
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (Александр Михайлович Ляпунов) (June 6 1857 – November 3 1918, all new style) was a Russians mathematician, mechanics and physicist. Lyapunov was born in Yaroslavl, Imperial Russia. His father Mikhail Lyapunov (1820-1868) was a well known astronomer and a head of the Demidovski lyceum. Because of the reaction of the university administration, after the departure of Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, he gave up his work entirely in 1864 at the observatory of the Kazan State University. He moved with his family on his wife's estate in Simbirsk province (now Ulyanovsk Oblast), where he devoted his time to the education of his oldest sons, Aleksandr and Sergei_lyapunov (1859-1924). During long winter nights he stayed with his sons and he taught them assiduously with the aid of games on maps of the world. He possessed a lot of books in Russian language, German language and French language on subjects as varied as mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, history, ethnography, political economy and literature. After the sudden death of his father Aleksandr was educated by his uncle R. M. Sechenov, brother of the famous philosopher Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. At his uncle's Lyapunov learned with his cousin, his intended Nataliya Rafailovna. In 1870 his mother moved with her sons to Nizhny Novgorod, where he started to attend the third class of the gymnasium (school). He passed gymnasium in 1876 with distinction. He studied at the Physico-Mathematical department of the Saint Petersburg State University, where he was a schoolfellow of Andrei Andreevich Markov. In the beginning he listened to Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev's lectures on chemistry. After a month he transferred to the mathematics department of the university, but he continued attending the chemistry lectures. Mathematics was taught at that time by Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev and his students Aleksandr Nikholaevich Korkin and Egor Ivanovich Zolotarev. Lyapunov wrote his first independent scientific works under the guidance of professor of mechanics, D. K. Bobylev. In his fourth year he received the gold medal for a work on hydrostatics, which had been suggested by the faculty. This was the basis for his first published scientific work ''About the equilibrium of solid bodies in vessels with arbitrary forms, filled with dense fluids'' ''(О равновесии тяжелых тел в тяжелых жидкостях, содержащихся в сосуде определенной формы'') and ''About the potential of hydrostatic pressure'' ''(О потенциале гидростатических давлений''). In both works he used many new approaches and developed new rigorous proofs of a few earlier incomplete theorems from hydrostatics. With the first work he gained the title of candidate in mathematical sciences. Now he was able to leave the university to prepare for a professorial calling. He graduated in 1880. He received a Master's degree in applied mathematics in 1884 with the thesis ''About the stability of elliptic forms in the equilibrium of turbulent fluid'' ''(Об устойчивости эллипсоидальных форм равновесия вращающейся жидкости''). This work treated an important and difficult task about understanding the shapes of celestial body. This task was offered by Chebyshev to Zolotarev and to Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya and Chebyshev was aware of the difficulty. As was said by Vladimir Andreevich Steklov, "Chebyshev saw in the young man such an immense research power, that he had dared to lay on him such a toilsome task". Lyapunov had already begun to study this stability in his previous two-years attempts at solving the task. After the public announcement his work instantly attracted the attention of mathematicians, mechanicians, physicists and astronomers all over the world. In 1885 he became private reader of the University at Kharkov in the chair of mechanics, where he replaced V. G. Imshenecky, who had been chosen as a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Lyapunov had lectured already from 1880 at the Department of Mechanics and this had taken him a lot of time. His student and collaborator, academician Steklov, said about his fine lectures: "A handsome young man, by his appearance almost like the other students, came before the audience, where there was also an old dean, professor Levakovsky, who was respected by all students. After the dean had left, the young man with a trembled voice started to lecture on a theme about the dynamics of a point, instead of a theme from the dynamics of systems. This subject was already in lectures by a professor Delaryu. I was in the fourth class. I had listened to the lectures in Moscow of Davidov, Cinger, Soletov and Orlov. I was in the University of Kharhov already for two years, so I was familiar with the lectures on mechanics. But I hadn't known the subject from the beginning and I had never seen it in any textbook. So in this way boredom with the lecture had collapsed in ruins. Alekdandr Mikhailovich had earned the respect of the