
#REDIRECT Anarchism
:''This article describes a range of political philosophies that oppose the state and capitalism. For other uses, see anarchism (disambiguation)''. The terms "anarchy" and "anarchism" are derived from the Greek language ''Wiktionary:αναρχία'' ("without archons (rulers)"). Thus "anarchism," in its most general meaning, is the belief that the rulership is unnecessary and should be abolished. The word "anarchy", as most anarchists use it, does not imply chaos or anomie, but rather a stateless society with voluntary social harmony. All proponents of anarchism argue that relations based upon voluntary cooperation (as opposed to statism) will lead to a society of freedom (political) individuals. Anarchism is a term which encompasses a variety of political philosophy, social movement, and ideology that advocate the abolition of all forms of coercion (including any social hierarchy of a dominating nature). Proponents of anarchism argue that relations based upon voluntary cooperation and mutual aid will lead to a society characterized by the ability of each actor to have a say in outcomes proportionate to the degree they are affected by them, a society consisting of freedom (political) individuals. Individual freedom and opposition to the State are the unvarying principles of anarchism; less agreed upon are such matters as the role of violence in changing society, the preferred type of economic system, whether private property is allowable, whether hierarchy and unequal social status are natural voluntary social forms or authoritarian, the interpretation of egalitarian ideals, and the degree of organization desirable to effect social change. ==History of anarchism== === Precursors of anarchism === Anarcho-primitivists assert that, for the longest period before recorded history, human society was organized on anarchist principles. They point to the egalitarian structure of hunter-gatherer bands, to the lack of division of labour and accumulated wealth as indicators of such primitive anarchy. There is debate over the anthropology evidence on this issue. Some anarchists have embraced Taoism, which developed in History of China, as a source of anarchistic attitudes [http://www.toxicpop.co.uk/library/taoism.htm]. Similarly, anarchistic tendencies can be traced to the philosophers of Ancient Greece, such as Zeno of Citium, the founder of the Stoic philosophy, and Aristippus, who said that the wise should not give up their liberty to the state [http://www.blackcrayon.com/page.jsp/library/britt1910.html]. Later movements – such as Stregheria in the 1300's, the Free Spirit in the Middle Ages, the Anabaptists, and The Diggers – have also expounded ideas that have been interpreted as anarchist. The first known usage of the word ''anarchy'' appears in the play ''Seven Against Thebes'' by Aeschylus, dated 467 BC. There, Antigone openly refuses to abide by the rulers' decree to leave her brother Polyneices' body unburied, as punishment for his participation in the attack on Thebes (Greece), saying that "even if no one else is willing to share in burying him I will bury him alone and risk the peril of burying my own brother. Nor am I ashamed to act in defiant opposition to the rulers of the city (''ekhous apiston tênd anarkhian polei'')". Ancient Greece also saw the first western instance of anarchism as a philosophical ideal, in the form of the stoicism philosopher Zeno of Citium, who was, according to Peter Kropotkin, "[t]he best exponent of Anarchist philosophy in ancient Greece". As summarized by Kropotkin, Zeno "repudiated the omnipotence of the state, its intervention and regimentation, and proclaimed the sovereignty of the moral law of the individual". Within Greek philosophy, Zeno's vision of a free community without government is opposed to the state-Utopia of Plato's Republic. Zeno argued that although the necessary instinct of self-preservation leads humans to egotism, nature has supplied a corrective to it by providing man with another instinct — socialization. Like many modern anarchists, he believed that if people follow their instincts, they will have no need of law courts or police, no temples and no public worship, and use no money (a gift economy taking the place of the exchanges). Zeno's beliefs have only reached us as fragmentary quotations. [http://www.blackcrayon.com/page.jsp/library/britt1910.html] In Athens, the year 404 BC was commonly referred to as "the year of anarchy". According to the historian Xenophon, this happened even though Athens was at the time under the rule of the oligarchy of "The Thirty," installed by the Spartans following their victory in the second Peloponnesian war, and despite the presence of an Archon, nominated by the oligarchs, in the person of Pythodorus. However, Athenians refused to apply here their custom of calling the year by that archon's name, since he was elected during the oligarchy, and "preferred to speak of it as the 'year of anarchy'". The Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle used the term anarchy negatively, in association with democracy which they mistrusted as inherently vulnerable and prone to deteriorate into tyranny. Plato believed that the corruption created by democracy loosens the "natural" hierarchy between social classes, genders and age groups, to the extent that "anarchy finds a way into the private houses, and ends by getting among the animals and infecting them". ('Republic', book 8). Aristotle spoke of it in book 6 of the 'Politics' when discussing revolutions, saying that the upper classes may be motivated to stage a coup by their contempt for the prevailing "disorder and anarchy (''ataxias kai anarkhias'')" in the affairs of the state. He also claimed it would give, "license among slaves (''anarkhia te doulôn'')" as well as among women and children. "A constitution of this sort", he concludes, "will have a large number of supporters, as disorderly living (''zên ataktôs'') is pleasanter to the masses than sober living". The Anabaptists of 16th century Europe are sometimes considered to be religious forerunners of modern anarchism. Bertrand Russell, in his ''history of Western philosophy'', writes that the Anabaptists "repudiated all law, since they held that the good man will be guided at every moment by the Holy Spirit...[f]rom this premise they arrive at communism...." The novel Q_(novel) provides a fictional depiction of this movement and its revolutionary ideology. Gerrard Winstanley of the Diggers, who published a pamphlet calling for communal ownership and social and economic organization in small agrarian communities in the 17th century, is considered another of the forerunners of modern anarchism. The first modern author to have published a treatise explicitly advocating the absence of government was Edmund Burke in "A Vindication of Natural Society" (1756). Later William Godwin advocated anarchism in ''An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice'' (1793); though he did not use the word ''anarchism'', some today regard him as the "founder of philosophical anarchism"[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/]. The term "anarchist" was used during the French Revolution as an insult against left-wing politics, but Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, adopted the term to describe his political philosophy in the 1840s. Liberals were often labeled "anarchists" by monarchy, even though they did not call for the abolition of the State. Still, they did promote the idea of a minimal State, individual rights, and the responsibility of the people to judge their governments, which provided a groundwork for the development of anarchist thought. "The Law" (1850) by Frederic Bastiat is a good example of a classical liberal document bordering on anarchism. As United States political society developed along the liberal model, anarchist thoughts were expressed in the writings of Henry David Thoreau (Civil Disobedience), Josiah Warren, and Benjamin Tucker. ===Modern anarchism=== In 1793 William Godwin published ''An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice'', in which he presents his vision of a free society alongside a critique of government. Some consider this the first anarchist treatise, crediting Godwin with founding modern philosophical anarchism. He is also considered a forebear of utilitarianism. It wasn't until Pierre-Joseph Proudhon published ''What is Property?'' in 1840 that the term "anarchist" was adopted as a self-description. It is for this reason that some claim Proudhon as the founder of modern anarchist theory. Individualists, taking much from the writings of Max Stirner, among others, demanded the utmost respect for the liberty of the individual. Later in the 19th century, Anarchist communism theorists like Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin paralleled the Marxism critique of capitalism and synthesized it with their own critique of the state, emphasizing the importance of a communal perspective to maintain individual liberty in a social context, and the critical role of workers self-managed organs of production and creation. The International Workingmen's Association, at its founding, was an alliance of socialist groups, including both anarchists and Marxists. Both sides had a common aim (stateless communism) and common political opponents (conservatives and other right-wing elements). But each was critical of the other, and the inherent conflict between the two groups soon embodied itself in an ongoing argument between Mikhail Bakunin, representative of anarchist ideas, and Karl Marx himself. Generally Marx wanted to work within the system, use hierarchical organizational structures, and run people in elections. Bakunin hated these ideas, and predicted that if a revolution was won under a Marxist revolutionary party, they would end up being as bad as the ruling class that they fought against. In 1872, the conflict in the First International climaxed with the expulsion of Bakunin and those who had become known as the "Bakuninists" when they were outvoted by the Marx party at the Hague Congress (1872). This is often cited as the origins of the Anarchist_objections_to_marxism. Mikhail Bakunin saw a need to defend the working class against oppression and overthrow the ruling class as a means to dissolve the state. Peter Kropotkin's anarchist communism developed from his science theory based on evolution in which co-operation equaled or surpassed competition in importance, as illustrated in ''Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution'' (1897). Some revolutionaries of this time encouraged acts of political violence such as bombings and the assassinations of head of state to further anarchism. However, these actions were regarded by many anarchists as counter-productive or ineffective (see "#Violence and non-violence", below). In the late 19th century anarcho-syndicalism developed as the industrialized form of ''libertarian communism'', emphasizing industrial actions, especially the general strike, as the primary strategy to achieve anarchist revolution, and "build the new society in the shell of the old". Anarchists played a role in many of the labour movements, uprisings, and revolutions of the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Russian Revolution (1917). In the United States, many new immigrants were anarchists; an especially notable group was the large number of Jewish immigrants who had left Russia and Eastern Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These groups were disrupted by the Red Scare#The first Red Scare. Emma Goldman was a very influential anarchist and feminist during this period. She traveled the country and the world spreading anarchist ideas and attempting to live an anarchist life. The anarcho-syndicalist orientation of many early American labor unions played a large part in the formation of the American political spectrum. The United States is the only industrialized former British colony to not have a labor-based political party. In Mexico, anarcho-syndicalists like Richard Flores-Magon led various revolts and uprisings, that would help overthrow the dictator Diaz, and lead the way for the growth of anarchism in Latin America, (and also go on to influence the modern day Zapatista rebellion). In Europe, in the first quarter of the 20th century, anarchist movements achieved relative, if short-lived, successes and were violently repressed by states. However, in the 1920s and 1930s the conflict between anarchism and the state was eclipsed by the one among liberal democracy, fascism and communism, which ended with the defeat of fascism in World War II. During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), a widely popular anarchist movement supported by militias loyal to the republic took control of rural areas of north-east Spain in 1936-1937 and collectivization the land, being crushed in short order by the Communist-controlled republican army. A surge of popular interest in socialist anarchism occurred during the 1960s and 1970s. In the United Kingdom this was associated with the punk rock movement; the band Crass is celebrated for its anarchist and pacifist ideas. In Denmark, the Freetown Christiania was created in downtown Copenhagen. The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes and squatter movements like the one still thriving in Barcelona, Catalonia. Militant resistance to neo-Nazi groups in places like Germany, and the uprisings of autonomous Marxism, situationist, and Autonomist groups in France and Italy also helped to give popularity to anti-authoritarian, non-capitalist ideas. Beginning in the later part of the 20th century anarchist primitivism like John Zerzan began to proclaim that civilization — not just the state — would need to fall for anarchy to be achieved. A rejection of industrial technology is also prominent in the views of many green anarchism . This worldview was associated with the growth of the anti-roads movement in the UK, Earth First! and the Earth Liberation Front in the US, and the actions of Theodore Kaczynski (aka the "Unabomber"). Through the 20th century anarchists were actively involved in the labour, animal-rights, radical ecological, feminist movements, and later in the fight against fascism. The influence of this on anarchist thought is apparent, as most of the traditional anarchist philosophies emphasize the economic implications of anarchism, or arrive at anarchism from economic arguments. Since the mid-1960s, anarchists have been involved in student protest movements, peace movements, squatter movements, and the anti-globalization movement, among others. There has long been an association between anarchism and the arts. Like socialism, communism and even fascism, anarchism has a plethora of imagery and has developed an anarchist symbolism which has become associated with a variety of groups and movements, and co-opted (or situationist) by capitalism industry. The influence of anarchism is not always directly a matter of specific imagery or public figures, but may be seen in a certain stance towards the liberation of the total human being and the imagination. In visual art, strains of anarchism have been noted in Symbolism (arts), Dadaism, the Ashcan School of American realism, and the mail art movement. Surrealism in particular was actually equated with anarchism by its founder André Breton. In music, anarchism has been associated with punk rock, the more explicitly political anarcho-punk, and the techno music scene. In the latter part of the 20th century, and the start of the 21st century, anarchism (or anti-authoritarianism) has been seen to have the same influence as Marxism did during the protest movements of the 1960's. With the uprising of anti-authoritarian movements in the Zapatista communities in Mexico, and the people's uprising starting in 2001 in Argentina, and the global growth and interest in non-statist, anti-capitalist beliefs and organizing have given anarchism a new life within various movements. Anarchists, although generally against violence against people except in self-defense, have also been at the forefront of militant resistance against capital and the state, engaging in property destruction against various corporations, street battles with police, confronting neo-Nazi and far-right groups, and also having a strong militant presence at anti-globalization protests. ===Anarchism today=== Today, anarchism is a growing tendency around the globe. Feminism arose early in the history of anarchism in the form of anarcha-feminism. North American anarchism also takes strong influences from the American Civil Rights