The American Colonization Society (properly called ''The National Colonization Society of America'') founded a colony on the coast of West Africa — Liberia, in 1820 — and transported free African Americans there, in an effort to remove them from the United States. The Society closely controlled the development of Liberia until 1847, when it was declared to be an independence republic. The ACS had its origins in 1816, when a Presbyterian minister, the Reverend Robert Finley, suggested at the inaugural meeting of an African Society that a colony be established in Africa to take freed slavery away from the United States. Rev. Finley meant to colonize ''"(with their consent) the free people of color residing in our country, in Africa, or such other place as United States Congress may deem most expedient."'' The organization established branches throughout the United States. Beginning in the 1830s, the society was harshly attacked by Abolitionism, who tried to discredit colonization as a slaveholders' scheme and the American Colonization Society as merely palliative propaganda for the continuation of slavery in the United States. The presidents of the ACS tended to be Southern United States. The first president of the ACS was former President of the United States James Monroe of Virginia, for whom Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, was renamed. Statesman Henry Clay of Kentucky was ACS president from 1836 to 1849. The ACS did not intend to purchase the freedom of American slaves and pay their passage to Liberia as is sometimes imagined. Emigration was offered to already-free black people. For many years the ACS tried to persuade the United States Congress to appropriate funds to send colonists to Liberia. Although Henry Clay led the campaign, it failed. The society did, however, succeed in its appeals to some state legislatures. In 1850, Virginia set aside $30,000 annually for five years to aid and support emigration. In its Thirty-Fourth Annual Report, the society acclaimed the news as "a great Moral demonstration of the propriety and necessity of state action!" During the 1850s, the society also received several thousand dollars from the New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Maryland legislatures. Jehudi Ashmun, an early leader of the American Colonization Society colony, envisioned an American empire in Africa. During 1825 and 1826, Ashmun took steps to lease, annex, or buy tribal lands along the coast and along major rivers leading inland. Like his predecessor Lt. Robert Stockton, who in 1821 established the site for Monrovia by "persuading" a local chief referred to as "King Peter" to sell Cape Montserado (or Mesurado) by pointing a pistol at his head, Ashmun was prepared to use force to extend the colony's territory. His aggressive actions quickly increased Liberia's power over its neighbors. In a treaty of May 1825 deposited by the ACS in the Library of Congress, King Peter and other native kings agreed to sell land in return for 500 bars of tobacco, three barrels of rum, five casks of gunpowder, five umbrellas, ten iron posts, and ten pairs of shoes, among other items. In March 1825, the ACS began a quarterly, ''The African Repository and Colonial Journal'', edited by Rev. Ralph Randolph Gurley (1797-1872), who headed the Society until 1844. Conceived as the Society's propaganda organ, the ''Repository'' promoted both colonization and Liberia. Among the items printed were articles about Africa, letters of praise, official dispatches stressing the prosperity and steady growth of the colony, information about emigrants, and lists of donors. The Society controlled the formation of Liberia until 1847 when, under the perception that the United Kingdom might annexation the settlement, Liberia was proclaimed a free and independent state, and provided with a constitution that was said to be fashioned after the American model. By 1867, the Society had sent more than 13,000 emigrants. After the American Civil War, when many blacks wanted to go to Liberia, financial support for colonization had waned. During its later years the society focussed on educational and missionary efforts in Liberia rather than further emigration. The aims of the society were not necessarily entirely altruistic. Southerners who supported it were often fearful of organized revolt by the free blacks, while Northern supporters were often concerned that black workers would work for less money and thus lower the wages of whites workers. Many in both North and South thought that white and black people were too different to be part of the same society. While President, Abraham Lincoln tried repeatedly to arrange resettlements of the kind the ACS supported, but each arrangement failed (See Abraham Lincoln on slavery). By 1865 Lincoln was one of the few strong advocates of colonization remaining in the United States Government, causing the program's abandonment after his assassination. Three of the reasons the movement eventually dissolved were the objections raised by blacks and abolitionists, the sheer enormity of moving so many people (there were 4 million free blacks in the USA after the Civil War), and the