
''Augustus'' (plural ''Augusti'') is Latin for "majestic" or "venerable". The greek equivalent is sebastos, or a mere grecization (by changing of the ending) ''augustos''. ==Origin and nature== Although the use of the ''Roman naming convention'' "Augustus" as part of one's name is generally understood to identify the Caesar Augustus, this is somewhat misleading; "Augustus" was the most significant name associated with the Emperor, but it did not actually represent any sort of constitutional office. The Imperial dignity was not an ordinary office, but rather an extraordinary concentration of ordinary powers in one man's hands; "Augustus" was the name that unambiguously identified that man. *The first "Augustus" (and first man counted as a Roman Emperor) was Caesar Augustus, who was given that name by the Roman Senate on January 16, 27 BC; over the next forty years, Caesar Augustus (as he is now known) literally set the standard by which subsequent Emperors could be recognised, by accumulating various offices and powers and making his own name ("Augustus") identifiable with the consolidation of powers. Although the name signified nothing in constitutional theory, it was recognised as representing all the powers that Caesar Augustus had accumulated. As ''princeps senatus'' (lit., "prince of the senate", "first man of the senate") he was the parliamentary leader of the house in the Senate and received diplomatic embassages on behalf of that body; as ''pontifex maximus'' (lit. "greatest bridgemaker") he was the chief priest of the Roman state religion; as bearing consular ''imperium'' he had authority equal to the official chief (and eponymous) magistrates within Rome and as bearing ''imperium maius'' he had authority greater than theirs outside Rome (because of this, he outranked all provincial governors and was also supreme commander of all Roman legions); as bearing ''tribune'' ("tribunician power") he had personal inviolability (''sacrosanctitas'') and the right to veto any act or proposal by any magistrate within Rome. This concentration of powers became the model by which all subsequent Emperors ruled Rome in constitutional theory (in practice this systematic and sophisticated theory gradually lost any resemblance to reality in the 3rd century and 4th century, when the Emperors became rather more reminiscent of oriental despots than "first among equals"). *Octavian "Caesar Augustus" also set the standard by which Roman Emperors were named. The three titles used by the majority of Roman Emperors -- "''imperator''", "''Caesar (title)''" and "''augustus''" -- were all used personally by Caesar Augustus (he officially styled himself "Imperator Caesar Augustus"); of these names, only "Augustus" was unique to the Emperor himself, as others could and did bear the titles "Imperator" and "Caesar" (it should be noted, however, that the Emperor's mother or wife could bear the name "Augusta"). It became customary for an Emperor-designate to adopt the name ''NN. Caesar'' (where NN. is the individual's personal name) or later ''NN. Nobilissimus Caesar'' ("NN. Most Noble Caesar"), and occasionally to be awarded the title ''Princeps Iuventutis'' ("Prince of Youth"). Upon accession to the purple, the new Emperor usually adopted the name ''Imperator Caesar NN. Augustus'' (later Emperors took to inserting ''Pius Felix'', "Pious and Blest", and ''Invictus'', "Unconquered", between their personal names and ''Augustus''). In this usage, by signifying the complete assumption of all Imperial powers, "''Augustus''" is roughly analogous to "Emperor", though a modern reader should be careful not to project onto the ancients a modern, monarchical understanding of what an emperor is. As noted, there was no constitutional office associated with the imperial dignity; the Emperor's personal authority (''dignitas'') and influence (''auctoritas'') derived from his position as ''princeps senatus'', and his legal authority derived from his ''consulari imperium'' and ''tribunicia potestas''; in Roman constitutional theory, one might consider "''augustus''" as being shorthand for "''princeps senatus et pontifex maximus consulari imperio et tribuniciae potestate''" (loosely, "Leader of the House and Chief Priest with Consular ''Imperium'' and Tribunician Power"). In many ways, "''augustus''" is comparable to the United Kingdom dignity of prince; it