching?, [http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/freetv.html Free-to-Air, 1999-2004 TV]
== External links == *[http://www.australia.gov.au/ Commonwealth Government Online] *[http://www.gov.au/ Australian Governments Entry Portal] *[http://www.nla.gov.au/ National Library of Australia] *[http://www.nma.gov.au/ National Museum of Australia] *[http://www.immi.gov.au/ Department of Immigration] *[http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/index.html DFAT: Country Information] *[http://www.virtualaustralia.com/australia/photos/ Australia Photos] Oceanic countries Australia Monarchies Continents Island nations Members of the Commonwealth of Nations ms:Australia bn:অস্ট্রেলিয়া ga:An Astráil hi:ऑस्ट्रेलिया kw:Ostrali la:Australia li:Australië lv:Austrālija mi:Ahitereiria nds:Australien scn:Australia simple:Australia th:ประเทศออสเตรเลีย vi:Úc tpi:Ostrelia zh-min-nan:Ò-tāi-lī-a
Australia
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Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world (geographically), the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia. Australia includes the island of Tasmania, which is an Australian States and Territories. Its neighbouring countries include New Zealand to the southeast; and Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor to its north. Oceanic countries Continents Island nations Geography ka:კატეგორია:ავსტრალია
Australia
This article has been edited in summary style for clarity and brevity. If you wish to make substantial additions, please discuss them here first or add them to the daughter articles. Archived discussions: * Talk:Australia (Archive 1), Talk:Australia/Archive 2, Talk:Australia/Archive 3, Talk:Australia/Archive 4 ---- ==Templates== For crying out loud, instead of continual reverts, could we discuss these blasted templates? There does seem to be a real issue with "template creep", and given that editors of other articles such as Canada have given them a speedy farewell, we might want to talk about them. User:Lacrimosus User talk:Lacrimosus 23:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC) :I support keeping the templates referring to Commonwealth realms and nations. If not here, then perhaps at Queen of Australia (realms) and Foreign relations of Australia (Commonwealth nations), but I'd like to leave them here, as sort of cross references. They're more relevant to the main Australia article than half the external links. The Continents template doesn't really belong here as this is a country article, not a continent article. --User:ScottDavis 05:26, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::But I don't think we can create a separate Australia (Continent) article. We just need to expand the continental content, as it were. User:Lacrimosus User talk:Lacrimosus 06:33, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) :::Currently the Commonwealth template is on Foreign relations of Australia, which seems like a fair compromise. - User:SimonP 22:44, May 10, 2005 (UTC) ==IPA notice== Does not the IPA notice in the Australia#Origin and history of the name section fragment the pronounciation paragraph? It does so in my browser. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=203.164.184.88 User:203.164.184.88] moved it here, but when I moved it lower again, to prevent the fragmentation, I was accussed of making a bad edit. I do think that the notice should precede the IPA langauge, but I have been unable to position it there without the fragmentation occuring. Could somebody perhaps fix it?--User:Cyberjunkie 05:05, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) == What the hell? == What happened to the page?!? *angry* ==This should be a featured Article== I'm going to try an get this article up to featured status, please leave any suggestins here, and if you wrote sections of the article could you tell me where you got the information so I can compile a reference list. Thanks --User:Petaholmes 01:51, 4 May 2005 (UTC) :The government section is a bit lacking.--User:Cyberjunkie 16:08, 5 May 2005 (UTC) :: I think its pretty good, it shouldn't really cover anything beyond the basic structure of the government, the recently featured South Africa article had the same breakdown. I have added more info on politics and governance to the politics and states sections. Two things that do need to go into the article are Foreign relations of Australia and the Australian Defence Force and I don't know where to add them, they don't really relate to the structure of the government and they aren't really political. Any ideas?--User:Petaholmes 05:59, 9 May 2005 (UTC) ::Transportation and communication also need a mention, look at the roasting Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Portugal got recently--User:Petaholmes 06:08, 9 May 2005 (UTC) *Moved the info on NZ to Immigration to Australia--User:Petaholmes 06:29, 9 May 2005 (UTC) :The Government section is good; I just don't like the dot point method. And I'm a bit confused with the Politics section. In most country articles, Politics is used to talk about government in general, whereas we have a separate government section. So if our Politics section is used to talk exclusively about Parliament, why then must Government only be an outline? Shouldn't it be more detailed? :In the Australian topics table, at the bottom of the page, foreign relations is included under history, but I don't think that's the right place to put it. Do you mean to write about it, or simply include a link to it as a Main article? Either way, there isn't really a corresponding section - the closest are Government and Politics. :If discussion of military is required for featured articles, a military section could be created, like in the South Africa article. :I don't know how deep we will be able to delve into transport for Australia, given it's more state-based (and in fact, state concern). I suppose we could have minor discussion on major infrastructure, like inter-state/trans-continental railways, national highways and capital city airports. Perhaps even some unique features like road-trains? Still, I doubt its necessity. :As for communication, I've never seen it written about before in a country article - not even in South Africa. That's something that could go into Economy possibly, but I don't think it needs a separate section. Actually, transport could also be included in economy. :It seems that people expect country articles to have to same layout as the CIA World Factbook, and I decidedly disagree - the factbook is hardly something to aspire to. :Anyways, thank you for the great work you've been doing. I'm sure the article will become a feature with your efforts. --User:Cyberjunkie 07:04, 9 May 2005 (UTC) ::What do you think about the military section in France article? I think something as simple as that could possibly be included. Actually, what do you think of the layout of the France article as a whole? Also, I have added information on Australia's maritime territory to Exclusive Economic Zone that could be included under geography, as in the France article.