Movement and the movement against the Vietnam War. European anarchism has developed out of the labour movement, and both have incorporated animal rights and environmental activism from a direct action approach which gave growth the anti-roads movement, and Reclaim the Streets. Globally, anarchism has also grown in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalism, and anti-globalisation movements. Since the late 1990s, anarchists have been known for their involvement in protests against World Trade Organization and G8 meetings, and the World Economic Forum; protests which are generally portrayed in mainstream media coverage as violent riots. Many anarchists form ''black blocs'' at protests, in which members of the bloc wear black and cover their faces to avoid police identification and to create one large solid mass. Bloc members confront and defend other protesters from the police, set up barricades, and sometimes engage in vandalism of corporate property. Many anarchists are critical of the black bloc because some blocs have engaged in property destruction against multi-national corporations and have thus gotten a label as "violent" and "adventurists" from media and large-scale liberal organizations. Although black bloc anarchists are often the only visible anarchists at large protests, large scale protests are often constructed and organized through anarchist structures. Affinity groupings, spokescouncils, and networking all have led to the success of various large scale anti-war and anti-globalization mobilizations, most notably at the protests against the WTO Meeting of 1999 in Seattle, Washington. Anarchists have also been involved heavily with underground direct action movements such as the Animal Liberation Front, and the Earth Liberation Front, which are considered "eco-terrorist" by federal authorities and some liberal organizations. Anarchism is not constrained to political protest, however. Anarchists also engage in building parallel structures and organizations, such as Food Not Bombs, radical labor unions, infoshop and radical social centers, new sets of schooling systems, media in various forms, organizing around housing and land issues, and work toward accountability with police and other institutions through such tools as consensus decision-making. This is in line with the general anarchist concept of creating "dual-power", which is the idea of creating the structures for a new anti-authoritarian society in the shell of the old, hierarchal one. Some have said that recent technological developments have made the anarchist cause both easier to advance and more conceivable to people. Many people use cell phones or the Internet to form loose communities which could be said to be organized along anarchist lines. Some of these communities have as their purpose the production of information in a non-commodified or use-value format, a goal made attainable by the availability of personal computing, desktop publishing, and digital media. These things have made it possible for individuals to file sharing over the Internet, without economic incentive, and even with a certain amount of risk. There are also open source programming communities, who donate their time, and offer their product freely as well. Examples include Usenet, the free software movement (including the GNU/Linux community and the wiki paradigm), and Indymedia. A book analyzing how this new "anarchic" mode of production is possible is Eric S. Raymond's ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''. Traditional historical materialism analysis, used by many libertarian socialism, is one means of interpreting the above, and would describe it as a "political economy of non-commodity information production". There also exists, however, recognition that such technologies, as society currently exists, are dependent on a centralized and hierarchical industrial system, with laborers and non-human life at the bottom. Here are some examples of major groupings of anarchist collectives and groups throughout the world: *Africa: Anarchist organizing is mostly being done through the Southern African Anarchist Federation. Which is a platformist anarcho-communist group. *Eur-Asia: Various European anarchist groups exist. Networks of collectives like Food Not Bombs, Indymedia, Reclaim the Streets, Critical Mass, Anti-Racist Action, and many more. Large scale anarchist federation like the Anarchist Federation, Class War, and anarcho-syndicalist unions do exist. In Spain, large scale anarcho-syndicalist unions like the CNT and CGT have millions of members. Green anarchists and anarcho-primitivists are also gaining ground, working in a large amounts of radical environmental campaigns. Eco-anarchists played a huge role in the anti-roads movement in the 1990's. Radical animal liberation groups are also very strong, with many campaigns against vivisection and hunting gaining large scale public support. Squatting is also a large scale movement connected with anarchism. Large scale social and political centers have evolved out of squats, which are a major part of the anarchist movement. Greece has perhaps one of the most militant anarchist movements, with groups engaging in street battles and bombing attacks on police stations, corporations, and state institutions. *Asia: While anarchism once had a large influence in China in the 1900's, and Korea in the 1920's, anarchism today in Asia is only being followed by small amounts of collectives. However, in the Philippines, many new and organized anarchist groups are starting to form. New infoshops, collectives, Food Not Bombs collectives, Indymedia Centers, publications, and other projects are forming. Anarcho-punks and youth make up a large part of this movement. *New Zealand/Australia: New Zealand has a wide range of anarchist collectives, working on various projects. Infoshops, Food Not Bombs collectives, publications, and other groups can be found. Australia has small groups of various collectives, and radical infoshops and spaces. *Latin America: South America has some large anarchist federations, mostly anarcho-communist. There are also hosts of Indymedia centers, infoshops and radical spaces, and various autonomous groups working within an anarchist framework. Mexico has various radical infoshops and anarchist establishments, and many anarchist collectives work to support the Zapatista movement. *North America: Many collectives and anarchist groups exist within the United States. Food Not Bombs, Indymedia Centers, ARA Chapters, etc exist in large amounts. Large scale American anarchist groups include Green Anarchy, NEFAC, IWW, and others. Canada also has members of NEFAC, and has its own host of anarchist groups and collectives. *Middle East: Anarchist groups in this area continue to grow. One of the largest is Anarchists Against the Wall, a largely Jewish group opposed to the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Turkey also has a very large anarchist movement, with groups taking to the streets often and in large numbers. ===Historical examples=== Various examples of societies which have been organized by anarchist principles, examples of societies which have been created in the event of anarchist revolution, and also uprisings, revolts and attempted revolutions that have involved anarchist and anti-authoritarians which have proved successful. : See Past and present anarchist communities ==Schools of anarchist thought== From William Godwin's utilitarian anarchism to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Mutualism (economic theory), to Max Stirner's egoism, to Benjamin Tucker's radical individualism, to Peter Kropotkin's anarcho-communism, the roots of anarchist thought in modern political philosophy are varied, with many different views of what a society without government should be like. Primitivism, advocating the dissolution of civilization, is reminiscent of, if not inspired by, the early 19th century Luddite movement. There are also a number of feminist anarchist theories, including anarcha-feminism, eco-feminism, and individualist feminism. Another tradition in anarchism follows from individuals like Errico Malatesta and Voltairine de Cleyre in claiming no adjective. These "anarchists without adjectives" seek to unify all anarchists around the basic shared principles of being anti-state, arguing that the diverse forms of anarchism can work together in relative harmony. Contemporary anarchists often will not accept the label of one school or another. Rather than disparate sects, these "schools" should be thought of as specific applications of anarchist theory to certain topics. Anarcha-feminism, for example, is the application of anarchist theory to feminist issues. The following schools of thought are shown in alphabetical order. ===Anarcha-feminism=== ''Main article:'' Anarcha-Feminism Anarcha-feminism is a kind of radical feminism that espouses the belief that patriarchy is a fundamental problem in some societies. Feminist anarchism, or anarcha-feminism (a term allegedly created during the 1960s' second-wave feminism), views patriarchy as the first manifestation of hierarchy in human history; thus, the first form of oppression occurred in the dominance of male over female. Anarcha-feminists then conclude that if feminists are against patriarchy, they must also be against all forms of hierarchy, and therefore must reject the authoritarian nature of the state and capitalism. Anarcho-primitivists see the creation of gender roles and patriarchy a creation of the start of civilization, and therefore consider primitivism to also be a anarchist school of thought which addresses feminist concerns. Eco-feminism is often considered a feminist variant of green anarchist feminist thought. Anarcha-feminism is most often associated with early 20th-century authors and theorists such as Emma Goldman and Voltairine de Cleyre, although even early first-wave feminist Mary Wollstonecraft held proto-anarchist views. In the Spanish Civil War, an anarcha-feminist group, "Free Women", organized to defend both anarchist and feminist ideas. In the modern day anarchist movement, most anarchists, male or female, consider themselves feminists, and anarcha-feminist ideas are growing. The publishing of Quiet Rumors, an anarcha-feminist reader has helped to spread various kinds of anti-authoritarian and anarchist feminist ideas to the broader movement. ===Anarcho-communism=== ''Main article:'' Anarcho-Communism Anarcho-communism shares many things in common with anarcho-syndicalism, but generally strives for a society without markets, an elimination of all private property, (as in the means of production), any kind of money system or wages, and proposes instead societies based on direct workers control, gift economy, self-management over community institutions, and mutual aid based upon the idea of "from each according to their ability, to each according to need". Anarcho-communists also propose large and small scale connections of communities, groups, and workplaces through federations and networks created by free association and popular affinity. Anarcho-communists want direct worker control over production, and have decisions made through workers councils and assemblies. Communities would be organized through systems of direct democracy, and through various organizations and collectives to carry out various tasks. Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and most recently, groups like NEFAC (North Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists), have advocated various forms of anarcho-communism. Historically, anarcho-communism has been said to have been put into practice by millions of people in the anarchist collectives and communes of the anarchist-controlled region of Ukraine during the Russian Revolution, and during the Spanish Civil War in the Aragon and Catalonia regions of Spain. Anarcho-communists are split generally on the Platform, or the "Organizational Platform of Libertarian Communists", written by Ukrainian anarchist militant, Nestor Makhno. The platform calls for various forms of structures within the anarchist movement, and has been accepted by some anarchists and scorned by others. Anarcho-communists today are involved in various broad labor and community issues; generally revolving around housing, labor struggles/strikes, anti-racism, and building the anarchist movement. Anarcho-communists have generally called for more cohesive groups and structures of anarchist groups and thereby garnered criticism from other anarchist sects. Various large scale groups of anarcho-communists exist today with the larger groups existing throughout various countries. ===Anarcho-syndicalism=== ''Main article:'' Anarcho-syndicalism Anarcho-syndicalism is the anarchist wing of the labor union movement. Its primary aim is the end of the wage system. It functions on principles of workers solidarity, direct action, and self-management. Workers' solidarity means that anarcho-syndicalists believe all workers, no matter what their race, gender, or ethnic group are in a similar situation vis-a-vis their bosses. Furthermore, it means that, within capitalism, any gains or losses made by some workers in their relation to bosses will eventually impact all workers. Therefore, it says that in order to gain liberation, all workers must support one another in their class war. Anarcho-syndicalists only believe in direct action — that is, action directly designed to confront a problem. Direct action can range from traditional strike action to active sabotage. Furthermore, anarcho-syndicalists believe that workers' organizations — the organizations which struggle against the wage system and which, in anarcho-syndicalist theory, will eventually form the basis of a new society – should be self-managing. They should not have bosses or "business agents"; rather, the workers should be able to make decisions that affect them amongst themselves. The International Workers Association is an international anarcho-syndicalist federation of various labor unions from different countries. The Industrial Workers of the World, a once-powerful, still active, and again growing labor union, is considered a leading organ of the anarcho-syndicalist philosophy in the United States. The Spanish Confederación Nacional del Trabajo played a major role in the Spanish Civil War and today, the Confederaci%f3n_General_del_Trabajo_%28Spain%29 is the third biggest union in Spain. Other major anarcho-syndicalist organizations include the Workers Solidarity Alliance, and the Solidarity Federation in the UK. Some critics of anarcho-syndicalism contend that its focus on proletarian class struggle overlooks the needs of segments of society such as parents or others occupied with child-rearing or domestic labor, although some anarcho-syndicalist thought attempts to address other sectors of economic life. Some primitivist authors, notably Bob Black, contend that an anarcho-syndicalist revolution would leave in place social systems they find oppressive (work and workplaces, for example), although anarcho-syndicalists contend that worker self-management would render those systems fundamentally more humane. ===Ecological anarchism=== Eco-anarchism generally is a belief in deep ecology, direct action against earth destroying institutions and systems, and generally a critique of industrial capitalism, although generally not against civilization per se. There is a significant anarchist element to the environmental movement, including those that are known as eco-anarchists and Green anarchism. Eco-anarchism is generally a broad term that broadly refers to anarchists engaged in the earth liberation movement. The largest segment of 'eco-anarchists' are those involved in the Earth First! movement, which is a network of various collectives formed along anarchist principles. Earth First! generally engages in direct action and eco-defense, such as tree sitting and 'locking down'. In the modern anarchist movement, eco-anarchists generally adhere to deep ecology, which is a world view that embraces biodiversity and sustainability. Eco-feminism is also sometimes considered the form of eco-anarchist feminism. ===Insurrectionary anarchism=== Insurrectionary anarchism is critical of formal anarchist labor unions and federations. Instead, insurrectionary anarchists advocate informal organization, including small affinity groups, carrying out acts of resistance in various struggles, and mass organizations called base structures, which can include exploited individuals who are not anarchists. Here, Wolfi Landstreicher writes some of the basis points of its praxis.