audience for an hour with the power of a natural gift so seldom seen in such a youth. He didn't know this of course. From this day on students considered him with different eyes, and they showed him special respect. Many times they even didn't dare to speak with him, to avoid showing their ignorance". Lyapunov lectured at the university on themes from theoretical mechanics, integral of differential equation and the probability. These lectures were never published and they remained only in the notes of students. He lectured about mechanics in six areas: kinematics, the dynamics of a pointed body, the dynamics of systems of pointed bodies, the theory of attracting forces, the theory of the deformation of solid bodies, and hydrostatics. At the same time he lectured on analytical mechanics between 1887 and 1893 at the Technological institute at Kharkov. In 1892 he was awarded his Ph.D. with the thesis ''A general task about the stability of motion'' (''Общая задача об устойчивости движения''). A similar thesis had been defended ten years earlier by Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky, a founder of the TsAGI. After the doctorate Lyapunov became a full professor of the University at Kharkov. After the death of Chebyshev in 1894 Lyapunov became in 1901 a head of applied mathematics at the University at Saint Petersburg, where he had entirely devoted to tutorage and research work. His work in the field of differential equations, potential theory, the stability of systems and probability theory is very important. His main preoccupations were the stability of equilibrium and the motion of mechanical system, the model theory for the stability of uniform turbulent liquid, and the particles under the influence of gravity. His work in the field of mathematical physics is very important for the subsequent advance of this field. His work from 1898 ''About some questions, connected with Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's tasks'' (''О некоторых вопросах, связанных с задачей Дирихле'') contains a study of the properties of potential around charges and dipoles, continuously distributed along any surface. His work in this field is in close connection with the work of Steklov. Lyapunov developed many important approximative methods. His methods, today named Lyapunov methods, which he developed in 1899, make it possible to define the stability of sets of ordinary differential equations. He elaborated the modern rigorous theory of the stability of a system, and the motion of a mechanical system on the basis of a finite number of parameters. In probability theory he generalised the works of Chebyshev and Markov and he finally proved the Central limit theorem using more common conditions than his forerunners. The method he used for the proof is today one of the foundations of probability theory. From 1899 to 1902 he was a head of Kharkov mathematical society and an editor of his ''News''. On the December 2 1900 he was elected as a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and on the October 6 1901 as a fully entitled member of the Academy in the field of applied mathematics. Among others he wrote such works as: ''About constant spiral motion of a rigid body in a fluid'' (''О постоянных винтовых движениях твердого тела в жидкости'') in 1890, and many articles, which were published by the Russian Academy of Sciences: :''About a series in the theory of linear differential equations'' (''Sur une série dans la théorie des équations differentielles linéaires etc.)'' 1902, :''Researches in the theory of celestial bodies'' (''Recherches dans la théorie des corps célestes'') 1903, :''About Clairaut's equation, etc.'' (''Sur l'équation de Clairaut etc.'') 1904, :''A new form of the theorem on the limit of probability'' (''Nouvelle forme du théorème sur la limite de probabilité''), :''About a proposition in the probability theory'' (''Sur une proposition de la théorie des probabilités'') 1906. With his researches on celestial mechanics he opened a new page in the history of global science and he showed the inaccuracy in the knowledge of several foreign scientists. In 1908 he participated at the 4th Mathematical congress in Rome. At this time he took part in the publication of Leonhard Euler's selected works, and he was an editor of the 18th and 19th part of this miscellany. By the end of June 1917 he went with his wife, who was seriously ill, to his brother Boris in Odessa, Russia (now Ukraine). His wife's impending death, his own partial blindness, and the generally bad conditions for life, all contributed to his anxiety. In spite of this he delivered his last lecture about the form of celestial bodies at the invitation of the Department of Physics and Mathematics at Odessa. On October 31 his wife died, and on the same day he shot himself. He then lay unconscious a few days till his death. He usually worked four to five hours at night, and many times even the whole night. Once or twice he visited the theatre or he went to some concert. He had many students. But for the few who really knew him, Lyapunov was a rather raptured man. He