difficulty in finding locations willing to accept large numbers of black newcomers. In 1913 and again at its formal dissolution in 1964, the Society donated its records to the Library of Congress. The material contains a wealth of information about the foundation of the society, its role in establishing Liberia, efforts to manage and defend the colony, fund-raising, recruitment of settlers, conditions for black citizens of the American South, and the way in which black settlers built and led the new nation. ==See also== *History of Liberia ==External links== *[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html U.S. Library of Congress exhibition, based on materials deposited by the ACS.] *[http://www.africawithin.com/tour/liberia/hist_gov1.htm A View of Liberian History and Government]: a critical view of the ACS *[http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v13/v13n5p-4_Morgan.html Abraham Lincoln's Program of Black Resettlement] *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1521.html PBS article] *[http://www.slavenorth.com/colonize.htm Article at ''Slavery in the North''] Liberia Colonialism
January 16th, 2005, 11:53 A.M. GMT. Corrections made to the article include the name of the man who founded the organization, Robert Finley, (not Robert Finlay). References to "black Americans" were changed to the accurate term, which is "free Negroes," who were not Americans since they could not vote. The National Colonization Society of America was founded in 1816. Some free Negroes had departed the United States voluntarily prior to 1816, which indicates that the United States was a hotbed of racial hatred in the quarter-century from 1790-1815. It is possible that an earlier Colonization Society called the American Colonization Society existed prior to 1816. Sierre Leone was created in Africa some two to four decades before Liberia was created. The references to "blacks" should be removed. Free Negroes were called "colored" in the census reports of 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, etc. It is likely that the article still contains some statements which are either far-fetched or untrue. :What is the new word for what one used to called "American women" who were not Americans since they could not vote? We count on everyone to actively improve any statements which are either far-fetched or untrue. --User:Wetman 19:16, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC) ---- How many encyclopedia articles about Shakespeare use only the language of his time?--User:JimWae 18:49, 2005 Jan 16 (UTC) I have access to a big, fat encyclopedia that states that James Madison (but not James Monroe) was one of the Presidents of the National Colonization Society. President Washington's nephew, Bushrod Washington was a President at one time (and the owner of Mount Vernon, George Washington's mansion). The copyright laws of the United states have been extended from the original 14 years to 95 years, today. It is illegal for Americans to utilize copyrighted items in great detail. The "Fair Use" provision of the law offers a little bit of protection. The big, fat encyclopedia will be made available in the next ten years by ''Google'' which is making copies of numerous books. I have already employed the big, fat encyclopedia as the source of the name and the information about Robert Finley, sketchily. I hope that I haven't exceeded the "Fair Use" rule. By the way, white women were Americans because the head of the family voted for himself, his wife, and his children. There is a big difference between being deported (by force) and being transported (voluntarily) away. January 17th, 2005 10:13 P.M. GMT ==It is too complex== The subject of establishing free Negroes in some other place is too complex for a Wikipedia article. Books were written about the subject in the 19th century. Some men devoted much of their lives to the effort. EXAMPLE; The nation's most radical Abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison (1805-79), was an advocate of immediate emancipation on the soil (freed slaves would remain here). Garrison's friend, Benjamin Lundy (1789-1839), favored the colonization of freed slaves to places such as Haiti and Mexico. In 1838, a mob burned Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, destroying nearly all of his possessions. The action of that mob proved that many despisers of colonization existed in 1838, when the President of the United States was a pro-slavery Democrat named Martin Van Buren, of the State of New York. A big, fat encyclopedia could be written on the subject. It all boils down to the following sentences. In the Roman Empire, Romans allowed the existence of an ''Imperium in imperio'' which is "a power within a power" or ""an empire within an empire" or "a state within a state," but the American empire builders scorned that notion. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln claimed that the United States was a "tree that should not have a crows' nest in it." 2:22 A.M. GMT January 27th, 2005
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Words begining with American_Colonization_Society:
American_Colonization_Society