== Talk archives == ''If you want to talk about Anarcho-Capitalism (A-C), make sure you take a look at past discussions about it. Same goes for other controversial topics.''--User:Albamuth 21:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) *Talk:Anarchism/Archive1 - A-C discussion, music, external links *Talk:Anarchism/Archive2 - many more external links *Talk:Anarchism/Archive3 - discussion of disambiguation, various forms of anarchism *Talk:Anarchism/Archive4 - Doublethink, socialist/communist?, Deplorable! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive5 - removing A-C, reverts, functioning anarchies, Feb 29 (2004) *Talk:Anarchism/Archive6 - Anarchy v. Anarchism and POV *Talk:Anarchism/Archive7 - egalitarianism, anarchy, surrealism, are you an anarchist? *Talk:Anarchism/Archive8 - coercion, anarcho-fascism, worthless! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive9 - A-C is oxymoron, proposals, history repeats, truce, coup, truce, anarcho-fascism(A-F) *Talk:Anarchism/Archive10 - history of article, more allegations of POV, another appeal to save A-F *Talk:Anarchism/Archive11 - lots of stuff, mostly an edit war about A-C *Talk:Anarchism/Archive12 - more aftermath of edit war, page blanking, punk rock *Talk:Anarchism/Archive13 - ''auto wiki link suggestions'', shortening article, anarchists vs police *Talk:Anarchism/Archive14 - hunter-gatherers, adbusters, template discussion *Talk:Anarchism/Archive15 - superhuge National-Anarchist troll and response, A-C is an oxymoron, anarchist criteria, page protected *Talk:Anarchism/Archive16 - ''Survey and response'', CrimethInc, communism, much to read here *Talk:Anarchism/Archive17 - trolls, more critique of A-C, dictionary definitions, much of it obviously written while drunk *Talk:Anarchism/Archive18 - disambiguation, 'left' anarchism, NPOV and so much more! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive19 - NPOV dispute, page protection, more A-C discussion, graphical badness, and Milk! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive20 - NPOV dispute, page protection, more A-C discussion ==Time to Unprotect the Page== It says in [Wikipedia:Protection policy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy] that "temporarily protected pages should not be left protected for very long." Well, it's been protected for very long, so this protection is in violation of Wikipedia policy. Consensus is not going to happen, obviously. Edit warring is probably the best way to go. User:RJII 16:16, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) :I agree. I was the one who requested protection of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&oldid=14880685 Neutral Disambiguation Page], not knowing at the time that the admin was biased toward the socialist version. I'd rather have an edit war than the really stupid version up there right now. User:Hogeye 17:05, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::You forgot ''both sides'' had requested protection, not just you (in fact, the other side requested first: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection&diff=14770638&oldid=14769814] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection&diff=14847264&oldid=14829597]). And I'm biased ''against edit wars'', not towards a specific version of this page. That said, if both sides want it unprotected, I will unprotect it; you can also ask on WP:RFPP for unprotection. I'm also annoyed at it being protected for this long (I dislike keeping pages protected for too long, they grow stale), but it's still better than an edit war. --User:CesarB 17:37, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Is anyone else disturbed by RJII's "edit wars are good" theory? Seems pretty clear he's just here to cause trouble. Gave up arguing rationally about two weeks ago. Oh well. If worse comes to worst, I'm sure I have more free time than you and thus have the edge in a war of attrition :P But I assure you I'll do anything to avoid this course. --User:Tothebarricades.tk 19:43, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC) :::I'm not here to "cause trouble" at all. I'm here to help correct the article. If that's troubling to you, that's unfortunate. Either way, whether it's interminable debate, or endless editing, there will be no resolution. There will always be anarchists who think somebody else's school of anarchism is not real anarchism (as in the traditional individualists who held that communist and syndicalist forms were not anarchism). So, the best we can do is edit endlessly without resolution. A dynamic article is better than a stagnant one. The point of Wikipedia is not for writers to appease other, but to provide dynamic, living articles, that anyone can edit. I, for one, will not the sacrifice quality and accuracy of an article for the sake of avoiding conflict or avoiding "causing trouble." If anyone would, then they shouldn't be editing an article. User:RJII 20:23, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Keep it protected, please, until some sort of agreement is made about how to resolve these content disputes. I would like to see more respondants to the survey. How can we call more attention to it? Perhaps we should just wait another week for more commentary? --User:Albamuth 22:01, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) I wanted it unprotected too, until I saw the capitalists want it unproctected as well, now I'm not so sure. Keep it protected because they'll surely go back to their vandalistic ways. The current page isn't perfect, but it's better than a ton of people who visit this page every day getting an entirely and utterly completely false view of what anarchism is. --User:Fatal 22:49, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Anarchism is anarchistic, so its entry is, too, nu? == No wonder anarchism leads to edit wars! Doing your own thing generates disagreements! This is because people are different! Viva la difference!User:Rickyrab — User:Rickyrab | User talk:Rickyrab 22:07, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Well argument is the stuff of life - I have no problem discussing, collaborating with other wikipedians on this. But on this page for the last few months we have had the same 2 or 3 anarcho-capitalists pushing their POV and UNPROVEN claim that A/C is entered in the article as a 'school' or substantial subsection. Folk coming in have only really experienced this and little discussion on the other parts of the article. IMHO it is classic trolling as A/C's are abusive.,.. uncooperative and just go on POV rants without refering to unbias sources or evidence. -User:Max rspct 22:37, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Sort of like how the surrealism talk page is surrealistic (just look at it, it's insane). I don't have a problem with people having different views - very little of my discussion here even goes into anarcho-capitalism, more a concern about the quality of the article --User:Tothebarricades.tk 23:08, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC) ::It is just strange that the anti-property anarchists guard the page like it is their property, and it is the property anarchists that are willing to share and share alike. It looks like "public property" in the gift economy will be the object of considerable conflict.--User:Silverback 00:02, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :::It looks like the problem in hand is being avoided by making personal attacks that have no basis in fact. I <3 petty attacks on peoples' integrity. Get a life. --User:Tothebarricades.tk 02:05, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) ::::If integrity mattered, the gift economy, would be a little more fleshed out. As it stands now, it is little more than a mantra. I suspect most participants in the anti-globalist movement are just exploiting an excuse to misbehave and enjoy a sense of belonging to a counter-culture, but there should still be some constructive thinkers able to contribute to gift economy theory, so that it can be subjected to critical analysis. There is not enough there to shake a stick at, nonetheless call an "economy".--User:Silverback 02:26, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :Anarchism has nothing to do with chaos, sloppiness, disorder or anything else that this "anarcho"-capitalist POV war is demonstrating. Once the article gets to the point where that is clear I will be satisfied. --User:Bk0 02:34, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::That is one thing we can agree on, I doubt any of us would be interested in anarchism if it was. The question is, are some anarchists intending a society that can only exist if all dissent is coercively purged, or has high levels of social ostracism. Many who think they would be the ones to survive the purge, may be like the vietcong dupes who thought they were fighting for something noble and ended up getting re-education camps, or worse.--User:Silverback 03:02, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :::I for one am opposed to all attempts to institute ''newspeak'' such as using "left-anarchism/anarcho-socialism" when one simply means "anarchist." What re-education camps do you speak of? Do you know what you're talking about? --User:Albamuth 12:42, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Could you please tone down the crazy ranting? This page would have a lot fewer than 19 archives if the Wikipedia is not a soapbox suggestion was taken more seriously. --User:Tothebarricades.tk 03:16, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) ====Please Stop==== Let the defenders of anarcho-capitalism have a section in the Anarchism topic that referes to a page on which they can expound on it. Let the Socialist-Anarchist defenders have the same. Let the Anarchism page be the index to the Anarchism content in Wikipedia as it once was. --Juancarlo Añez : The article already have disambig in the form of the message ''This article describes a range of political philosophies that oppose the state and capitalism. For other uses, see anarchism (disambiguation)''. That should work fine. // User:Liftarn I agree with Juanco. Let's go back to the following Neutral Disambiguation Page and avoid edit wars. Anarchism is derived from the Greek language ''Wiktionary:αναρχία'' ("without archons (rulers)"). Thus "anarchism," in its most general meaning, is the philosophy or belief that rulership is unnecessary and should be abolished. For other usages, see anarchism (disambiguation). Anarchism may mean: *Anarchism (anti-state) - the theory or doctrine that all forms of government are unnecessary, oppressive, and undesirable and should be abolished. *Anarchism (socialist) - philosophies, movements, and ideologies that advocate the abolition of capitalist exploitation and all other forms of authority. User:Hogeye 15:45, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :As you indicate - the original Greek meaning does not literally apply to the Anarchist philosophy and movement. But the rest is incorrect - No encyclopedia or textbook on the subject defines there being two camps. The only editors being divisive on this page are the Anarcho-capitalists such as yourself ..who want anarchism split up to satisfy your own propagandic needs. User:Max rspct 17:04, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Max> "The original Greek meaning does not literally apply to the Anarchist philosophy and movement." ::Are we reading the same thing? The Greek etymological meaning is ''exactly'' the same meaning as today - without rulers, i.e. without a State (in more modern terms.) ::Max> "No encyclopedia or textbook on the subject defines there being two camps." ::Right. Mainly because there is a distinct owner of the article, and in most cases one writer. In Wiki, there are a bunch of authors with no/contested ownership, so many straightforward propositions become battlefields. ::Max> "The only editors being divisive on this page are the Anarcho-capitalists such as yourself..." ::Get real, Max. The anarcho-socialists are just as intransigent. They too refuse to budge an inch on the definition of anarchism, and denigrate all objective sources such as dictionaries and even the words of their own luminaries. What you're really saying is that the anarcho-socialist clique temporarily had control of the article until people with a different point of view showed up again. == 19 archives and counting == Hey, has anybody else read the Talk:Anarchism/Archive1, back in 2002? They were debating Anarcho-capitalism then too, and we have been, for 3yrs now! Can we just make the needed edits (NPOV, inclusion of all verifiable POV's, disambig page...) and put this one to rest already?!? User:Sam Spade 17:29, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Sure, as long as your conception of NPOV is actually neutral ;) --User:Tothebarricades.tk 18:07, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) Question: How can I pull up a 2002 version of the anarchism article from History without hitting "next 50" a thousand times? User:Hogeye 19:37, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Just change the limit= and offset= values on the URL you get after clicking "next 50". You can jump thousands of edits that quickly that way. Sadly, there's no way of guessing how many you have to jump; do a binary search to find them. --User:CesarB 19:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&limit=500&offset=2500&action=history Here]. Notice the history ends rather abruptly; the article is even older than that, but the history was lost when the software was upgraded to the current one (in fact, the older software lost the history after some time; the upgrade didn't have much to preserve). See Wikipedia:Usemod article histories for details. Probably there was talk earlier than 2002 too, also lost. --User:CesarB 19:53, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Thanks, Cesar. Of interest: it didn't start out claiming that anarchism was anti-capitalist, as today's ansoc partisans are demanding. It used the ''commonality of all anarchisms'' approach - i.e. anarchism is anti-statist but not necessarily anti-capitalist. "b" in the survey. The original def was: :::''Anarchism is the political theory that advocates the abolition of all forms of government. The word anarchism derives from Greek roots an (no) and archos (ruler).'' ::: User:Hogeye 20:00, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::And the rest of the article remained even-handed in its discussion of capitalist and socialist varieties of anarchism. I guess it was later that the socialists moved in ''en masse'' and shifted the focus of the article. User:Dtobias 20:38, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :::::The question is whats to be done, both here, and in other articles where a POV lobby group has taken over... Thats why their considering a content arbitration commitee, but I'm not sure thats the right approach... what would an anarchist do? ;) User:Sam Spade 21:27, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::::It's amazing to me how the Anarchism article has gone downhill over time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&oldid=117294 This article from 23 Jun 2002] is a hundred times better than the current article. One way that it's cleaner is that, instead of talking about every little sub-movement, it just discusses the three major divisions: libertarian socialism, anarcho-capitalism, and individualist anarchism. ::::::The Swiss cantons of old simply divided when faced with fundamental differences (e.g. Reformation.) There are semi-independent half-cantons and even (I think) quarter cantons. The obvious way to solve these definitional disputes is to split the question, letting each faction have their way in their own article. That's why I still support the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&oldid=14880685 Neutral Disambiguation Page]. Maybe others will figure it out after three more years of edit wars... User:Hogeye 21:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::::::Interesting. The old version even had a section on individualist anarchism, which the POV collectivists have taken upon themselves to censor in subsequent versions. User:RJII 23:19, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) Yes the big history is interesting. What's wrong with the current Individualist anarchist section? It has similarities with a-C which also has a hefty section. User:Max rspct 00:23, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) the article is in fairly good shape at the moment no? User:Max rspct 00:30, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::What individualist anarchist section? There isn't one. It isn't included as a school of anarchism. It's just mentioned in the internal conflicts section. The POV collectivist anarchists took the section out, apparently since the individualists support private property and a market economy. User:RJII 00:36, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) LOOK = Individualism vs. collectivism:
