
Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammation. It has also an anticoagulant (blood thinning) effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks. The brand name ''Aspirin'' was coined by the Bayer company of Germany. In some countries the name is used as a genericized trademark for the drug rather than the manufacturer's trademark. In countries in which Aspirin remains a trademark, the initialism ASA is used as a generic term (ASS in German language countries, for ''Acetylsalicylsäure''). Because there appears to be a connection between aspirin and Reye's syndrome, aspirin is no longer used to control flu-like symptoms in children. Low-dose long-term aspirin irreversibly blocks formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, producing an inhibitory affect on platelet aggregation, and this blood thinning property makes it useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks. Aspirin produced for this purpose often comes in 75 or 81 Milligram dispersible tablets. High doses of aspirin are also given immediately after an acute heart attack. Several hundred fatal overdoses of aspirin occur annually, but the vast majority of its use is beneficial. Its primary undesirable side effects, especially in stronger doses, are gastrointestinal distress (including gastric ulcer and stomach bleeding) and tinnitus. Another side effect, due to its anticoagulant properties, is increased bleeding in menstruating women. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#000000" style="float:right" |- ! Name ! acetylsalicylic acid
(aspirin) |- ! Systematic name | 2-acetoxybenzoic acid |- ! Formula | benzene ring(oxygenacetyl)carboxylic acid |- ! Melting point | 136°C (277°F) |- ! Boiling point | 140°C (284°F) |- ! Structure | |} Aspirin was the first discovered member of the class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not all of which are salicylates, though they all have similar effects and a similar action mechanism. ==History of discovery== Hippocrates, a Hellenic civilization physician for whom the Hippocratic Oath is named, wrote in the 5th century BC about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers. This remedy is also mentioned in texts from ancient Sumeria, Egypt and Assyria. Native American Indians used it for headaches, fever, sore muscles, rheumatism, and chills. The Reverend Edmund Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever. The active extract of the bark, called ''salicin'', after the Latin name for the White willow (''Salix alba''), was isolated to its crystaline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a France pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italy chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is highly acidic when in a saturated solution with water (pH = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason. This chemical was also isolated from meadowsweet flowers (genus ''Filipendula'', formerly classified in ''Spiraea'') by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as irritated stomach and diarrhea, and even death when consumed in high doses. In 1897 one of the researches in the Bayer in Germany, derivatized one of the hydroxy functional groups in salicylic acid with an acetyl group (forming the acetyl ester) which greatly reduced the negative effects. This was the first synthetic drug, not a copy of something that existed in nature, and the start of the pharmaceuticals industry. Who actually did it is a matter of controversy. Officially, it is claimed that the inventor of aspirin was Felix Hoffmann. On the other hand, Arthur Eichengrün claimed in 1949 that he planned and directed the synthesis of Aspirin while Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis using Eichengrün's process and nothing more. The Eichengrün version was ignored by historians and chemists until 1999, when Walter Sneader of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow re-examined the case and came to the conclusion that indeed Eichengrün's account was convincing and correct and that Eichengrün deserved credit for the invention of Aspirin. Bayer, however, continues to deny this theory. It was not until the 1970s that the mechanism of action of aspirin and similar drugs called NSAIDs was elucidated (see below). ==History of the name "Aspirin"== The name "aspirin" is composed of a- (from the acetyl group) -spir- (from the ''spiraea'' flower) and -in (a common ending for drugs at the time). Bayer registered it as a trademark on March 6, 1899. However, the German company lost the right to use the trademark in many countries as the Allies seized and resold its foreign assets after World War I. The right to use "Aspirin" in the United States (along with all other Bayer trademarks) was purchased from the U.S. government by Sterling Drug, Inc in 1918. Even before the patent for the drug expired in 1917, Bayer had been unable to stop competitors from copying the formula and using the name elsewhere, and so with a flooded market, the public was unable to recognize "Aspirin" as coming from only one manufacturer. Sterling was subsequently unable to prevent "Aspirin" from being ruled a genericized trademark (and therefore unprotected) in a U.S. federal court in 1921. Other countries (such as Canada) still consider "Aspirin" a protected trademark. ==How it works== In a piece of research for which he was awarded both a Nobel prize and a knighthood, John Vane, who was then employed by the Royal College of Surgeons in London, showed in 1971 that aspirin suppresses the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This happens