is a personal title, dignity, or attribute rather than a title of nobility such as duke or king. The Emperor was most commonly referred to as ''princeps'' (''basileus'', "king", in Greek). ==In the Divided Roman Empire== Later, under the Tetrarchy, the rank of "''augustus''" referred to the two senior Emperors (in East and West), while "''caesar''" referred to the junior sub-Emperors. The aforementioned three principle titles of the emperors -- "''imperator''", "''caesar''", and "''augustus''" -- were rendered as ''autocrat'', ''kaisar'', and ''augustos'' (or ''sebastos'') in Greek. The Greek title continued to be used in the Byzantine Empire until its extinction in 1453, although "''sebastos''" lost its Imperial exclusivity: persons who were not the Emperor could receive titles formed from "''sebastos''", and "''autokratôr''" became the exclusive title of the Emperor. ==Legacy== The Latin title of the so-called "Holy Roman Emperors" was usually "''Imperator Augustus''", which conveys the modern understanding of "emperor" rather than the original Roman sense (i.e., the "first citizen" of the Republic). Ironically, although the German language word for "emperor" is "''Kaiser''", a clear derivative of "''caesar''", that was the only one of the three principal titles of the Latin- and Greek-speaking Roman Emperors that was not regularly used in Latin by the German-speaking Holy Roman Emperors. As a note of historical interest, the first modern use of the original sense of "emperor" was in the French Republic (''République française''). Napoleon I of France (Napoleon I of France), who was already First Consul of the French Republic (''Premier Consul de la République française'') for life, was crowned "Emperor of the French (''Empereur des Français'') in 1804; despite being ruled by an emperor, it continued to be the French Republic until 1808, when it was renamed the French Empire (''Empire français''). Roman Empire Ancient Roman titles
Minor question: Is it correct to identify centuries with Roman numerals? -------- when was he born. when did he die. where was he born. I think, not pl. (pluralis) Augusti, but gen.(genitivus casus) Augusti. Why pluralis? -LinasLit :"Pl." is the abbreviation of "plural". The nominative plural form of ''augustus'' is ''augusti''. Yes, the genitive singular form of ''augustus'' is also ''augusti'', but that is mostly irrelevant to the article; by general convention, Latin nouns in English text are only declined in the nominative case, singular and plural. User:Publius 12:19, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC) ---- The justification for an article on Augustus as well as one on Augustus Caesar can only be a discussion of the history and use of the ''title'' Augustus. Biographical material about Augustus and his other titles does not belong here. User:Adam Carr 12:47, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC) :Quite to the contrary, that information is extremely important to understanding the nature of the title ''Augustus''. To simply say that it means "Emperor" is to ignore important distinctions in official and constitutional theory. The name ''Augustus'' had no constitutional meaning; it was simply a name given to an extraordinarily powerful citizen. The information about Caesar Augustus's career is an explanation of how that name came to be associated with the Imperial powers and dignities. Caesar Augustus's career is inseparable from the history of the title because he gave it its meaning by an extraordinary concentration of powers. :To be named Augustus was to be the supreme commander of all Roman legions. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he had been invested with ''imperium maius'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. To be named Augustus was to be the leader of the Senate and to receive diplomatic envoys on behalf of Rome. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he was appointed ''princeps senatus'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. to be named Augustus was to have personal inviolability, the right to rescue a plebeian from the hands of a magistrate, and the right to interpose his veto on any act or motion of any magistrate. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he was voted ''tribunicia potestas'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. To be named Augustus was to be head of the Roman state religion. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he was elected ''pontifex maximus'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. :I submit that no article about Augustus is complete without a brief summary of the career of Caesar Augustus, as this career is quite inseparable from what being Augustus meant. If an American citizen somewow created an office called "Algernon" that was simultaneously commander-in-chief, leader of the executive, judiciary, and legislature, head of state, chief priest, and governor of most States of the Union, would it not be odd if the encyclopedia read simply "'Algernon' is chiefly significant as a title first used by Algernon Montcrieff", and gave no further explanation for how being Algernon came to encompass all those offices and powers? User:Publius 22:42, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC) Well, OK, but the explanation of that needs to be shorter and clearer than it was in the original version. And it should not be a ''biography'' of Augustus, sinec we already have one of those. Also, please explain what "NN" means. User:Adam Carr 10:45, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC) ==Page move?== I recognize that this would require some work, but I think this article should be moved to Augustus (title) and Caesar Augustus moved here. I think that would be more intuitive page names. A quick sampling of What links here shows that a huge number, if not the majority, of links to this page should be to Caesar Augustus - User:Fornadan 22:11, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Augustus:
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus,_Emperor_of_Rome
Augustus_Addison_Gould
Augustus_Applegath
Augustus_B._Woodward
Augustus_Bacon
Augustus_Baldwin_Longstreet
Augustus_C._Baldwin
Augustus_C._Dodge
Augustus_C._Dodge
Augustus_C._French
Augustus_Caesar
Augustus_Caesar
Augustus_Caesar_Dodge
Augustus_Case
Augustus_Ceasar
Augustus_Charles_Hobart-Hampden
Augustus_Charles_Newman
Augustus_DeMorgan
Augustus_De_Morgan
Augustus_De_Morgan
Augustus_de_Morgan
Augustus_Dunbier
Augustus_E._John
Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love
Augustus_Edwin_John
Augustus_Egg
Augustus_F._Goodridge
Augustus_F._Hawkins
Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Fitzroy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Frederick
Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex
Augustus_French
Augustus_Garrett
Augustus_Gloop
Augustus_Gratianus
Augustus_Gregory
Augustus_H._Garland
Augustus_Hand
Augustus_Hare
Augustus_Henry_Archibald_Anson
Augustus_Henry_Fitzroy
Augustus_Henry_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Henry_Fitzroy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Henry_Fitzroy_Grafton
Augustus_Henry_Lane-Fox_Pitt-Rivers
Augustus_Hill_Garland
Augustus_Hoernle
Augustus_I
Augustus_I,_Elector_of_Saxony
Augustus_II
Augustus_III
Augustus_III_of_Poland
Augustus_III_of_Poland
Augustus_II_of_Poland
Augustus_II_of_Saxony
Augustus_II_the_Strong
Augustus_John
Augustus_John_Cuthbert_Hare
Augustus_John_Hervey,_3rd_Earl_of_Bristol
Augustus_Juilliard
Augustus_Keppel
Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel
Augustus_Keppel,_Viscount,_Baron_Elden_Keppel
Augustus_Keppel,_Viscount_Keppel
Augustus_Kilty
Augustus_Kuper
Augustus_Leopold_Egg
Augustus_Leopold_Kuper
Augustus_Le_Plongeon
Augustus_Love
Augustus_Lowell
Augustus_Ludlow
Augustus_Lukeman
Augustus_Maxwell
Augustus_Meineke
Augustus_Meineke
Augustus_Merrimon
Augustus_Mongredien
Augustus_Montague_Toplady
Augustus_Montagu_Toplady
Augustus_Nicholas_Burke
Augustus_Noble_Hand
Augustus_O._Bacon
Augustus_Octavius_Bacon
Augustus_Pablo
Augustus_Pablo_albums
Augustus_Pitt-Rivers
Augustus_Pitt_Rivers
Augustus_Pitt_Rivers
Augustus_Pugin
Augustus_Rookwood
Augustus_S._F._X._Van_Dusen
Augustus_S._Merrimon
Augustus_S._Porter
Augustus_Saint-Gaudens
Augustus_Saint-Gaudens
Augustus_Seymour_Porter
Augustus_Siebe
Augustus_Snodgrass
Augustus_St._Gaudens
Augustus_St._Gaudens
Augustus_Summerfield_Merrimon
Augustus_Theodore_Bartholomew
Augustus_the_Strong
Augustus_Toplady
Augustus_Wall_Callcott
Augustus_Welby_Northmore_Pugin
Augustus_Welby_Pugin
Augustus_William_Hare
Augustus_Wollaston_Franks
Augustus_Woodward
Augustus_Woodward
Augustus