''While most anarchists favor collective property, some, such as individualist anarchists of historical note support a right to private property. These include Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner. Tucker argues that collectivism in property is absurd: "That there is an entity known as the comm
AnarchisM
#REDIRECT Anarchism
Anarchism
:''This article describes a range of political philosophies that oppose the state and capitalism. For other uses, see anarchism (disambiguation)''. The terms "anarchy" and "anarchism" are derived from the Greek language ''Wiktionary:αναρχία'' ("without archons (rulers)"). Thus "anarchism," in its most general meaning, is the belief that the rulership is unnecessary and should be abolished. The word "anarchy", as most anarchists use it, does not imply chaos or anomie, but rather a stateless society with voluntary social harmony. All proponents of anarchism argue that relations based upon voluntary cooperation (as opposed to statism) will lead to a society of freedom (political) individuals. Anarchism is a term which encompasses a variety of political philosophy, social movement, and ideology that advocate the abolition of all forms of coercion (including any social hierarchy of a dominating nature). Proponents of anarchism argue that relations based upon voluntary cooperation and mutual aid will lead to a society characterized by the ability of each actor to have a say in outcomes proportionate to the degree they are affected by them, a society consisting of freedom (political) individuals. Individual freedom and opposition to the State are the unvarying principles of anarchism; less agreed upon are such matters as the role of violence in changing society, the preferred type of economic system, whether private property is allowable, whether hierarchy and unequal social status are natural voluntary social forms or authoritarian, the interpretation of egalitarian ideals, and the degree of organization desirable to effect social change. ==History of anarchism== === Precursors of anarchism === Anarcho-primitivists assert that, for the longest period before recorded history, human society was organized on anarchist principles. They point to the egalitarian structure of hunter-gatherer bands, to the lack of division of labour and accumulated wealth as indicators of such primitive anarchy. There is debate over the anthropology evidence on this issue. Some anarchists have embraced Taoism, which developed in History of China, as a source of anarchistic attitudes [http://www.toxicpop.co.uk/library/taoism.htm]. Similarly, anarchistic tendencies can be traced to the philosophers of Ancient Greece, such as Zeno of Citium, the founder of the Stoic philosophy, and Aristippus, who said that the wise should not give up their liberty to the state [http://www.blackcrayon.com/page.jsp/library/britt1910.html]. Later movements – such as Stregheria in the 1300's, the Free Spirit in the Middle Ages, the Anabaptists, and The Diggers – have also expounded ideas that have been interpreted as anarchist. The first known usage of the word ''anarchy'' appears in the play ''Seven Against Thebes'' by Aeschylus, dated 467 BC. There, Antigone openly refuses to abide by the rulers' decree to leave her brother Polyneices' body unburied, as punishment for his participation in the attack on Thebes (Greece), saying that "even if no one else is willing to share in burying him I will bury him alone and risk the peril of burying my own brother. Nor am I ashamed to act in defiant opposition to the rulers of the city (''ekhous apiston tênd anarkhian polei'')". Ancient Greece also saw the first western instance of anarchism as a philosophical ideal, in the form of the stoicism philosopher Zeno of Citium, who was, according to Peter Kropotkin, "[t]he best exponent of Anarchist philosophy in ancient Greece". As summarized by Kropotkin, Zeno "repudiated the omnipotence of the state, its intervention and regimentation, and proclaimed the sovereignty of the moral law of the individual". Within Greek philosophy, Zeno's vision of a free community without government is opposed to the state-Utopia of Plato's Republic. Zeno argued that although the necessary instinct of self-preservation leads humans to egotism, nature has supplied a corrective to it by providing man with another instinct — socialization. Like many modern anarchists, he believed that if people follow their instincts, they will have no need of law courts or police, no temples and no public worship, and use no money (a gift economy taking the place of the exchanges). Zeno's beliefs have only reached us as fragmentary quotations. [http://www.blackcrayon.com/page.jsp/library/britt1910.html] In Athens, the year 404 BC was commonly referred to as "the year of anarchy". According to the historian Xenophon, this happened even though Athens was at the time under the rule of the oligarchy of "The Thirty," installed by the Spartans following their victory in the second Peloponnesian war, and despite the presence of an Archon, nominated by the oligarchs, in the person of Pythodorus. However, Athenians refused to apply here their custom of calling the year by that archon's name, since he was elected during the oligarchy, and "preferred to speak of it as the 'year of anarchy'". The Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle used the term anarchy negatively, in association with democracy which they mistrusted as inherently vulnerable and prone to deteriorate into tyranny. Plato believed that the corruption created by democracy loosens the "natural" hierarchy between social classes, genders and age groups, to the extent that "anarchy finds a way into the private houses, and ends by getting among the animals and infecting them". ('Republic', book 8). Aristotle spoke of it in book 6 of the 'Politics' when discussing revolutions, saying that the upper classes may be motivated to stage a coup by their contempt for the prevailing "disorder and anarchy (''ataxias kai anarkhias'')" in the affairs of the state. He also claimed it would give, "license among slaves (''anarkhia te doulôn'')" as well as among women and children. "A constitution of this sort", he concludes, "will have a large number of supporters, as disorderly living (''zên ataktôs'') is pleasanter to the masses than sober living". The Anabaptists of 16th century Europe are sometimes considered to be religious forerunners of modern anarchism. Bertrand Russell, in his ''history of Western philosophy'', writes that the Anabaptists "repudiated all law, since they held that the good man will be guided at every moment by the Holy Spirit...[f]rom this premise they arrive at communism...." The novel Q_(novel) provides a fictional depiction of this movement and its revolutionary ideology. Gerrard Winstanley of the Diggers, who published a pamphlet calling for communal ownership and social and economic organization in small agrarian communities in the 17th century, is considered another of the forerunners of modern anarchism. The first modern author to have published a treatise explicitly advocating the absence of government was Edmund Burke in "A Vindication of Natural Society" (1756). Later William Godwin advocated anarchism in ''An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice'' (1793); though he did not use the word ''anarchism'', some today regard him as the "founder of philosophical anarchism"[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/]. The term "anarchist" was used during the French Revolution as an insult against left-wing politics, but Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, adopted the term to describe his political philosophy in the 1840s. Liberals were often labeled "anarchists" by monarchy, even though they did not call for the abolition of the State. Still, they did promote the idea of a minimal State, individual rights, and the responsibility of the people to judge their governments, which provided a groundwork for the development of anarchist thought. "The Law" (1850) by Frederic Bastiat is a good example of a classical liberal document bordering on anarchism. As United States political society developed along the liberal model, anarchist thoughts were expressed in the writings of Henry David Thoreau (Civil Disobedience), Josiah Warren, and Benjamin Tucker. ===Modern anarchism=== In 1793 William Godwin published ''An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice'', in which he presents his vision of a free society alongside a critique of government. Some consider this the first anarchist treatise, crediting Godwin with founding modern philosophical anarchism. He is also considered a forebear of utilitarianism. It wasn't until Pierre-Joseph Proudhon published ''What is Property?'' in 1840 that the term "anarchist" was adopted as a self-description. It is for this reason that some claim Proudhon as the founder of modern anarchist theory. Individualists, taking much from the writings of Max Stirner, among others, demanded the utmost respect for the liberty of the individual. Later in the 19th century, Anarchist communism theorists like Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin paralleled the Marxism critique of capitalism and synthesized it with their own critique of the state, emphasizing the importance of a communal perspective to maintain individual liberty in a social context, and the critical role of workers self-managed organs of production and creation. The International Workingmen's Association, at its founding, was an alliance of socialist groups, including both anarchists and Marxists. Both sides had a common aim (stateless communism) and common political opponents (conservatives and other right-wing elements). But each was critical of the other, and the inherent conflict between the two groups soon embodied itself in an ongoing argument between Mikhail Bakunin, representative of anarchist ideas, and Karl Marx himself. Generally Marx wanted to work within the system, use hierarchical organizational structures, and run people in elections. Bakunin hated these ideas, and predicted that if a revolution was won under a Marxist revolutionary party, they would end up being as bad as the ruling class that they fought against. In 1872, the conflict in the First International climaxed with the expulsion of Bakunin and those who had become known as the "Bakuninists" when they were outvoted by the Marx party at the Hague Congress (1872). This is often cited as the origins of the Anarchist_objections_to_marxism. Mikhail Bakunin saw a need to defend the working class against oppression and overthrow the ruling class as a means to dissolve the state. Peter Kropotkin's anarchist communism developed from his science theory based on evolution in which co-operation equaled or surpassed competition in importance, as illustrated in ''Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution'' (1897). Some revolutionaries of this time encouraged acts of political violence such as bombings and the assassinations of head of state to further anarchism. However, these actions were regarded by many anarchists as counter-productive or ineffective (see "#Violence and non-violence", below). In the late 19th century anarcho-syndicalism developed as the industrialized form of ''libertarian communism'', emphasizing industrial actions, especially the general strike, as the primary strategy to achieve anarchist revolution, and "build the new society in the shell of the old". Anarchists played a role in many of the labour movements, uprisings, and revolutions of the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Russian Revolution (1917). In the United States, many new immigrants were anarchists; an especially notable group was the large number of Jewish immigrants who had left Russia and Eastern Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These groups were disrupted by the Red Scare#The first Red Scare. Emma Goldman was a very influential anarchist and feminist during this period. She traveled the country and the world spreading anarchist ideas and attempting to live an anarchist life. The anarcho-syndicalist orientation of many early American labor unions played a large part in the formation of the American political spectrum. The United States is the only industrialized former British colony to not have a labor-based political party. In Mexico, anarcho-syndicalists like Richard Flores-Magon led various revolts and uprisings, that would help overthrow the dictator Diaz, and lead the way for the growth of anarchism in Latin America, (and also go on to influence the modern day Zapatista rebellion). In Europe, in the first quarter of the 20th century, anarchist movements achieved relative, if short-lived, successes and were violently repressed by states. However, in the 1920s and 1930s the conflict between anarchism and the state was eclipsed by the one among liberal democracy, fascism and communism, which ended with the defeat of fascism in World War II. During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), a widely popular anarchist movement supported by militias loyal to the republic took control of rural areas of north-east Spain in 1936-1937 and collectivization the land, being crushed in short order by the Communist-controlled republican army. A surge of popular interest in socialist anarchism occurred during the 1960s and 1970s. In the United Kingdom this was associated with the punk rock movement; the band Crass is celebrated for its anarchist and pacifist ideas. In Denmark, the Freetown Christiania was created in downtown Copenhagen. The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes and squatter movements like the one still thriving in Barcelona, Catalonia. Militant resistance to neo-Nazi groups in places like Germany, and the uprisings of autonomous Marxism, situationist, and Autonomist groups in France and Italy also helped to give popularity to anti-authoritarian, non-capitalist ideas. Beginning in the later part of the 20th century anarchist primitivism like John Zerzan began to proclaim that civilization — not just the state — would need to fall for anarchy to be achieved. A rejection of industrial technology is also prominent in the views of many green anarchism . This worldview was associated with the growth of the anti-roads movement in the UK, Earth First! and the Earth Liberation Front in the US, and the actions of Theodore Kaczynski (aka the "Unabomber"). Through the 20th century anarchists were actively involved in the labour, animal-rights, radical ecological, feminist movements, and later in the fight against fascism. The influence of this on anarchist thought is apparent, as most of the traditional anarchist philosophies emphasize the economic implications of anarchism, or arrive at anarchism from economic arguments. Since the mid-1960s, anarchists have been involved in student protest movements, peace movements, squatter movements, and the anti-globalization movement, among others. There has long been an association between anarchism and the arts. Like socialism, communism and even fascism, anarchism has a plethora of imagery and has developed an anarchist symbolism which has become associated with a variety of groups and movements, and co-opted (or situationist) by capitalism industry. The influence of anarchism is not always directly a matter of specific imagery or public figures, but may be seen in a certain stance towards the liberation of the total human being and the imagination. In visual art, strains of anarchism have been noted in Symbolism (arts), Dadaism, the Ashcan School of American realism, and the mail art movement. Surrealism in particular was actually equated with anarchism by its founder André Breton. In music, anarchism has been associated with punk rock, the more explicitly political anarcho-punk, and the techno music scene. In the latter part of the 20th century, and the start of the 21st century, anarchism (or anti-authoritarianism) has been seen to have the same influence as Marxism did during the protest movements of the 1960's. With the uprising of anti-authoritarian movements in the Zapatista communities in Mexico, and the people's uprising starting in 2001 in Argentina, and the global growth and interest in non-statist, anti-capitalist beliefs and organizing have given anarchism a new life within various movements. Anarchists, although generally against violence against people except in self-defense, have also been at the forefront of militant resistance against capital and the state, engaging in property destruction against various corporations, street battles with police, confronting neo-Nazi and far-right groups, and also having a strong militant presence at