had a lean figure, outwardly he acted pretty rude, otherwise he had a hot-blooded and sensitive temper. He was an honorary member of many universities, an external member of the Academy in Rome and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. ==See also:== * Lyapunov's central limit theorem, * Central limit theorem#Lyapunov condition, * Lyapunov's characteristic number—see Lyapunov exponent, * Lyapunov exponent, * Lyapunov equation, * Lyapunov exponent, * Lyapunov fractal, * Lyapunov function, * Lyapunov stability, * Lyapunov test, * Lyapunov time, * Lyapunov tube. ==External links and resources:== * http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lyapunov.html (in English) * http://www.mathsoc.spb.ru/pantheon/lyapunov/b-e.html (in Russian) * http://www.spbu.ru/History/275/Chronicle/spbu/Persons/L_yapunov.html (in Russian) * http://www-mechmath.univer.kharkov.ua/theormech/lapunov.html (in Russian) 1857 births 1918 deaths Russian mathematicians 19th century mathematicians 20th century mathematicians Suicides
user:Eclecticology - as you're copyediting this plain translation, I wonder, what is the right English word for a **guberny**. I can't find it anywhere. Best regards. --User:XJamRastafire 10:06 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) Another thing: user:Eclecticology you're right. Lobatschewski should be in English form as Lobachevsky. The first one might be a German form. -- User:XJamRastafire 10:12 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) Can you check the date that Lyapunov's father moved - 1894 makes no sense. Lobachevsky died in 1856. Also check one of the links "L yapunov" with a space in the name can't be right. I'll see what I can find out about "guberny". User:Eclecticology 10:16 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) :In a fact this does make sense. After the death of Lobachevsky in 1856 there became a period of a reaction at the University. And during this period his father was unpleased with the university administration. So, I think a year 1894 should be correct, but I can't verify this at the moment since some Russian servers are obviously down. It is not a "L yapunov", but a "L_yapunov" link, but it is down as I've mentioned. According to the word **guberny** I have only a word gubernator, who is a 'chief' of **?**. Yes, I know, in fact a **guberny** is a higher administrative unit in tsar Russia. But I don't know if they are still useing them nowadays. I should learn some more geography of Russia at once :-). -- User:XJamRastafire 10:59 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) The other point that made 1894 doubtful is that Aleksandr would be 37 years old by then; surely he wasn't still staying at home! For ''guberny'' every place that I look seems to treat this differently. Older sources tend to translate it as government. In Soviet times this area became (more or less?) the Ulyanovsk Oblast to commemorate the fact that this was the town where Lenin was born. But words such as province or district can be appropriate translations, Particularly in an article that is primarily about a mathematician rather than about Russian history or geography. User:Eclecticology 15:29 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) :To make 1894 even more doubtful: It would mean that Aleksandr's father would have devoted himself to his son's education at a time when the latter already had his PhD. That sounds very unlikely. Also to me it does not sound likely at all that he would leave the university as a consequence of something that happened 38 years before. Even if the changes after Lobachevsky's departure would be the consequence, and he had lived through them 35 years before getting tired of them, the connection would not be laid any more. User:Andre Engels ::Yes I do agree. You're both right. I didn't notice this at first, I must admit. An yet another thing is that at this time his father was already dead, because he died in 1868. (See the article). So I do believe it was a mistake in an x-reference and I suspect it was really a year 1864, when Aleksandr was 7 years old. This is more likely. Okay we'll use a well known English word ''province'' for **guberny** then. -- User:XJamRastafire 16:29 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) ---- To user:Eclecticology Whoah. Everything was red. Nice work. And sorry for edit conflict. I hope now an article is more readable. I've noticed just these points: (But I must say I am a little bit afraid to write in a such huge effort not becoming a subject of a mockery or a simple laugh...) ::Edit conflicts are a part of Wikipedia life! How I treat them depends on whose changes were the more complicated. * Lyapunov had also begun to study this stability in his previous two-years attempts at solving the task. (I would still prefer somehow => the stability (He begun to study the stability in general. This was his new field of research.)) ::In English one could study "stability" in general terms without "the", but "the stability of something". "This stability" applies because it refers to a particular kind