''Augustus'' (plural ''Augusti'') is Latin for "majestic" or "venerable". The greek equivalent is sebastos, or a mere grecization (by changing of the ending) ''augustos''. ==Origin and nature== Although the use of the ''Roman naming convention'' "Augustus" as part of one's name is generally understood to identify the Caesar Augustus, this is somewhat misleading; "Augustus" was the most significant name associated with the Emperor, but it did not actually represent any sort of constitutional office. The Imperial dignity was not an ordinary office, but rather an extraordinary concentration of ordinary powers in one man's hands; "Augustus" was the name that unambiguously identified that man. *The first "Augustus" (and first man counted as a Roman Emperor) was Caesar Augustus, who was given that name by the Roman Senate on January 16, 27 BC; over the next forty years, Caesar Augustus (as he is now known) literally set the standard by which subsequent Emperors could be recognised, by accumulating various offices and powers and making his own name ("Augustus") identifiable with the consolidation of powers. Although the name signified nothing in constitutional theory, it was recognised as representing all the powers that Caesar Augustus had accumulated. As ''princeps senatus'' (lit., "prince of the senate", "first man of the senate") he was the parliamentary leader of the house in the Senate and received diplomatic embassages on behalf of that body; as ''pontifex maximus'' (lit. "greatest bridgemaker") he was the chief priest of the Roman state religion; as bearing consular ''imperium'' he had authority equal to the official chief (and eponymous) magistrates within Rome and as bearing ''imperium maius'' he had authority greater than theirs outside Rome (because of this, he outranked all provincial governors and was also supreme commander of all Roman legions); as bearing ''tribune'' ("tribunician power") he had personal inviolability (''sacrosanctitas'') and the right to veto any act or proposal by any magistrate within Rome. This concentration of powers became the model by which all subsequent Emperors ruled Rome in constitutional theory (in practice this systematic and sophisticated theory gradually lost any resemblance to reality in the 3rd century and 4th century, when the Emperors became rather more reminiscent of oriental despots than "first among equals"). *Octavian "Caesar Augustus" also set the standard by which Roman Emperors were named. The three titles used by the majority of Roman Emperors -- "''imperator''", "''Caesar (title)''" and "''augustus''" -- were all used personally by Caesar Augustus (he officially styled himself "Imperator Caesar Augustus"); of these names, only "Augustus" was unique to the Emperor himself, as others could and did bear the titles "Imperator" and "Caesar" (it should be noted, however, that the Emperor's mother or wife could bear the name "Augusta"). It became customary for an Emperor-designate to adopt the name ''NN. Caesar'' (where NN. is the individual's personal name) or later ''NN. Nobilissimus Caesar'' ("NN. Most Noble Caesar"), and occasionally to be awarded the title ''Princeps Iuventutis'' ("Prince of Youth"). Upon accession to the purple, the new Emperor usually adopted the name ''Imperator Caesar NN. Augustus'' (later Emperors took to inserting ''Pius Felix'', "Pious and Blest", and ''Invictus'', "Unconquered", between their personal names and ''Augustus''). In this usage, by signifying the complete assumption of all Imperial powers, "''Augustus''" is roughly analogous to "Emperor", though a modern reader should be careful not to project onto the ancients a modern, monarchical understanding of what an emperor is. As noted, there was no constitutional office associated with the imperial dignity; the Emperor's personal authority (''dignitas'') and influence (''auctoritas'') derived from his position as ''princeps senatus'', and his legal authority derived from his ''consulari imperium'' and ''tribunicia potestas''; in Roman constitutional theory, one might consider "''augustus''" as being shorthand for "''princeps senatus et pontifex maximus consulari imperio et tribuniciae potestate''" (loosely, "Leader of the House and Chief Priest with Consular ''Imperium'' and Tribunician Power"). In many ways, "''augustus''" is comparable to the United Kingdom dignity of prince; it is a personal title, dignity, or attribute rather than a title of nobility such as duke