anti-globalization protests. ===Anarchism today=== Today, anarchism is a growing tendency around the globe. Feminism arose early in the history of anarchism in the form of anarcha-feminism. North American anarchism also takes strong influences from the American Civil Rights Movement and the movement against the Vietnam War. European anarchism has developed out of the labour movement, and both have incorporated animal rights and environmental activism from a direct action approach which gave growth the anti-roads movement, and Reclaim the Streets. Globally, anarchism has also grown in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalism, and anti-globalisation movements. Since the late 1990s, anarchists have been known for their involvement in protests against World Trade Organization and G8 meetings, and the World Economic Forum; protests which are generally portrayed in mainstream media coverage as violent riots. Many anarchists form ''black blocs'' at protests, in which members of the bloc wear black and cover their faces to avoid police identification and to create one large solid mass. Bloc members confront and defend other protesters from the police, set up barricades, and sometimes engage in vandalism of corporate property. Many anarchists are critical of the black bloc because some blocs have engaged in property destruction against multi-national corporations and have thus gotten a label as "violent" and "adventurists" from media and large-scale liberal organizations. Although black bloc anarchists are often the only visible anarchists at large protests, large scale protests are often constructed and organized through anarchist structures. Affinity groupings, spokescouncils, and networking all have led to the success of various large scale anti-war and anti-globalization mobilizations, most notably at the protests against the WTO Meeting of 1999 in Seattle, Washington. Anarchists have also been involved heavily with underground direct action movements such as the Animal Liberation Front, and the Earth Liberation Front, which are considered "eco-terrorist" by federal authorities and some liberal organizations. Anarchism is not constrained to political protest, however. Anarchists also engage in building parallel structures and organizations, such as Food Not Bombs, radical labor unions, infoshop and radical social centers, new sets of schooling systems, media in various forms, organizing around housing and land issues, and work toward accountability with police and other institutions through such tools as consensus decision-making. This is in line with the general anarchist concept of creating "dual-power", which is the idea of creating the structures for a new anti-authoritarian society in the shell of the old, hierarchal one. Some have said that recent technological developments have made the anarchist cause both easier to advance and more conceivable to people. Many people use cell phones or the Internet to form loose communities which could be said to be organized along anarchist lines. Some of these communities have as their purpose the production of information in a non-commodified or use-value format, a goal made attainable by the availability of personal computing, desktop publishing, and digital media. These things have made it possible for individuals to file sharing over the Internet, without economic incentive, and even with a certain amount of risk. There are also open source programming communities, who donate their time, and offer their product freely as well. Examples include Usenet, the free software movement (including the GNU/Linux community and the wiki paradigm), and Indymedia. A book analyzing how this new "anarchic" mode of production is possible is Eric S. Raymond's ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''. Traditional historical materialism analysis, used by many libertarian socialism, is one means of interpreting the above, and would describe it as a "political economy of non-commodity information production". There also exists, however, recognition that such technologies, as society currently exists, are dependent on a centralized and hierarchical industrial system, with laborers and non-human life at the bottom. Here are some examples of major groupings of anarchist collectives and groups throughout the world: *Africa: Anarchist organizing is mostly being done through the Southern African Anarchist Federation. Which is a platformist anarcho-communist group. *Eur-Asia: Various European anarchist groups exist. Networks of collectives like Food Not Bombs, Indymedia, Reclaim the Streets, Critical Mass, Anti-Racist Action, and many more. Large scale anarchist federation like the Anarchist Federation, Class War, and anarcho-syndicalist unions do exist. In Spain, large scale anarcho-syndicalist unions like the CNT and CGT have millions of members. Green anarchists and anarcho-primitivists are also gaining ground, working in a large amounts of radical environmental campaigns. Eco-anarchists played a huge role in the anti-roads movement in the 1990's. Radical animal liberation groups are also very strong, with many campaigns against vivisection and hunting gaining large scale public support. Squatting is also a large scale movement connected with anarchism. Large scale social and political centers have evolved out of squats, which are a major part of the anarchist movement. Greece has perhaps one of the most militant anarchist movements, with groups engaging in street battles and bombing attacks on police stations, corporations, and state institutions. *Asia: While anarchism once had a large influence in China in the 1900's, and Korea in the 1920's, anarchism today in Asia is only being followed by small amounts of collectives. However, in the Philippines, many new and organized anarchist groups are starting to form. New infoshops, collectives, Food Not Bombs collectives, Indymedia Centers, publications, and other projects are forming. Anarcho-punks and youth make up a large part of this movement. *New Zealand/Australia: New Zealand has a wide range of anarchist collectives, working on various projects. Infoshops, Food Not Bombs collectives, publications, and other groups can be found. Australia has small groups of various collectives, and radical infoshops and spaces. *Latin America: South America has some large anarchist federations, mostly anarcho-communist. There are also hosts of Indymedia centers, infoshops and radical spaces, and various autonomous groups working within an anarchist framework. Mexico has various radical infoshops and anarchist establishments, and many anarchist collectives work to support the Zapatista movement. *North America: Many collectives and anarchist groups exist within the United States. Food Not Bombs, Indymedia Centers, ARA Chapters, etc exist in large amounts. Large scale American anarchist groups include Green Anarchy, NEFAC, IWW, and others. Canada also has members of NEFAC, and has its own host of anarchist groups and collectives. *Middle East: Anarchist groups in this area continue to grow. One of the largest is Anarchists Against the Wall, a largely Jewish group opposed to the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Turkey also has a very large anarchist movement, with groups taking to the streets often and in large numbers. ===Historical examples=== Various examples of societies which have been organized by anarchist principles, examples of societies which have been created in the event of anarchist revolution, and also uprisings, revolts and attempted revolutions that have involved anarchist and anti-authoritarians which have proved successful. : See Past and present anarchist communities ==Schools of anarchist thought== From William Godwin's utilitarian anarchism to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Mutualism (economic theory), to Max Stirner's egoism, to Benjamin Tucker's radical individualism, to Peter Kropotkin's anarcho-communism, the roots of anarchist thought in modern political philosophy are varied, with many different views of what a society without government should be like. Primitivism, advocating the dissolution of civilization, is reminiscent of, if not inspired by, the early 19th century Luddite movement. There are also a number of feminist anarchist theories, including anarcha-feminism, eco-feminism, and individualist feminism. Another tradition in anarchism follows from individuals like Errico Malatesta and Voltairine de Cleyre in claiming no adjective. These "anarchists without adjectives" seek to unify all anarchists around the basic shared principles of being anti-state, arguing that the diverse forms of anarchism can work together in relative harmony. Contemporary anarchists often will not accept the label of one school or another. Rather than disparate sects, these "schools" should be thought of as specific applications of anarchist theory to certain topics. Anarcha-feminism, for example, is the application of anarchist theory to feminist issues. The following schools of thought are shown in alphabetical order. ===Anarcha-feminism=== ''Main article:'' Anarcha-Feminism Anarcha-feminism is a kind of radical feminism that espouses the belief that patriarchy is a fundamental problem in some societies. Feminist anarchism, or anarcha-feminism (a term allegedly created during the 1960s' second-wave feminism), views patriarchy as the first manifestation of hierarchy in human history; thus, the first form of oppression occurred in the dominance of male over female. Anarcha-feminists then conclude that if feminists are against patriarchy, they must also be against all forms of hierarchy, and therefore must reject the authoritarian nature of the state and capitalism. Anarcho-primitivists see the creation of gender roles and patriarchy a creation of the start of civilization, and therefore consider primitivism to also be a anarchist school of thought which addresses feminist concerns. Eco-feminism is often considered a feminist variant of green anarchist feminist thought. Anarcha-feminism is most often associated with early 20th-century authors and theorists such as Emma Goldman and Voltairine de Cleyre, although even early first-wave feminist Mary Wollstonecraft held proto-anarchist views. In the Spanish Civil War, an anarcha-feminist group, "Free Women", organized to defend both anarchist and feminist ideas. In the modern day anarchist movement, most anarchists, male or female, consider themselves feminists, and anarcha-feminist ideas are growing. The publishing of Quiet Rumors, an anarcha-feminist reader has helped to spread various kinds of anti-authoritarian and anarchist feminist ideas to the broader movement. ===Anarcho-communism=== ''Main article:'' Anarcho-Communism Anarcho-communism shares many things in common with anarcho-syndicalism, but generally strives for a society without markets, an elimination of all private property, (as in the means of production), any kind of money system or wages, and proposes instead societies based on direct workers control, gift economy, self-management over community institutions, and mutual aid based upon the idea of "from each according to their ability, to each according to need". Anarcho-communists also propose large and small scale connections of communities, groups, and workplaces through federations and networks created by free association and popular affinity. Anarcho-communists want direct worker control over production, and have decisions made through workers councils and assemblies. Communities would be organized through systems of direct democracy, and through various organizations and collectives to carry out various tasks. Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and most recently, groups like NEFAC (North Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists), have advocated various forms of anarcho-communism. Historically, anarcho-communism has been said to have been put into practice by millions of people in the anarchist collectives and communes of the anarchist-controlled region of Ukraine during the Russian Revolution, and during the Spanish Civil War in the Aragon and Catalonia regions of Spain. Anarcho-communists are split generally on the Platform, or the "Organizational Platform of Libertarian Communists", written by Ukrainian anarchist militant, Nestor Makhno. The platform calls for various forms of structures within the anarchist movement, and has been accepted by some anarchists and scorned by others. Anarcho-communists today are involved in various broad labor and community issues; generally revolving around housing, labor struggles/strikes, anti-racism, and building the anarchist movement. Anarcho-communists have generally called for more cohesive groups and structures of anarchist groups and thereby garnered criticism from other anarchist sects. Various large scale groups of anarcho-communists exist today with the larger groups existing throughout various countries. ===Anarcho-syndicalism=== ''Main article:'' Anarcho-syndicalism Anarcho-syndicalism is the anarchist wing of the labor union movement. Its primary aim is the end of the wage system. It functions on principles of workers solidarity, direct action, and self-management. Workers' solidarity means that anarcho-syndicalists believe all workers, no matter what their race, gender, or ethnic group are in a similar situation vis-a-vis their bosses. Furthermore, it means that, within capitalism, any gains or losses made by some workers in their relation to bosses will eventually impact all workers. Therefore, it says that in order to gain liberation, all workers must support one another in their class war. Anarcho-syndicalists only believe in direct action — that is, action directly designed to confront a problem. Direct action can range from traditional strike action to active sabotage. Furthermore, anarcho-syndicalists believe that workers' organizations — the organizations which struggle against the wage system and which, in anarcho-syndicalist theory, will eventually form the basis of a new society – should be self-managing. They should not have bosses or "business agents"; rather, the workers should be able to make decisions that affect them amongst themselves. The International Workers Association is an international anarcho-syndicalist federation of various labor unions from different countries. The Industrial Workers of the World, a once-powerful, still active, and again growing labor union, is considered a leading organ of the anarcho-syndicalist philosophy in the United States. The Spanish Confederación Nacional del Trabajo played a major role in the Spanish Civil War and today, the Confederaci%f3n_General_del_Trabajo_%28Spain%29 is the third biggest union in Spain. Other major anarcho-syndicalist organizations include the Workers Solidarity Alliance, and the Solidarity Federation in the UK. Some critics of anarcho-syndicalism contend that its focus on proletarian class struggle overlooks the needs of segments of society such as parents or others occupied with child-rearing or domestic labor, although some anarcho-syndicalist thought attempts to address other sectors of economic life. Some primitivist authors, notably Bob Black, contend that an anarcho-syndicalist revolution would leave in place social systems they find oppressive (work and workplaces, for example), although anarcho-syndicalists contend that worker self-management would render those systems fundamentally more humane. ===Ecological anarchism=== Eco-anarchism generally is a belief in deep ecology, direct action against earth destroying institutions and systems, and generally a critique of industrial capitalism, although generally not against civilization per se. There is a significant anarchist element to the environmental movement, including those that are known as eco-anarchists and Green anarchism. Eco-anarchism is generally a broad term that broadly refers to anarchists engaged in the earth liberation movement. The largest segment of 'eco-anarchists' are those involved in the Earth First! movement, which is a network of various collectives formed along anarchist principles. Earth First! generally engages in direct action and eco-defense, such as tree sitting and 'locking down'. In the modern anarchist movement, eco-anarchists generally adhere to deep ecology, which is a world view that embraces biodiversity and sustainability. Eco-feminism is also sometimes considered the form of eco-anarchist feminism. ===Insurrectionary anarchism=== Insurrectionary anarchism is critical of formal anarchist labor unions and federations. Instead, insurrectionary anarchists advocate informal organization, including small affinity groups, carrying out acts of resistance in various struggles, and mass organizations called base structures, which can include exploited individuals who are not anarchists. Here, Wolfi Landstreicher writes some of the basis points of its praxis.