--User:Cyberjunkie 11:13, 13 May 2005 (UTC) I merged and pruned the government and politics sections, any opinions?--User:Petaholmes 05:30, 16 May 2005 (UTC) :just make sure that any of the material you deleted from these sections is either already included in one of the "main articles" either Politics of Australia or Government of Australia as appropriate so that good material doesn't get lost. User:Clarkk 02:20, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :Could whoever said that the Queen is generally considered to be the head of state please find a source for this statement? This may have been true once, but as many Australians feel that the Governor-General is the head of state, a belief that the Queen is the head of state can hardly be considered general. User:Skyring 22:11, 17 May 2005 (UTC) ::Not this, again :/--User:Petaholmes 00:37, 18 May 2005 (UTC) :::You don't mind if we have everything shipshape and sourced and accurate, surely? User:Skyring 00:38, 18 May 2005 (UTC) ==Infobox== Are the statistics provided in the infobox in US dollars or Australian? Either way, they are incorrect. I'll fix it, but I just need to know what currency is used.--User:Cyberjunkie 16:15, 13 May 2005 (UTC) : Not sure. This is an Australian article, so should be in AUD (can put in USD for comparison if neccessary). --User:Daveb 07:53, 14 May 2005 (UTC) == Australia or its commonwealth == Wouldn't it be usefull to keep the continent/island and the political structure separate? The first is far more "eternal" than the last. Only plate tectonics can "destroy" the first and it has existed for how many millions of years? On the other hand the commonwealth exists apparently since 1 January 1901. Perhaps the best solution is to change the def in the intro and redistibute its contents under the correct heading, namely politics. -User:MarSch 14:26, 16 May 2005 (UTC) :I disagree entirely. Australia the country and Australia the continent are one in the same. The natural features of the continent are discussed within the diverging articles of ecology and geography. Most of the continent articles focus upon the polities situated within their bounds, and for Australia, the polity encompasses it in its entirety. The article as it presently exists, is most correct.--User:Cyberjunkie 15:02, 16 May 2005 (UTC) ==Bold main articles== I think bolding the links to main articles is really ugly, and unnecessary since the ''Main article:Blah'' is on a separate line to the blocks of text, and its not done on featured artciles, anyone mind if I reformat them?--User:Petaholmes 04:38, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :Whilst I don't think it makes them appear "ugly" (actually, I think the opposite), I don't mind if it's reverted. I changed it because that seemed the standard for a growing number of articles, including features.--User:Cyberjunkie 04:58, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :what about using
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
A
AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AR | AS | AT | AU | AW | AX | AY | AZ |Words begining with Australia:
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia's
Australia's_Big_Things
Australia's_Brainiest_Kid
Australia's_Brainiest_Kid
Australia's_canada
Australia's_Federation_Guard
Australia's_Funniest_Home_Video_Show
Australia's_Next_Top_Model
Australia's_Polar_Dinosaurs
Australia,_New_Zealand,_United_States_security_treaty
Australia,_New_Zealand,_United_States_security_treaty
Australia,_prehistory
Australia-actor-stub
Australia-bio-stub
Australia-depot-stub
Australia-geo-stub
Australia-gov-stub
Australia-New_Guinea
Australia-New_Zealand-United_States_Security_Treaty
Australia-New_Zealand_Memorial,_Canberra
Australia-related_stubs
Australia-stub
Australia-wide_radio_stations
Australia/Archive4
Australia/Archive_2
Australia/Archive_3
Australia/Archive_4
Australia/Communications
Australia/Conservation
Australia/Economy
Australia/Foreign_relations
Australia/Geography
Australia/Geography
Australia/Government
Australia/Government
Australia/History
Australia/Israel_&_Jewish_Affairs_Council
Australia/Military
Australia/Music
Australia/People
Australia/Transnational_issues
Australia/Transportation
AustraliaGG
AustraliaGG
AustraliaGov
Australian
Australian-American_Memorial
Australian-rules_football
AustralianCapitalCities
Australianism
Australianmusic
Australianmusic
AustralianPMs
AustralianRulesFootball
Australians
Australians_for_Constitutional_Monarchy
Australians_for_Native_Title_and_Reconciliation
Australians_in_England_in_2005
Australian_10th_Division
Australian_1999_referendum
Australian_1st_Armoured_Division
Australian_1st_Division
Australian_1st_Division_(World_War_1)
Australian_1st_Division_(World_War_I)
Australian_2nd_Division
Australian_2nd_Division_(World_War_I)
Australian_3rd_Division
Australian_3rd_Division_(World_War_I)
Australian_4th_Division
Australian_4th_Division_(World_War_I)
Australian_5th_Division
Australian_5th_Division_(World_War_I)
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Australian_7th_Division
Australian_8th_Division
Australian_9th_Division
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Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_Gulf_War
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Australian_Medicines_Handbook
Australian_megafauna
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Australia_biography_stubs
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Australia_infobox
Australia_in_England_in_2005
Australia_maps
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Australia_Network_Information_Centre
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Australia_Post
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Australia_Telescope_National_Facility
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Australia_Unites:_Reach_Out_To_Asia
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