
#redirect Abdication
* AbdicatioN -- a mere typo ? -- User:Isis 21:57 Sep 17, 2002 (UTC) ** No - not a typo. Once upon a time, when Wikipedia used much older software, all pages had wierd titles like this. They have all long since been given sensible names, but the old names still exist as redirects. There are thousands of redirects like that, and they do no harm - no need to delete. User:Enchanter **But nothing links to it anymore, so what reason for keeping it is there now? It may do no harm, but it doesn't do any good either. -- User:Isis 19:43 Sep 21, 2002 (UTC) ***It's possible that somebody may have linked to the page from an external website - deleting AbdicatioN will break that link. So then it still does no harm, but it does some good :) I think it should stay. --User:Camembert
Abdication (from the Latin ''abdicatio'' disowning, renouncing, from ''ab'', from, and ''dicare'', to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one), the act whereby a person in office renounces and gives up the same before the expiry of the time for which it is held. In Roman law, the term is especially applied to the disowning of a member of a family, as the disinheriting of a son, but in more recent times, the word is seldom used except in the sense of surrendering the supreme power in a state. A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation. ==Abdications in classical antiquity== Among the most memorable abdications of antiquity may be mentioned that of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 79 BC, and that of the Emperor Diocletian, 305. ==The British Crown== Probably the most famous abdication in recent memory is that of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom in 1936, who abdicated the British throne in order to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson, over the objections of the British establishment, the governments of the Commonwealth, the royal family and the Church of England. (''See'' Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII.) This was also the first time in history that the British crown was surrendered entirely voluntarily. Richard II of England, for example, was forced to abdicate after the throne was seized by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, while Richard was out of the country. When James II of England, after throwing the Great Seal of the Realm into the Thames, fled to France in 1688, he did not formally resign the crown, and the question was discussed in Parliament whether he had forfeited the throne or had abdicated. The latter designation was agreed upon, for in a full assembly of the Lords and Commons, met in convention, it was resolved in spite of James's protest "''that King James II having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contract between king and people, and, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, having violated the fundamental laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby vacant.''" The Scottish parliament pronounced a decree of forfeiture and deposition. A Royal Abdication can only be effected by an Act of Parliament. To give legal effect to the abdication of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 was passed. ==Modern abdications== Historically, if a monarch abdicated it was seen as a profound and shocking abandonment of royal duty. As a result, abdications usually only occurred in the most extreme circumstances of political turmoil or violence. This has changed in a small number of countries: the monarchs of the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Cambodia have abdicated as a result of old age, and the prince of Liechtenstein has recently made his son regent. ==List== The following is a list of the important abdications: {| border="0" cellpadding="0" |- | align="left" | Lucius Cornelius Sulla | align="right" | 79 BC |- | align="left" | Diocletian || align="right" | 305 |- | align="left" | Pope Benedict IX | align="right" | 1048 |- | align="left" | Isaac I Comnenus || align="right" | 1059 |- | align="left" | Emperor Huizong of Song China | align="right" | January 18, 1126 |- | align="left" | Stephen II of Hungary | align="right" | 1131 |- | align="left" | Albert I of Brandenburg | align="right" | 1169 |- | align="left" | Ladislaus III of Poland | align="right" | 1206 |- | align="left" | Pope Celestine V | align="right" | December 13, 1294 |- | align="left" | John Baliol of Scotland | align="right" | 1296 |- | align="left" | John Cantacuzene, emperor of the East | align="right" | 1355 |- | align="left" | Richard II of England | align="right" | September 