Insurrectionary anarchism is not an ideological solution to all social problems, a commodity on the capitalist market of ideologies and opinions, but an on-going praxis aimed at putting an end to the domination of the state and the continuance of capitalism, which requires analysis and discussion to advance. We don’t look to some ideal society or offer an image of utopia for public consumption. Throughout history, most anarchists, except those who believed that society would evolve to the point that it would leave the state behind, have been insurrectionary anarchists. Most simply, this means that the state will not merely wither away, thus anarchists must attack, for waiting is defeat; what is needed is open mutiny and the spreading of subversion among the exploited and excluded. Here we spell out some implications that we and some other insurrectionary anarchists draw from this general problem: if the state will not disappear on its own, how then do we end its existence? It is, therefore, primarily a practice, and focuses on the organization of attack...The State of capital will not “wither away,” attack is the refusal of mediation, pacification, sacrifice, accommodation, and compromise. [Landstreicher, Wolfi]Alfredo M. Bonanno, an Italian insurrectionary anarchist also had a great impact on this specific tendency, writing such works as "Armed Joy," "The Anarchist Tension," and others. In the US, Willful Disobedience, Killing King Abacus, and other magazines caused interest in insurrectionary anarchism to grow. Although insurrectionary anarchists are generally interested in class struggle anarchism, in the US, many insurrectionary anarchists consider themselves to be primitivists, or green anarchists, as well. ===Post-Anarchism=== The term post-anarchism was originated by Saul Newman in his book "From Bakunin to Lacan: Antiauthoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power" to refer to a theoretical move towards a synthesis of classical anarchist theory and poststructuralist thought. In this sense it has similarities with post-Marxism associated with Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffee. Subsequent to Newman's use of the term, however, it has taken on a life of its own and a wide range of ideas including autonomism, post-left anarchy, situationism, post-colonialism and Zapatismo have been suggested for inclusion under the rubric. Others have argued that the term "poststructuralist anarchism" is preferable in order to maintain an unbroken link with the anarchist heritage. By its very nature post-anarchism rejects the idea that it should be a coherent set of doctrines and beliefs. As such it is difficult, if not impossible to state with any degree of certainty who should or shouldn't be grouped under the rubric. Nonetheless key thinkers associated with post-anarchism include Saul Newman, Todd May, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. The [http://www.postanarchism.org/ Postanarchism Clearinghouse] is probably the best place to start for anyone wanting to find out more. ===Post-left anarchy=== ''Main article:'' Post-left anarchy Post-left anarchy (anarchy often used instead of "anarchism" to avoid the connotations of doctrine that the ''-ism'' suffix brings) is a more recent current in anarchist thought that seeks to distance itself from the traditional "left" - communists, liberals, social democrats, etc. - and to escape the confines of ideology in general. It has rapidly developed since the fall of the Soviet Union, which many view as the death of authoritarian leftism; however, its roots are clearly visible in the ideas of the 1960s Situationists. It is not an independent "movement" as such but rather a critical way of thinking about anarchist ideas. Post-leftists argue that anarchism has been weakened by its long attachment to contrary "leftist" movements and single issue causes (anti-war, anti-nuclear, etc.). It calls for a synthesis of anarchist thought and a specifically anti-authoritarian revolutionary movement outside of the leftist milieu. It often focuses on the individual rather than speaking in terms of class or other broad generalizations and shuns organizational tendencies in favor of the complete absence of hierarchy. Total individual liberation is a key focus, rather than merely economic liberation. The Left, even the revolutionary left, post-leftists argue, is anachronistic and incapable of creating change. It offers critiques of radical strategies and tactics which it considers antiquated; the demonstration, class-oriented struggle, focus on tradition and the inability to escape the confines of history. The book ''Anarchy in the Age of Dinosaurs'', for example, critiques traditional leftist ideas and classical anarchism while calling for a rejuvenated anarchist movement. The widely read CrimethInc essay [http://www.crimethinc.com/library/english/yourpoli.html Your Politics Are Boring as Fuck] is another critique of "leftist" movements: "Why has the oppressed proletariat not come to its senses and joined you in your fight for world liberation? ... [Because] they know that your antiquated styles of protest—your marches, hand held signs, and gatherings—are now powerless to effect real change because they have become such a predictable part of the status quo. They know that your post-Marxist jargon is off-putting because it really is a language of mere academic dispute, not a weapon capable of undermining systems of control..." The ideas associated with Post-left anarchy have been criticized by other anarchists, notably Murray Bookchin. Bookchin's polemic, ''Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism'', attacks these recent trends in anarchist thinking, and advocates a traditional focus on class struggle. Bob Black wrote a book in response to Bookchin's arguments called ''Anarchy After Leftism'', an important post-leftist work. Anarcho-communists have also criticized post-leftist thinking. Many primitivists, including John Zerzan, can be said to be post-leftists (Zerzan himself has claimed to be 'anti-leftist'); however, most proponents of Post-left anarchy are not necessarily primitivists. Important groups and individuals associated with Post-left anarchy include: CrimethInc, the magazine Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed and its editor Jason McQuinn, Bob Black, and others. For more information, see Infoshop.org's [http://www.infoshop.org/afterleftism.html Anarchy After Leftism] section, and the [http://anarchism.ws/postleft.html Post-left section] on [http://anarchism.ws/ anarchism.ws.] ===Primitivism=== ''Main article:'' Primitivism Primitivism is a philosophy advocating a return to a pre-industrial and usually pre-agricultural society, and a critique of industrial civilization, and the alienation that technology, progress, etc, have created between people and the natural world. Primitivism believes that industrial society inevitably produces oppressive structures through specialization of tasks or division of labor, and that technology has similar negative implications. Most forms of primitivism question civilization itself. Primitivism generally sees that by the birth of agriculture, and the birth of cities and the creating of production surplus, gave rise to structures of hierarchy, and later statism. Anarcho-primitivists point to the anti-authoritarian nature of many 'primitive' or hunter gather societies throughout the world's history, as examples of anarchist societies. The primitivist movement has connections to radical environmentalism movements such as the Earth Liberation Front and Earth First!. Primitivism has been notably advocated by John Zerzan, and to some extent by Theodore Kaczynski (the Unabomber) and Derrick Jensen. ===Small 'a' anarchism=== The term "small 'a' anarchism" has been used in two different, but not unconnected contexts. Dave Neal posited the term in opposition to big 'A' Anarchism in the article [http://www.spunk.org/library/intro/practice/sp001689.html Anarchism: Ideology or Methodology?]. While big 'A' Anarchism refered to ideological Anarchists, small 'a' anarchism was applied to their methodological counterparts; those who viewed anarchism as "a way of acting, or a historical tendency against illegitimate authority." As an anti-ideological position, small 'a' anarchism shares some similarities with post-left anarchy, while Neal's insistence that it entails a rejection of the idea that there can be an "ultimate Truth" recalls the poststructuralist turns of post-anarchism (see above). David Graeber and Andrej Grubacic offer an alternative use of the term, applying it to groups and movements organising according to or acting in a manner consistent with anarchist principles of decentralisation, voluntary association, mutual aid, the network model, and crucially, "the rejection of any idea that the end justifies the means, let alone that the business of a revolutionary is to seize state power and then begin imposing one's vision at the point of a gun." [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=41&ItemID=4796] Graeber and Grubacic do not offer a comprehensive list of groups within this rubric, but suggest that it includes the likes of autonomism, Zapatismo and radical democracy. It should be stressed that many of these groups do not describe themselves as "anarchist", perhaps deliberately, and are grouped instead on the basis of what they do, implying that the criteria for inclusion are similar to those articulated by Neal. It is unclear how far the term has been picked up by the wider anarchist movement, but it does help to clarify and begin to explain some of the conflicts and disagreements within contemporary anarchism. ===Technological anarchism=== Some anarchists see information technology as the way to replace hierarchy, defeat monopoly, and prevent war, and support culture jamming in particular as a way to do so. Some writers — particularly Iain M. Banks, who has written quite extensively in the science fiction genre about The Culture, a futuristic society which has disposed of government — have theorised that anarchism would be inevitable with the technological advances that would make space travel and living in space plausible [http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/~stefan/culture.html]. The Electro-anarchy Collective poses a similar theory that technological power will naturally overthrow human government (although some question their anarchist credentials, claiming that technological governance is no less oppressive than human governance). It has also been argued that the free software movement is an example of anarchic organization, this being an example not of hierarchical business, but of voluntary association for the production of a good. See also Crypto-anarchism and Cypherpunk. ===Utopian anarchism=== ''Main article:'' Utopian anarchism A Utopian anarchist believes, primarily, that nothing is static, everything is relative, and constantly affecting everything else. However, purpose is important, as is progress of purpose, and progress towards fulfillment of purpose. A Utopian anarchist is always thinking of the end desire, and makes decisions through life keeping this context in mind. Much stress is put upon developing education and evolution. Through free association, a complex web of desires and goals will be strived for, each influencing and perhaps assisting one another in our paths. The system strives for perfection, through unified diversity. Any static system will have flaws, and flaws fester. If one brushes one's teeth the same way every day, what happens to the missed spot? Some critics perceive a lack of safety in the absence of enforced moral judgement. One Utopian anarchist response would be to consider this an issue with ego and desire for personal power and appreciation. ==Conceptions of an anarchist society== ''Main article:'' Anarchism and Society Many political philosophers justify support of the state as a means of regulating violence, so that the destruction caused by human conflict is minimized and fair relationships are established. Anarchists argue that pursuit of these ends do not justify the establishment of a state, and in fact many argue that the state is incompatible with those goals. Anarchists argue that the state helps to create a Monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force, and uses force and violence to expand and protects the elite's interests. Much effort has been dedicated to explaining how anarchist societies would handle criminality. ==Anarchist economic organization== ''Main article:'' Anarchist economics Though anarchists are against a centrally controlled or coordinated economic system, most do believe that some sort of system (or multiple co-existing systems) must replace the current, capitalist system, either with a gift economy, a time-based currency, or other, theoretical exchange/production paradigms. Bob Black proposed that anarchy would allow for "the abolition of work"[http://www.zpub.com/notes/black-work.html]. ==Major conflicts within anarchist thought== ===Tolerance vs. Expansionism=== Since any belief consistent with anti-statism is anarchist, there are vastly different and often opposing ideas about: what constitutes aggression, what is valid property, and what forms and conventions societies should adopt. As a result, there is difference of opinion ''within'' each school about how to react to, or interact with, those with opposing ideologies. The tolerant attitude is to live with it - let reality be the judge. One should not use force to promote your program. Those who take this panarchy approach to 'foreign policy' generally predict that, since their system is better, it will attract more people in the long run. Benjamin Tucker is a good example of this tolerant approach. ===Individualism vs. collectivism=== While most anarchists favor collective property, some, such as individualist anarchists of historical note support a right to private property. These include Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner. Tucker argues that collectivism in property is absurd: "That there is an entity known as the community which is the rightful owner of all land, Anarchists deny...I...maintain that ‘the community’ is a non-entity, that it has no existence..." He was particularly adamant in his opposition to "communism," even to the point of asserting that those who opposed a right to private property were not anarchists: "Anarchism is a word without meaning, unless it includes the liberty of the individual to control his product or whatever his product has brought him through exchange in a free market—that is, private property. Whoever denies private property is of necessity an Archist." However, these individuals opposed property titles to unused land. ===Violence and non-violence=== Anarchists have often been portrayed as dangerous and violent, due mainly to a number of high-profile violent acts including riots, assassinations, and insurrections involving anarchists. Since the 1970s, the punk image of irresponsible youths has also been associated with anarchist symbolism, so furthering the association with violence. The use of terrorism and assassination, however, is condemned by most anarchist ideology, though there remains no consensus on the legitimacy or utility of violence. Some anarchists share Leo Tolstoy's Christian anarchism belief in nonviolence. These anarcho-pacifists advocate nonviolent resistance as the only method of achieving a truly anarchist revolution. They often see violence as the basis of government and coercion and argue that, as such, violence is illegitimate, no matter who is the target. Some of Proudhon's France followers even saw strike action as coercive and refused to take part in such traditional socialist tactics. Other anarchists advocate Marshall Rosenberg's non-violent communication that relates to peoples fundamental needs and feelings using strategies of requests, observations and empathy yet providing for the use of protective force while rejecting pacifism as a compromising strategy of the left that just perpetuates violence. Other anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin and Errico Malatesta saw violence as a necessary and sometimes desirable force. Malatesta took the view that it is "necessary to destroy with violence, since one cannot do otherwise, the violence which denies [the means of life and for development] to the workers" (''Umanità Nova'', number 125, September 6, 1921[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/malatesta/rev_haste.html]). Between 1894 and 1901, individual anarchists assassinated numerous heads of state, including: *President of France Marie François Sadi Carnot (1894); *Empress Elisabeth of Austria (1898); *King Umberto I of Italy (1900); and *United States President William McKinley (1901). Such "propaganda of the deed" was not popular among anarchists, and many in the movement condemned the tactic. For example, McKinley's assassin, Leon Czolgosz, claimed to be a disciple of Emma Goldman, but she disavowed any association with him. Goldman included in her