because cyclooxygenase, an enzyme which participates in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, is irreversibly inhibited when aspirin acetylates it. Prostaglandins are local hormones (paracrine) produced in the body and have diverse effects in the body, including but not limited to transmission of pain information to the brain, modulation of the hypothalamus thermostat and inflammation. Thromboxanes are responsible for the aggregation of platelets that form clot. Heart attacks are primarily caused by blood clots, and their reduction with the introduction of small amounts of aspirin has been seen to be an effective medical intervention. The side effect of this is that the ability of the blood in general to clot is reduced, and excessive bleeding may result from the use of aspirin. More recent work has shown that there are at least two different types of cyclooxygenase: COX-1 and COX-2. Aspirin inhibits both of them. Newer NSAID drugs called COX-2 selective inhibitors have been developed that only inhibit COX-2, with the hope that this would reduce the gastrointestinal side effects. However, several of the new COX-2 selective inhibitors have been recently withdrawn, after evidence emerged that COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack. It is proposed that endothelial cells lining the arteries in the body express COX-2, and by selectively inhibiting COX-2, prostaglandins (specifically PGF2) are downregulated with respect to thromboxane levels, as COX-1 in platelets is unaffected. Thus, the protective anti-coagulative effect of PGF2 is decreased, increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. ==Overdose== Aspirin overdose has serious consequences and is potentially lethal. Effects of overdose include: *tinnitus *abdominal pain *hypokalemia *hypoglycemia *pyrexia *hyperventilation *cardiac arrhythmia *hypotension *hallucination *renal failure *confusion *seizure *coma *death Overdose can be acute or chronic; that is, a person can overdose by taking one very large dose or smaller doses over a period of time. Acute overdose has a mortality rate of 2%. Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal with a mortality rate of 25%. The most common cause of death during an aspirin overdose is pulmonary edema. Treatment requires ingestion of activated charcoal to neutralize the acetylsalicylic acid in the gastrointestinal tract, followed by a stomach pump with subsequent re-ingestion of activated charcoal. Patients are then monitored for at least 24 hours and typically given intravenous potassium chloride to counteract hypokalemia, sodium bicarbonate to neutralize salicylate in the blood and restore the blood's sensitive pH balance, and dextrose to restore blood sugar levels. Frequent blood work is performed to check metabolic, salicylate, and blood sugar levels; arterial blood gas assessments are performed to test for alkalosis and metabolic acidosis. If the overdose was intentional, the patient will undergo psychiatric evaluation as with any suicide attempt. ==External links== *http://www.bayeraspirin.com *http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/aspirin.html *http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/research7.html *http://www.med.mcgill.ca/mjm/issues/v02n02/aspirin.html *http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/0297web/health.html Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Over-the-counter substances ms:Aspirin
Featured on Template:March 6 selected anniversaries (may be in HTML comment) -------- COX is short for cycloxygenase enzyme which catalyses the production of prostaglandins, prostacyclines and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. Aspirin inhibits this enzyme---bon ---- Could someone please check the pharmacology of aspirin described here... I thought COX was a type of prostaglandin... --User:Dweir ---- Nope, platelet cyclooxygenase is an enzyme that mediates the synthesis of prostaglandins (among other things) - I think there is a mistake though, in the platelet aggregation bit, in that it is thromboxane A2 (TXA2), also produced via a COX-mediated pathway, which is not a prostaglandin as stated, that increases platelet aggregation. Will do a bit more research and maybe edit the article re: effects on MI -- Alex. ---- I think they bought the Aspirin trademark back together with the American company named Bayer in 1994? The article sounds as if they currently don't have the trademark in the U.S.. : They don't--no one does...it was declared generic in a 1921 federal court case, so there's nothing to buy--the mark has no commercial value in the US. Contrary to many stories adrift on the internet, this had nothing to do with the stripping of Bayer's assets during WWI, because the trademark was simply resold along with the rest, and then ruled generic a few years later because of public usage as a generic term.--User:Postdlf ---- In Europe at least, the patent on the principle should have been expired; effectively other firms than bayer are already producing it. Does someone have better informations on the point? : I can't speak for other countries, but the patent in the US expired in 1917. However, "Aspirin" could have still been a viable trademark even with the patent in the public domain, if Bayer (and Sterling, the subsequent owner of the "Aspirin" mark) had better protected the brand name against use by competitors.