29, 1399 |- | align="left" | Antipope John XXIII | align="right" | 1415 |- | align="left" | Eric VII of Denmark | align="right" | 1439 |- | align="left" | Amadeus VIII of Savoy | align="right" | 1440 |- | align="left" | Murad II, Ottoman Empire Sultan | align="right" | 1444 and 1445 |- | align="left" | Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor #Notes | align="right" | 1555-1556 |- | align="left" | Christina of Sweden | align="right" | June 6, 1654 |- | align="left" | Mary I of Scotland | align="right" | July 24, 1567 |- | align="left" | John II of Poland | align="right" | 1668 |- | align="left" | James II of England | align="right" | 1688 |- | align="left" | Frederick Augustus I of Poland | align="right" | 1706 |- | align="left" | Philip V of Spain | align="right" | 1724 |- | align="left" | Victor Amadeus II of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | 1730 |- | align="left" | Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan | align="right" | 1730 |- | align="left" | Charles of Naples (on accession to throne of Spain) | align="right" | 1759 |- | align="left" | Stanislaus II of Poland | align="right" | 1795 |- | align="left" | Qianlong Emperor of China | align="right" | February 9, 1796 |- | align="left" | Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | June 4, 1802 |- | align="left" | Charles IV of Spain | align="right" | March 19, 1808 |- | align="left" | Joseph Bonaparte of Naples | align="right" | June 6, 1808 |- | align="left" | Gustav IV of Sweden | align="right" | March 29, 1809 |- | align="left" | Louis Bonaparte of Kingdom of Holland | align="right" | July 2, 1810 |- | align="left" | Napoleon I of France | align="right" | April 4, 1814, and June 22, 1815 |- | align="left" | Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | March 13, 1821 |- | align="left" | Charles X of France | align="right" | August 2, 1830 |- | align="left" | Peter IV of Portugal #Notes | align="right" | May 28, 1826 |- | align="left" | Peter I of Brazil #Notes | align="right" | April 7, 1831 |- | align="left" | Miguel of Portugal | align="right" | May 26, 1834 |- | align="left" | William I of the Netherlands of the Netherlands | align="right" | October 7, 1840 |- | align="left" | Louis-Philippe of France | align="right" | February 24, 1848 |- | align="left" | Ludwig I of Bavaria | align="right" | March 21, 1848 |- | align="left" | Ferdinand I of Austria | align="right" | December 2, 1848 |- | align="left" | Charles Albert of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | March 23, 1849 |- | align="left" | Leopold II of Tuscany | align="right" | July 21, 1859 |- | align="left" | Isabella II of Spain | align="right" | June 25, 1870 |- | align="left" | Amadeus I of Spain | align="right" | February 11, 1873 |- | align="left" | Alexander of Bulgaria | align="right" | September 7, 1886 |- | align="left" | Milan II of Serbia | align="right" | March 6, 1889 |- | align="left" | Ai-xin-jue-luo Pu-yi | align="right" | February 12, 1912 (monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Nicholas II of Russia | align="right" | March 15, 1917 (monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Wilhelm II of Germany | align="right" | November 9, 1918 (monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Prajadhipok of Siam | align="right" | March 2, 1935 |- | align="left" | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | align="right" | December 11, 1936 |- | align="left" | Carol II of Romania | align="right" | September 6, 1940 |- | align="left" | Victor Emmanuel III of Italy | align="right" | May 9, 1946 |- | align="left" | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | align="right" | September 4, 1948 |- | align="left" | Leopold III of Belgium | align="right" | July 16, 1951 |- | align="left" | Farouk I of Egypt | align="right" | July 26, 1952 |- | align="left" | Fuad II of Egypt | align="right" | June 18, 1953 (Monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Juliana of the Netherlands | align="right" | April 30, 1980 |- | align="left" | Jean of Luxembourg | align="right" | October 7, 2000 |- | align="left" | Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein#Notes | align-"right" | August 15, 2004 (Made his son regent) |- | align="left" | Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia | align="right" | October 7, 2004 |} ==Notes== 1Charles abdicated as king of the Netherlands (October 25, 1555) and of Spain (January 16, 1556), in favor of his son Philip II of Spain. Also in 1556 he separately voluntarily abdicated his German possessions and the title of Holy Roman Emperor.