definition of anarchism the observation that all governments rest on violence, and this is one of the many reasons they should be opposed. Goldman herself didn't oppose tactics like assassination until she went to Russia, where she witnessed the violence of the Russian state and the Red Army. From then on she condemned the use of terrorism, especially by the state, and advocated violence only as a means of self-defense. Depictions in the press and popular fiction (for example, a malevolent bomb-throwing anarchist in Joseph Conrad's ''The Secret Agent'') helped create a lasting public impression that anarchists are violent terrorists. This perception was enhanced by events such as the Haymarket Riot, where anarchists were blamed for throwing a bomb at police who came to break up a public meeting in Chicago. More recently, anarchists have been involved in protests against World Trade Organization (WTO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) meetings across the globe, which the media has described as violent or riots. Traditionally, May Day in London has also been a day of marching, but in recent years the Metropolitan Police have warned that a "hardcore of anarchists" are intent on causing violence. Anarchists often respond that it is the police who initiate violence at these demonstrations, with the anarchist intent being only to defend themselves. The anarchists involved in such protests often formed ''black blocs'' at these protests and some engaged in property destruction, vandalism, or in violent conflicts with police, though others stuck to Nonviolence principles. Those participating in black blocs distinguish between "violence" and "property destruction": they claim that violence is when a person inflicts harm to another person, while property destruction or property damage is not violence, although it can have indirect harm such as financial harm. ===Pacifism=== Some anarchists consider Pacifism (opposition to war) to be inherent in their philosophy. Some anarchists take it further and follow Leo Tolstoy's belief in Nonviolence (note, however, that these anarcho-pacifism are not necessarily Christian anarchism as Tolstoy was), advocating Nonviolent resistance as the only method of achieving a truly anarchist revolution. Anarchist literature often portrays war as an activity in which the state seeks to gain and consolidate power, both domestically and in foreign lands. Many anarchists subscribe to Randolph Bourne's view that "war is the health of the state"[http://struggle.ws/hist_texts/warhealthstate1918.html]. Anarchists believe that if they were to support a war they would be strengthening the state — indeed, Peter Kropotkin was alienated from other anarchists when he expressed support for the British in World War I. Just as they are critical and distrustful of most government endeavours, anarchists often view the stated reasons for war with a cynicism eye. Since the Vietnam War protests in North America and, most recently, the protests against the war in Iraq, much anarchist activity has been anti-war based. Many anarchists in the current movement however, reject complete pacifism, (although groups like Earth First!, and Food Not Bombs are based on principles of non-violence), and instead are in favor of self-defense, and sometimes violence against oppressive and authoritarian forces which they in fact also consider as defensive violence. Anarchists are skeptical however of winning a direct armed conflict with the state, and instead concern themselves mostly with organizing. Most anarchists however, do not consider the destruction of property to be violent, as do most activists who believe in non-violence. ===Parliamentarianism=== While most anarchists firmly oppose voting, or otherwise participating in the State institution, there are a few that disagree. Even hard-core anarchists (e.g. Proudhon) have succumbed to the temptation of electoral politics. Cf: [http://fuckthevote.org/TheEthicsofVoting The Ethics of Voting] by George H. Smith. ===Anarcho-capitalism=== Anarcho-capitalism (also referred to as "market anarchism" and "right anarchism") is a movement largely descended from the classical liberal and libertarian traditions, as well as influences from Individualist anarchism. Unlike traditional anarchists (as described through much of this article), they define "anarchism" simply as opposition to the State rather than an opposition to hierarchy in general. They believe that the state is unjust, and that non-state capitalism (the free market) is the most just and efficient method of social order and organization. Anarcho-capitalism's place in the larger anarchist movement is hotly contested by many traditional anarchists, who believe anarchism to be inherently anti-capitalist. This debate is covered further under Anarchism and capitalism and under the main Anarcho-Capitalism article. Early influences on anarcho-capitalism include Gustave de Molinari, Lysander Spooner, Étienne de La Boétie, Edmund Burke, Josiah Warren, Frédéric Bastiat, Benjamin Tucker, Auberon Herbert, Albert Jay Nock, H. L. Mencken, and Herbert Spencer. Prominent modern anarcho-capitalists include Murray Rothbard, David Friedman, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, and Wendy McElroy. == Critique == See Criticisms of Socialism for general critique of socialism, some of which may apply. There is also some specific criticism of anarchism. === Violence === Some critics claim that lack of police and military would leave the anarchist communities defenseless against organized internal and external aggressors like pirates, terrorists, or military imperialism. The criticism about lack of police only applies to those schools of 'anarchism' that would deny people's freedom to organize voluntarily for defense. Some express doubts concerning the effectiveness of a voluntary militia against a ruthless modern military using weapons of mass destruction and hierarchical structure. Critics also argue that historical examples, like the Spanish Civil War, do not support the theory that anarchist communities can defend themselves. Also, critics see violence among hunter-gatherers [http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/discus/html/messages/62/71.html] as evidence that anarchist societies will be violent. Yet examples like Hong Kong, a near free market virtually defenseless from Mao's China not only wasn't attacked, but thrived. Anarchists argue that free trade makes attack unlikely. E.g. Since China owned the biggest bank in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong provided much needed trade and financial services to China, it would have been irrational for China to attack. Similar experience in other merchant cities supports this view. As Fredric Bastiat wrote, "When goods don't cross borders, soldiers will." Anarcho-capitalists believe that converse is also true: when goods ''do'' cross borders, war is less likely. As for hunter gatherers, many such societies did get along peacefully. Again, it depended largely on whether freedom of trade was allowed and property rights were respected. A study of the Yurok Indians of northern California showed that they got along peacibly with neighboring tribes, and even allowed people from other tribes to own property in their jurisdiction. Cf: [http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_1/9_1_1.pdf Enforcement of Private Property Rights in Primitive Societies: Law without Government] Also, the Xeer of Somaliland has a peaceful record, especially compared to the chaos of the statist system (and its breakdown) in neighboring Somalia. === Production === Other critics of Anarchism claim that production in an unorganized society will suffer and dwindle to a primitive state. This critique assumes that order can only result from central planning, as opposed to decentralized/pluralistic decision-making or some other form of emergent order. In a stateless society where one community has no formal relationship with another, as some anarchists envision, production would be localized, eliminating the benefits of Economies of Scale and regional specialization. Even if it is cheaper to produce goods in one geographic location over another, anarchism could mean that people farther away cannot benefit from this efficient production because safe, organized production and transportation is prevented. Another critique of the anarchist position is that business relationships between organizations/firms/individuals will be limited to inefficient contracts. Without a government and judicial system to enforce a contract, organizations will be forced to use black market schemes and other paralegal methods to enforce contract negotiations. In particular, firms may feel safer doing businesses with other groups that they have a long-term relationship with. A newer organization will be viewed with distrust because it could renege on its contract obligations and forgo payment or delivery. This creates a formidable barrier to entry for new organizations and limits the profitable relationships organized producers can engage in. ==See also== * Anarchism and Marxism * Anarchism and capitalism * Anarchist symbolism * Anarcho-punk * Red and Anarchist Skinheads * Punk ideology * Libertarian Socialism * Anarcho-syndicalism * Black cat, for a symbol of anarchism * Christian anarchism * Equalism * Crimethinc * Earth First! * Infoshop * Individualist anarchism * List of anarchists * List of anarchist organizations * List of creative works about anarchism * Past and present anarchist communities * Situationist * Alternative society * Syndicalism * Temporary Autonomous Zone * Free store * Utopian Anarchism ===Historical events=== *Paris Commune (1871) *Haymarket Riot (1886) *Kronstadt rebellion (1921) *Spanish Revolution (1936) (see Anarchism in Spain) *May 1968, France (1968) *WTO Meeting of 1999 (1999) ===Books=== *Alexander Berkman, ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/comanarchism/whatis_toc.html What is Anarchism?]'', ''Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist'', others *Mikhail Bakunin, ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html God and the State]'', ''The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State'', others *Emma Goldman, ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/GoldmanCW.html Anarchism and Other Essays]'', ''Living My Life'', others *Daniel Guérin, ''Anarchism (book)'' *Peter Kropotkin, ''Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_in_Evolution'', ''The Conquest of Bread'', others *Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, ''What is Property?'' *Rudolf Rocker, ''Anarcho-Syndicalism'' *Voline, ''The Unknown Revolution'' *Robert Paul Wolff, ''In Defense of Anarchism'' *William Godwin, ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/godwin/PJfrontpiece.html An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice]'' *Max Stirner, ''The Ego And Its Own'' Contractarian (as opposed to Natural Law or utilitarian) anarchism *Leo Tolstoy, ''The Kingdon of God is Within You'' - Christian pacifist anarchism *Guy Debord, ''The Society of the Spectacle'' *Leopold Kohr, ''The Breakdown of Nations'' Small is beautiful *Hakim Bey, ''Temporary Autonomous Zones'' Ontological anarchism *''Emma: a play in two acts about Emma Goldman, American anarchist'' (2002) ISBN 089608664X ===Publications=== *Journals: ''Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed'', ''The Raven (journal)'', ''Fifth Estate'', ''Green Anarchist'', ''Our Generation'', ''Anarcho-Syndicalist Review'', ''Social Anarchism'', ''Northeastern Anarchist'', ''The Match!'', ''Green Anarchy'', ''Earth First! Journal'' *News publications: ''Black Flag (newspaper) (Organ Of The Anarchist Black Cross)'', ''Class War'', ''Industrial Worker'', ''Freedom newspaper'', ''[http://inform.motkraft.net/ INFOrm]'' *Other magazines and zines: Anarchist Panther, Harbinger (CrimethInc), Practical Anarchy, Species Traitor, Profane Existence, Alternative Press Review, Communicating Vessels, Killing King Abacus, Willful Disobedience, Do or Die, In Ya Face, Anarchy and Community, Anchorage Anarchy, Black Badger, Slingshot. *Collections: [http://www.spunk.org/ Spunk Library] *Related publications: ''Z Magazine'', ''AdBusters'' ===Concepts=== ''Main article: List of anarchist concepts'' *Anarchist economics *Anti-Capitalism *Animal Liberation *Anti-Authoritarianism *Antifa *Animal Liberation Front *Anarchist People of Color *Black Bloc *Consensus Democracy *Deep Ecology *Direct action *Direct democracy *Dual Power *Earth First! *Earth Liberation Front *Ecofeminism *Free Association *Free Trade *General Strike *Gift economy *Hyper-democracy *Indymedia *Intellectual worker *Laissez Faire *Libertarianism *Media democracy *Mutual aid *Monopoly on violence *Parecon *Polycentric Law *Radical Feminism *Revolution *Self-ownership *Sovereignty of the individual *Squatting *Self-Management *Voluntaryism *Voluntary association *Workers' council ===Anarchist organizations=== ''Main article: List of anarchist organizations'' *AK Press *Alternative Media Project *Anarchist Black Cross *Anarchist Federation *Anarchist Football Network *Anarchist People of Color *Animal Liberation Front *Biotic Baking Brigade *CrimethInc. *Critical Mass *Earth Liberation Front *Food Not Bombs *Freedom Press *Green Anarchy *Homes Not Jails *Industrial Workers of the World *Indymedia *Institute for Anarchist Studies *Midwest Unrest *NEFAC *Peoples' Global Action *Red and Anarchist Action Network *Red and Anarchist Skinheads *Workers Solidarity Movement *Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation While all of these organizations have anarchists as members, many are inclusive beyond anarchist and include anti-authoritarianism and greens. ===Anarchism by region/culture=== * African Anarchism * Anarchism in Spain * Anarchism in the English tradition ==External links== * [http://www.aideia.no.sapo.pt A IDEIA - Revista Libertaria - Portugal] *An [http://www.infoshop.org/faq/index.html Anarchist FAQ] is written from the perspective of the traditional anarchist movement. * Peter Kropotkin's [http://www.zpub.com/notes/ebanarchy.html article on anarchism] for the 11th edition Encylopedia Britannica (1911). *[http://www.infoshop.org/fake.html Fake Anarchists and Libertarians] *Hundreds of anarchists are listed, with short bios, links & dedicated pages [http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm at the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia] *[http://www.zabalaza.net/texts/african_anarchism/contents.htm African Anarchism: The History of a Movement] *[http://anarchoblogs.protest.net/ Anarchoblogs] Blogs by Anarchists. *[http://www.anarchopedia.org/ Anarchopedia] intends to be an anarchist encyclopedia using the MediaWiki engine. *[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/ Anarchy Archives] extensively archives information relating to famous anarchists. This includes many of their books and other publications. *[http://www.antflip.com/anarchy.htm Antflip.com | Anarchism Page] A selection of websites, books, and online articles that explore social anarchism. *[http://www.infoshop.org/ Infoshop.org] *[http://www.iwa-ait.org/ International Workers Association (IWA-AIT)] *[http://www.takver.com/history/melb/maa01.htm Melbourne Anarchist Archives 1966-1973] *[http://www.infoshop.org/inews/stories.php?story=03/09/06/9662148 The Inefficient Utopia] - an analysis of anarchist use of consensus, by the Curious George Brigade. *[http://www.jura.org.au/ Jura Books (Sydney, Australia)] *[http://www.nefac.net/ North Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists] - (NEFAC) *[http://www.greenanarchy.org/ Green Anarchy] *[http://www.blackandgreen.org/ Network of Green Anarchist Collectives] *[http://www.autonome.org/ Autonome] *[http://www.iww.org/ Industrial Workers of the World] *[http://www.retailworkers.org/ IWW Retail Workers] *[http://www.crimethinc.com/ Crimethinc.com] *[http://www.crimethinc.net/ Crimethinc.net] *[http://www.earthliberationfront.org/ Earth Liberation Front] (ELF) *[http://www.animalliberationfront.net/ Animal Liberation Front] (ALF) *[http://www.illegalvoices.org/ Anarchist People of Color] *[http://www.anarcha.org/ Anarcha-feminism] *[http://www.earthfirstjournal.org/ Earth First!] *[http://www.zmag.org/grubanar.htm Towards an another anarchism] by Andrej Grubacic at the World Social Forum *[http://www.libertari.org/ Libertari.org] Italian anarchist site *[http://road.cjb.cc/ ROAD Collective] Ontario Anarchist Networking === Opposing Views === *[http://directory.google.com/Top/Society/Politics/Anarchism/Opposing_Views/ Collection of critical articles] Anarchism Forms of government Political theories Social philosophy Political ideology entry points fa:دولتزدائی minnan:Hui-thóng-tī-chú-gī simple:Anarchism th:ลัทธิอนาธิปไตย
Anarchism