American_Colonization_Society
American Colonization Society
The American Colonization Society (properly called ''The National Colonization Society of America'') founded a colony on the coast of West Africa — Liberia, in 1820 — and transported free African Americans there, in an effort to remove them from the United States. The Society closely controlled the development of Liberia until 1847, when it was declared to be an independence republic. The ACS had its origins in 1816, when a Presbyterian minister, the Reverend Robert Finley, suggested at the inaugural meeting of an African Society that a colony be established in Africa to take freed slavery away from the United States. Rev. Finley meant to colonize ''"(with their consent) the free people of color residing in our country, in Africa, or such other place as United States Congress may deem most expedient."'' The organization established branches throughout the United States. Beginning in the 1830s, the society was harshly attacked by Abolitionism, who tried to discredit colonization as a slaveholders' scheme and the American Colonization Society as merely palliative propaganda for the continuation of slavery in the United States. The presidents of the ACS tended to be Southern United States. The first president of the ACS was former President of the United States James Monroe of Virginia, for whom Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, was renamed. Statesman Henry Clay of Kentucky was ACS president from 1836 to 1849. The ACS did not intend to purchase the freedom of American slaves and pay their passage to Liberia as is sometimes imagined. Emigration was offered to already-free black people. For many years the ACS tried to persuade the United States Congress to appropriate funds to send colonists to Liberia. Although Henry Clay led the campaign, it failed. The society did, however, succeed in its appeals to some state legislatures. In 1850, Virginia set aside $30,000 annually for five years to aid and support emigration. In its Thirty-Fourth Annual Report, the society acclaimed the news as "a great Moral demonstration of the propriety and necessity of state action!" During the 1850s, the society also received several thousand dollars from the New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Maryland legislatures. Jehudi Ashmun, an early leader of the American Colonization Society colony, envisioned an American empire in Africa. During 1825 and 1826, Ashmun took steps to lease, annex, or buy tribal lands along the coast and along major rivers leading inland. Like his predecessor Lt. Robert Stockton, who in 1821 established the site for Monrovia by "persuading" a local chief referred to as "King Peter" to sell Cape Montserado (or Mesurado) by pointing a pistol at his head, Ashmun was prepared to use force to extend the colony's territory. His aggressive actions quickly increased Liberia's power over its neighbors. In a treaty of May 1825 deposited by the ACS in the Library of Congress, King Peter and other native kings agreed to sell land in return for 500 bars of tobacco, three barrels of rum, five casks of gunpowder, five umbrellas, ten iron posts, and ten pairs of shoes, among other items. In March 1825, the ACS began a quarterly, ''The African Repository and Colonial Journal'', edited by Rev. Ralph Randolph Gurley (1797-1872), who headed the Society until 1844. Conceived as the Society's propaganda organ, the ''Repository'' promoted both colonization and Liberia. Among the items printed were articles about Africa, letters of praise, official dispatches stressing the prosperity and steady growth of the colony, information about emigrants, and lists of donors. The Society controlled the formation of Liberia until 1847 when, under the perception that the United Kingdom might annexation the settlement, Liberia was proclaimed a free and independent state, and provided with a constitution that was said to be fashioned after the American model. By 1867, the Society had sent more than 13,000 emigrants. After the American Civil War, when many blacks wanted to go to Liberia, financial support for colonization had waned. During its later years the society focussed on educational and missionary efforts in Liberia rather than further emigration. The aims of the society were not necessarily entirely altruistic. Southerners who supported it were often fearful of organized revolt by the free blacks, while Northern supporters were often concerned that black workers would work for less money and thus lower the wages of whites workers. Many in both North and South thought that white and black people were too different to be part of the same society. While President, Abraham Lincoln tried repeatedly to arrange resettlements of the kind the ACS supported, but each arrangement failed (See Abraham Lincoln on slavery). By 1865 Lincoln was one of the few strong advocates of colonization remaining in the United States Government, causing the program's abandonment after his assassination. Three of the reasons the movement eventually dissolved were the objections raised by blacks and abolitionists, the sheer enormity of moving so many people (there were 4 million