of stability just previously mentioned in the article. * ...Many times they even didn't dare to speak with him, to aboid showing their ignorance". (=>to avoid) :::Just a typo "v" and "b" are beside each other on the keyboard - my error. * (My general mistake) Yes, ''in the field of'' (in my native language we say ''on the field of'' - but I can't speak English in this way) :::In a field of study, but on a football field. * (You didn't correct this one - I guess you should). His work on this field is in close connection with the work of Steklov. Lyapunov developed many important approximative methods. It is very interesting for me to read all the corrections you've made. I should learn a lot from them. I've found somewhere in the net an English article on Lyapunov. And there it was said he died the same day as his wife did. So that's why I wrote this article from a scratch with a little help of Russian x-refs. (Which don't work always...) -- User:XJamRastafire 17:28 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) :::After a re-read I fould a few more little corrections. I did have a couple of questions about the last paragraph of text, where your meaning was not clear. "Raptured man" might refer to a person so lost in his own thoughts as to ignore everything around him. "Pretty rude" could mean that he was a person who behaved very impolitely, but it could also refer to a person who tended to be shabbily dressed because he just didn't care about how he looked. Please check to make sure that you said what you intended. User:Eclecticology 00:28 Aug 20, 2002 (PDT) :::: "Raptured man" would be just fine with the above meaning. "Pretty rude" would be better said "... ''outwardly'' he acted tedious and unkind". -- User:XJamRastafire 18:56 Aug 21, 2002 (PDT) ---- Is "Delaryu" supposed to be "de la Rue" (French name meaning "of the street")? -User:PierreAbbat :It would be hard to find out. I've written as it was in a Russian x-ref, so I am not shure of which person Steklov was talking about. Nice you've noticed. I'll have to check it somehow... You can check my translations of French titles of Lyapunov's works, too. That's why I blame Russians and Serbs because they translate western names in their own fashion. Another ambiguous example of Zhores Ivanovich Alferov's Puolya for George Polya -- User:XJamRastafire 18:29 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT)
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Aleksandr Lyapunov
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (Александр Михайлович Ляпунов) (June 6 1857 – November 3 1918, all new style) was a Russians mathematician, mechanics and physicist. Lyapunov was born in Yaroslavl, Imperial Russia. His father Mikhail Lyapunov (1820-1868) was a well known astronomer and a head of the Demidovski lyceum. Because of the reaction of the university administration, after the departure of Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, he gave up his work entirely in 1864 at the observatory of the Kazan State University. He moved with his family on his wife's estate in Simbirsk province (now Ulyanovsk Oblast), where he devoted his time to the education of his oldest sons, Aleksandr and Sergei_lyapunov (1859-1924). During long winter nights he stayed with his sons and he taught them assiduously with the aid of games on maps of the world. He possessed a lot of books in Russian language, German language and French language on subjects as varied as mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, history, ethnography, political economy and literature. After the sudden death of his father Aleksandr was educated by his uncle R. M. Sechenov, brother of the famous philosopher Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. At his uncle's Lyapunov learned with his cousin, his intended Nataliya Rafailovna. In 1870 his mother moved with her sons to Nizhny Novgorod, where he started to attend the third class of the gymnasium (school). He passed gymnasium in 1876 with distinction. He studied at the Physico-Mathematical department of the Saint Petersburg State University, where he was a schoolfellow of Andrei Andreevich Markov. In the beginning he listened to Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev's lectures on chemistry. After a month he transferred to the mathematics department of the university, but he continued attending the chemistry lectures. Mathematics was taught at that time by Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev and his students Aleksandr Nikholaevich Korkin and Egor Ivanovich Zolotarev. Lyapunov wrote his first independent scientific works under the guidance of professor of mechanics, D. K. Bobylev. In his fourth year he received the gold medal for a work on hydrostatics, which had been suggested by the faculty. This was the basis for his first published scientific work ''About the equilibrium of solid bodies in vessels with arbitrary forms, filled with dense fluids'' ''(О равновесии тяжелых тел в тяжелых жидкостях, содержащихся в сосуде определенной формы'') and ''About the potential of hydrostatic pressure'' ''(О потенциале