
Aleatoric (or aleatory) music or composition, is music where some element of the composition is left to chance. The term became known to European composers through the lectures which acoustician Werner Meyer-Eppler held at Darmstadt Summer School in the beginning of the 1950s. According to his definition, "aleatoric processes are such processes which have been fixed in their outline but the details of which are left to chance". The word alea means "dice" in Latin, and the term has become known as referring to a chance element being applied to a limited number of possibilities, a method employed by European composers who felt more bound than the Americans by tradition and who stressed the importance of compositional control, as opposed to indeterminacy and chance where possibilities tend not to be finite and which is an Anglo-Saxon phenomenon. The term was used by the France composer Pierre Boulez to describe works where the performer was given certain liberties with regard to the order and repetition of parts of a musical work. The term was intended by Boulez to distinguish his work from works composed through the application of chance operations by John Cage and his aesthetic of indeterminacy - see indeterminate music. Among examples of aleatory music, Klavierstück XI by Stockhausen features a number of elements to be performed in changing sequences, certain orchestral works of Witold Lutoslawski contain music where the orchestral ensemble is not precisely dictated, and in some works by Krzysztof Penderecki characteristic sequences are repeated quickly, producing a kind of oscillating sound. An early genre of composition that could be considered a precedent for aleatoric compositions were the ''Musikalische Würfelspiele'' or Musical Dice Games, popular in the late 18th and early 19th century. (One such dice game is attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.) These games consisted of a sequence of musical measure (music), for which each measure had several possible versions, and a procedure for selecting the precise sequence based on the throwing of a number of dice. There has been considerable confusion of the terms aleatory and indeterminate / chance music. One of Cage's pieces, ''HPSCHD'', itself composed using chance procedures, uses music from Mozart's ''Musikalisches Würfelspiel'', referred to above, as well as original music and he also generally used coin-tossing and other procedures depending on designs resulting in a pre-defined number of choices to be made. But still, both the aesthetic aims as well as the number of elements controlled by chance make the two methods differ clearly. Douglas Hofstadter, writing in ''Gödel, Escher, Bach,'' thus punningly characterises some of the Aleatoric music compositions of John Cage by using the acronym CAGE to stand for Composition of Aleatorically Generated Elements, in contrast to a Beautiful Aperiodic Crystal of Harmony (or Johann Sebastian Bach). Some aleatoric music, such as that of the Mangabros, is inspired by the book ''The Dice Man'' by ''Luke Rhinehart''. See also: * Aleatory * Algorithmic music * Ambient music * Generative music * Stochastic music ==External links== * http://sunsite.univie.ac.at/Mozart/dice/ * http://www.sciencenews.org/20010901/mathtrek.asp * http://www.anigraphical.com/ * [http://www.lcdf.org/indeterminacy John Cage's Indeterminacy] * [http://indeterminacy.blogspot.com A Visual Interpretation of Indeterminacy: Found Photos Paired with One-minute Short Stories] Musical techniques
I just checked a couple of reference works and they rather snottily inform me that "The adjective `aleatoric' is a bastard word, to be avoided by those who care for language" (Oxford Dict. Mus.). I think that's probably true, although I'd been making links here rather than to aleatory music because "aleatoric" was a more familiar term to me. I think that in a musical context "aleatoric" is more common than "aleatory" (although in other contexts, this isn't so), so I'm going to leave the article here, and make "aleatory music" a redirect. --User:Camembert ----- :''Contemporary aleatoric music was popularized by John Cage, but probably invented by Henry Brant.'' Any effort to pin the "invention" of aleatoric music down to one person is probably doomed to failure. What aleatoric techniques did Brant use, exactly, and when? --User:Camembert
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Words begining with Aleatoric_music:
Aleatoric_music
Aleatoric_music
Aleatoric music
Aleatoric (or aleatory) music or composition, is music where some element of the composition is left to chance. The term became known to European composers through the lectures which acoustician Werner Meyer-Eppler held at Darmstadt Summer School in the beginning of the 1950s. According to his definition, "aleatoric processes are such processes which have been fixed in their outline but the details of which are left to chance". The word alea means "dice" in Latin, and the term has become known as referring to a chance element being applied to a limited number of possibilities, a method employed by European composers who felt more bound than the Americans by tradition and who stressed the importance of compositional control, as opposed to indeterminacy and chance where possibilities tend not to be finite and which is an Anglo-Saxon phenomenon. The term was used by the France composer Pierre Boulez to describe works where the performer was given certain liberties with regard to the order and repetition of parts of a musical work. The term was intended by Boulez to distinguish his work from works composed through the application of chance operations by John Cage and his aesthetic of indeterminacy - see indeterminate music. Among examples of aleatory music, Klavierstück XI by Stockhausen features a number of elements to be performed in changing sequences, certain orchestral works of Witold Lutoslawski contain music where the orchestral ensemble is not precisely dictated, and in some works by Krzysztof Penderecki characteristic sequences are repeated quickly, producing a kind of oscillating sound. An early genre of composition that could be considered a precedent for aleatoric compositions were the ''Musikalische Würfelspiele'' or Musical Dice Games, popular in the late 18th and early 19th century. (One such dice game is attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.) These games consisted of a sequence of musical measure (music), for which each measure had several possible versions, and a procedure for selecting the precise sequence based on the throwing of a number of dice. There has been considerable confusion of the terms aleatory and indeterminate / chance music. One of Cage's pieces, ''HPSCHD'', itself composed using chance procedures, uses music from Mozart's ''Musikalisches Würfelspiel'', referred to above, as well as original music and he also generally used coin-tossing and other procedures depending on designs resulting in a pre-defined number of choices to be made. But still, both the aesthetic aims as well as the number of elements controlled by chance make the two methods differ clearly. Douglas Hofstadter, writing in ''Gödel, Escher, Bach,'' thus punningly characterises some of the Aleatoric music compositions of John Cage by using the acronym CAGE to stand for Composition of Aleatorically Generated Elements, in contrast to a Beautiful Aperiodic Crystal of Harmony (or Johann Sebastian Bach). Some aleatoric music, such as that of the Mangabros, is inspired by the book ''The Dice Man'' by ''Luke Rhinehart''. See also: * Aleatory * Algorithmic music * Ambient music * Generative music * Stochastic music ==External links== * http://sunsite.univie.ac.at/Mozart/dice/ * http://www.sciencenews.org/20010901/mathtrek.asp * http://www.anigraphical.com/ * [http://www.lcdf.org/indeterminacy John Cage's Indeterminacy] * [http://indeterminacy.blogspot.com A Visual Interpretation of Indeterminacy: Found Photos Paired with One-minute Short Stories] Musical techniques
Aleatoric music
I just checked a couple of reference works and they rather snottily inform me that "The adjective `aleatoric' is a bastard word, to be avoided by those who care for language" (Oxford Dict. Mus.). I think that's probably true, although I'd been making links here rather than to aleatory music because "aleatoric" was a more familiar term to me. I think that in a musical context "aleatoric" is more common than "aleatory" (although in other contexts, this isn't so), so I'm going to leave the article here, and make "aleatory music" a redirect. --User:Camembert ----- :''Contemporary aleatoric music was popularized by John Cage, but probably invented by Henry Brant.'' Any effort to pin the "invention" of aleatoric music down to one person is probably doomed to failure. What aleatoric techniques did Brant use, exactly, and when? --User:Camembert
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Aleatoric_music
Aleatoric_music
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