--User:Postdlf ---- 128.193.88.189 - Please justify putting disclaimers on articles. It is a slippery slope. --User:Snoyes 18:44 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC) : OK, I found a standard disclaimer on Wikipedia:Wikipedia medicine standards - please use this in stead of any other text. -- User:Snoyes 18:55 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC) ---- I prefer an article about acetylsalicylic acid and a redirection from aspirin, because acetylsalicylic acid is the active agent and aspirin is only a commercial name ( imagine, what would happen if we include all the commercial names of acetylsalicylic acid ). Applying the ''generalization principle'' I suggest include the information in the acetylsalicylic acid article with a reference to aspirin like the first acetylsalicylic acid product. :I agree, aspirin is a common term for it, but it should be under acetysalicylic acid.User:70.49.36.110 23:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC) ---- I really don't think the last paragraph should be there. It's not well written, and seems to be totally separate from the general feel of the page. It really doesn't give any critical information and mentions several topics that are not explained. Use of acronyms for items not previously discussed and mentioning things still in the research phase are bad ideas for an encyclopedia also. == Aspirin is a BRAND. It has copyright. == It's a BAYER brand for acetylsalicylic acid. It would be better to redirect aspirin to acetylsalicylic acid --User:217.217.9.97 20:43, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC) Brands are protected by trademarks, not copyright. Aspirin, furthermore, is a genericized trademark term in many countries, including the U.S., which means it does not function as a brand. The article explains this. User:Postdlf 01:18, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC) ---- Made a few changes - removed "including US" for NPOV reasons, aspirin is still used to treat flu (just not in children) and removed the statement that "his reasoning was very much in error", as his reasoning is not actually stated! User:Dan100 23:29, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC) ==List of countries that have rejected Aspirin as a registered trademark == USA, Sudan, Australia, China, South Africa, Mongolia, New Zealand, Argentina, Indonesia, Angola, France, United Kingdom, Morocco, Mozambique, Cote d'Ivoireand Uganda. :It should also be noted in India and half of African countries, Bayer never registered the trademark. All the countries listed above are countries where Bayer initially owned the trade mark.
This is my first time to explore the WikiPedia, it's not bad I think & full of creative, powerful tools with it.
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Aspirin:
Aspirin
Aspirin
Aspirin
Aspirine
Aspirin_Induced_Asthma
Aspirin_Induced_Asthma_and_Rhinitis
Aspirin
Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammation. It has also an anticoagulant (blood thinning) effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks. The brand name ''Aspirin'' was coined by the Bayer company of Germany. In some countries the name is used as a genericized trademark for the drug rather than the manufacturer's trademark. In countries in which Aspirin remains a trademark, the initialism ASA is used as a generic term (ASS in German language countries, for ''Acetylsalicylsäure''). Because there appears to be a connection between aspirin and Reye's syndrome, aspirin is no longer used to control flu-like symptoms in children. Low-dose long-term aspirin irreversibly blocks formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, producing an inhibitory affect on platelet aggregation, and this blood thinning property makes it useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks. Aspirin produced for this purpose often comes in 75 or 81 Milligram dispersible tablets. High doses of aspirin are also given immediately after an acute heart attack. Several hundred fatal overdoses of aspirin occur annually, but the vast majority of its use is beneficial. Its primary undesirable side effects, especially in stronger doses, are gastrointestinal distress (including gastric ulcer and stomach bleeding) and tinnitus. Another side effect, due to its anticoagulant properties, is increased bleeding in menstruating women. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#000000" style="float:right" |- ! Name ! acetylsalicylic acid
(aspirin) |- ! Systematic name | 2-acetoxybenzoic acid |- ! Formula | benzene ring(oxygenacetyl)carboxylic acid |- ! Melting point | 136°C (277°F) |- ! Boiling point | 140°C (284°F) |- ! Structure | |} Aspirin was the first discovered member of the class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not all of which are salicylates, though they all have similar effects and a similar action mechanism. ==History of discovery== Hippocrates, a Hellenic civilization physician for whom the Hippocratic Oath is named, wrote in the 5th century BC about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers. This remedy is also mentioned in texts from ancient Sumeria, Egypt and Assyria. Native American Indians used it for headaches, fever, sore muscles, rheumatism, and chills. The Reverend Edmund Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever. The active extract of the bark, called ''salicin'', after the Latin name for the White willow (''Salix alba''), was isolated to its crystaline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a France pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italy chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is highly acidic when in a saturated solution with water (pH = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason. This chemical was also isolated