free blacks in the USA after the Civil War), and the difficulty in finding locations willing to accept large numbers of black newcomers. In 1913 and again at its formal dissolution in 1964, the Society donated its records to the Library of Congress. The material contains a wealth of information about the foundation of the society, its role in establishing Liberia, efforts to manage and defend the colony, fund-raising, recruitment of settlers, conditions for black citizens of the American South, and the way in which black settlers built and led the new nation. ==See also== *History of Liberia ==External links== *[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html U.S. Library of Congress exhibition, based on materials deposited by the ACS.] *[http://www.africawithin.com/tour/liberia/hist_gov1.htm A View of Liberian History and Government]: a critical view of the ACS *[http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v13/v13n5p-4_Morgan.html Abraham Lincoln's Program of Black Resettlement] *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1521.html PBS article] *[http://www.slavenorth.com/colonize.htm Article at ''Slavery in the North''] Liberia Colonialism
American Colonization Society
January 16th, 2005, 11:53 A.M. GMT. Corrections made to the article include the name of the man who founded the organization, Robert Finley, (not Robert Finlay). References to "black Americans" were changed to the accurate term, which is "free Negroes," who were not Americans since they could not vote. The National Colonization Society of America was founded in 1816. Some free Negroes had departed the United States voluntarily prior to 1816, which indicates that the United States was a hotbed of racial hatred in the quarter-century from 1790-1815. It is possible that an earlier Colonization Society called the American Colonization Society existed prior to 1816. Sierre Leone was created in Africa some two to four decades before Liberia was created. The references to "blacks" should be removed. Free Negroes were called "colored" in the census reports of 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, etc. It is likely that the article still contains some statements which are either far-fetched or untrue. :What is the new word for what one used to called "American women" who were not Americans since they could not vote? We count on everyone to actively improve any statements which are either far-fetched or untrue. --User:Wetman 19:16, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC) ---- How many encyclopedia articles about Shakespeare use only the language of his time?--User:JimWae 18:49, 2005 Jan 16 (UTC) I have access to a big, fat encyclopedia that states that James Madison (but not James Monroe) was one of the Presidents of the National Colonization Society. President Washington's nephew, Bushrod Washington was a President at one time (and the owner of Mount Vernon, George Washington's mansion). The copyright laws of the United states have been extended from the original 14 years to 95 years, today. It is illegal for Americans to utilize copyrighted items in great detail. The "Fair Use" provision of the law offers a little bit of protection. The big, fat encyclopedia will be made available in the next ten years by ''Google'' which is making copies of numerous books. I have already employed the big, fat encyclopedia as the source of the name and the information about Robert Finley, sketchily. I hope that I haven't exceeded the "Fair Use" rule. By the way, white women were Americans because the head of the family voted for himself, his wife, and his children. There is a big difference between being deported (by force) and being transported (voluntarily) away. January 17th, 2005 10:13 P.M. GMT ==It is too complex== The subject of establishing free Negroes in some other place is too complex for a Wikipedia article. Books were written about the subject in the 19th century. Some men devoted much of their lives to the effort. EXAMPLE; The nation's most radical Abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison (1805-79), was an advocate of immediate emancipation on the soil (freed slaves would remain here). Garrison's friend, Benjamin Lundy (1789-1839), favored the colonization of freed slaves to places such as Haiti and Mexico. In 1838, a mob burned Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, destroying nearly all of his possessions. The action of that mob proved that many despisers of colonization existed in 1838, when the President of the United States was a pro-slavery Democrat named Martin Van Buren, of the State of New York. A big, fat encyclopedia could be written on the subject. It all boils down to the following sentences. In the Roman Empire, Romans allowed the existence of an ''Imperium in imperio'' which is "a power within a power" or ""an empire within an empire" or "a state within a state," but the American empire builders scorned that notion. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln claimed that the United States was a "tree that should not have a crows' nest in it." 2:22 A.M. GMT January 27th, 2005
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