гидростатических давлений''). In both works he used many new approaches and developed new rigorous proofs of a few earlier incomplete theorems from hydrostatics. With the first work he gained the title of candidate in mathematical sciences. Now he was able to leave the university to prepare for a professorial calling. He graduated in 1880. He received a Master's degree in applied mathematics in 1884 with the thesis ''About the stability of elliptic forms in the equilibrium of turbulent fluid'' ''(Об устойчивости эллипсоидальных форм равновесия вращающейся жидкости''). This work treated an important and difficult task about understanding the shapes of celestial body. This task was offered by Chebyshev to Zolotarev and to Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya and Chebyshev was aware of the difficulty. As was said by Vladimir Andreevich Steklov, "Chebyshev saw in the young man such an immense research power, that he had dared to lay on him such a toilsome task". Lyapunov had already begun to study this stability in his previous two-years attempts at solving the task. After the public announcement his work instantly attracted the attention of mathematicians, mechanicians, physicists and astronomers all over the world. In 1885 he became private reader of the University at Kharkov in the chair of mechanics, where he replaced V. G. Imshenecky, who had been chosen as a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Lyapunov had lectured already from 1880 at the Department of Mechanics and this had taken him a lot of time. His student and collaborator, academician Steklov, said about his fine lectures: "A handsome young man, by his appearance almost like the other students, came before the audience, where there was also an old dean, professor Levakovsky, who was respected by all students. After the dean had left, the young man with a trembled voice started to lecture on a theme about the dynamics of a point, instead of a theme from the dynamics of systems. This subject was already in lectures by a professor Delaryu. I was in the fourth class. I had listened to the lectures in Moscow of Davidov, Cinger, Soletov and Orlov. I was in the University of Kharhov already for two years, so I was familiar with the lectures on mechanics. But I hadn't known the subject from the beginning and I had never seen it in any textbook. So in this way boredom with the lecture had collapsed in ruins. Alekdandr Mikhailovich had earned the respect of the audience for an hour with the power of a natural gift so seldom seen in such a youth. He didn't know this of course. From this day on students considered him with different eyes, and they showed him special respect. Many times they even didn't dare to speak with him, to avoid showing their ignorance". Lyapunov lectured at the university on themes from theoretical mechanics, integral of differential equation and the probability. These lectures were never published and they remained only in the notes of students. He lectured about mechanics in six areas: kinematics, the dynamics of a pointed body, the dynamics of systems of pointed bodies, the theory of attracting forces, the theory of the deformation of solid bodies, and hydrostatics. At the same time he lectured on analytical mechanics between 1887 and 1893 at the Technological institute at Kharkov. In 1892 he was awarded his Ph.D. with the thesis ''A general task about the stability of motion'' (''Общая задача об устойчивости движения''). A similar thesis had been defended ten years earlier by Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky, a founder of the TsAGI. After the doctorate Lyapunov became a full professor of the University at Kharkov. After the death of Chebyshev in 1894 Lyapunov became in 1901 a head of applied mathematics at the University at Saint Petersburg, where he had entirely devoted to tutorage and research work. His work in the field of differential equations, potential theory, the stability of systems and probability theory is very important. His main preoccupations were the stability of equilibrium and the motion of mechanical system, the model theory for the stability of uniform turbulent liquid, and the particles under the influence of gravity. His work in the field of mathematical physics is very important for the subsequent advance of this field. His work from 1898 ''About some questions, connected with Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's tasks'' (''О некоторых вопросах, связанных с задачей Дирихле'') contains a study of the properties of potential around charges and dipoles, continuously distributed along any surface. His work in this field is in close connection with the work of Steklov. Lyapunov developed many important approximative methods. His methods, today named Lyapunov methods, which he developed in 1899, make it possible to define the stability of sets of ordinary differential equations. He elaborated the modern rigorous theory of the stability of a system, and the motion of a mechanical system on the basis of a finite number of parameters. In probability theory he generalised the works of