from meadowsweet flowers (genus ''Filipendula'', formerly classified in ''Spiraea'') by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as irritated stomach and diarrhea, and even death when consumed in high doses. In 1897 one of the researches in the Bayer in Germany, derivatized one of the hydroxy functional groups in salicylic acid with an acetyl group (forming the acetyl ester) which greatly reduced the negative effects. This was the first synthetic drug, not a copy of something that existed in nature, and the start of the pharmaceuticals industry. Who actually did it is a matter of controversy. Officially, it is claimed that the inventor of aspirin was Felix Hoffmann. On the other hand, Arthur Eichengrün claimed in 1949 that he planned and directed the synthesis of Aspirin while Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis using Eichengrün's process and nothing more. The Eichengrün version was ignored by historians and chemists until 1999, when Walter Sneader of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow re-examined the case and came to the conclusion that indeed Eichengrün's account was convincing and correct and that Eichengrün deserved credit for the invention of Aspirin. Bayer, however, continues to deny this theory. It was not until the 1970s that the mechanism of action of aspirin and similar drugs called NSAIDs was elucidated (see below). ==History of the name "Aspirin"== The name "aspirin" is composed of a- (from the acetyl group) -spir- (from the ''spiraea'' flower) and -in (a common ending for drugs at the time). Bayer registered it as a trademark on March 6, 1899. However, the German company lost the right to use the trademark in many countries as the Allies seized and resold its foreign assets after World War I. The right to use "Aspirin" in the United States (along with all other Bayer trademarks) was purchased from the U.S. government by Sterling Drug, Inc in 1918. Even before the patent for the drug expired in 1917, Bayer had been unable to stop competitors from copying the formula and using the name elsewhere, and so with a flooded market, the public was unable to recognize "Aspirin" as coming from only one manufacturer. Sterling was subsequently unable to prevent "Aspirin" from being ruled a genericized trademark (and therefore unprotected) in a U.S. federal court in 1921. Other countries (such as Canada) still consider "Aspirin" a protected trademark. ==How it works== In a piece of research for which he was awarded both a Nobel prize and a knighthood, John Vane, who was then employed by the Royal College of Surgeons in London, showed in 1971 that aspirin suppresses the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This happens because cyclooxygenase, an enzyme which participates in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, is irreversibly inhibited when aspirin acetylates it. Prostaglandins are local hormones (paracrine) produced in the body and have diverse effects in the body, including but not limited to transmission of pain information to the brain, modulation of the hypothalamus thermostat and inflammation. Thromboxanes are responsible for the aggregation of platelets that form clot. Heart attacks are primarily caused by blood clots, and their reduction with the introduction of small amounts of aspirin has been seen to be an effective medical intervention. The side effect of this is that the ability of the blood in general to clot is reduced, and excessive bleeding may result from the use of aspirin. More recent work has shown that there are at least two different types of cyclooxygenase: COX-1 and COX-2. Aspirin inhibits both of them. Newer NSAID drugs called COX-2 selective inhibitors have been developed that only inhibit COX-2, with the hope that this would reduce the gastrointestinal side effects. However, several of the new COX-2 selective inhibitors have been recently withdrawn, after evidence emerged that COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack. It is proposed that endothelial cells lining the arteries in the body express COX-2, and by selectively inhibiting COX-2, prostaglandins (specifically PGF2) are downregulated with respect to thromboxane levels, as COX-1 in platelets is unaffected. Thus, the protective anti-coagulative effect of PGF2 is decreased, increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. ==Overdose== Aspirin overdose has serious consequences and is potentially lethal. Effects of overdose include: *tinnitus *abdominal pain *hypokalemia *hypoglycemia *pyrexia *hyperventilation *cardiac arrhythmia *hypotension *hallucination *renal failure *confusion *seizure *coma *death Overdose can be acute or chronic; that is, a person can overdose by taking one very large dose or smaller doses over a period of time. Acute overdose has a mortality rate of 2%. Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal with a mortality rate of 25%. The most common cause of death during an aspirin overdose is pulmonary edema. Treatment requires ingestion of activated charcoal to neutralize the acetylsalicylic acid in the gastrointestinal tract, followed by a stomach pump with subsequent re-ingestion of activated charcoal. Patients are then monitored for at least 24 hours and typically given intravenous potassium chloride to counteract hypokalemia, sodium bicarbonate to neutralize salicylate in the blood and restore the blood's sensitive pH balance, and dextrose to restore blood sugar levels. Frequent blood work is performed to check metabolic, salicylate, and blood sugar levels; arterial blood gas assessments are performed to test for alkalosis and metabolic acidosis. If the overdose was intentional, the patient will undergo psychiatric evaluation as with any suicide attempt. ==External links== *http://www.bayeraspirin.com *http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/aspirin.html *http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/research7.html *http://www.med.mcgill.ca/mjm/issues/v02n02/aspirin.html *http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/0297web/health.html Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Over-the-counter substances ms:Aspirin