== Talk archives == ''If you want to talk about Anarcho-Capitalism (A-C), make sure you take a look at past discussions about it. Same goes for other controversial topics.''--User:Albamuth 21:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) *Talk:Anarchism/Archive1 - A-C discussion, music, external links *Talk:Anarchism/Archive2 - many more external links *Talk:Anarchism/Archive3 - discussion of disambiguation, various forms of anarchism *Talk:Anarchism/Archive4 - Doublethink, socialist/communist?, Deplorable! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive5 - removing A-C, reverts, functioning anarchies, Feb 29 (2004) *Talk:Anarchism/Archive6 - Anarchy v. Anarchism and POV *Talk:Anarchism/Archive7 - egalitarianism, anarchy, surrealism, are you an anarchist? *Talk:Anarchism/Archive8 - coercion, anarcho-fascism, worthless! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive9 - A-C is oxymoron, proposals, history repeats, truce, coup, truce, anarcho-fascism(A-F) *Talk:Anarchism/Archive10 - history of article, more allegations of POV, another appeal to save A-F *Talk:Anarchism/Archive11 - lots of stuff, mostly an edit war about A-C *Talk:Anarchism/Archive12 - more aftermath of edit war, page blanking, punk rock *Talk:Anarchism/Archive13 - ''auto wiki link suggestions'', shortening article, anarchists vs police *Talk:Anarchism/Archive14 - hunter-gatherers, adbusters, template discussion *Talk:Anarchism/Archive15 - superhuge National-Anarchist troll and response, A-C is an oxymoron, anarchist criteria, page protected *Talk:Anarchism/Archive16 - ''Survey and response'', CrimethInc, communism, much to read here *Talk:Anarchism/Archive17 - trolls, more critique of A-C, dictionary definitions, much of it obviously written while drunk *Talk:Anarchism/Archive18 - disambiguation, 'left' anarchism, NPOV and so much more! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive19 - NPOV dispute, page protection, more A-C discussion, graphical badness, and Milk! *Talk:Anarchism/Archive20 - NPOV dispute, page protection, more A-C discussion ==Time to Unprotect the Page== It says in [Wikipedia:Protection policy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy] that "temporarily protected pages should not be left protected for very long." Well, it's been protected for very long, so this protection is in violation of Wikipedia policy. Consensus is not going to happen, obviously. Edit warring is probably the best way to go. User:RJII 16:16, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) :I agree. I was the one who requested protection of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&oldid=14880685 Neutral Disambiguation Page], not knowing at the time that the admin was biased toward the socialist version. I'd rather have an edit war than the really stupid version up there right now. User:Hogeye 17:05, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::You forgot ''both sides'' had requested protection, not just you (in fact, the other side requested first: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection&diff=14770638&oldid=14769814] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection&diff=14847264&oldid=14829597]). And I'm biased ''against edit wars'', not towards a specific version of this page. That said, if both sides want it unprotected, I will unprotect it; you can also ask on WP:RFPP for unprotection. I'm also annoyed at it being protected for this long (I dislike keeping pages protected for too long, they grow stale), but it's still better than an edit war. --User:CesarB 17:37, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Is anyone else disturbed by RJII's "edit wars are good" theory? Seems pretty clear he's just here to cause trouble. Gave up arguing rationally about two weeks ago. Oh well. If worse comes to worst, I'm sure I have more free time than you and thus have the edge in a war of attrition :P But I assure you I'll do anything to avoid this course. --User:Tothebarricades.tk 19:43, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC) :::I'm not here to "cause trouble" at all. I'm here to help correct the article. If that's troubling to you, that's unfortunate. Either way, whether it's interminable debate, or endless editing, there will be no resolution. There will always be anarchists who think somebody else's school of anarchism is not real anarchism (as in the traditional individualists who held that communist and syndicalist forms were not anarchism). So, the best we can do is edit endlessly without resolution. A dynamic article is better than a stagnant one. The point of Wikipedia is not for writers to appease other, but to provide dynamic, living articles, that anyone can edit. I, for one, will not the sacrifice quality and accuracy of an article for the sake of avoiding conflict or avoiding "causing trouble." If anyone would, then they shouldn't be editing an article. User:RJII 20:23, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Keep it protected, please, until some sort of agreement is made about how to resolve these content disputes. I would like to see more respondants to the survey. How can we call more attention to it? Perhaps we should just wait another week for more commentary? --User:Albamuth 22:01, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) I wanted it unprotected too, until I saw the capitalists want it unproctected as well, now I'm not so sure. Keep it protected because they'll surely go back to their vandalistic ways. The current page isn't perfect, but it's better than a ton of people who visit this page every day getting an entirely and utterly completely false view of what anarchism is. --User:Fatal 22:49, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Anarchism is anarchistic, so its entry is, too, nu? == No wonder anarchism leads to edit wars! Doing your own thing generates disagreements! This is because people are different! Viva la difference!User:Rickyrab — User:Rickyrab | User talk:Rickyrab 22:07, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Well argument is the stuff of life - I have no problem discussing, collaborating with other wikipedians on this. But on this page for the last few months we have had the same 2 or 3 anarcho-capitalists pushing their POV and UNPROVEN claim that A/C is entered in the article as a 'school' or substantial subsection. Folk coming in have only really experienced this and little discussion on the other parts of the article. IMHO it is classic trolling as A/C's are abusive.,.. uncooperative and just go on POV rants without refering to unbias sources or evidence. -User:Max rspct 22:37, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Sort of like how the surrealism talk page is surrealistic (just look at it, it's insane). I don't have a problem with people having different views - very little of my discussion here even goes into anarcho-capitalism, more a concern about the quality of the article --User:Tothebarricades.tk 23:08, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC) ::It is just strange that the anti-property anarchists guard the page like it is their property, and it is the property anarchists that are willing to share and share alike. It looks like "public property" in the gift economy will be the object of considerable conflict.--User:Silverback 00:02, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :::It looks like the problem in hand is being avoided by making personal attacks that have no basis in fact. I <3 petty attacks on peoples' integrity. Get a life. --User:Tothebarricades.tk 02:05, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) ::::If integrity mattered, the gift economy, would be a little more fleshed out. As it stands now, it is little more than a mantra. I suspect most participants in the anti-globalist movement are just exploiting an excuse to misbehave and enjoy a sense of belonging to a counter-culture, but there should still be some constructive thinkers able to contribute to gift economy theory, so that it can be subjected to critical analysis. There is not enough there to shake a stick at, nonetheless call an "economy".--User:Silverback 02:26, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :Anarchism has nothing to do with chaos, sloppiness, disorder or anything else that this "anarcho"-capitalist POV war is demonstrating. Once the article gets to the point where that is clear I will be satisfied. --User:Bk0 02:34, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::That is one thing we can agree on, I doubt any of us would be interested in anarchism if it was. The question is, are some anarchists intending a society that can only exist if all dissent is coercively purged, or has high levels of social ostracism. Many who think they would be the ones to survive the purge, may be like the vietcong dupes who thought they were fighting for something noble and ended up getting re-education camps, or worse.--User:Silverback 03:02, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :::I for one am opposed to all attempts to institute ''newspeak'' such as using "left-anarchism/anarcho-socialism" when one simply means "anarchist." What re-education camps do you speak of? Do you know what you're talking about? --User:Albamuth 12:42, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Could you please tone down the crazy ranting? This page would have a lot fewer than 19 archives if the Wikipedia is not a soapbox suggestion was taken more seriously. --User:Tothebarricades.tk 03:16, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) ====Please Stop==== Let the defenders of anarcho-capitalism have a section in the Anarchism topic that referes to a page on which they can expound on it. Let the Socialist-Anarchist defenders have the same. Let the Anarchism page be the index to the Anarchism content in Wikipedia as it once was. --Juancarlo Añez : The article already have disambig in the form of the message ''This article describes a range of political philosophies that oppose the state and capitalism. For other uses, see anarchism (disambiguation)''. That should work fine. // User:Liftarn I agree with Juanco. Let's go back to the following Neutral Disambiguation Page and avoid edit wars. Anarchism is derived from the Greek language ''Wiktionary:αναρχία'' ("without archons (rulers)"). Thus "anarchism," in its most general meaning, is the philosophy or belief that rulership is unnecessary and should be abolished. For other usages, see anarchism (disambiguation). Anarchism may mean: *Anarchism (anti-state) - the theory or doctrine that all forms of government are unnecessary, oppressive, and undesirable and should be abolished. *Anarchism (socialist) - philosophies, movements, and ideologies that advocate the abolition of capitalist exploitation and all other forms of authority. User:Hogeye 15:45, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :As you indicate - the original Greek meaning does not literally apply to the Anarchist philosophy and movement. But the rest is incorrect - No encyclopedia or textbook on the subject defines there being two camps. The only editors being divisive on this page are the Anarcho-capitalists such as yourself ..who want anarchism split up to satisfy your own propagandic needs. User:Max rspct 17:04, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Max> "The original Greek meaning does not literally apply to the Anarchist philosophy and movement." ::Are we reading the same thing? The Greek etymological meaning is ''exactly'' the same meaning as today - without rulers, i.e. without a State (in more modern terms.) ::Max> "No encyclopedia or textbook on the subject defines there being two camps." ::Right. Mainly because there is a distinct owner of the article, and in most cases one writer. In Wiki, there are a bunch of authors with no/contested ownership, so many straightforward propositions become battlefields. ::Max> "The only editors being divisive on this page are the Anarcho-capitalists such as yourself..." ::Get real, Max. The anarcho-socialists are just as intransigent. They too refuse to budge an inch on the definition of anarchism, and denigrate all objective sources such as dictionaries and even the words of their own luminaries. What you're really saying is that the anarcho-socialist clique temporarily had control of the article until people with a different point of view showed up again. == 19 archives and counting == Hey, has anybody else read the Talk:Anarchism/Archive1, back in 2002? They were debating Anarcho-capitalism then too, and we have been, for 3yrs now! Can we just make the needed edits (NPOV, inclusion of all verifiable POV's, disambig page...) and put this one to rest already?!? User:Sam Spade 17:29, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Sure, as long as your conception of NPOV is actually neutral ;) --User:Tothebarricades.tk 18:07, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) Question: How can I pull up a 2002 version of the anarchism article from History without hitting "next 50" a thousand times? User:Hogeye 19:37, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :Just change the limit= and offset= values on the URL you get after clicking "next 50". You can jump thousands of edits that quickly that way. Sadly, there's no way of guessing how many you have to jump; do a binary search to find them. --User:CesarB 19:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&limit=500&offset=2500&action=history Here]. Notice the history ends rather abruptly; the article is even older than that, but the history was lost when the software was upgraded to the current one (in fact, the older software lost the history after some time; the upgrade didn't have much to preserve). See Wikipedia:Usemod article histories for details. Probably there was talk earlier than 2002 too, also lost. --User:CesarB 19:53, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Thanks, Cesar. Of interest: it didn't start out claiming that anarchism was anti-capitalist, as today's ansoc partisans are demanding. It used the ''commonality of all anarchisms'' approach - i.e. anarchism is anti-statist but not necessarily anti-capitalist. "b" in the survey. The original def was: :::''Anarchism is the political theory that advocates the abolition of all forms of government. The word anarchism derives from Greek roots an (no) and archos (ruler).'' ::: User:Hogeye 20:00, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::And the rest of the article remained even-handed in its discussion of capitalist and socialist varieties of anarchism. I guess it was later that the socialists moved in ''en masse'' and shifted the focus of the article. User:Dtobias 20:38, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC) :::::The question is whats to be done, both here, and in other articles where a POV lobby group has taken over... Thats why their considering a content arbitration commitee, but I'm not sure thats the right approach... what would an anarchist do? ;) User:Sam Spade 21:27, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::::It's amazing to me how the Anarchism article has gone downhill over time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&oldid=117294 This article from 23 Jun 2002] is a hundred times better than the current article. One way that it's cleaner is that, instead of talking about every little sub-movement, it just discusses the three major divisions: libertarian socialism, anarcho-capitalism, and individualist anarchism. ::::::The Swiss cantons of old simply divided when faced with fundamental differences (e.g. Reformation.) There are semi-independent half-cantons and even (I think) quarter cantons. The obvious way to solve these definitional disputes is to split the question, letting each faction have their way in their own article. That's why I still support the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchism&oldid=14880685 Neutral Disambiguation Page]. Maybe others will figure it out after three more years of edit wars... User:Hogeye 21:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::::::Interesting. The old version even had a section on individualist anarchism, which the POV collectivists have taken upon themselves to censor in subsequent versions. User:RJII 23:19, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) Yes the big history is interesting. What's wrong with the current Individualist anarchist section? It has similarities with a-C which also has a hefty section. User:Max rspct 00:23, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) the article is in fairly good shape at the moment no? User:Max rspct 00:30, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::What individualist anarchist section? There isn't one. It isn't included as a school of anarchism. It's just mentioned in the internal conflicts section. The POV collectivist anarchists took the section out, apparently since the individualists support private property and a market economy. User:RJII 00:36, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) LOOK = Individualism vs. collectivism:
''While most anarchists favor collective property, some, such as individualist anarchists of historical note support a right to private property. These include Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner. Tucker argues that collectivism in property is absurd: "That there is an entity known as the comm