Chebyshev and Markov and he finally proved the Central limit theorem using more common conditions than his forerunners. The method he used for the proof is today one of the foundations of probability theory. From 1899 to 1902 he was a head of Kharkov mathematical society and an editor of his ''News''. On the December 2 1900 he was elected as a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and on the October 6 1901 as a fully entitled member of the Academy in the field of applied mathematics. Among others he wrote such works as: ''About constant spiral motion of a rigid body in a fluid'' (''О постоянных винтовых движениях твердого тела в жидкости'') in 1890, and many articles, which were published by the Russian Academy of Sciences: :''About a series in the theory of linear differential equations'' (''Sur une série dans la théorie des équations differentielles linéaires etc.)'' 1902, :''Researches in the theory of celestial bodies'' (''Recherches dans la théorie des corps célestes'') 1903, :''About Clairaut's equation, etc.'' (''Sur l'équation de Clairaut etc.'') 1904, :''A new form of the theorem on the limit of probability'' (''Nouvelle forme du théorème sur la limite de probabilité''), :''About a proposition in the probability theory'' (''Sur une proposition de la théorie des probabilités'') 1906. With his researches on celestial mechanics he opened a new page in the history of global science and he showed the inaccuracy in the knowledge of several foreign scientists. In 1908 he participated at the 4th Mathematical congress in Rome. At this time he took part in the publication of Leonhard Euler's selected works, and he was an editor of the 18th and 19th part of this miscellany. By the end of June 1917 he went with his wife, who was seriously ill, to his brother Boris in Odessa, Russia (now Ukraine). His wife's impending death, his own partial blindness, and the generally bad conditions for life, all contributed to his anxiety. In spite of this he delivered his last lecture about the form of celestial bodies at the invitation of the Department of Physics and Mathematics at Odessa. On October 31 his wife died, and on the same day he shot himself. He then lay unconscious a few days till his death. He usually worked four to five hours at night, and many times even the whole night. Once or twice he visited the theatre or he went to some concert. He had many students. But for the few who really knew him, Lyapunov was a rather raptured man. He had a lean figure, outwardly he acted pretty rude, otherwise he had a hot-blooded and sensitive temper. He was an honorary member of many universities, an external member of the Academy in Rome and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. ==See also:== * Lyapunov's central limit theorem, * Central limit theorem#Lyapunov condition, * Lyapunov's characteristic number—see Lyapunov exponent, * Lyapunov exponent, * Lyapunov equation, * Lyapunov exponent, * Lyapunov fractal, * Lyapunov function, * Lyapunov stability, * Lyapunov test, * Lyapunov time, * Lyapunov tube. ==External links and resources:== * http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lyapunov.html (in English) * http://www.mathsoc.spb.ru/pantheon/lyapunov/b-e.html (in Russian) * http://www.spbu.ru/History/275/Chronicle/spbu/Persons/L_yapunov.html (in Russian) * http://www-mechmath.univer.kharkov.ua/theormech/lapunov.html (in Russian) 1857 births 1918 deaths Russian mathematicians 19th century mathematicians 20th century mathematicians Suicides
Aleksandr Lyapunov
user:Eclecticology - as you're copyediting this plain translation, I wonder, what is the right English word for a **guberny**. I can't find it anywhere. Best regards. --User:XJamRastafire 10:06 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) Another thing: user:Eclecticology you're right. Lobatschewski should be in English form as Lobachevsky. The first one might be a German form. -- User:XJamRastafire 10:12 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) Can you check the date that Lyapunov's father moved - 1894 makes no sense. Lobachevsky died in 1856. Also check one of the links "L yapunov" with a space in the name can't be right. I'll see what I can find out about "guberny". User:Eclecticology 10:16 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) :In a fact this does make sense. After the death of Lobachevsky in 1856 there became a period of a reaction at the University. And during this period his father was unpleased with the university administration. So, I think a year 1894 should be correct, but I can't verify this at the moment since some Russian servers are obviously down. It is not a "L yapunov", but a "L_yapunov" link, but it is down as I've mentioned. According to the word **guberny** I have only a word gubernator, who is a 'chief' of **?