2Pedro IV of Portugal and Pedro I of Brazil were the same person. He was already Emperor of Brazil when he succeeded to the throne of Portugal in 1826, but abdicated it at once in favour of his daughter Maria II of Portugal. Later he abdicated the throne of Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II of Brazil.
3Hans-Adam II made his son Alois of Liechtenstein regent, effectively abdicating; however, he still remains the formal Head of State. ==See also== *Lists of incumbents *List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century *Papal abdication ==References== * Public domain 1911 edition of ''The New Century Book of Facts'' published by the King-Richardson Company, Springfield, Massachusetts. Monarchy
I'd really appreciate it if others who have worked on this would add their references to the References section. I almost randomly stumbled on this; I have no clue what references have already been fully exploited, and it would be a real waste to duplicate someone's research. -- User:Jmabel 07:01, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC) ''Most of the current monarchs of Europe are expected to resign sometime in the future. The era in which monarchs ruled until death may be over soon.'' Can we have some references or even justification for this remark? -- User:Perey 21:15, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) ::I can't work it out either. Queen Elizabeth II and the Pope will almost definitely not abdicate. I'm not sure of a precedent for Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Bhutan, Nepal, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Oman. Belgium doesn't have a recent precedent either (Léopold was an exceptional case, just as Edward VIII was an exceptional case in the UK). Jacques Chirac will not resign as co-prince of Andorra (though I don't know about the Bishop of Urgell). On the other hand, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and Cambodia do have recent precedent, as does one of Swaziland and Lesotho (I can't remember which) and there have been rumours that Prince Rainier III of Monaco may abdicate in favour of Prince Albert. So I make the W-L-? result 14.5-5-1.5. Time for that remark to be consigned to oblivion, methinks. Also the paragraphs preceding it are a load of claptrap too:) User:Jongarrettuk 21:50, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) == User:LinkBot/suggestions/Abdication == An User:LinkBot has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Abdication article, and they have been placed on User:LinkBot/suggestions/Abdication for your convenience.
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#redirect Abdication
AbdicatioN
* AbdicatioN -- a mere typo ? -- User:Isis 21:57 Sep 17, 2002 (UTC) ** No - not a typo. Once upon a time, when Wikipedia used much older software, all pages had wierd titles like this. They have all long since been given sensible names, but the old names still exist as redirects. There are thousands of redirects like that, and they do no harm - no need to delete. User:Enchanter **But nothing links to it anymore, so what reason for keeping it is there now? It may do no harm, but it doesn't do any good either. -- User:Isis 19:43 Sep 21, 2002 (UTC) ***It's possible that somebody may have linked to the page from an external website - deleting AbdicatioN will break that link. So then it still does no harm, but it does some good :) I think it should stay. --User:Camembert
Abdication
Abdication (from the Latin ''abdicatio'' disowning, renouncing, from ''ab'', from, and ''dicare'', to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one), the act whereby a person in office renounces and gives up the same before the expiry of the time for which it is held. In Roman law, the term is especially applied to the disowning of a member of a family, as the disinheriting of a son, but in more recent times, the word is seldom used except in the sense of surrendering the supreme power in a state. A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation. ==Abdications in classical antiquity== Among the most memorable abdications of antiquity may be mentioned that of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 79 BC, and that of the Emperor Diocletian, 305. ==The British Crown== Probably the most famous abdication in recent memory is that of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom in 1936, who abdicated the British throne in order to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson, over the objections of the British establishment, the governments of the Commonwealth, the royal family and the Church of England. (''See'' Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII.) This was also the first time in history that the British crown was surrendered entirely voluntarily. Richard II of England, for