or king. The Emperor was most commonly referred to as ''princeps'' (''basileus'', "king", in Greek). ==In the Divided Roman Empire== Later, under the Tetrarchy, the rank of "''augustus''" referred to the two senior Emperors (in East and West), while "''caesar''" referred to the junior sub-Emperors. The aforementioned three principle titles of the emperors -- "''imperator''", "''caesar''", and "''augustus''" -- were rendered as ''autocrat'', ''kaisar'', and ''augustos'' (or ''sebastos'') in Greek. The Greek title continued to be used in the Byzantine Empire until its extinction in 1453, although "''sebastos''" lost its Imperial exclusivity: persons who were not the Emperor could receive titles formed from "''sebastos''", and "''autokratôr''" became the exclusive title of the Emperor. ==Legacy== The Latin title of the so-called "Holy Roman Emperors" was usually "''Imperator Augustus''", which conveys the modern understanding of "emperor" rather than the original Roman sense (i.e., the "first citizen" of the Republic). Ironically, although the German language word for "emperor" is "''Kaiser''", a clear derivative of "''caesar''", that was the only one of the three principal titles of the Latin- and Greek-speaking Roman Emperors that was not regularly used in Latin by the German-speaking Holy Roman Emperors. As a note of historical interest, the first modern use of the original sense of "emperor" was in the French Republic (''République française''). Napoleon I of France (Napoleon I of France), who was already First Consul of the French Republic (''Premier Consul de la République française'') for life, was crowned "Emperor of the French (''Empereur des Français'') in 1804; despite being ruled by an emperor, it continued to be the French Republic until 1808, when it was renamed the French Empire (''Empire français''). Roman Empire Ancient Roman titles
Augustus
Minor question: Is it correct to identify centuries with Roman numerals? -------- when was he born. when did he die. where was he born. I think, not pl. (pluralis) Augusti, but gen.(genitivus casus) Augusti. Why pluralis? -LinasLit :"Pl." is the abbreviation of "plural". The nominative plural form of ''augustus'' is ''augusti''. Yes, the genitive singular form of ''augustus'' is also ''augusti'', but that is mostly irrelevant to the article; by general convention, Latin nouns in English text are only declined in the nominative case, singular and plural. User:Publius 12:19, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC) ---- The justification for an article on Augustus as well as one on Augustus Caesar can only be a discussion of the history and use of the ''title'' Augustus. Biographical material about Augustus and his other titles does not belong here. User:Adam Carr 12:47, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC) :Quite to the contrary, that information is extremely important to understanding the nature of the title ''Augustus''. To simply say that it means "Emperor" is to ignore important distinctions in official and constitutional theory. The name ''Augustus'' had no constitutional meaning; it was simply a name given to an extraordinarily powerful citizen. The information about Caesar Augustus's career is an explanation of how that name came to be associated with the Imperial powers and dignities. Caesar Augustus's career is inseparable from the history of the title because he gave it its meaning by an extraordinary concentration of powers. :To be named Augustus was to be the supreme commander of all Roman legions. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he had been invested with ''imperium maius'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. To be named Augustus was to be the leader of the Senate and to receive diplomatic envoys on behalf of Rome. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he was appointed ''princeps senatus'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. to be named Augustus was to have personal inviolability, the right to rescue a plebeian from the hands of a magistrate, and the right to interpose his veto on any act or motion of any magistrate. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he was voted ''tribunicia potestas'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. To be named Augustus was to be head of the Roman state religion. Was this because he was named Augustus? No, it was because he was elected ''pontifex maximus'', after the model of Caesar Augustus. :I submit that no article about Augustus is complete without a brief summary of the career of Caesar Augustus, as this career is quite inseparable from what being Augustus meant. If an American citizen somewow created an office called "Algernon" that was simultaneously commander-in-chief, leader of the executive, judiciary, and legislature, head of state, chief priest, and governor of most States of the Union, would it not be odd if the encyclopedia read simply "'Algernon' is chiefly significant as a title first used by Algernon Montcrieff", and gave no further explanation for how being Algernon came to encompass all those offices and powers? User:Publius 22:42, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC) Well, OK, but the explanation of that needs to be shorter and clearer than it was in the original version. And it should not be a ''biography'' of Augustus, sinec we already have one of those. Also, please explain what "NN" means. User:Adam Carr 10:45, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC) ==Page move?== I recognize that this would require some work, but I think this article should be moved to Augustus (title) and Caesar Augustus moved here. I think that would be more intuitive page names. A quick sampling of What links here shows that a huge number, if not the majority, of links to this page should be to Caesar Augustus - User:Fornadan 22:11, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
A
AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AR | AS | AT | AU | AW | AX | AY | AZ |Words begining with Augustus:
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus,_Emperor_of_Rome
Augustus_Addison_Gould
Augustus_Applegath
Augustus_B._Woodward
Augustus_Bacon
Augustus_Baldwin_Longstreet
Augustus_C._Baldwin
Augustus_C._Dodge
Augustus_C._Dodge
Augustus_C._French
Augustus_Caesar
Augustus_Caesar
Augustus_Caesar_Dodge
Augustus_Case
Augustus_Ceasar
Augustus_Charles_Hobart-Hampden
Augustus_Charles_Newman
Augustus_DeMorgan
Augustus_De_Morgan
Augustus_De_Morgan
Augustus_de_Morgan
Augustus_Dunbier
Augustus_E._John
Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love
Augustus_Edwin_John
Augustus_Egg
Augustus_F._Goodridge
Augustus_F._Hawkins
Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Fitzroy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Frederick
Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex
Augustus_French
Augustus_Garrett
Augustus_Gloop
Augustus_Gratianus
Augustus_Gregory
Augustus_H._Garland
Augustus_Hand
Augustus_Hare
Augustus_Henry_Archibald_Anson
Augustus_Henry_Fitzroy
Augustus_Henry_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Henry_Fitzroy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton
Augustus_Henry_Fitzroy_Grafton
Augustus_Henry_Lane-Fox_Pitt-Rivers
Augustus_Hill_Garland
Augustus_Hoernle
Augustus_I
Augustus_I,_Elector_of_Saxony
Augustus_II
Augustus_III
Augustus_III_of_Poland
Augustus_III_of_Poland
Augustus_II_of_Poland
Augustus_II_of_Saxony
Augustus_II_the_Strong
Augustus_John
Augustus_John_Cuthbert_Hare
Augustus_John_Hervey,_3rd_Earl_of_Bristol
Augustus_Juilliard
Augustus_Keppel
Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel
Augustus_Keppel,_Viscount,_Baron_Elden_Keppel
Augustus_Keppel,_Viscount_Keppel
Augustus_Kilty
Augustus_Kuper
Augustus_Leopold_Egg
Augustus_Leopold_Kuper
Augustus_Le_Plongeon
Augustus_Love
Augustus_Lowell
Augustus_Ludlow
Augustus_Lukeman
Augustus_Maxwell
Augustus_Meineke
Augustus_Meineke
Augustus_Merrimon
Augustus_Mongredien
Augustus_Montague_Toplady
Augustus_Montagu_Toplady
Augustus_Nicholas_Burke
Augustus_Noble_Hand
Augustus_O._Bacon
Augustus_Octavius_Bacon
Augustus_Pablo
Augustus_Pablo_albums
Augustus_Pitt-Rivers
Augustus_Pitt_Rivers
Augustus_Pitt_Rivers
Augustus_Pugin
Augustus_Rookwood
Augustus_S._F._X._Van_Dusen
Augustus_S._Merrimon
Augustus_S._Porter
Augustus_Saint-Gaudens
Augustus_Saint-Gaudens
Augustus_Seymour_Porter
Augustus_Siebe
Augustus_Snodgrass
Augustus_St._Gaudens
Augustus_St._Gaudens
Augustus_Summerfield_Merrimon
Augustus_Theodore_Bartholomew
Augustus_the_Strong
Augustus_Toplady
Augustus_Wall_Callcott
Augustus_Welby_Northmore_Pugin
Augustus_Welby_Pugin
Augustus_William_Hare
Augustus_Wollaston_Franks
Augustus_Woodward
Augustus_Woodward
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