Aspirin
Featured on Template:March 6 selected anniversaries (may be in HTML comment) -------- COX is short for cycloxygenase enzyme which catalyses the production of prostaglandins, prostacyclines and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. Aspirin inhibits this enzyme---bon ---- Could someone please check the pharmacology of aspirin described here... I thought COX was a type of prostaglandin... --User:Dweir ---- Nope, platelet cyclooxygenase is an enzyme that mediates the synthesis of prostaglandins (among other things) - I think there is a mistake though, in the platelet aggregation bit, in that it is thromboxane A2 (TXA2), also produced via a COX-mediated pathway, which is not a prostaglandin as stated, that increases platelet aggregation. Will do a bit more research and maybe edit the article re: effects on MI -- Alex. ---- I think they bought the Aspirin trademark back together with the American company named Bayer in 1994? The article sounds as if they currently don't have the trademark in the U.S.. : They don't--no one does...it was declared generic in a 1921 federal court case, so there's nothing to buy--the mark has no commercial value in the US. Contrary to many stories adrift on the internet, this had nothing to do with the stripping of Bayer's assets during WWI, because the trademark was simply resold along with the rest, and then ruled generic a few years later because of public usage as a generic term.--User:Postdlf ---- In Europe at least, the patent on the principle should have been expired; effectively other firms than bayer are already producing it. Does someone have better informations on the point? : I can't speak for other countries, but the patent in the US expired in 1917. However, "Aspirin" could have still been a viable trademark even with the patent in the public domain, if Bayer (and Sterling, the subsequent owner of the "Aspirin" mark) had better protected the brand name against use by competitors.--User:Postdlf ---- 128.193.88.189 - Please justify putting disclaimers on articles. It is a slippery slope. --User:Snoyes 18:44 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC) : OK, I found a standard disclaimer on Wikipedia:Wikipedia medicine standards - please use this in stead of any other text. -- User:Snoyes 18:55 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC) ---- I prefer an article about acetylsalicylic acid and a redirection from aspirin, because acetylsalicylic acid is the active agent and aspirin is only a commercial name ( imagine, what would happen if we include all the commercial names of acetylsalicylic acid ). Applying the ''generalization principle'' I suggest include the information in the acetylsalicylic acid article with a reference to aspirin like the first acetylsalicylic acid product. :I agree, aspirin is a common term for it, but it should be under acetysalicylic acid.User:70.49.36.110 23:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC) ---- I really don't think the last paragraph should be there. It's not well written, and seems to be totally separate from the general feel of the page. It really doesn't give any critical information and mentions several topics that are not explained. Use of acronyms for items not previously discussed and mentioning things still in the research phase are bad ideas for an encyclopedia also. == Aspirin is a BRAND. It has copyright. == It's a BAYER brand for acetylsalicylic acid. It would be better to redirect aspirin to acetylsalicylic acid --User:217.217.9.97 20:43, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC) Brands are protected by trademarks, not copyright. Aspirin, furthermore, is a genericized trademark term in many countries, including the U.S., which means it does not function as a brand. The article explains this. User:Postdlf 01:18, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC) ---- Made a few changes - removed "including US" for NPOV reasons, aspirin is still used to treat flu (just not in children) and removed the statement that "his reasoning was very much in error", as his reasoning is not actually stated! User:Dan100 23:29, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC) ==List of countries that have rejected Aspirin as a registered trademark == USA, Sudan, Australia, China, South Africa, Mongolia, New Zealand, Argentina, Indonesia, Angola, France, United Kingdom, Morocco, Mozambique, Cote d'Ivoireand Uganda. :It should also be noted in India and half of African countries, Bayer never registered the trademark. All the countries listed above are countries where Bayer initially owned the trade mark.
Aspirin
This is my first time to explore the WikiPedia, it's not bad I think & full of creative, powerful tools with it.
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
A
AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AR | AS | AT | AU | AW | AX | AY | AZ |Words begining with Aspirin:
Aspirin
Aspirin
Aspirin
Aspirine
Aspirin_Induced_Asthma
Aspirin_Induced_Asthma_and_Rhinitis
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