example, was forced to abdicate after the throne was seized by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, while Richard was out of the country. When James II of England, after throwing the Great Seal of the Realm into the Thames, fled to France in 1688, he did not formally resign the crown, and the question was discussed in Parliament whether he had forfeited the throne or had abdicated. The latter designation was agreed upon, for in a full assembly of the Lords and Commons, met in convention, it was resolved in spite of James's protest "''that King James II having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contract between king and people, and, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, having violated the fundamental laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby vacant.''" The Scottish parliament pronounced a decree of forfeiture and deposition. A Royal Abdication can only be effected by an Act of Parliament. To give legal effect to the abdication of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 was passed. ==Modern abdications== Historically, if a monarch abdicated it was seen as a profound and shocking abandonment of royal duty. As a result, abdications usually only occurred in the most extreme circumstances of political turmoil or violence. This has changed in a small number of countries: the monarchs of the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Cambodia have abdicated as a result of old age, and the prince of Liechtenstein has recently made his son regent. ==List== The following is a list of the important abdications: {| border="0" cellpadding="0" |- | align="left" | Lucius Cornelius Sulla | align="right" | 79 BC |- | align="left" | Diocletian || align="right" | 305 |- | align="left" | Pope Benedict IX | align="right" | 1048 |- | align="left" | Isaac I Comnenus || align="right" | 1059 |- | align="left" | Emperor Huizong of Song China | align="right" | January 18, 1126 |- | align="left" | Stephen II of Hungary | align="right" | 1131 |- | align="left" | Albert I of Brandenburg | align="right" | 1169 |- | align="left" | Ladislaus III of Poland | align="right" | 1206 |- | align="left" | Pope Celestine V | align="right" | December 13, 1294 |- | align="left" | John Baliol of Scotland | align="right" | 1296 |- | align="left" | John Cantacuzene, emperor of the East | align="right" | 1355 |- | align="left" | Richard II of England | align="right" | September 29, 1399 |- | align="left" | Antipope John XXIII | align="right" | 1415 |- | align="left" | Eric VII of Denmark | align="right" | 1439 |- | align="left" | Amadeus VIII of Savoy | align="right" | 1440 |- | align="left" | Murad II, Ottoman Empire Sultan | align="right" | 1444 and 1445 |- | align="left" | Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor #Notes | align="right" | 1555-1556 |- | align="left" | Christina of Sweden | align="right" | June 6, 1654 |- | align="left" | Mary I of Scotland | align="right" | July 24, 1567 |- | align="left" | John II of Poland | align="right" | 1668 |- | align="left" | James II of England | align="right" | 1688 |- | align="left" | Frederick Augustus I of Poland | align="right" | 1706 |- | align="left" | Philip V of Spain | align="right" | 1724 |- | align="left" | Victor Amadeus II of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | 1730 |- | align="left" | Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan | align="right" | 1730 |- | align="left" | Charles of Naples (on accession to throne of Spain) | align="right" | 1759 |- | align="left" | Stanislaus II of Poland | align="right" | 1795 |- | align="left" | Qianlong Emperor of China | align="right" | February 9, 1796 |- | align="left" | Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | June 4, 1802 |- | align="left" | Charles IV of Spain | align="right" | March 19, 1808 |- | align="left" | Joseph Bonaparte of Naples | align="right" | June 6, 1808 |- | align="left" | Gustav IV of Sweden | align="right" | March 29, 1809 |- | align="left" | Louis Bonaparte of Kingdom of Holland | align="right" | July 2, 1810 |- | align="left" | Napoleon I of France | align="right" | April 4, 1814, and June 22, 1815 |- | align="left" | Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | March 13, 1821 |- | align="left" | Charles X of France | align="right" | August 2, 1830 |- | align="left" | Peter IV of Portugal #Notes | align="right" | May 28, 1826 |- | align="left" | Peter I of Brazil #Notes | align="right" | April 7, 1831 |- | align="left" | Miguel of Portugal | align="right" | May 26, 1834 |- | align="left" | William I of the Netherlands of the Netherlands | align="right" | October 7, 1840 |- | align="left" | Louis-Philippe of France | align="right" | February 24, 1848 |- | align="left" | Ludwig I of Bavaria | align="right" | March 21, 1848 |- | align="left" | Ferdinand I of