**. Yes, I know, in fact a **guberny** is a higher administrative unit in tsar Russia. But I don't know if they are still useing them nowadays. I should learn some more geography of Russia at once :-). -- User:XJamRastafire 10:59 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) The other point that made 1894 doubtful is that Aleksandr would be 37 years old by then; surely he wasn't still staying at home! For ''guberny'' every place that I look seems to treat this differently. Older sources tend to translate it as government. In Soviet times this area became (more or less?) the Ulyanovsk Oblast to commemorate the fact that this was the town where Lenin was born. But words such as province or district can be appropriate translations, Particularly in an article that is primarily about a mathematician rather than about Russian history or geography. User:Eclecticology 15:29 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) :To make 1894 even more doubtful: It would mean that Aleksandr's father would have devoted himself to his son's education at a time when the latter already had his PhD. That sounds very unlikely. Also to me it does not sound likely at all that he would leave the university as a consequence of something that happened 38 years before. Even if the changes after Lobachevsky's departure would be the consequence, and he had lived through them 35 years before getting tired of them, the connection would not be laid any more. User:Andre Engels ::Yes I do agree. You're both right. I didn't notice this at first, I must admit. An yet another thing is that at this time his father was already dead, because he died in 1868. (See the article). So I do believe it was a mistake in an x-reference and I suspect it was really a year 1864, when Aleksandr was 7 years old. This is more likely. Okay we'll use a well known English word ''province'' for **guberny** then. -- User:XJamRastafire 16:29 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) ---- To user:Eclecticology Whoah. Everything was red. Nice work. And sorry for edit conflict. I hope now an article is more readable. I've noticed just these points: (But I must say I am a little bit afraid to write in a such huge effort not becoming a subject of a mockery or a simple laugh...) ::Edit conflicts are a part of Wikipedia life! How I treat them depends on whose changes were the more complicated. * Lyapunov had also begun to study this stability in his previous two-years attempts at solving the task. (I would still prefer somehow => the stability (He begun to study the stability in general. This was his new field of research.)) ::In English one could study "stability" in general terms without "the", but "the stability of something". "This stability" applies because it refers to a particular kind of stability just previously mentioned in the article. * ...Many times they even didn't dare to speak with him, to aboid showing their ignorance". (=>to avoid) :::Just a typo "v" and "b" are beside each other on the keyboard - my error. * (My general mistake) Yes, ''in the field of'' (in my native language we say ''on the field of'' - but I can't speak English in this way) :::In a field of study, but on a football field. * (You didn't correct this one - I guess you should). His work on this field is in close connection with the work of Steklov. Lyapunov developed many important approximative methods. It is very interesting for me to read all the corrections you've made. I should learn a lot from them. I've found somewhere in the net an English article on Lyapunov. And there it was said he died the same day as his wife did. So that's why I wrote this article from a scratch with a little help of Russian x-refs. (Which don't work always...) -- User:XJamRastafire 17:28 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT) :::After a re-read I fould a few more little corrections. I did have a couple of questions about the last paragraph of text, where your meaning was not clear. "Raptured man" might refer to a person so lost in his own thoughts as to ignore everything around him. "Pretty rude" could mean that he was a person who behaved very impolitely, but it could also refer to a person who tended to be shabbily dressed because he just didn't care about how he looked. Please check to make sure that you said what you intended. User:Eclecticology 00:28 Aug 20, 2002 (PDT) :::: "Raptured man" would be just fine with the above meaning. "Pretty rude" would be better said "... ''outwardly'' he acted tedious and unkind". -- User:XJamRastafire 18:56 Aug 21, 2002 (PDT) ---- Is "Delaryu" supposed to be "de la Rue" (French name meaning "of the street")? -User:PierreAbbat :It would be hard to find out. I've written as it was in a Russian x-ref, so I am not shure of which person Steklov was talking about. Nice you've noticed. I'll have to check it somehow... You can check my translations of French titles of Lyapunov's works, too. That's why I blame Russians and Serbs because they translate western names in their own fashion. Another ambiguous example of Zhores Ivanovich Alferov's Puolya for George Polya -- User:XJamRastafire 18:29 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
A
AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AR | AS | AT | AU | AW | AX | AY | AZ |Words begining with Aleksandr_Lyapunov:
Aleksandr_Lyapunov
Aleksandr_Lyapunov
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