Austria | align="right" | December 2, 1848 |- | align="left" | Charles Albert of Savoy of Sardinia | align="right" | March 23, 1849 |- | align="left" | Leopold II of Tuscany | align="right" | July 21, 1859 |- | align="left" | Isabella II of Spain | align="right" | June 25, 1870 |- | align="left" | Amadeus I of Spain | align="right" | February 11, 1873 |- | align="left" | Alexander of Bulgaria | align="right" | September 7, 1886 |- | align="left" | Milan II of Serbia | align="right" | March 6, 1889 |- | align="left" | Ai-xin-jue-luo Pu-yi | align="right" | February 12, 1912 (monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Nicholas II of Russia | align="right" | March 15, 1917 (monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Wilhelm II of Germany | align="right" | November 9, 1918 (monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Prajadhipok of Siam | align="right" | March 2, 1935 |- | align="left" | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | align="right" | December 11, 1936 |- | align="left" | Carol II of Romania | align="right" | September 6, 1940 |- | align="left" | Victor Emmanuel III of Italy | align="right" | May 9, 1946 |- | align="left" | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | align="right" | September 4, 1948 |- | align="left" | Leopold III of Belgium | align="right" | July 16, 1951 |- | align="left" | Farouk I of Egypt | align="right" | July 26, 1952 |- | align="left" | Fuad II of Egypt | align="right" | June 18, 1953 (Monarchy abolished) |- | align="left" | Juliana of the Netherlands | align="right" | April 30, 1980 |- | align="left" | Jean of Luxembourg | align="right" | October 7, 2000 |- | align="left" | Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein#Notes | align-"right" | August 15, 2004 (Made his son regent) |- | align="left" | Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia | align="right" | October 7, 2004 |} ==Notes== 1Charles abdicated as king of the Netherlands (October 25, 1555) and of Spain (January 16, 1556), in favor of his son Philip II of Spain. Also in 1556 he separately voluntarily abdicated his German possessions and the title of Holy Roman Emperor.
2Pedro IV of Portugal and Pedro I of Brazil were the same person. He was already Emperor of Brazil when he succeeded to the throne of Portugal in 1826, but abdicated it at once in favour of his daughter Maria II of Portugal. Later he abdicated the throne of Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II of Brazil.
3Hans-Adam II made his son Alois of Liechtenstein regent, effectively abdicating; however, he still remains the formal Head of State. ==See also== *Lists of incumbents *List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century *Papal abdication ==References== * Public domain 1911 edition of ''The New Century Book of Facts'' published by the King-Richardson Company, Springfield, Massachusetts. Monarchy
Abdication
I'd really appreciate it if others who have worked on this would add their references to the References section. I almost randomly stumbled on this; I have no clue what references have already been fully exploited, and it would be a real waste to duplicate someone's research. -- User:Jmabel 07:01, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC) ''Most of the current monarchs of Europe are expected to resign sometime in the future. The era in which monarchs ruled until death may be over soon.'' Can we have some references or even justification for this remark? -- User:Perey 21:15, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) ::I can't work it out either. Queen Elizabeth II and the Pope will almost definitely not abdicate. I'm not sure of a precedent for Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Bhutan, Nepal, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Oman. Belgium doesn't have a recent precedent either (Léopold was an exceptional case, just as Edward VIII was an exceptional case in the UK). Jacques Chirac will not resign as co-prince of Andorra (though I don't know about the Bishop of Urgell). On the other hand, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and Cambodia do have recent precedent, as does one of Swaziland and Lesotho (I can't remember which) and there have been rumours that Prince Rainier III of Monaco may abdicate in favour of Prince Albert. So I make the W-L-? result 14.5-5-1.5. Time for that remark to be consigned to oblivion, methinks. Also the paragraphs preceding it are a load of claptrap too:) User:Jongarrettuk 21:50, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) == User:LinkBot/suggestions/Abdication == An User:LinkBot has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Abdication article, and they have been placed on User:LinkBot/suggestions/Abdication for your convenience.
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